JP6523444B2 - リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、この製造方法及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、この製造方法及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6523444B2 JP6523444B2 JP2017517001A JP2017517001A JP6523444B2 JP 6523444 B2 JP6523444 B2 JP 6523444B2 JP 2017517001 A JP2017517001 A JP 2017517001A JP 2017517001 A JP2017517001 A JP 2017517001A JP 6523444 B2 JP6523444 B2 JP 6523444B2
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- lithium
- positive electrode
- active material
- cobalt oxide
- electrode active
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 181
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- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 127
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 127
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 55
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- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium hydride Chemical compound [LiH] SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Li+] QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002077 nanosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001004 secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021435 silicon-carbon complex Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011867 silicon-carbon complex material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002042 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004841 transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本出願は、2014年10月2日付韓国特許出願第2014−0133428号及び第2014−0133429号、そして2015年10月1日付韓国特許出願第2015−0138746号に基づいた優先権の利益を主張し、当該韓国特許出願の文献に開示されている全ての内容は本明細書の一部として含まれる。
リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を含み、
前記リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子は、粒子の表面側、すなわち、粒子の表面、及び前記粒子の表面から中心までの距離(r)に対し、粒子の表面から0%以上で100%未満の距離に該当する領域内に、Li/Coのモル比が1未満であり、空間群がFd−3mに属し、キュービック型結晶構造を有するリチウム欠損のリチウムコバルト酸化物を含む。
[化学式1]
Li1−aCoMxO2 (1)
前記化学式(1)で、a及びxは、それぞれ独立的な酸化物組成元素の原子分率であって、0<a≦0.05であり、xは0≦x≦0.02である。
[化学式2]
Li1−aCoMxO2 (1)
[化学式3]
LibCoM’yO2 (2)
(前記化学式(1)及び(2)で、
M及びM’は、それぞれ独立的にW、Mo、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta、Al、Fe、V、Cr、Ba、Ca及びNbからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは2以上の金属原素を含み、
a、b、x及びyは、それぞれ独立的な酸化物組成元素の原子分率であって、0<a≦0.05、1≦b≦1.2、0≦x≦0.02及び0≦y≦0.02であってよい。)
前記化学式(1)において0<a≦0.05及び1≦b≦1.2の条件を同時に満たす場合、aが0.05を超過するか、またはbが1.2を超過する場合の活物質に比べ、リチウム欠損構造の形成に伴う率特性改善の効果が10%以上さらに改善可能である。また、リチウム欠損構造を形成していないリチウムコバルト酸化物(LiCOO2)に比べては、率特性改善の効果が最大30%まで改善可能である。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末を、Li/Coモル比1.0から1.02の範囲内で時間の経過に伴ってLi/Coモル比が漸次減少するようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間1次熱処理を行った。結果として収得した粉末を粉砕及び分級して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末をLi/Coモル比が1になるようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間熱処理して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末をLi/Coモル比が1になるようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間熱処理して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末をLi/Coモル比が1.02になるようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間1次熱処理を行った。結果として収得した粉末を粉砕及び分級して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末をLi/Coモル比が1になるようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間1次熱処理を行った。結果として収得した粉末を粉砕及び分級して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末をLi/Coモル比が1になるようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間1次熱処理を行った。結果として収得した粉末を粉砕及び分級して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末をLi/Coモル比が1になるようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間1次熱処理を行った。結果として収得した粉末を粉砕及び分級して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
前記製造例1から7で製造した正極活物質をそれぞれ利用して、リチウム二次電池を製造した。
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:10μm)を用いることを除き、前記実施例1と同様の方法で行ってリチウム二次電池を製造した。
Li2CO3粉末及びCo3O4粉末をLi/Coモル比が1になるようにする量で混合した後、900℃で10時間の間1次熱処理を行った。結果として収得した粉末を粉砕及び分級して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を製造した。
前記製造例1から5で製造した正極活物質に対し、X線光電子分光器(X−ray photoelectron spectroscopy、XPS)を利用して活物質粒子の表面から内部までの深さプロファイル(depth profile)に応じたLi/Coのモル比の変化を観察した。その結果を下記表1及び2に示した。
