WO2010059551A1 - Colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same - Google Patents
Colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010059551A1 WO2010059551A1 PCT/US2009/064538 US2009064538W WO2010059551A1 WO 2010059551 A1 WO2010059551 A1 WO 2010059551A1 US 2009064538 W US2009064538 W US 2009064538W WO 2010059551 A1 WO2010059551 A1 WO 2010059551A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polymeric
- polymeric sheet
- layer
- equal
- foamed layer
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 117
- 239000013047 polymeric layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004964 aerogel Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001247 Reticulated foam Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 20
- -1 polyacrylics Polymers 0.000 description 19
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 9
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 7
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Resorcinol Natural products OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002666 chemical blowing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920005644 polyethylene terephthalate glycol copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- IYAZLDLPUNDVAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(N2N=C3C=CC=CC3=N2)=C1 IYAZLDLPUNDVAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 4
- FRCHKSNAZZFGCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(Cl)Cl FRCHKSNAZZFGCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001023 inorganic pigment Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 3
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940051271 1,1-difluoroethane Drugs 0.000 description 2
- BOUGCJDAQLKBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)C(F)(F)F BOUGCJDAQLKBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MEZZCSHVIGVWFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone Chemical compound OC1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O MEZZCSHVIGVWFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YZXSQDNPKVBDOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-difluoropropane Chemical compound CC(C)(F)F YZXSQDNPKVBDOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)Cl VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical group [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony trioxide Chemical compound O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006081 fluorescent whitening agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(ii,iv) oxide Chemical compound O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl salicylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QUAMTGJKVDWJEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octabenzone Chemical compound OC1=CC(OCCCCCCCC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QUAMTGJKVDWJEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZQBAKBUEJOMQEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ZQBAKBUEJOMQEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001955 polyphenylene ether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 2
- WVYADZUPLLSGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N salsalate Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O WVYADZUPLLSGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007592 spray painting technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- POLSVAXEEHDBMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-hydroxy-4-octadecoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone Chemical compound OC1=CC(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 POLSVAXEEHDBMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLYYQWWELYJSEB-DEOSSOPVSA-N (2s)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1h-inden-2-yl)-2-(9h-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)acetic acid Chemical compound C1C2=CC=CC=C2CC1[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)OCC1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C21 PLYYQWWELYJSEB-DEOSSOPVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARVUDIQYNJVQIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-dodecoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone Chemical compound OC1=CC(OCCCCCCCCCCCC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ARVUDIQYNJVQIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VNFXPOAMRORRJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-octylphenyl) 2-hydroxybenzoate Chemical compound C1=CC(CCCCCCCC)=CC=C1OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O VNFXPOAMRORRJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDOPVENYMZRARC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F FDOPVENYMZRARC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYIRUPZTYPILDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)C(F)(F)F FYIRUPZTYPILDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDCWZRQSHBQRGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FCC(F)C(F)(F)F ZDCWZRQSHBQRGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MKIWPODDHGBZRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methylpropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(C)C(F)(F)F MKIWPODDHGBZRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOUFPCGBASNWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F VOUFPCGBASNWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZBQCJRCMQCPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropan-2-yloxy)propane Chemical compound FC(F)C(C(F)(F)F)OC(C(F)F)C(F)(F)F JZBQCJRCMQCPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXIGIYYQHHRBJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CCC(F)(F)F CXIGIYYQHHRBJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VWCRVILSEXWIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluorobutane Chemical compound FC(F)CCC(F)(F)F VWCRVILSEXWIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BOSAWIQFTJIYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl BOSAWIQFTJIYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)(Cl)Cl UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SFGZVCSNIFTVNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yloxy)propane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(C)OC(C)C(F)(F)F SFGZVCSNIFTVNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDWQLICBSFIDRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoropropane Chemical compound CCC(F)(F)F KDWQLICBSFIDRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXVZGGVDYOBILI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)C(F)F ZXVZGGVDYOBILI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWTOFSDLNREIFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)C(F)F AWTOFSDLNREIFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGCSPKPEHQEOSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)C(F)(Cl)Cl UGCSPKPEHQEOSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MWDWMQNTNBHJEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)C(F)F MWDWMQNTNBHJEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GILFNDOWDFBFIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3-tetrafluorobutane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)CC(F)F GILFNDOWDFBFIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)C(F)(F)Cl DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSEUKVSKOHVLOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(Cl)C(F)(F)Cl JSEUKVSKOHVLOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KNKRKFALVUDBJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloropropane Chemical compound CC(Cl)CCl KNKRKFALVUDBJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXSZLFRJEKKBDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)Cl XXSZLFRJEKKBDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHNZEZWIUMJCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)Cl BHNZEZWIUMJCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDIFKZMUYFXBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-5-phenyltetrazole Chemical compound CCN1N=NN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 XBDIFKZMUYFXBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MREIFUWKYMNYTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-pyrrole Chemical class C=1C=CNC=1.C=1C=CNC=1 MREIFUWKYMNYTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(Cl)Cl OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXDDPOHVAMWLBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone Chemical compound OC1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZXDDPOHVAMWLBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGXAGETVRDOQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1C=O DGXAGETVRDOQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLZIIHMTTRXXIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound OC1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O JLZIIHMTTRXXIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OLFNXLXEGXRUOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)phenol Chemical compound C=1C(N2N=C3C=CC=CC3=N2)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 OLFNXLXEGXRUOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYXIKYKBLDZZNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CCl CYXIKYKBLDZZNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XVUAGXVTOQITOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl 3-(2-cyano-3-phenylphenyl)prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1C#N XVUAGXVTOQITOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZRNSSRODJSSVEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentacosane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)C ZRNSSRODJSSVEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XQGDNRFLRLSUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2H-pyranthren-1-one Chemical class C1=C(C2=C3C4=C56)C=CC3=CC5=C3C=CC=CC3=CC6=CC=C4C=C2C2=C1C(=O)CC=C2 XQGDNRFLRLSUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-phenylethenyl)furan-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C(C=CC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RPPHWBSWFASQRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OC1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=C(OC)C=C1O RPPHWBSWFASQRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NN)C=C1 ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBOSBRHMHBENLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-Butylphenyl Salicylate Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O DBOSBRHMHBENLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISAVYTVYFVQUDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-Octylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ISAVYTVYFVQUDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004156 Azodicarbonamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091005950 Azurite Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PIGKXHAIBGNREV-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PIGKXHAIBGNREV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004338 Dichlorodifluoromethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- MWRWFPQBGSZWNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N2CN(N=O)CN1CN(N=O)C2 MWRWFPQBGSZWNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004812 Fluorinated ethylene propylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004705 High-molecular-weight polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical group CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920009204 Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930182556 Polyacetal Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002732 Polyanhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical class CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical class C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018503 SF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000147 Styrene maleic anhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000004 White lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VRFNYSYURHAPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylamino]urea Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NNC(N)=O)C=C1 VRFNYSYURHAPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXGJXQJWUCUHJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].C1(O)=C(C(O)=CC=C1)C=O Chemical compound [C].C1(O)=C(C(O)=CC=C1)C=O BXGJXQJWUCUHJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Diethyl Acetal Natural products CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001251 acridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001454 anthracenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RJGDLRCDCYRQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthrone Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3CC2=C1 RJGDLRCDCYRQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004646 arylidenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N azodicarbonamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\N=N\C(N)=O XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019399 azodicarbonamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IRERQBUNZFJFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-L azure blue Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[S-]S[S-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] IRERQBUNZFJFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000008641 benzimidazolones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo-alpha-pyrone Natural products C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008366 benzophenones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001565 benzotriazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WXNRYSGJLQFHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methanone Chemical compound OC1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1O WXNRYSGJLQFHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SODJJEXAWOSSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone Chemical compound OC1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1O SODJJEXAWOSSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FQUNFJULCYSSOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisoctrizole Chemical compound N1=C2C=CC=CC2=NN1C1=CC(C(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C)=CC(CC=2C(=C(C=C(C=2)C(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C)N2N=C3C=CC=CC3=N2)O)=C1O FQUNFJULCYSSOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- LKAVYBZHOYOUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;2-methylprop-2-enoic acid;styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.CC(=C)C(O)=O.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 LKAVYBZHOYOUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001030 cadmium pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BCFSVSISUGYRMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(dioxo)chromium;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Ca+2].[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O BCFSVSISUGYRMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N chloro(114C)methane Chemical compound [14CH3]Cl NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroethane Chemical compound CCCl HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001701 chloroform Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)Cl AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JPBGLQJDCUZXEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromenylium Chemical class [O+]1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JPBGLQJDCUZXEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000332 coumarinyl group Chemical class O1C(=O)C(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000412 dendrimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000736 dendritic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000664 diazo group Chemical group [N-]=[N+]=[*] 0.000 description 1
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)Cl UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940099364 dichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940087091 dichlorotetrafluoroethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005125 dioxazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CC1=CC=CC=C1 CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAPILSUCBNPFBS-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium 2-oxido-5-[[4-[(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl]diazenyl]benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].Oc1ccc(cc1C([O-])=O)N=Nc1ccc(cc1)N=Nc1ccc(cc1)S([O-])(=O)=O VAPILSUCBNPFBS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- CJYBKFFVXWWBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O CJYBKFFVXWWBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-1-ene Chemical group C=C.CC=C HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAJNXBNRYMEYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=C(C#N)C(=O)OCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 IAJNXBNRYMEYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003750 ethyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethane Chemical compound CCF UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940052308 general anesthetics halogenated hydrocarbons Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940042795 hydrazides for tuberculosis treatment Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019239 indanthrene blue RS Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);iron(3+);octadecacyanide Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXZQEOJJUGGUIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoindolin-1-one Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(=O)NCC2=C1 PXZQEOJJUGGUIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWVMLCQWXVFZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoindoline Chemical class C1=CC=C2CNCC2=C1 GWVMLCQWXVFZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MOUPNEIJQCETIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead chromate Chemical compound [Pb+2].