WO2011122132A1 - 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料及びそれを用いた有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 - Google Patents
有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料及びそれを用いた有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011122132A1 WO2011122132A1 PCT/JP2011/053055 JP2011053055W WO2011122132A1 WO 2011122132 A1 WO2011122132 A1 WO 2011122132A1 JP 2011053055 W JP2011053055 W JP 2011053055W WO 2011122132 A1 WO2011122132 A1 WO 2011122132A1
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- carbon atoms
- phenanthrolin
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- organic
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 125000003670 adamantan-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C(C2([H])[H])([H])C([H])([H])C3([H])C([*])([H])C1([H])C([H])([H])C2([H])C3([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002946 cyanobenzyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxybenzotriazole Substances O=C1C=CC=C2NNN=C12 NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002475 indoles Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003564 m-cyanobenzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C(C#N)=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000538 pentafluorophenyl group Chemical group FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(*)C(F)=C1F 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005062 perfluorophenyl group Chemical group FC1=C(C(=C(C(=C1F)F)F)F)* 0.000 description 1
- KELCFVWDYYCEOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthridin-1-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C3C(O)=CC=CC3=NC=C21 KELCFVWDYYCEOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPNGPNLZQNNVQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pteridine Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=NC=CN=C21 CPNGPNLZQNNVQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006862 quantum yield reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LISFMEBWQUVKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-2-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(=O)C=CC2=C1 LISFMEBWQUVKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001935 tetracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGNGABUJMXJPIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiatriazole Chemical group C1=NN=NS1 YGNGABUJMXJPIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBDKQYKMCICBOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CS1 CBDKQYKMCICBOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NHDIQVFFNDKAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropan-2-yl borate Chemical compound CC(C)OB(OC(C)C)OC(C)C NHDIQVFFNDKAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D209/56—Ring systems containing three or more rings
- C07D209/80—[b, c]- or [b, d]-condensed
- C07D209/82—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles
- C07D209/86—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
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- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
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- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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- C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
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- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
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- H10K85/342—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising iridium
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a material for an organic electroluminescence element and an organic electroluminescence element using the same.
- An organic electroluminescence element (hereinafter, electroluminescence may be abbreviated as EL) is a fluorescent substance or an electron recombination energy of holes injected from an anode and electrons injected from a cathode by applying an electric field.
- EL organic electroluminescence element
- a self-luminous element utilizing the principle that a phosphorescent substance emits light. Since the report of low-voltage driven stacked organic EL elements, research on organic EL elements using organic materials as constituent materials has been actively conducted.
- tris (8-quinolinolato) aluminum is used for the light emitting layer and a tetraphenyldiamine derivative is used for the hole transporting layer.
- the element structure of the organic EL element includes a hole transport (injection) layer, a two-layer type of an electron transport light emitting layer, or a hole transport (injection) layer, a light emitting layer, and an electron transport (injection) layer A three-layer type is well known.
- the element structure and the element formation method are devised.
- Known light-emitting materials for organic EL devices include metal complexes such as tris (8-quinolinolato) aluminum complex, and light-emitting materials such as coumarin derivatives, tetraphenylbutadiene derivatives, distyrylarylene derivatives, and oxadiazole derivatives. It has been reported that light emission in a visible region from blue to red can be obtained from these light emitting materials, and a color display element is realized. Conventionally, fluorescent light-emitting materials that emit light by singlet excitons have been used as light-emitting materials for organic EL elements.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 When electrons and holes are recombined in an organic EL device, it is considered that singlet excitons and triplet excitons are generated at a ratio of 1: 3 due to the difference in spin multiplicity.
- the organic EL device using can achieve a light emission efficiency 3 to 4 times that of an organic EL device using only a fluorescent material.
- blue phosphorescence it is difficult to achieve high efficiency and long life, and development of a host material that achieves them is desired.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a compound in which two carbazole skeletons are bonded via a linking group.
- Patent Document 2 describes a compound in which two carbazole skeletons are bonded to one dibenzofuran skeleton or dibenzothiophene skeleton (for example, compounds 23 and 24).
- Patent Document 3 describes a compound in which two carbazole skeletons are bonded to one dibenzofuran skeleton (for example, Compound 43).
- these do not describe a compound having two carbazole skeletons and having a dibenzofuran skeleton or a dibenzothiophene skeleton bonded to each other at the N site of each skeleton through a linking group as necessary.
- the compounds described in Patent Documents 1 to 3 have insufficient blue phosphorescence efficiency and lifetime.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an organic EL element having high phosphorescence emission and a long lifetime, and a material for an organic EL element that realizes the organic EL element.
- the inventors of the present invention have high efficiency due to the reason described later when the composition of the compound represented by the following formula (1) is used as an organic EL element material.
- the inventors have found that phosphorescence can be generated and the lifetime of the device can be extended, and the present invention has been solved.
- this invention is a material for organic electroluminescent elements represented by following formula (1).
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom and do not simultaneously become a sulfur atom, and R 1 to R 8 are each independently of 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- L 1 is a single bond, a divalent linking group containing N, a divalent linking group containing O, a divalent linking group containing Si, a divalent linking group containing P, and a divalent linking group containing S.
- L 2 and L 3 are each independently a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group having 5 to 18 ring atoms, and a divalent amino group Or a divalent silyl group
- L 2 and L 3 are each independently a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, or the number of ring atoms Represents 5-18 heteroarylene groups.
- L 1 to L 3 may be further substituted with any of the substituents R 1 to R 8 .
- a and d each independently represent an integer of 1 to 4.
- the present invention has one or more organic thin film layers including a light emitting layer between a cathode and an anode, and at least one of the organic thin film layers is a material for an organic electroluminescence element represented by the above formula (1). It is an organic electroluminescent element containing this.
- an organic EL element having a high phosphorescence emission and a long lifetime, and an organic EL element material that realizes the organic EL element.
- the material for an organic electroluminescence element of the present invention is represented by the following formula (1).
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom and are not simultaneously a sulfur atom (that is, X 1 and X 2 are oxygen atoms or one of them is
- R 1 to R 8 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a ring Cycloalkoxy group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl group having 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, aryloxy group having 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, heteroaryl group having 5 to 18 ring atoms, amino group, silyl group Represents a group, a fluoro group, or a cyano group, and these substituents R 1 to R 8 may be further substituted with these substituents (hereinafter sometimes collectively referred
- each of R 1 ⁇ R 8 is more Each of which may be the same or different in the case that.
- a, d, f, and h each independently represent an integer of 0 to 4
- b, c, e, and g each independently represent an integer of 0 to 3, and a to h The total is 6 or less.
- L 1 is a single bond, a divalent linking group containing N, a divalent linking group containing O, a divalent linking group containing Si, a divalent linking group containing P, and a divalent linking group containing S.
- L 2 and L 3 are each independently a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group having 5 to 18 ring atoms, and a divalent amino group Or a divalent silyl group
- L 2 and L 3 are each independently a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, or the number of ring atoms Represents 5-18 heteroarylene groups.
- L 1 to L 3 may be further substituted with any of the above substituents R. However, when L 1 is an arylene group having 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms or a heteroarylene group having 5 to 18 ring atoms, a and d each independently represent an integer of 1 to 4.
- the LUMO level of dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene is It becomes deeper and it becomes easier to inject electrons into the light-emitting layer of the organic EL element using the organic electroluminescent element material of the present invention. Thereby, carrier balance adjustment can be facilitated, and the effects of the present invention are excellently achieved.
- Examples of the alkyl group represented by R 1 to R 8 include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, s-butyl group, isobutyl group, t-butyl group, n-pentyl group, and n-hexyl group.
- Examples of the cycloalkyl group represented by R 1 to R 8 include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a norbornyl group, an adamantyl group, and the like.
- Examples of the alkoxy group of R 1 to R 8 include methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group, butoxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group and the like, and those having 3 or more carbon atoms are linear, cyclic or branched It may have.
- Examples of the cycloalkoxy group for R 1 to R 8 include a cyclopentoxy group and a cyclohexyloxy group.
- Examples of the aryl group represented by R 1 to R 8 include phenyl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, mesityl group, o-biphenyl group, m-biphenyl group, p-biphenyl group, o-terphenyl group, m-terphenyl group, Examples thereof include a p-terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a phenanthryl group. Of these, a phenyl group and a mesityl group are preferable.
- Examples of the aryloxy group for R 1 to R 8 include a phenoxy group and a biphenyloxy group.
- heteroaryl group of R 1 to R 8 examples include carbazolyl group, dibenzofuranyl group, dibenzothiophenyl group, pyrrolyl group, furyl group, thienyl group, silylyl group, pyridyl group, quinolyl group, isoquinolyl group, benzofuryl group, imidazolyl group Group, pyrimidyl group, selenophenyl group, oxadiazolyl group, triazolyl group and the like.
- the amino group and silyl group of R 1 to R 8 may be substituted with a substituent as described above. As for the silyl group, a trimethylsilyl group is preferred.
- A, d, f, and h are each independently preferably an integer of 0 to 3, more preferably an integer of 0 to 2.
- B, c, e, and g are each independently preferably an integer of 0 to 2, and more preferably an integer of 0 to 1.
- the total of a to h is preferably 4 or less, considering that thermal decomposition tends to occur during vapor deposition.