前記製造例2で製造したリチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子に対し、アトムプローブトモグラフィー(atom probe tomography、APT)を利用して粒子の表面側におけるリチウムの分布を観察した。その結果を図1に示した。
前記製造例2で製造したリチウムコバルト酸化物粒子に対し、透過電子顕微鏡を利用して活物質の表面側と内部での結晶構造をそれぞれ観察した。その結果を図2に示した。
前記製造例1及び比較例1で製造した正極活物質を利用してコインセル(Li金属の負極を使用)を製造し、常温(25℃)で0.1C/0.1Cの条件で充放電を行った後、初期充放電特性を評価した。その結果を下記図3に示した。
前記製造例1及び比較例1で製造した正極活物質を利用して製造したコインセル(Li金属の負極を使用)を、常温(25℃)で0.1C及び0.5Cの条件でそれぞれ充放電を行った後、率特性を評価した。その結果を下記図4に示した。
前記実施例1、2及び比較例1で製造したリチウム二次電池に対し、下記のような方法で電池特性を評価した。
前記実施例1及び比較例1、2で製造したリチウム二次電池に対し、高温(60℃)で3から4.4Vの駆動電圧の範囲内で0.5C/1Cの条件で充放電を50回行った後、電池内に発生したガスの発生量を測定した。その結果を下記表4に示した。
Claims (18)
- リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を含み、
前記リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子は、コア部及び前記コア部の表面上に位置するシェル部のコア−シェル構造を有し、
前記リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子は、粒子の表面、及び前記粒子の表面から中心までの距離(r)に対し、粒子の表面から0%以上で100%未満の距離に該当する領域内に、Li/Coのモル比が1未満であり、空間群がFd−3mに属し、キュービック型結晶構造を有する、リチウム欠損のリチウムコバルト酸化物を含み、
前記シェル部は、下記化学式(1)のリチウム欠損の第1リチウムコバルト酸化物を含み、
前記コア部は、下記化学式(2)の第2リチウムコバルト酸化物を含み、
前記コア部とシェル部は、1:0.01から1:0.1の厚さ比を有する、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
[化学式1]
Li 1−a CoM x O 2 (1)
[化学式2]
Li b CoM’ y O 2 (2)
(前記化学式(1)及び(2)で、M及びM’は、それぞれ独立的にW、Mo、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta、Al、Fe、V、Cr、Ba、Ca及びNbからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは2以上の金属原素を含み、a、b、x及びyは、0<a≦0.05、1≦b≦1.2、0≦x≦0.02及び0≦y≦0.02である。) - 前記第1リチウムコバルト酸化物は空間群がFd−3mに属し、キュービック型結晶構造を有し、
前記第2リチウムコバルト酸化物は層状結晶構造を有するものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記シェル部は、リチウムコバルト酸化物粒子の表面から中心までの距離に対し、表面から0%から99%の距離に該当する領域のものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記コア部及びシェル部は、それぞれリチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子の中心に行くほど増加する濃度勾配で分布するリチウムを含むものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記コア部内でのリチウムの濃度勾配の傾斜度とシェル部内でのリチウムの濃度勾配の傾斜度とは、互いに同一であるか、または互いに異なる傾斜度の値を有するものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記コア部は、シェル部に比べて高い濃度のリチウムを含み、
前記コア部及びシェル部のうち少なくとも一つは、当該領域内で一つの濃度値で存在するリチウムを含むものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウムコバルト酸化物粒子の表面から中心に行くほどリチウムが漸進的に増加する濃度勾配で分布し、
前記化学式(1)及び(2)で、aは0<a≦0.05の範囲内で粒子の中心に行くほど減少し、bは1≦b≦1.2の範囲内で粒子の中心に行くほど増加するものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。 - 3から50μmの平均粒径を有する単一体構造(monolith)のものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 充電及び放電に伴う電圧プロファイルの測定時、4.0Vから4.2Vの電圧区間で変曲点を有するものである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- コバルト原料物質及びリチウム原料物質を1≦Li/Co≦1.2モル比になるようにする量で混合した後、1次熱処理して第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を準備する段階、及び
前記第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子に対して2次熱処理を1回以上行う段階
を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法であって、
前記2次熱処理は、大気中でまたは酸素雰囲気下で800℃から1100℃の温度で加熱処理して行われるものであり、
リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子を含み、
前記リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子は、粒子の表面、及び前記粒子の表面から中心までの距離(r)に対し、粒子の表面から0%以上で100%未満の距離に該当する領域内に、Li/Coのモル比が1未満であり、空間群がFd−3mに属し、キュービック型結晶構造を有する、リチウム欠損のリチウムコバルト酸化物を含む、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記第2リチウムコバルト酸化物の粒子の準備段階で、コバルト原料物質及びリチウム原料物質の混合時にW、Mo、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta、Al、Fe、V、Cr、Ba、Ca及びNbからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは2以上の金属原素含有の原料物質をさらに添加する請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記1次熱処理は、大気中でまたは酸素雰囲気下で800℃から1100℃の温度で加熱処理して行われるものである請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理は800℃から1100℃の温度で2回行われ、それぞれの熱処理時の温度は同一であるか相違するものである請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理の際、コバルト原料物質、またはコバルト原料物質とリチウム原料物質をさらに添加する請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理の際、コバルト原料物質及びリチウム原料物質を0.95<Li/Coモル比<1になるようにする量でさらに添加する請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理の際、W、Mo、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta、Al、Fe、V、Cr、Ba、Ca及びNbからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは2以上の金属原素含有の原料物質をさらに添加する請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質を含むリチウム二次電池用正極。
- 請求項17に記載の正極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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