[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O MOUPNEIJQCETIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940035105 lead tetroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RYZCLUQMCYZBJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H lead(2+);dicarbonate;dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O RYZCLUQMCYZBJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960001047 methyl salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluoromethane Natural products FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JULPEDSLKXGZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1h-imidazole-5-carboxamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)C1=CN=CN1 JULPEDSLKXGZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BCCOBQSFUDVTJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octafluorocyclobutane Chemical compound FC1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C1(F)F BCCOBQSFUDVTJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019407 octafluorocyclobutane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QYSGYZVSCZSLHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F QYSGYZVSCZSLHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMJSMJQBSVNSBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octocrylene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=C(C#N)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 FMJSMJQBSVNSBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052958 orpiment Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXGLGDHPHMLXJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxybenzone Chemical compound OC1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 DXGLGDHPHMLXJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- HTSABAUNNZLCMN-UHFFFAOYSA-F paris green Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-][As]=O.[O-][As]=O.[O-][As]=O.[O-][As]=O.[O-][As]=O.[O-][As]=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O HTSABAUNNZLCMN-UHFFFAOYSA-F 0.000 description 1
- MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)CC(F)(F)F MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920009441 perflouroethylene propylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KAVGMUDTWQVPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N perflubutane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F KAVGMUDTWQVPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950003332 perflubutane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920013653 perfluoroalkoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960004065 perflutren Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002979 perylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000969 phenyl salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RYSBYLUYRUYPNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl-(2-propoxyphenyl)methanone Chemical compound CCCOC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RYSBYLUYRUYPNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001652 poly(etherketoneketone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002312 polyamide-imide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002577 polybenzoxazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001692 polycarbonate urethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005023 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001709 polysilazane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001290 polyvinyl ester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001289 polyvinyl ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001291 polyvinyl halide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006215 polyvinyl ketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003351 prussian blue Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000013225 prussian blue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003220 pyrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WVIICGIFSIBFOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrylium Chemical class C1=CC=[O+]C=C1 WVIICGIFSIBFOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDESWOTWNNGOMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol monobenzoate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(OC(=O)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 GDESWOTWNNGOMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003902 salicylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BPQWCZKMOKHAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N scheele's green Chemical compound [Cu+2].O[As]([O-])[O-] BPQWCZKMOKHAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- KBVBZJLGCBJUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene;triazine Chemical class C1=CN=NN=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KBVBZJLGCBJUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur hexafluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(F)(F)(F)F SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000909 sulfur hexafluoride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXVGEDCSTKKODG-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulisobenzone Chemical compound C1=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C(OC)=CC(O)=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CXVGEDCSTKKODG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M thionine Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- TUTLDIXHQPSHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(iv) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[Sn+4] TUTLDIXHQPSHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940029284 trichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GWBUNZLLLLDXMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricopper;dicarbonate;dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cu+2].[Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O GWBUNZLLLLDXMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003764 ultrasonic spray pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
- B32B25/04—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B25/045—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of foam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/065—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of foam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/30—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer formed with recesses or projections, e.g. hollows, grooves, protuberances, ribs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
- B32B5/20—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material foamed in situ
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/32—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed at least two layers being foamed and next to each other
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/02—Synthetic macromolecular particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/02—Synthetic macromolecular particles
- B32B2264/0214—Particles made of materials belonging to B32B27/00
- B32B2264/025—Acrylic resin particles, e.g. polymethyl methacrylate or ethylene-acrylate copolymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2270/00—Resin or rubber layer containing a blend of at least two different polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/402—Coloured
- B32B2307/4026—Coloured within the layer by addition of a colorant, e.g. pigments, dyes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/71—Resistive to light or to UV
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/72—Density
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
- B32B2457/20—Displays, e.g. liquid crystal displays, plasma displays
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
- Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249978—Voids specified as micro
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249978—Voids specified as micro
- Y10T428/249979—Specified thickness of void-containing component [absolute or relative] or numerical cell dimension
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249981—Plural void-containing components
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249986—Void-containing component contains also a solid fiber or solid particle
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249987—With nonvoid component of specified composition
- Y10T428/249991—Synthetic resin or natural rubbers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249987—With nonvoid component of specified composition
- Y10T428/249991—Synthetic resin or natural rubbers
- Y10T428/249992—Linear or thermoplastic
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and to articles comprising the same.