- L 1 is a divalent linking group containing N, a divalent linking group containing O, a divalent linking group containing Si, a divalent linking group containing P, and a divalent linking group containing S. And the following groups. (In each of the above formulas, R x , R y, and R z are each independently a hydrogen atom or a group selected from the aforementioned substituent R. Also, R x ′ is oxygen.) , “—S—” group, phosphooxide group and ether group are preferable.
- examples of the divalent silyl group include those in which one hydrogen atom of the substituents R 1 to R 8 is replaced with a bond.
- the arylene group also includes a 9,9-fluorenylidene group.
- the arylene group is preferably a p-phenylene group, an m-phenylene group, or a biphenylene group, as described later, and the amino group is preferably a biphenylamino group, as described later.
- the linking group of L 1 to L 3 may further have a substituent, and has the same meaning as the substituent described for the substituent and the substituents of R 1 to R 8 .
- the organic EL device material of the present invention is preferably a host material or a hole transport material used together with a phosphorescent material.
- the triplet energy level is preferably 2.0 eV or more, and more preferably 2.5 eV or more.
- the organic EL device material of the present invention is preferably represented by the following formula (2).
- the advantages when two carbazolyl groups are bonded directly or via a linking group at the 3-position are as follows. (1) Convenience in synthesis is high. (2) Positions 3 and 6 of carbazole are inferior in chemical stability, and chemical stability may be improved by introducing a substituent other than a hydrogen atom in either of positions 3 and 6 . Therefore, a structure in which a substituent is further introduced into the 6-position is further preferable. (3) When carbazole is bonded via a single bond at the 3-position, N atoms on the two carbazoles are conjugated to make HOMO shallower, hole injection / transport properties are improved, and carrier balance adjustment is facilitated. can do.
- the organic EL element material of this invention is what is represented by following formula (3) at the point which further improves chemical stability.
- R 1a , R 4a , R 6a and R 8a are each independently a hydrogen atom (corresponding to a, d, h, f in General Formula (1) being 0) or ring-forming carbon.
- X 1 , X 2 , L 1 to L 3 Is the same as above.
- L 2 and L 3 are preferably single bonds, and L 1 is also preferably a single bond. This is because if the sublimation property and the molecular weight are too large, thermal decomposition may easily occur during vapor deposition. Furthermore, it is preferable that “L 1 ” and / or “L 2 and L 3 ” are single bonds from the viewpoint of lowering voltage and half-life.
- X 1 and X 2 in the general formulas (1) to (3) are preferably oxygen atoms from the viewpoint of external quantum efficiency and lifetime.
- General formula (3) is what is represented by the following general formula (3a) at the point of further voltage reduction and a half life.
- R 1a and R 4a each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a phenyl group optionally substituted with a methyl group, and L 1a is a single bond or a phenylene group, provided that R 1a and (There is no case where R 4a is a hydrogen atom and L 1a is a phenylene group.)
- the 6-position of carbazole is a hydrogen atom and is bonded via a single bond at the 3-position. Therefore, it is not a particularly excellent material as an organic EL element material in terms of chemical stability and carrier balance adjustment.
- organic EL device material represented by the general formula (1) of the present invention is shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.
- substituent shown by the following specific example can be mentioned as a preferable substituent in this invention.
- compounds (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (8), (13), (35), (36), (48), ( 49), (54), (55), (56), (59), (60) are preferred, and the compounds (1), (2), (3), (8), (13), (54), (55), (56), and (60) are more preferable.
- the organic EL device material of the present invention is preferably a host material contained in the light emitting layer of the organic EL device. Next, the organic EL element of the present invention will be described.
- the organic EL device of the present invention has one or more organic thin film layers including a light emitting layer between the cathode and the anode, and at least one of the organic thin film layers contains the material for an organic electroluminescence device of the present invention.
- the “hole injection / transport layer” is included in the embodiment of the hole transport layer.
- the light emitting layer preferably contains the organic EL device material represented by the general formula (1) as a host material, and further contains a phosphorescent material. Is more preferable.
- the organic EL device of the present invention has a hole transport layer (hole injection layer)
- the hole transport layer (hole injection layer) can preferably contain the material for the organic EL device of the present invention. .
- metal complexes such as iridium complexes, osmium complexes, and platinum complexes are more preferable, and iridium complexes and platinum complexes are more preferable.
- the metal complex is preferably an orthometalated metal complex in which a central metal atom and a carbon atom contained in the ligand are orthometal bonded, and more preferably an orthometalated iridium complex.
- the ortho-metalated metal complex the following iridium complexes are exemplified.
- the light emitting layer contains a host material containing the organic EL device material of the present invention and a phosphorescent material, and has a maximum emission wavelength as the phosphorescent material. It is preferable to contain a blue metal complex that is 500 nm or less.
- the organic EL device of the present invention preferably has a hole transport layer (hole injection layer), and the hole transport layer (hole injection layer) preferably contains the organic EL device material of the present invention.
- the organic EL device of the present invention preferably has a reducing dopant in the interface region between the cathode and the organic thin film layer.
- the reducing dopant was selected from alkali metals, alkali metal complexes, alkali metal compounds, alkaline earth metals, alkaline earth metal complexes, alkaline earth metal compounds, rare earth metals, rare earth metal complexes, rare earth metal compounds, and the like. There is at least one kind.
- alkali metal examples include Na (work function: 2.36 eV), K (work function: 2.28 eV), Rb (work function: 2.16 eV), Cs (work function: 1.95 eV), and the like.
- a function of 2.9 eV or less is particularly preferable. Of these, K, Rb, and Cs are preferred, Rb and Cs are more preferred, and Cs is most preferred.
- Examples of the alkaline earth metal include Ca (work function: 2.9 eV), Sr (work function: 2.0 to 2.5 eV), Ba (work function: 2.52 eV), and the like. The thing below 9 eV is especially preferable.
- rare earth metals include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and the like, and those having a work function of 2.9 eV or less are particularly preferable.
- preferred metals are particularly high in reducing ability, and by adding a relatively small amount to the electron injection region, it is possible to improve the light emission luminance and extend the life of the organic EL element.
- alkali metal compound examples include alkali oxides such as Li 2 O, Cs 2 O, and K 2 O, and alkali halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, and KF, and LiF, Li 2 O, and NaF are preferable.
- alkaline earth metal compound examples include BaO, SrO, CaO, and Ba x Sr 1-x O (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Ba x Ca 1-x O (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) mixed with these. BaO, SrO, and CaO are preferable.
- the rare earth metal compound, YbF 3, ScF 3, ScO 3, Y 2 O 3, Ce 2 O 3, GdF 3, TbF 3 and the like, YbF 3, ScF 3, TbF 3 are preferable.
- the alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, and rare earth metal complex are not particularly limited as long as each metal ion contains at least one of an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, and a rare earth metal ion.
- the ligands include quinolinol, benzoquinolinol, acridinol, phenanthridinol, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxydiaryloxadiazole, hydroxydiarylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxybenzotriazole, Hydroxyfulborane, bipyridyl, phenanthroline, phthalocyanine, porphyrin, cyclopentadiene, ⁇ -diketones, azomethines, and derivatives thereof are preferred, but not limited thereto.
- the addition form of the reducing dopant it is preferable to form a layered or island-like shape in the interface region.
- a formation method a method in which a reducing dopant is deposited in the organic material by simultaneously depositing a light emitting material forming an interface region or an organic material that is an electron injection material while depositing a reducing dopant by a resistance heating vapor deposition method is preferable.
- the reducing dopant in layers, after forming the light emitting material or electron injecting material that is the organic layer at the interface in layers, the reducing dopant is vapor-deposited alone by resistance heating vapor deposition, preferably the layer thickness is 0. Formed at 1 to 15 nm.
- the reducing dopant is vapor-deposited by resistance heating vapor deposition alone, preferably the thickness of the island It is formed with 0.05 to 1 nm.
- the organic EL device of the present invention preferably has an electron injection layer between the light emitting layer and the cathode, and the electron injection layer contains a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative as a main component.
- the electron transport material used for the electron injection layer an aromatic heterocyclic compound containing at least one hetero atom in the molecule is preferably used, and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative is particularly preferable.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative for example, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic metal chelate complex represented by the formula (A) is preferable.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative for example, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic metal chelate complex represented by the formula (A) is preferable.
- R 102 to R 107 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an amino group, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, or a heterocyclic group, May be substituted.
- the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- the amino group that may be substituted include those similar to the alkylamino group and arylamino group. Moreover, an aralkylamino group may be sufficient.
- Examples of the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms include a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, alkenyl group, cycloalkyl group, aryl group, aralkyl group, and the like.
- Examples of the alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl group, heterocyclic group and aryloxy group are the same as those described above.
- Examples of the alkenyl group include groups corresponding to the aforementioned alkyl groups.
- Examples of the aralkyl group include the alkyl group substituted with the aryl group.
- the alkoxycarbonyl group is represented as —COOY ′, and examples of Y ′ include the same as the alkyl group.
- M is aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga) or indium (In), and is preferably In.
- L in the formula (A) is a group represented by the following formula (A ′) or (A ′′).
- R 108 to R 112 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, and groups adjacent to each other may form a cyclic structure.
- R 113 to R 127 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, and groups adjacent to each other may form a cyclic structure.
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms represented by R 108 to R 112 and R 113 to R 127 in formula (A ′) and formula (A ′′) is the same as the specific examples of R 1 to R 8. Is mentioned.