- Polymeric sheets are often used for displaying commercial signs and other forms of visual art. It is desirable for such polymeric sheets to display these signs and forms of art with a high intensity while at the same time mitigating the brightness of light sources that illuminate the sign. It is therefore desirable for the signs to have a beautiful appearance with uniformity of color. In addition, since the polymeric sheet is exposed to the elements of nature such as light, rain, high winds, and the like, it is desirable for the polymeric sheet to have a high stiffness, to be light in weight, to be resistant to weathering, to have a high impact resistance and stiffness.
- LEDs light emitting diodes
- LEDs consume less energy than other sources of light and provide efficient colored light as well. They thus provide high luminance for a unit of energy consumed with compared with other sources of light.
- the high luminance of LEDs unfortunately causes the light displayed by such signs to be non-uniform.
- a polymeric sheet that comprises a first polymeric layer; and a second foamed layer; the first polymeric layer being in operative communication with the second foamed layer; the polymeric sheet having a percent light transmission as measured according to ASTM D 1003 of about 3% to about 80% at a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers.
- a method that comprises disposing a first polymeric layer upon a second foamed layer to form a polymeric sheet; the first polymeric layer being in operative communication with the second foamed layer; the polymeric sheet having a percent light transmission as measured according to ASTM D 1003 of about 3% to about 80% at a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers.
- Figure l(a) is an exemplary depiction of the polymeric sheet that comprises the first polymeric layer in physical communication with the second foamed layer;
- Figure l(b) is an exemplary depiction of the polymeric sheet that comprises a first polymeric layer in physical communication with opposing surfaces the second foamed layer;
- Figure 2(a) depicts an exemplary embodiment of the polymeric sheet where the first polymeric layer contains a pigment
- Figure 2(b) depicts an exemplary embodiment of the polymeric sheet where opposing surfaces of the polymeric sheet have a UV resistant coating
- Figure 2(c) depicts an exemplary embodiment of the polymeric sheet where the polymeric sheet has a third polymeric layer that contains a UV absorbing additive;
- Figure 2(d) depicts and exemplary embodiment of the polymeric sheet of the Figure 2(c) with two first polymeric layers being disposed on opposing surfaces of the second foamed sheet.
- Figure 2(e) depicts yet another exemplary embodiment of the polymeric sheet 100, wherein the polymeric sheet is coated with a plurality of UV coating layers 110 and a plurality of third polymeric layers 114.
- Figure 2(f) depicts another exemplary embodiment where the polymeric sheet has disposed on one surface a UV coating layer and a third polymeric layer, while having on an opposing surface a second UV coating layer, a second first polymeric layer and a second third polymeric layer;
- Figure 3 depicts another exemplary embodiment where the polymeric sheet has disposed thereon additional foamed layers
- Figure 4 is an exemplary depiction of the experimental set-up for the 13 point light uniformity test.
- polymeric sheets that can be used for displaying commercial signs and other forms of visual art (hereinafter displays) that permit uniform illumination across a large surface area of greater than or equal to about 9 square centimeters.
- the polymeric sheets permit uniform illumination in displays that employ different types of lighting including incandescent lighting, fluorescent lighting, high intensity discharge lamps, gas discharge lamps and other forms of lighting that include LEDs, solid state lighting, electroluminescent lighting, chemiluminescent lighting, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing forms of lighting.
- the polymeric sheet is a multilayered sheet comprising a first polymeric layer and a second foamed layer that are in operative communication with one another.
- a surface of the first polymeric layer is disposed upon and in intimate contact with a surface of the second foamed layer.
- the polymeric sheet 100 comprises the first polymeric layer 102 in physical communication with the second foamed layer 106.
- the first polymeric layer 102 can be disposed on opposing surfaces of the second foamed layer 106.
- Figure l(b) is an exemplary depiction of a polymeric sheet that comprises two first polymeric layers. Each first polymeric layer is in physical communication with a surface of the second foamed layer. As can be seen in the Figure l(b), one first polymeric layer contacts the second foamed layer 106, while the second polymeric layer contacts the second foamed layer 106.