- examples of the divalent group include a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, diphenylmethane-2,2 Examples include a '-diyl group, a diphenylethane-3,3'-diyl group, and a diphenylpropane-4,4'-diyl group.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic metal chelate complex represented by the formula (A) are shown below, but are not limited to these exemplified compounds.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative examples include nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives that are organic compounds having the following general formula and are not metal complexes.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives that are organic compounds having the following general formula and are not metal complexes.
- a 5-membered or 6-membered ring containing the skeleton shown in (a) and a structure shown in the formula (b) can be mentioned.
- X represents a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.
- Z 1 and Z 2 each independently represents an atomic group capable of forming a nitrogen-containing heterocycle.
- an organic compound having a nitrogen-containing aromatic polycyclic group consisting of a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring. Furthermore, in the case of such a nitrogen-containing aromatic polycyclic group having a plurality of nitrogen atoms, a nitrogen-containing aromatic polycyclic organic compound having a skeleton obtained by combining the above (a) and (b).
- the nitrogen-containing group of the nitrogen-containing organic compound is selected from, for example, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups represented by the following general formula.
- R 28 is n, and is an aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- n indicating the number of R 28 is an integer of 0 to 5, and when n is an integer of 2 or more, the plurality of R 28 may be the same or different from each other.
- preferred specific compounds include nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives represented by the following formula.
- HAr a is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring may 3 to 40 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- L 6 represents a single bond, to 6 carbon atoms which may have a substituent 40
- Ar b is a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 40 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- Ar c is an aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- HAr a is selected from, for example, the following group.
- L 6 is selected from the following group, for example.
- Ar c is exemplarily selected from the following group.
- Ar b is, for example, selected from the following arylanthranyl groups.
- R 29 to R 42 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, An aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and Ar d is an aryl having 6 to 40 carbon atoms which may have a substituent Or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms.
- each of R 29 to R 36 is preferably a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative which is a hydrogen atom.
- R 43 to R 46 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic cyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic ring group.
- X 1 and X 2 each independently represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a dicyanomethylene group.
- R 47 , R 48 , R 49 and R 50 are the same or different groups and are aryl groups represented by the following formulae.
- R 51 , R 52 , R 53 , R 54 and R 55 are the same or different from each other, and a hydrogen atom or at least one of them is a saturated or unsaturated alkoxyl group, alkyl group, amino group Or an alkylamino group.
- a polymer compound containing the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivative may be used.
- the electron transport layer preferably contains at least one of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives represented by the following general formulas (201) to (203).
- R 56 represents a hydrogen atom, an aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, a pyridyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- R 58 and R 59 each independently have a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Good quinolyl group optionally, an alkoxy group an alkyl group or 1 carbon atoms which may have a substituent to 20 substituents to 1 carbon atoms which may have a 20,
- L 7 represents a single A bond, an arylene group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, a pyridinylene group which may have a substituent, a quinolinylene group which may have a substituent or a substituent.
- Ar e may be an optionally substituted arylene group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted pyridinylene group or a substituent.
- Ar f is an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted pyridyl group, and an optionally substituted quinolyl group.
- Have Kill group or substituent is an alkoxy group which may having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Ar g has an aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, a pyridyl group which may have a substituent, a quinolyl group which may have a substituent, and a substituent.
- R 56 represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted pyridyl group, A quinolyl group which may have a substituent, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an alkoxy group which has 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, specifically, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, phenanthryl.
- Anthryl group, 9- [10- (1′-naphthyl)] anthryl group, 9- [10- (2′-naphthyl)] anthryl group and the like are preferable.
- an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable.
- an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferable.
- trifluoro Examples thereof include a haloalkyl group such as a methyl group, and those having 3 or more carbon atoms may be linear, cyclic or branched.
- the alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Those having 3 or more carbon atoms may be linear, cyclic or branched.
- Examples of the substituent for each group represented by R 56 include a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and an optionally substituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. , An optionally substituted aryloxy group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aryl group having 3 carbon atoms Up to 40 heteroaryl groups and the like.
- Examples of the halogen atom include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, the alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and the aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms are the same as those described above.
- Examples of the aryloxy group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms include a phenoxy group and a biphenyloxy group.
- Examples of the heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms include a pyrrolyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, a silolyl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a benzofuryl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrimidyl group, a carbazolyl group, and a selenophenyl group. Oxadiazolyl group, triazolyl group and the like.
- n is an integer of 0 to 4, preferably 0 to 2.
- R 57 may have an aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, a pyridyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- R 58 and R 59 each independently have a hydrogen atom, an aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- L 7 is a single bond, an arylene group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, a pyridinylene group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. It is a quinolinylene group which may have a fluorenylene group which may have a substituent.
- the arylene group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms is preferably an arylene group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, more preferably an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, specifically, a hydrogen atom 1 from the aryl group described for R above. And divalent groups formed by removing the individual.
- the substituent for each group represented by L 7 is the same as that described for R 56 .
- Ar e may have an optionally substituted arylene group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted pyridinylene group, or a substituent. It is a quinolinylene group. Substituents for each group represented by Ar e and Ar g are the same as those described for R. In addition, Ar e is preferably any group selected from the condensed ring groups represented by the following formulas (101) to (110).
- each condensed ring is a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted carbon atom.
- a linking group composed of a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms may be bonded, and when there are a plurality of the linking groups, the linking groups may be the same as or different from each other. Specific examples of these groups are the same as those described above.
- L ′ represents a single bond, or
- a group selected from the group consisting of The formula (103) represented by Ar e is preferably a condensed ring group represented by the following formulas (111) to (125).
- each condensed ring has a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and an optionally substituted carbon number 1
- a linking group composed of a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms may be bonded, and when there are a plurality of the linking groups, the linking groups may be the same as or different from each other. Specific examples of these groups are the same as those described above.
- Ar f may have an aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, an pyridyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- Ar g has an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted pyridyl group, and a substituent.
- Specific examples, preferred carbon numbers and substituents of these groups are the same as those described for R56 .
- Ar g is preferably any group selected from condensed ring groups represented by the following formulas (126) to (135).
- each condensed ring is a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted carbon atom.
- a linking group composed of a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms may be bonded, and when there are a plurality of the linking groups, the linking groups may be the same as or different from each other. Specific examples of these groups are the same as those described above.
- L ′ is the same as described above.
- R ′ represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted carbon atom having 6 to 40 carbon atoms. Or a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. Specific examples of these groups are the same as those described above.
- the general formula (128) represented by Ar g is preferably a condensed ring group represented by the following formulas (136) to (158).
- each condensed ring has a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and an optionally substituted carbon number 1
- a linking group composed of a heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms may be bonded, and when there are a plurality of the linking groups, the linking groups may be the same as or different from each other. Specific examples of these groups are the same as those described above.
- R ′ is the same as described above.
- Ar f and Ar g are each independently
- a group selected from the group consisting of Specific examples of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives represented by the above formulas (201) to (203) of the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.
- HAr represents the formulas (201) to (203). Indicates.
- a nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring derivative is also mentioned preferably.
- the nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring include an imidazole ring, a triazole ring, a tetrazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a thiadiazole ring, an oxatriazole ring, and a thiatriazole ring.
- nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring derivative examples include benzimidazole A ring, a benzotriazole ring, a pyridinoimidazole ring, a pyrimidinoimidazole ring, and a pyridazinoimidazole ring, and particularly preferably one represented by the following general formula (B).
- L B represents a divalent or higher linking group, for example, carbon atom, a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom, a boron atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a metal atom (e.g., barium atom, a beryllium atom) , Aromatic hydrocarbon rings, aromatic heterocyclic rings, etc., among which carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, silicon atoms, boron atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, aromatic hydrocarbon rings, aromatic heterocyclic groups are preferred. , A carbon atom, a silicon atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, and an aromatic heterocyclic group are more preferable.
- L aromatic hydrocarbon ring and an aromatic heterocyclic group B may have a substituent, and examples of the substituent include preferably an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an amino group, an alkoxy group , Aryloxy group, acyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, acyloxy group, acylamino group, alkoxycarbonylamino group, aryloxycarbonylamino group, sulfonylamino group, sulfamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, A sulfonyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, and an aromatic heterocyclic group, more preferably an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, and an aromatic heterocyclic group
- X B2 in the general formula (B) represents —O—, —S— or —N (R B2 ) —.
- R B2 represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group for R B2 is a linear or branched alkyl group (preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, For example, methyl group, ethyl group, isopropyl group, t-butyl group, n-octyl group, n-decyl group, n-hexadecyl group, etc.), cycloalkyl group (preferably having 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms) And examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, etc.), an alkenyl group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms).
- alkyl group preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atom
- alkenyl group for example, a vinyl group, an allyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 3-pentenyl group, etc.
- alkynyl group preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and more preferred.
- 2 to 12 carbon atoms particularly preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as propargyl group, 3-pentynyl group and the like.
- alkyl group are preferred.
- the aryl group of R B2 is a single ring or a condensed ring, preferably an aryl group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, and further preferably 6 to 12 ring carbon atoms.
- phenyl group, 2-methylphenyl group, 3-methylphenyl group, 4-methylphenyl group, 2-methoxyphenyl group, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, pentafluorophenyl group, 1-naphthyl group, 2- A naphthyl group and the like, and a phenyl group and a 2-methylphenyl group are preferable.