- the first polymeric layer 102 generally comprises a first additive composition that allows for a light transmission of greater than or equal to about 75% while at the same time providing sufficient hiding power for the source of lighting.
- the first polymeric layer 102 has a first surface 101 and a second surface 103 that is opposed to the first surface 101.
- the function of the first polymeric layer 102 is to enable uniform color distribution as well as to provide a uniform distribution of luminance intensity across the entire display.
- additives in the first additive composition are light scattering additives, pigments, optical brighteners, UV additives, angular metamerism additives, mirrorizing additives, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing additives.
- the first polymeric layer 102 can be an optically transparent layer or a translucent layer.
- the second foamed layer 106 has cells of a size effective to scatter light.
- the second foamed layer 106 has a first surface 105 and a second surface 107 that is opposed to the first surface 105.
- the first surface 101 of the first polymeric layer 102 is disposed upon and in intimate contact with the second surface 107 of the second foamed layer 106.
- the second foamed layer 106 serves to function as a light diffusing layer, i.e., it diffuses light incident from a source of lighting (e.g., LEDs, fluorescent 08SFS0012-WO-PCT lights, and the like) that is used to illuminate art that is disposed upon the polymeric sheet.
- a source of lighting e.g., LEDs, fluorescent 08SFS0012-WO-PCT lights, and the like
- the second foamed layer 106 may be a closed cell foam, an open cell foam, or a foam having a combination of open cells and closed cells.
- the second foamed layer 106 may comprise an aerogel, a reticulated foam, a syntactic foam, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing foams.
- a third layer comprising UV absorbing additives
- a fourth layer that comprises UV absorbing additive and a pigment
- a fifth layer that provides abrasion resistance, and so on.
- the respective polymeric layers can comprise an organic polymer.
- organic polymers are thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, blends of thermoplastic polymers, blends of thermosetting polymers, and blends of thermoplastic polymers with thermosetting polymers.
- the thermoplastic polymer may be a blend of polymers, copolymers, terpolymers, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing thermoplastic polymers.
- the thermoplastic polymer can also be an oligomer, a homopolymer, a copolymer, a block copolymer, an alternating block copolymer, a random polymer, a random copolymer, a random block copolymer, a graft copolymer, a star block copolymer, a dendrimer, or the like, or a combination comprising at last one of the foregoing thermoplastic polymers.
- thermoplastic polymers are polyacetals, polyolefins, polyacrylics, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyesters, polyamides, polyamideimides, polyarylates, polyarylsulfones, poly ethersulf ones, polyphenylene sulfides, polyvinyl chlorides, polysulfones, polyimides, polyetherimides, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polyetherketones, polyether etherketones, polyether ketone ketones, polybenzoxazoles, polyphthalides, polyacetals, poly anhydrides, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl thioethers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl nitriles, polyvinyl esters, poly sulfonates, poly sulfides, polythioesters, polysulfones, poly sulfonamides, poly
- thermoplastic polymers examples include acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene/nylon, polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polyvinyl chloride, polyphenylene ether/polystyrene, polyphenylene ether/nylon, 08SFS0012-WO-PCT polysulfone/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polycarbonate/thermoplastic urethane, polycarbonate/polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate, thermoplastic elastomer alloys, nylon/elastomers, polyester/elastomers, polyethylene terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate, acetal/elastomer, styrene- maleicanhydride/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
- Blends of optically transparent organic polymers may also be used in the polymeric sheets.
- Preferred organic polymer blends are polycarbonate (PC)-poly(l,4- cyclohexane-dimethanol- 1 ,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCCD) , PC- poly(cyclohexanedimethanol-co-ethylene terephthalate) (PETG), PC-polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PC-polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), PC-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), PC-PCCD-PETG, resorcinol aryl polyester-PCCD, resorcinol aryl polyester- PETG, PC-resorcinol aryl polyester, resorcinol aryl polyester-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), resorcinol aryl polyester-PCCD-PETG, a copolymer comprising l,l-(bis(4--
- thermosetting resins include polyurethane, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, epoxy, phenolic, polyesters, polyamides, silicones, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing thermosetting resins.
- Blends of thermoset resins as well as blends of thermoplastic resins with thermosets can be utilized.