- the heterocyclic group of R B2 is a monocyclic ring or a condensed ring, preferably a heterocyclic ring having 1 to 20 ring carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 ring forming carbon atoms, and still more preferably 2 to 10 ring forming carbon atoms. And an aromatic heterocyclic group containing at least one hetero atom of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom and a selenium atom.
- heterocyclic group examples include, for example, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiophene, selenophene, furan, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, triazole, triazine, indole, indazole, purine, thiazoline , Thiazole, thiadiazole, oxazoline, oxazole, oxadiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, acridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, tetrazole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzotriazole, tetra Groups derived from Zaindene, carbazole, a
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aryl group and heterocyclic group represented by R B2 may have a substituent, and the substituent is preferably an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an amino group, Group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, acyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, acyloxy group, acylamino group, alkoxycarbonylamino group, aryloxycarbonylamino group, sulfonylamino group, sulfamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylthio group , Arylthio group, sulfonyl group, halogen atom, cyano group, aromatic heterocyclic group, more preferably alkyl group, aryl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, halogen atom, cyano group, aromatic heterocyclic group More preferably, an alkyl group
- R B2 is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, more preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (preferably having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 20 carbon atoms, still more preferably). Is an aryl group, more preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (preferably having a carbon number of 1-20, more preferably having a carbon number of 1-12, and still more preferably having a carbon number of 2-10. Stuff).
- X B2 is preferably —O— or N (R B2 ) —, and more preferably —N (R B2 ) —.
- Z B2 represents an atomic group necessary for forming an aromatic ring.
- the aromatic ring formed by Z B2 may be either an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring.
- Specific examples include, for example, a benzene ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, a triazine ring, Examples include pyrrole ring, furan ring, thiophene ring, selenophene ring, tellurophen ring, imidazole ring, thiazole ring, selenazole ring, tellurazole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxadiazole ring, pyrazole ring, preferably benzene ring, pyridine ring, A pyrazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, and a pyridazine ring, more preferably a
- the aromatic ring formed by Z B2 may further form a condensed ring with another ring and may have a substituent.
- the substituent is the same as those exemplified as the substituents of the group represented by the L B, preferably an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an amino group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an acyl group , Alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, acyloxy group, acylamino group, alkoxycarbonylamino group, aryloxycarbonylamino group, sulfonylamino group, sulfamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, sulfonyl group, halogen atom, cyano Group, a heterocyclic group, more preferably an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group,
- nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring derivatives represented by the general formula (B) those represented by the following general formula (B ′) are more preferable.
- R B71 , R B72 and R B73 are the same as R B2 in general formula (B), respectively, and the preferred ranges are also the same.
- Z B71 , Z B72 and Z B73 are the same as Z B2 in the general formula (B), respectively, and the preferred ranges are also the same.
- L B71, L B72 and L B73 each represent a linking group, those divalent examples of L B can be mentioned in the general formula (B), preferably a single bond, a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon ring A linking group composed of a group, a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group, and a combination thereof, and more preferably a single bond.
- L B71, L B72 and L B73 may have a substituent, examples of the substituent are the same as those exemplified as the substituents of the group represented by L B in the foregoing formula (B), also The same applies to preferable substituents.
- Y B represents a nitrogen atom, a 1,3,5-benzenetriyl group or a 2,4,6-triazinetriyl group.
- the 1,3,5-benzenetriyl group may have a substituent at the 2,4,6-position, and examples of the substituent include an alkyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group, and a halogen atom. It is done.
- Examples of the compound constituting the electron injection layer and the electron transport layer include an electron-deficient nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring or an electron-deficient nitrogen-containing 6-membered ring skeleton, a substituted or unsubstituted indole skeleton, a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole skeleton, Examples also include compounds having a structure in which a substituted or unsubstituted azacarbazole skeleton is combined.
- Suitable electron-deficient nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring or electron-deficient nitrogen-containing 6-membered ring skeleton includes, for example, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, triazole, oxadiazole, pyrazole, imidazole, quinoxaline, pyrrole skeleton, and Examples thereof include molecular skeletons such as benzimidazole and imidazopyridine in which they are condensed with each other. Among these combinations, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine skeleton, and carbazole, indole, azacarbazole, and quinoxaline skeleton are preferable.
- the aforementioned skeleton may be substituted or unsubstituted.
- the electron injection layer and the electron transport layer may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials, or may have a multilayer structure composed of a plurality of layers having the same composition or different compositions.
- the material of these layers preferably has a ⁇ -electron deficient nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group.
- an insulator or a semiconductor as an inorganic compound in addition to the nitrogen-containing ring derivative as a constituent component of the electron injection layer. If the electron injection layer is made of an insulator or a semiconductor, current leakage can be effectively prevented and the electron injection property can be improved.
- an insulator it is preferable to use at least one metal compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal chalcogenides, alkaline earth metal chalcogenides, alkali metal halides and alkaline earth metal halides. If the electron injection layer is composed of these alkali metal chalcogenides or the like, it is preferable in that the electron injection property can be further improved.
- preferable alkali metal chalcogenides include, for example, Li 2 O, K 2 O, Na 2 S, Na 2 Se, and Na 2 O
- preferable alkaline earth metal chalcogenides include, for example, CaO, BaO, and SrO. , BeO, BaS and CaSe.
- preferable alkali metal halides include, for example, LiF, NaF, KF, LiCl, KCl, and NaCl.
- preferable alkaline earth metal halides include fluorides such as CaF 2 , BaF 2 , SrF 2 , MgF 2 and BeF 2 , and halides other than fluorides.
- the semiconductor for example, an oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Sr, Yb, Al, Ga, In, Li, Na, Cd, Mg, Si, Ta, Sb, and Zn. Products, nitrides, oxynitrides and the like, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the inorganic compound constituting the electron injection layer is preferably a microcrystalline or amorphous insulating thin film. If the electron injection layer is composed of these insulating thin films, a more uniform thin film is formed, and pixel defects such as dark spots can be reduced. Examples of such inorganic compounds include alkali metal chalcogenides, alkaline earth metal chalcogenides, alkali metal halides, and alkaline earth metal halides. Moreover, the above-mentioned reducing dopant can be preferably contained in the electron injection layer in the present invention.
- the thickness of the electron injection layer or the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 100 nm.
- an aromatic amine compound for example, an aromatic amine derivative represented by the general formula (I) is preferably used.
- Ar 1 to Ar 4 represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms.
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, Phenanthryl group, 2-phenanthryl group, 3-phenanthryl group, 4-phenanthryl group, 9-phenanthryl group, 1-naphthacenyl group, 2-naphthacenyl group, 9-naphthacenyl group, 1-pyrenyl group, 2-pyrenyl group, 4- Pyrenyl group, 2-biphenylyl group, 3-biphenylyl group, 4-biphenylyl group, p-terphenyl-4-yl group, p-terphenyl-3-yl group, p-terphenyl-2-yl group M-terphenyl-4-yl group, m-terphenyl-3-yl group, m-ter
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms include 1-pyrrolyl group, 2-pyrrolyl group, 3-pyrrolyl group, pyrazinyl group, 2-pyridinyl group, 3-pyridinyl group, 4 -Pyridinyl group, 1-indolyl group, 2-indolyl group, 3-indolyl group, 4-indolyl group, 5-indolyl group, 6-indolyl group, 7-indolyl group, 1-isoindolyl group, 2-isoindolyl group, 3 -Isoindolyl group, 4-isoindolyl group, 5-isoindolyl group, 6-isoindolyl group, 7-isoindolyl group, 2-furyl group, 3-furyl group, 2-benzofuranyl group, 3-benzofuranyl group, 4-benzofuranyl group, 5 -Benzo
- Preferred examples include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a biphenyl group, an anthranyl group, a phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrycenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, and a fluorenyl group.
- L is a linking group. Specifically, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene group having 5 to 50 ring atoms, or two or more arylene groups or heteroarylene groups A divalent group obtained by bonding with a single bond, an ether bond, a thioether bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkenylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or an amino group.
- Examples of the arylene group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms include 1,4-phenylene group, 1,2-phenylene group, 1,3-phenylene group, 1,4-naphthylene group, 2,6-naphthylene group, 1,5-naphthylene group, 9,10-anthranylene group, 9,10-phenanthrenylene group, 3,6-phenanthrenylene group, 1,6-pyrenylene group, 2,7-pyrenylene group, 6, Examples thereof include a 12-chrysenylene group, a 4,4′-biphenylene group, a 3,3′-biphenylene group, a 2,2′-biphenylene group, and a 2,7-fluorenylene group.
- Examples of the arylene group having 5 to 50 ring atoms include 2,5-thiophenylene group, 2,5-silolylene group, 2,5-oxadiazolylene group and the like.
- L is a linking group composed of two or more arylene groups or heteroarylene groups
- adjacent arylene groups or heteroarylene groups may be bonded to each other via a divalent group to form a new ring.
- the divalent group forming the ring include tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group, hexamethylene group, diphenylmethane-2,2′-diyl group, diphenylethane-3,3′-diyl group, diphenylpropane-4, Examples include 4′-diyl group.
- Examples of the substituent for Ar 1 to Ar 4 and L include a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms, substituted or unsubstituted An alkyl group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon group having 7 to 50 carbon atoms.
- Aralkyl group substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 50 ring atoms, substituted or unsubstituted ring carbon atoms having 6 to 50
- Arylthio groups substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylthio groups having 5 to 50 ring atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl groups having 2 to 50 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms include phenyl group, 1-naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group, 1-anthryl group, 2-anthryl group, 9-anthryl group, 1- Phenanthryl group, 2-phenanthryl group, 3-phenanthryl group, 4-phenanthryl group, 9-phenanthryl group, 1-naphthacenyl group, 2-naphthacenyl group, 9-naphthacenyl group, 1-pyrenyl group, 2-pyrenyl group, 4- Pyrenyl group, 2-biphenylyl group, 3-biphenylyl group, 4-biphenylyl group, p-terphenyl-4-yl group, p-terphenyl-3-yl group, p-terphenyl-2-yl group M-terphenyl-4-yl group, m-terphenyl-3-y
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms include 1-pyrrolyl group, 2-pyrrolyl group, 3-pyrrolyl group, pyrazinyl group, 2-pyridinyl group, 3-pyridinyl group, 4 -Pyridinyl group, 1-indolyl group, 2-indolyl group, 3-indolyl group, 4-indolyl group, 5-indolyl group, 6-indolyl group, 7-indolyl group, 1-isoindolyl group, 2-isoindolyl group, 3 -Isoindolyl group, 4-isoindolyl group, 5-isoindolyl group, 6-isoindolyl group, 7-isoindolyl group, 2-furyl group, 3-furyl group, 2-benzofuranyl group, 3-benzofuranyl group, 4-benzofuranyl group, 5 -Benzo
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, s-butyl group, isobutyl group, t-butyl group, n- Pentyl group, n-hexyl group, n-heptyl group, n-octyl group, hydroxymethyl group, 1-hydroxyethyl group, 2-hydroxyethyl group, 2-hydroxyisobutyl group, 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group, 1, 3-dihydroxyisopropyl group, 2,3-dihydroxy-t-butyl group, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl group, chloromethyl group, 1-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroisobutyl group, 1, 2-dichloroethyl group, 1,3-dichloroisopropyl
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 50 carbon atoms include cyclopropyl group, cyclobutyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, 4-methylcyclohexyl group, 1-adamantyl group, 2-adamantyl group, 1- Examples include a norbornyl group and a 2-norbornyl group.
- the substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms is a group represented by —OY.
- Y include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl and n-heptyl.
- N-octyl group hydroxymethyl group, 1-hydroxyethyl group, 2-hydroxyethyl group, 2-hydroxyisobutyl group, 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group, 1,3-dihydroxyisopropyl group, 2,3-dihydroxy- t-butyl group, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl group, chloromethyl group, 1-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroisobutyl group, 1,2-dichloroethyl group, 1,3-dichloroisopropyl Group, 2,3-dichloro-t-butyl group, 1,2,3-trichloropropyl group, bromomethyl group, 1-bromoethyl group, 2-butyl group Moethyl group, 2-bromoisobutyl group, 1,2-dibromoethyl group, 1,3-dibromoisopropyl group, 2,3-dibromo-t-
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 50 carbon atoms include benzyl group, 1-phenylethyl group, 2-phenylethyl group, 1-phenylisopropyl group, 2-phenylisopropyl group, phenyl-t-butyl.
- ⁇ -naphthylmethyl group 1- ⁇ -naphthylethyl group, 2- ⁇ -naphthylethyl group, 1- ⁇ -naphthylisopropyl group, 2- ⁇ -naphthylisopropyl group, ⁇ -naphthylmethyl group, 1- ⁇ - Naphthylethyl group, 2- ⁇ -naphthylethyl group, 1- ⁇ -naphthylisopropyl group, 2- ⁇ -naphthylisopropyl group, 1-pyrrolylmethyl group, 2- (1-pyrrolyl) ethyl group, p-methylbenzyl group, m -Methylbenzyl group, o-methylbenzyl group, p-chlorobenzyl group, m-chlorobenzyl group, o-chlorobenzyl group, p-bromobenze Group, m-
- a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms is represented by —OY ′, and examples of Y ′ include a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a 1-anthryl group, 2 -Anthryl group, 9-anthryl group, 1-phenanthryl group, 2-phenanthryl group, 3-phenanthryl group, 4-phenanthryl group, 9-phenanthryl group, 1-naphthacenyl group, 2-naphthacenyl group, 9-naphthacenyl group, 1 -Pyrenyl group, 2-pyrenyl group, 4-pyrenyl group, 2-biphenylyl group, 3-biphenylyl group, 4-biphenylyl group, p-terphenyl-4-yl group, p-terphenyl-3-yl Group, p-terphen
- the substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryloxy group having 5 to 50 ring atoms is represented by —OZ ′, and examples of Z ′ include 2-pyrrolyl group, 3-pyrrolyl group, pyrazinyl group, 2-pyridinyl group, 3-pyridinyl group, 4-pyridinyl group, 2-indolyl group, 3-indolyl group, 4-indolyl group, 5-indolyl group, 6-indolyl group, 7-indolyl group, 1-isoindolyl group, 3-isoindolyl group, 4-isoindolyl group, 5-isoindolyl group, 6-isoindolyl group, 7-isoindolyl group, 2-furyl group, 3-furyl group, 2-benzofuranyl group, 3-benzofuranyl group, 4-benzofuranyl group, 5-benzofuranyl group, 6-benzofuranyl group, 7-benzofur
- a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms is represented by —SY ′′, and examples of Y ′′ include a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a 1-anthryl group, 2- Anthryl group, 9-anthryl group, 1-phenanthryl group, 2-phenanthryl group, 3-phenanthryl group, 4-phenanthryl group, 9-phenanthryl group, 1-naphthacenyl group, 2-naphthacenyl group, 9-naphthacenyl group, 1- Pyrenyl group, 2-pyrenyl group, 4-pyrenyl group, 2-biphenylyl group, 3-biphenylyl group, 4-biphenylyl group, p-terphenyl-4-yl group, p-terphenyl-3-yl group P-terphenyl-2-yl group
- the substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylthio group having 5 to 50 ring atoms is represented by —SZ ′′, and examples of Z ′′ include 2-pyrrolyl group, 3-pyrrolyl group, pyrazinyl group, 2-pyridinyl group, 3-pyridinyl group, 4-pyridinyl group, 2-indolyl group, 3-indolyl group, 4-indolyl group, 5-indolyl group, 6-indolyl group, 7-indolyl group, 1-isoindolyl group, 3-isoindolyl group, 4-isoindolyl group, 5-isoindolyl group, 6-isoindolyl group, 7-isoindolyl group, 2-furyl group, 3-furyl group, 2-benzofuranyl group, 3-benzofuranyl group, 4-benzofuranyl group, 5-benzofuranyl group, 6-benzofuranyl group, 7-benzo
- a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 50 carbon atoms is represented as —COOZ, and examples of Z include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, and isobutyl.
- An amino group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 5 to 50 ring atoms is represented by -NPQ, Examples include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, 1-phenanthryl, 2-phenanthryl, 3-phenanthryl, 4-phenanthryl.
- aromatic amine of the following general formula (II) is also suitably used for formation of a positive hole injection layer or a positive hole transport layer.
- the anode of the organic EL element plays a role of injecting holes into the hole transport layer or the light emitting layer, and it is effective to have a work function of 4.5 eV or more.
- Specific examples of the anode material used in the present invention include indium tin oxide alloy (ITO), tin oxide (NESA), gold, silver, platinum, copper, and the like.
- the cathode is preferably a material having a low work function for the purpose of injecting electrons into the electron injection layer or the light emitting layer.
- the cathode material is not particularly limited, and specifically, indium, aluminum, magnesium, magnesium-indium alloy, magnesium-aluminum alloy, aluminum-lithium alloy, aluminum-scandium-lithium alloy, magnesium-silver alloy and the like can be used.
- each layer of the organic EL element of the present invention is not particularly limited. Conventionally known methods such as vacuum deposition and spin coating can be used.
- the organic thin film layer containing the compound represented by the formula (1) used in the organic EL device of the present invention is formed by vacuum evaporation, molecular beam evaporation (MBE), a solution dipping method dissolved in a solvent, spin It can be formed by a known method such as a coating method, a casting method, a bar coating method, a roll coating method or the like.
- the film thickness of each organic layer of the organic EL element of the present invention is not particularly limited. Generally, if the film thickness is too thin, defects such as pinholes are likely to occur. Therefore, the range of several nm to 1 ⁇ m is usually preferable.
- the evaluation method of the organic EL element is as follows.
- External quantum efficiency (%) The external quantum efficiency at a luminance of 1000 cd / m 2 under a dry nitrogen gas atmosphere at 23 ° C. was measured using a luminance meter (Spectral Luminance Radiometer CS-1000 manufactured by Minolta).
- Half life (hours) A continuous energization test (DC) was performed at an initial luminance of 1000 cd / m 2 , and the time until the initial luminance was halved was measured.
- Example 1 A 25 mm ⁇ 75 mm ⁇ 1.1 mm glass substrate with an ITO transparent electrode (manufactured by Geomatic) was ultrasonically cleaned in isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, and then UV ozone cleaning was performed for 30 minutes.
- the glass substrate with the transparent electrode line after the cleaning is mounted on the substrate holder of the vacuum deposition apparatus, and the compound (HT) is first deposited by resistance heating deposition on the surface on which the transparent electrode line is formed so as to cover the transparent electrode. (Thickness 60 nm).
- the film formation rate was 1 ⁇ / s. This HT film functions as a hole injection / transport layer.