- the organic polymer is generally used in amounts of about 10 to about 90 weight percent (wt%), of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the organic polymer is generally used in amounts of greater than or equal to about 33, specifically greater than or equal to about 35, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 40 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the organic polymer is furthermore generally used in amounts of less than or equal to about 80, specifically less than or equal to about 75, and more specifically less than or equal to about 70 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the first polymeric layer can comprise light scattering agents that scatter light incident on it from the sources of lighting. This facilitates a uniform dispersion of light incident upon the first polymeric layer.
- suitable light scattering agents are TOSPEARL ® , polymethylmethacrylate particles, methacrylate butadiene styrene particles, titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, or the like, or a 08SFS0012-WO-PCT combination comprising at least one of the foregoing particles.
- the light scattering can also be produced by roughening a surface of the first polymeric layer. In one embodiment, the second surface 103 of the first polymeric layer can be roughened.
- scattering can be produced by the addition of light scattering agents to the first polymeric layer and by roughening a surface of the first polymeric layer.
- the surface of the first polymer layer that is not in contact with the second foamed layer is roughened to enable the diffusion or scattering of light.
- the light scattering agent is generally used in amounts of about 1 to about 20 weight percent (wt%), of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the light scattering agent is generally used in amounts of greater than or equal to about 2, specifically greater than or equal to about 3, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 4 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the light scattering agent is furthermore generally used in amounts of less than or equal to about 19, specifically less than or equal to about 18, and more specifically less than or equal to about 17 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the first polymeric layer comprises optical brighteners.
- optical brighteners include optical brightening agents (OBAs), fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs), fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing optical brighteners.
- OBAs optical brightening agents
- FBAs fluorescent brightening agents
- FWAs fluorescent whitening agents
- Optical brighteners are dyes that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region (usually about 340 to about 370 nanometers) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region (usually about 420 to about 470 nanometers). These additives are often used to enhance the appearance of color of the first polymeric layer, causing a perceived "whitening" effect, making materials look less yellow by increasing the overall amount of blue light reflected.
- optical brighteners are triazine-stilbenes (di-, tetra- or hexa-sulfonated), coumarins, imidazolines, diazoles, triazoles, benzoxazolines, biphenyl-stilbenes, or the like or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing optical brighteners.
- Optical brighteners can be "boosted” by the addition of certain polyols like high molecular weight polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol. These additives increase the visible blue light emissions significantly.
- the optical brightener is generally used in amounts of about 1 to about 20 weight percent (wt%), of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the optical brightener is generally used in amounts of greater than or equal to about 2, specifically greater than or equal to about 3, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 4 wt%, of the total 08SFS0012-WO-PCT weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the optical brightener is furthermore generally used in amounts of less than or equal to about 19, specifically less than or equal to about 18, and more specifically less than or equal to about 17 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the first polymeric layer can contain pigments and dyes (hereinafter pigments).
- the pigments can be organic pigments, inorganic pigments, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing pigments.
- Suitable organic pigments are phthalocyanines and their derivatives, porphyrins and their derivatives, pyrenes and their derivatives, anthracenes and their derivatives, anthranones and their derivatives; anthraquinones and their derivatives; croconines and their derivatives; monoazos, disazos, trisazos and their derivatives; benzimidazolones and their derivatives; diketo pyrrole pyrroles and their derivatives; dioxazines and their derivatives; diary lides and their derivatives; indanthrones and their derivatives; isoindolines and their derivatives; isoindolinones and their derivatives; naphtols and their derivatives; perinones and their derivatives; perylenes and their derivatives such as perylenic acid anhydride or perylenic acid imide; ansanthrones and their derivative; dibenzpyrenequinones and their derivatives; pyranthrones and their derivatives such as per
- inorganic pigments are antimony trioxide, azurite, barium sulfate, cadmium pigments, cadmium sulfide, calcium chromate, chrome orange, chrome yellow, chromium(III) oxide, cobalt blue, cobalt green, Egyptian blue, Engineer's blue, lead tetroxide, lithopone, marking blue, Mosaic gold, Naples yellow, orpiment, Paris green, Payne's grey, prussian blue, Scheele's Green, titanium dioxide, titanium yellow, ultramarine, Venetian ceruse, vermilion, viridian, white lead, zaffre, zinc oxide, zinc phosphate, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing inorganic pigments. 08SFS0012-WO-PCT
- the pigment is generally used in amounts of about 1 to about 20 weight percent (wt%), of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the pigment is generally used in amounts of greater than or equal to about 2, specifically greater than or equal to about 3, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 4 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the pigment is furthermore generally used in amounts of less than or equal to about 19, specifically less than or equal to about 18, and more specifically less than or equal to about 17 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the first polymeric layer also comprises UV absorbing additives.
- suitable UV absorbing additives benzophenones such as 2,4 dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-n- octoxybenzophenone, 4-dodecyloxy-2 hydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4- octadecyloxybenzophenone, 2,2' dihydroxy- 4 methoxybenzophenone, 2,2' dihydroxy- 4,4'dimethoxybenzophenone, 2,2' dihydroxy-4 methoxybenzophenone, 2,2', 4,4' tetra hydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5 sulfobenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy- 2'-carboxybenzophenone, 2,2'dihydroxy-4,4'dimethoxy-5 sulfobenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4- (2-hydroxy-3-methylaryloxy) propoxybenzophenone
- UV absorbers examples include TINUVIN 234, TINUVIN 329, TINUVIN 350 and TINUVIN 360, commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals; UV-5411 (also known as Cyasorb UV5411) commercially available from Cyanamid; and UVINOL 3030 commercially available from BASF. For articles formed by extrusion, UVINOL 3030 is particularly preferred due to its low volatility. UV0006 can also be used.
- the UV absorbing additives are generally used in amounts of about 1 to about 20 weight percent (wt%), of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the UV absorbing additives are generally used in amounts of greater than or equal to about 2, specifically greater than or equal to about 3, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 4 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the UV absorbing additives are furthermore 08SFS0012-WO-PCT generally used in amounts of less than or equal to about 19, specifically less than or equal to about 18, and more specifically less than or equal to about 17 wt%, of the total weight of the first polymeric layer.
- the first polymeric layer has a clarity (e.g., hiding power) of greater than or equal to about 20, specifically greater than or equal to about 30, measured using the BYK Gardner Test equipment as per ASTM D 1003.
- clarity e.g., hiding power
- the first polymeric layer generally has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 0.01 micrometers. In one embodiment, the first polymeric layer has a thickness of about 0.1 micrometers to about 5,000 micrometers, specifically about 0.5 micrometers to about 3,000 micrometers, and more specifically about 1.0 to about 2,500 micrometers.
- the second foamed layer 106 comprises a foam that has a cell size that varies between about 10 nanometers to about 1 millimeter.
- the foams have a density of about 0.001 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) to about 1.1 g/cm 3 .
- the foam may be an aerogel, a reticulated foam, a non-reticulated foam, a syntactic foam, or the like.
- Aerogels can be inorganic or organic.
- Inorganic aerogels comprise inorganic oxides; the inorganic oxides being silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing inorganic oxides.
- Organic aerogels comprise resorcinol-formaldehyde, carbon- resorcinol-formaldehyde, or the like. Aerogels have very small pores on the order of nanometers.
- aerogel particles can be bound together with a polymeric binder to form the second foamed layer.
- the polymeric binder can be in the form of a foam.
- the aerogels generally have pore sizes of about 1 to about 100 nanometers. In one embodiment, the aerogels have pore sizes of greater than or equal to about 2 nanometers, specifically greater than or equal to about 5 nanometers, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 10 nanometers. In another embodiment, the aerogels have pore sizes of less than or equal to about 90 nanometers, specifically less than or equal to about 80 nanometers, and more specifically less than or equal to about 70 nanometers.
- polymers having a glass transition temperature of about -150 0 C to about 300 0 C can be used in the second foamed layer.
- polymers having glass transition temperatures greater than or equal to about room temperature (23 0 C) may be used in the second foamed layer.
- organic 08SFS0012-WO-PCT polymers that can be used in the second foamed layer are polycarbonates, high heat polycarbonates, resorcinol aryl polyester, copolymers of polycarbonate with polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene terephthalate, high heat polyesters, polybutylene terephthalate, poly(l,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol-l,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCCD), poly(cyclohexanedimethanol-co-ethylene terephthalate) (PETG), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), resorcinol aryl polyester, polyetherimide, fluorinated ethylene polymers, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyure thanes, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing organic polymers.
- PCCD poly(l,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol-l,
- the foam used in the second foamed layer
- the foam can be classified into two types based on their pore structure.
- the first type of foams are called open cell foams.
- the open cell foams contain pores that are connected to each other and form an interconnected network which is relatively soft.
- the second type of foams does not have interconnected pores and are called closed cell foams.
- the closed cell foams can have higher a compressive strength due to their structures.
- the closed cells can be filled with a specialized gas to provide improved insulation.
- the foam (in the second foamed layer) can also be a polymeric reticulated foam or a non-reticulated foam.
- Foams can be produced by mechanical agitation (e.g., polyurethane foams) or by the use of blowing agents (e.g., polyolefin foams). Blowing agents can by classified into physical blowing agents or chemical blowing agents.