- a compound (1) film having a thickness of 30 nm was formed on the HT film by resistance heating vapor deposition of the compound (1) (host compound).
- the compound (BD) was deposited so as to be 10% by mass with respect to the compound (1).
- the film formation rates were 1 ⁇ / s and 0.11 ⁇ / s, respectively.
- This film functions as a phosphorescent light emitting layer.
- a compound (HB) was deposited by resistance heating vapor deposition on this phosphorescent light emitting layer to form a 10 nm thick HB film.
- the film formation rate was 1 ⁇ / s.
- This HB film functions as a hole blocking layer.
- a tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (Alq) complex was deposited at a film formation rate of 1 ⁇ / s (film thickness: 30 nm). This film functions as an electron injection layer. Thereafter, LiF was vapor-deposited on the Alq film at a film formation rate of 0.1 ⁇ / s (film thickness 0.5 nm). Metal Al was vapor-deposited on the LiF film at a film formation rate of 1 ⁇ / s to form a metal cathode (film thickness 100 nm) to obtain an organic EL element.
- Examples 2 and 3 An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the host material shown in Table 1 was used instead of using the compound (1) in Example 1.
- Comparative Examples 1-6 An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the following compounds (H1) to (H6) and the compound (33) were used instead of the compound (1).
- Example 4 A 25 mm ⁇ 75 mm ⁇ 1.1 mm glass substrate with an ITO transparent electrode (manufactured by Geomatic) was ultrasonically cleaned in isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, and then UV ozone cleaning was performed for 30 minutes.
- the glass substrate with the transparent electrode line after the cleaning is mounted on the substrate holder of the vacuum deposition apparatus, and the compound (1) is first deposited by resistance heating vapor deposition so as to cover the transparent electrode on the surface on which the transparent electrode line is formed. (Thickness 60 nm).
- the film formation rate was 1 ⁇ / s.
- This compound (1) film functions as a hole injection / transport layer.
- a compound (A-1) film having a thickness of 30 nm was formed on the compound (1) film by resistance heating vapor deposition of the compound (A-1) (host compound).
- the compound (BD) was deposited as a phosphorescent dopant so as to have a mass ratio of 10% with respect to the compound (A-1).
- the film formation rates were 1 ⁇ / s and 0.11 ⁇ / s, respectively.
- This film functions as a phosphorescent light emitting layer.
- a compound (HB) was deposited by resistance heating vapor deposition on this phosphorescent light emitting layer to form a 10 nm thick HB film.
- the film formation rate was 1 ⁇ / s.
- This HB film functions as a hole blocking layer.
- a tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (Alq) complex was deposited at a film formation rate of 1 ⁇ / s (film thickness: 30 nm). This film functions as an electron injection layer. Thereafter, LiF was vapor-deposited on the Alq film at a film formation rate of 0.1 ⁇ / s (film thickness 0.5 nm). Metal Al was vapor-deposited on the LiF film at a film formation rate of 1 ⁇ / s to form a metal cathode (film thickness 100 nm) to obtain an organic EL element.
- Example 5 An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that Compound (3) was used in the hole injecting / transporting layer instead of using Compound (1) in Example 4.
- Comparative Example 7 An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the compound (HT) was used instead of the compound (1).
- Table 2 shows that the compounds (1) and (3) of the present invention have a lower voltage, higher efficiency, and longer life than the compounds of the comparative examples.
- the organic EL element material of the present invention when used, an organic EL element having high luminous efficiency and a long lifetime can be obtained. For this reason, the organic EL element of the present invention is extremely useful as a display, a light source and the like for various electronic devices.
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Abstract
Description
従来、有機EL素子の発光材料として一重項励起子により発光する蛍光発光材料が用いられているが、近年、蛍光発光材料に加えて3重項励起子により発光する燐光発光材料利用することも提案されている(例えば、非特許文献1と2)。有機EL素子内で電子と正孔が再結合する際にはスピン多重度の違いから一重項励起子と三重項励起子とが1:3の割合で生成すると考えられているので、燐光発光材料を用いた有機EL素子は、蛍光発光材料のみを使った有機EL素子に比べて3~4倍の発光効率を達成し得る。しかし、青色燐光発光では、高効率かつ長寿命の達成が困難であり、それらを達成するホスト材料の開発が望まれている。
しかし、これらには、2つのカルバゾール骨格を有し、それぞれの骨格のNの部位で必要に応じて連結基を介してジベンゾフラン骨格やジベンゾチオフェン骨格が結合している化合物は記載されていない。
また、特許文献1~3に記載の化合物は青色燐光発光の効率および寿命が不十分であった。
a,d,f,hはそれぞれ独立して0~4のいずれかの整数を表し、b,c,e,gはそれぞれ独立して0~3のいずれかの整数を表し、a~hの合計が6以下である。
L1は単結合、Nを含む2価の連結基、Oを含む2価の連結基、Siを含む2価の連結基、Pを含む2価の連結基、Sを含む2価の連結基、炭素数1~20のアルキレン基、環形成炭素数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基、環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基、2価のアミノ基、又は2価のシリル基を表し、
L2及びL3はそれぞれ独立して、単結合、炭素数1~20のアルキレン基、環形成炭素数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基、環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基を表す。L1~L3はさらに、前記置換基R1~R8のいずれかで置換されていてもよい。但し、L1が環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基又は環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基である場合はa及びdはそれぞれ独立して1~4のいずれかの整数を表す。)
a,d,f,hはそれぞれ独立して0~4のいずれかの整数を表し、b,c,e,gはそれぞれ独立して0~3のいずれかの整数を表し、a~hの合計が6以下である。
L1は単結合、Nを含む2価の連結基、Oを含む2価の連結基、Siを含む2価の連結基、Pを含む2価の連結基、Sを含む2価の連結基、炭素数1~20のアルキレン基、環形成炭素数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基、環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基、2価のアミノ基、又は2価のシリル基を表し、
L2及びL3はそれぞれ独立して、単結合、炭素数1~20のアルキレン基、環形成炭素数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基、環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基を表す。L1~L3はさらに、前記置換基Rのいずれかで置換されていてもよい。但し、L1が環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基又は環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基である場合はa及びdはそれぞれ独立して1~4のいずれかの整数を表す。)
R1~R8のアルコキシ基としては、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基、ブトキシ基、ペンチルオキシ基、ヘキシルオキシ基等が挙げられ、炭素数が3以上のものは直鎖状、環状又は分岐を有するものでもよい。
R1~R8のアリール基としては、フェニル基、トリル基、キシリル基、メシチル基、o-ビフェニル基、m-ビフェニル基、p-ビフェニル基、o-ターフェニル基、m-ターフェニル基、p-ターフェニル基、ナフチル基、フェナントリル基などが挙げられる。中でもフェニル基、メシチル基が好ましい。
R1~R8のアリールオキシ基としては、例えば、フェノキシ基、ビフェニルオキシ基等が挙げられる。
R1~R8のアミノ基及びシリル基は既述のような置換基で置換されていてもよい。シリル基については、トリメチルシリル基が好ましい。
アリーレン基としては後述する他、p-フェニレン基、m-フェニレン基、ビフェニレン基が好適であり、アミノ基としては後述する他、ビフェニルアミノ基が好適である。
L1~L3の連結基はさらに置換基を有してもよく、当該置換基とR1~R8の置換基で説明した置換基と同義である。
(1)合成上の利便性が高い。
(2)カルバゾールの3,6位は化学的安定性に劣る部位であり、3,6位のうち一方でも水素原子以外の置換基を導入することで化学的安定性を高められる可能性がある。このため、さらに6位にも置換基を導入した構造はさらに好ましい。
(3)3位でカルバゾールが単結合を介して結合した場合は2つのカルバゾール上のN原子同士が共役することによってHOMOが浅くなり、正孔注入・輸送性が高まり、キャリアバランス調整を容易とすることができる。
上記において、R1a及びR4aが共に水素原子であって、L1aがフェニレン基である場合には、カルバゾールの6位が水素原子であり、かつ、3位で単結合を介して結合していないため、化学的安定性やキャリアバランス調整の点で、有機EL素子用材料として特に優れた材料ではない。
次に、本発明の有機EL素子について説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子は、陰極と陽極間に、発光層を含む一層以上の有機薄膜層を有し、この有機薄膜層の少なくとも一層が、本発明の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料を含有する。
多層型の有機EL素子の構造としては、例えば、陽極/正孔輸送層(正孔注入層)/発光層/陰極、陽極/発光層/電子輸送層(電子注入層)/陰極、陽極/正孔輸送層(正孔注入層)/発光層/電子輸送層(電子注入層)/陰極、陽極/正孔輸送層(正孔注入層)/発光層/正孔障壁層/電子輸送層(電子注入層)/陰極、等の多層構成で積層したものが挙げられる。なお、本発明において「正孔注入・輸送層」は、正孔輸送層の態様に含まれる。
アルカリ土類金属としては、Ca(仕事関数:2.9eV)、Sr(仕事関数:2.0~2.5eV)、Ba(仕事関数:2.52eV)等が挙げられ、仕事関数が2.9eV以下のものが特に好ましい。
希土類金属としては、Sc、Y、Ce、Tb、Yb等が挙げられ、仕事関数が2.9eV以下のものが特に好ましい。
以上の金属のうち好ましい金属は、特に還元能力が高く、電子注入域への比較的少量の添加により、有機EL素子における発光輝度の向上や長寿命化が可能である。
アルカリ土類金属化合物としては、BaO、SrO、CaO及びこれらを混合したBaxSr1-xO(0<x<1)、BaxCa1-xO(0<x<1)等が挙げられ、BaO、SrO、CaOが好ましい。
希土類金属化合物としては、YbF3、ScF3、ScO3、Y2O3、Ce2O3、GdF3、TbF3等が挙げられ、YbF3、ScF3、TbF3が好ましい。
ハロゲン原子の例としては、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が挙げられる。また、置換されていてもよいアミノ基の例としては、前記アルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基と同様なものが挙げられる。また、アラルキルアミノ基でもよい。
炭素数1~40の炭化水素基としては、置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、アルケニル基、シクロアルキル基、アリール基、アラルキル基、等が挙げられる。アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アルコキシ基、アリール基、複素環基、アリールオキシ基の例としては、前記と同様のものが挙げられる。アルケニル基としては前記のアルキル基に対応する基が挙げられる。アラルキル基としては、前記アリール基で置換された前記のアルキル基が挙げられる。アルコキシカルボニル基は-COOY’と表され、Y’の例としては前記アルキル基と同様のものが挙げられる。
また、R108~R112及びR113~R127の互いに隣接する基が環状構造を形成した場合の2価の基としては、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基、ヘキサメチレン基、ジフェニルメタン-2,2’-ジイル基、ジフェニルエタン-3,3’-ジイル基、ジフェニルプロパン-4,4’-ジイル基等が挙げられる。
また、上記式で表されるArbにおいて、R29~R36は、いずれも水素原子である含窒素複素環誘導体が好ましい。
Argは、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数6~60のアリール基、置換基を有していてもよいピリジル基、置換基を有していてもよいキノリル基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20のアルキル基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20のアルコキシ基、又は-Are-Arfで表される基(Are及びArfは、それぞれ前記と同じ)である。
炭素数1~20のアルコキシ基としては、炭素数1~6のアルコキシ基が好ましく、具体的には、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基、ブトキシ基、ペンチルオキシ基、ヘキシルオキシ基等が挙げられ、炭素数が3以上のものは直鎖状、環状又は分岐を有するものでもよい。
ハロゲン原子としては、フッ素、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素等が挙げられる。
炭素数1~20のアルキル基、炭素数1~20のアルコキシ基、炭素数6~40のアリール基としては、前記と同様のものが挙げられる。
炭素数3~40のヘテロアリール基としては、例えば、ピローリル基、フリル基、チエニル基、シローリル基、ピリジル基、キノリル基、イソキノリル基、ベンゾフリル基、イミダゾリル基、ピリミジル基、カルバゾリル基、セレノフェニル基、オキサジアゾリル基、トリアゾーリル基等が挙げられる。
nは0~4の整数であり、0~2であると好ましい。
これら各基の具体例、好ましい炭素数及び置換基としては、前記Rについて説明したものと同様である。
これら各基の具体例、好ましい炭素数及び置換基としては、前記R56について説明したものと同様である。
炭素数6~60のアリーレン基としては、炭素数6~40のアリーレン基が好ましく、炭素数6~20のアリーレン基がさらに好ましく、具体的には、前記Rについて説明したアリール基から水素原子1個を除去して形成される2価の基が挙げられる。L7の示す各基の置換基としては、前記R56について説明したものと同様である。
前記式(201)において、Areは、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数6~60のアリーレン基、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニレン基又は置換基を有していてもよいキノリニレン基である。Are及びArgの示す各基の置換基としては、それぞれ前記Rについて説明したものと同様である。
また、Areは、下記式(101)~(110)で表される縮合環基から選択されるいずれかの基であると好ましい。
前記式(110)において、L’は、単結合、又は
これら各基の具体例、好ましい炭素数及び置換基としては、前記R56について説明したものと同様である。
これら各基の具体例、好ましい炭素数及び置換基としては、前記R56について説明したものと同様である。
また、Argは、下記式(126)~(135)で表される縮合環基から選択されるいずれかの基であると好ましい。
前記式(135)において、L’は、前記と同じである。
前記式(126)~(135)において、R’は、水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20のアルキル基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数6~40のアリール基又は置換基を有していてもよい炭素数3~40のヘテロアリール基である。これら各基の具体例としては、前記と同様のものが挙げられる。
Argの示す一般式(128)が、下記式(136)~(158)で表される縮合環基であると好ましい。
また、Arf及びArgは、それぞれ独立に、
本発明の前記式(201)~(203)で示される含窒素複素環誘導体の具体例を下記に示すが、本発明はこれらの例示化合物に限定されるものではない。
なお、下記表において、HArは、前記式(201)~(203)における、
LBの芳香族炭化水素環及び芳香族複素環基は置換基を有していてもよく、かかる置換基としては、好ましくはアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、アミノ基、アルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、アシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アリールオキシカルボニル基、アシルオキシ基、アシルアミノ基、アルコキシカルボニルアミノ基、アリールオキシカルボニルアミノ基、スルホニルアミノ基、スルファモイル基、カルバモイル基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、スルホニル基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、芳香族複素環基であり、より好ましくはアルキル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、芳香族複素環基であり、さらに好ましくはアルキル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、芳香族複素環基であり、特に好ましくはアルキル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基、芳香族複素環基である。
RB2の脂肪族炭化水素基は、直鎖状又は分岐状アルキル基(好ましくは炭素数1~20、より好ましくは炭素数1~12、特に好ましくは炭素数1~8のアルキル基であり、例えば、メチル基、エチル基、イソプロピル基、t-ブチル基、n-オクチル基、n-デシル基、n-ヘキサデシル基等が挙げられる。)、シクロアルキル基(好ましくは環形成炭素数3~10であり、例えば、シクロプロピル基、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基等が挙げられる。)、アルケニル基(好ましくは炭素数2~20、より好ましくは炭素数2~12、特に好ましくは炭素数2~8のアルケニル基であり、例えば、ビニル基、アリル基、2-ブテニル基、3-ペンテニル基等が挙げられる。)、アルキニル基(好ましくは炭素数2~20、より好ましくは炭素数2~12、特に好ましくは炭素数2~8のアルキニル基であり、例えばプロパルギル基、3-ペンチニル基等が挙げられる。)であり、アルキル基が好ましい。
RB2としては、好ましくは脂肪族炭化水素基、アリール基又は複素環基であり、より好ましくは脂肪族炭化水素基(好ましくは炭素数6~30、より好ましくは炭素数6~20、さらに好ましくは炭素数6~12のもの)又はアリール基であり、さらに好ましくは脂肪族炭化水素基(好ましくは炭素数1~20、より好ましくは炭素数1~12、さらに好ましくは炭素数2~10のもの)である。
XB2としては、好ましくは-O-又はN(RB2)-であり、より好ましくは-N(RB2)-である。
nB2は、1~4の整数であり、2~3であると好ましい。
ZB71、ZB72及びZB73は、それぞれ一般式(B)におけるZB2と同様であり、また好ましい範囲も同様である。
LB71、LB72及びLB73は、それぞれ連結基を表し、一般式(B)におけるLBの例を二価としたものが挙げられ、好ましくは、単結合、二価の芳香族炭化水素環基、二価の芳香族複素環基、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる連結基であり、より好ましくは単結合である。LB71、LB72及びLB73は置換基を有していてもよく、置換基としては前記一般式(B)におけるLBで表される基の置換基として挙げたものと同様であり、また好ましい置換基も同様である。
YBは、窒素原子、1,3,5-ベンゼントリイル基又は2,4,6-トリアジントリイル基を表す。1,3,5-ベンゼントリイル基は2,4,6-位に置換基を有していてもよく、置換基としては、例えばアルキル基、芳香族炭化水素環基、ハロゲン原子などが挙げられる。
また、半導体としては、例えばBa、Ca、Sr、Yb、Al、Ga、In、Li、Na、Cd、Mg、Si、Ta、Sb及びZnからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの元素を含む酸化物、窒化物又は酸化窒化物等が挙げられ、これらは一種を単独で使用してもよいし、二種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。また、電子注入層を構成する無機化合物が、微結晶又は非晶質の絶縁性薄膜であることが好ましい。電子注入層がこれらの絶縁性薄膜で構成されていれば、より均質な薄膜が形成されるために、ダークスポット等の画素欠陥を減少させることができる。なお、このような無機化合物としては、例えばアルカリ金属カルコゲニド、アルカリ土類金属カルコゲニド、アルカリ金属のハロゲン化物及びアルカリ土類金属のハロゲン化物等が挙げられる。
また、本発明における電子注入層には、前述の還元性ドーパントを好ましく含有させることができる。
なお、電子注入層又は電子輸送層の膜厚は、特に限定されないが、好ましくは、1~100nmである。
本発明の有機EL素子の各有機層の膜厚は特に制限されないが、一般に膜厚が薄すぎるとピンホール等の欠陥が生じやすく、逆に厚すぎると高い印加電圧が必要となり効率が悪くなるため、通常は数nmから1μmの範囲が好ましい。
(1)外部量子効率(%)
23℃、乾燥窒素ガス雰囲気下で、輝度1000cd/m2時の外部量子効率を輝度計(ミノルタ社製分光輝度放射計CS-1000)を用いて測定した。
(2)半減寿命(時間)
初期輝度1000cd/m2で連続通電試験(直流)をおこない、初期輝度が半減するまでの時間を測定した。
(3)電圧(V)
23℃、乾燥窒素ガス雰囲気下で、KEITHLY 236 SOURCE MEASURE UNITを用いて、電気配線された素子に電圧を印加して発光させ、素子以外の配線抵抗にかかる電圧を差し引いて素子印加電圧を測定した。
反応終了後、溶液を半分程度に濃縮し、塩酸水溶液(1N)20mlを加え、室温で2時間撹拌した。分液ロートを用いてジクロロメタンで抽出し、無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥、ろ過、濃縮した。これをシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(展開溶媒 ジクロロメタン:酢酸エチ=9:1)で精製した後、これにヘキサンを加えて試料を析出させ、分散洗浄を行い、濾別して白色の固体(化合物(1-c))を得た。収量10.3g、収率68%
反応終了後、室温まで冷却した後、メタノールを加えて析出した試料を回収し、真空乾燥させた。試料をトルエン1Lに加熱して溶解させ、室温まで冷却した後、シリカゲルのショートカラムを通し、濃縮した。これを酢酸エチルで分散洗浄して白色の固体(化合物(1))を得た。収量12.0g、収率81%
反応終了後、室温まで冷却した後、分液ロートを用いてトルエンで抽出した。無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥、ろ過、濃縮した後、これをシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(トルエン:ヘキサン=3:7)にて精製した。これをヘキサンから再結晶して白色の固体(化合物(3-a))を得た。収量15.3g、収率34%
反応終了後、室温まで冷却した後、試料溶液を分液ロートに移し、トルエンにて数回抽出した。無水硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、ろ過、濃縮し、これをシリカゲルクロマトグラフィーで精製して白色の固体(化合物(36)を得た。収量4.3g、収率73%
これらの化合物はFD/MSを測定し、分子量の理論値と実測値との一致によって同定した。
反応終了後、室温まで冷却した後、メタノールを加えて析出した試料を回収し、真空乾燥させた。試料をトルエン1Lに加熱して溶解させ、室温まで冷却した後、シリカゲルのショートカラムを通し、濃縮した。これを酢酸エチル/ヘキサンの混合溶媒で分散洗浄して白色の固体(化合物(33))を得た。収量3.78g、収率85%
25mm×75mm×1.1mmのITO透明電極付きガラス基板(ジオマティック社製)を、イソプロピルアルコール中で5分間、超音波洗浄した後、UVオゾン洗浄を30分間行なった。洗浄後の透明電極ライン付きガラス基板を真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに装着し、まず透明電極ラインが形成されている側の面上に、透明電極を覆うようにして化合物(HT)を抵抗加熱蒸着した(厚さ60nm)。成膜レートは1Å/sとした。このHT膜は正孔注入・輸送層として機能する。
次に、HT膜上に、化合物(1)(ホスト化合物)を抵抗加熱蒸着して厚さ30nmの化合物(1)膜を成膜した。同時に燐光ドーパントとして、化合物(BD)を、化合物(1)に対し質量比で10%になるように蒸着した。成膜レートはそれぞれ1Å/s、0.11Å/sとした。この膜は、燐光発光層として機能する。
次に、この燐光発光層上に、化合物(HB)を抵抗加熱蒸着して、厚さ10nmのHB膜を成膜した。成膜レートは1Å/sであった。このHB膜は正孔ブロック層として機能する。
この膜上に成膜レート1Å/sにてトリス(8-キノリノール)アルミニウム(Alq)錯体を蒸着した(膜厚30nm)。この膜は電子注入層として機能する。
その後、Alq膜上にLiFを成膜レート0.1Å/sで蒸着した(膜厚0.5nm)。このLiF膜上に金属Alを成膜レート1Å/sにて蒸着し金属陰極(膜厚100nm)を形成し有機EL素子を得た。
表1において、比較例6は低電圧化及び半減寿命の点で、他の実施例に及ばない。これは、カルバゾールの6位が共に水素原子であり、かつ3位で単結合を介して結合していないことに起因して、化学的安定性やキャリアバランス調整の点で他の実施例に及ばないためと思われる。
25mm×75mm×1.1mmのITO透明電極付きガラス基板(ジオマティック社製)を、イソプロピルアルコール中で5分間、超音波洗浄した後、UVオゾン洗浄を30分間行なった。洗浄後の透明電極ライン付きガラス基板を真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに装着し、まず透明電極ラインが形成されている側の面上に、透明電極を覆うようにして化合物(1)を抵抗加熱蒸着した(厚さ60nm)。成膜レートは1Å/sとした。この化合物(1)膜は正孔注入・輸送層として機能する。
次に、化合物(1)膜上に、化合物(A-1)(ホスト化合物)を抵抗加熱蒸着して厚さ30nmの化合物(A-1)膜を成膜した。同時に燐光ドーパントとして、化合物(BD)を、化合物(A-1)に対し質量比で10%になるように蒸着した。成膜レートはそれぞれ1Å/s、0.11Å/sとした。この膜は、燐光発光層として機能する。
次に、この燐光発光層上に、化合物(HB)を抵抗加熱蒸着して、厚さ10nmのHB膜を成膜した。成膜レートは1Å/sであった。このHB膜は正孔ブロック層として機能する。
この膜上に成膜レート1Å/sにてトリス(8-キノリノール)アルミニウム(Alq)錯体を蒸着した(膜厚30nm)。この膜は電子注入層として機能する。
その後、Alq膜上にLiFを成膜レート0.1Å/sで蒸着した(膜厚0.5nm)。このLiF膜上に金属Alを成膜レート1Å/sにて蒸着し金属陰極(膜厚100nm)を形成し有機EL素子を得た。
実施例4において化合物(1)を用いる代わりに化合物(3)を正孔注入・輸送層に用いた以外は実施例4と同様にして有機EL素子を作製した。
化合物(1)の代わりに化合物(HT)を用いた以外は実施例4と同様にして有機EL素子を作製した。
Claims (13)
- 下記式(1)で表される有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
a,d,f,hはそれぞれ独立して0~4のいずれかの整数を表し、b,c,e,gはそれぞれ独立して0~3のいずれかの整数を表し、a~hの合計が6以下である。
L1は単結合、Nを含む2価の連結基、Oを含む2価の連結基、Siを含む2価の連結基、Pを含む2価の連結基、Sを含む2価の連結基、炭素数1~20のアルキレン基、環形成炭素数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基、環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基、2価のアミノ基、又は2価のシリル基を表し、
L2及びL3はそれぞれ独立して、単結合、炭素数1~20のアルキレン基、環形成炭素数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基、環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基を表す。L1~L3はさらに、前記置換基R1~R8のいずれかで置換されていてもよい。但し、L1が環形成炭素数6~18のアリーレン基又は環形成原子数5~18のヘテロアリーレン基である場合はa及びdはそれぞれ独立して1~4のいずれかの整数を表す。) - 前記L2及びL3が単結合である請求項1又は2に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
- 前記L1が単結合である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
- 陰極と陽極と間に、発光層を含む一層以上の有機薄膜層を有し、前記有機薄膜層の少なくとも一層が、請求項1~5のいずれかに1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料を含有する有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記発光層が、前記有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料をホスト材料として含有する請求項6記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記発光層が、ホスト材料とりん光発光性材料を含有し、該ホスト材料が前記有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料である請求項6に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記りん光発光性材料が、イリジウム(Ir),オスミウム(Os)および白金(Pt)から選ばれる金属を含有する化合物である請求項8記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記金属を含有する化合物が、オルトメタル化金属錯体である請求項9に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記陰極と前記有機薄膜層との界面領域に還元性ドーパントを有する請求項6~10のいずれかに1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記発光層と前記陰極との間に電子注入層を有し、該電子注入層が含窒素環誘導体を含有する請求項6~10のいずれかに1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記発光層と前記陽極との間に正孔輸送層を有し、該正孔輸送層が前記有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料を含有する請求項6~10のいずれかに1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
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TW201132739A (en) | 2011-10-01 |
JPWO2011125680A1 (ja) | 2013-07-08 |
EP2555270B1 (en) | 2015-05-13 |
JP5261611B2 (ja) | 2013-08-14 |
KR20180095131A (ko) | 2018-08-24 |
CN102812574A (zh) | 2012-12-05 |
KR101419666B1 (ko) | 2014-07-15 |
KR20130083477A (ko) | 2013-07-22 |
EP2555270A4 (en) | 2013-09-18 |
KR20130018725A (ko) | 2013-02-25 |
JP2013163682A (ja) | 2013-08-22 |
US9714237B2 (en) | 2017-07-25 |
EP2555272A4 (en) | 2013-09-18 |
US9199974B2 (en) | 2015-12-01 |
JPWO2011122132A1 (ja) | 2013-07-08 |
US9266865B2 (en) | 2016-02-23 |
TW201136921A (en) | 2011-11-01 |
US20160035985A1 (en) | 2016-02-04 |
KR20130018724A (ko) | 2013-02-25 |
EP2555270A1 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
KR101867105B1 (ko) | 2018-06-12 |
KR101891353B1 (ko) | 2018-08-23 |
JP5753873B2 (ja) | 2015-07-22 |
CN102823015A (zh) | 2012-12-12 |
EP2555272A1 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
US20130020565A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
US20110278552A1 (en) | 2011-11-17 |
WO2011125680A1 (ja) | 2011-10-13 |
CN102823015B (zh) | 2014-05-14 |
TWI412574B (zh) | 2013-10-21 |
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