- Examples of physical blowing agents are those comprising hydrogen atom- containing components, which may be used alone or as mixtures with each other or with another type of blowing agent such as water or azo compounds. These blowing agents may be selected from a broad range of materials, including hydrocarbons, ethers, esters and partially halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers and esters, and the like. Physical blowing agents generally have a boiling point of about -50 0 C to about 100 0 C, and specifically about -25°C to about 50 0 C.
- the usable hydrogen-containing blowing agents are the HCFCs (halo chlorofluorocarbons) such as 1,1-dichloro-l-fluoroethane, l,l-dichloro-2, 2,2-trifluoro- ethane, monochlorodifluoromethane, and l-chloro-l,l-difluoroethane; the HFCs (halo fluorocarbons) such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 2,2,4,4-tetrafluorobutane, 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoro-2-methylpropane, 1,1,1 ,3 ,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1 ,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1 ,2,3-pentafluoropropane, 1 , 1 ,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1 , 1 ,2,2,3
- halogen derivatives of methane and ethane such as methyl fluoride, methyl chloride, difluoromethane, methylene chloride, perfluoromethane, trichloromethane, difluoro- chloromethane, dichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC- 12), trifluorochloromethane, trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-I l), ethyl fluoride, ethyl chloride, 2,2, 2-trifluoro-l,l-dichloroethane (HCFC-123), 1,1,1-trichloroethane, difluorotetrachloroethane, 1,1-dichloro-l-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b), 1,1-difluoro-l- chloroethane (HCFC- 142b), dichloro
- blowing agents that may be employed are hydrocarbons and other organic compounds such as acetylene, ammonia, butadiene, butane, butene, isobutane, isobutylene, dimethylamine, propane, dimethylpropane, ethane, ethylamine, methane, monomethylamine, trimethylamine, pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, propane, propylene, alcohols, ethers, ketones, and the like.
- Inert gases and compounds such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, neon, or helium, may be used as blowing agents with satisfactory results.
- a physical blowing agent may be used to produce foam directly out of the extrusion die.
- the composition may optionally include chemical foaming agents for further expansion.
- Exemplary physical blowing agents are carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
- Solid, chemical blowing agents which decompose at elevated temperatures to form gases, may be used.
- the decomposable foaming agent will have a decomposition temperature (with the resulting liberation of gaseous material) of about 130 0 C to about 350 0 C.
- Representative chemical blowing agents include azodicarbonamide, p,p'- oxybis (benzene) sulfonyl hydrazide, p-toluene sulfonyl hydrazide, p-toluene sulfonyl semicarbazide, 5-phenyltetrazole, ethyl-5-phenyltetrazole, dinitroso pentamethylenetetramine, and other azo, N-nitroso, carbonate and sulfonyl hydrazides as well as various acid/bicarbonate compounds, which decompose when heated. 08SFS0012-WO-PCT
- the cells of the polymeric foams can have a cell size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 100 micrometers, specifically about 1 micrometer to about 80 micrometers, and more specifically about 5 to about 50 micrometers.
- the second foamed layer has a clarity (e.g., hiding power) of less than 10, specifically less than or equal to about 5, measured using the BYK Gardner Test equipment as per ASTM D 1003.
- the second foamed layer prefferably has a porosity of about 70 volume percent to about 99.8 volume percent, specifically about 80 to about 99.6 volume percent and more specifically about 85 to about 99.4 volume percent, based on the total volume of the foam.
- the second foamed layer can comprise a syntactic foam.
- Syntactic foams are composite materials synthesized by filling a metal, polymer or ceramic matrix with hollow particles called microballoons. The presence of hollow particles results in lower density, higher strength and a lower thermal expansion coefficient. Tailorability is one of the biggest advantages of these materials.
- the matrix material can be selected from almost any metal, polymer or ceramic. Exemplary matrix materials are polymers. Examples of microballoons are cenospheres, glass microspheres, carbon and polymer microballoons.
- microballoons instead of microballoons, other fillers such as titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, silicon dioxide, silicone spheres or microspheres (e.g., TOSPEARL ® ), polymethylmethacrylate particles, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing fillers can be used.
- fillers such as titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, silicon dioxide, silicone spheres or microspheres (e.g., TOSPEARL ® ), polymethylmethacrylate particles, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing fillers can be used.
- the compressive properties of syntactic foams primarily depend on the properties of microballoons, whereas the tensile properties depend on the matrix material that holds the microballoons together. There are two main ways of adjusting the properties of these materials. The first method is to change the volume fraction of microballoon in the syntactic foam structure. The second method is to use microballoons of different wall thickness. In general, the compressive strength of the material is proportional to its density.
- Glass microspheres can be made by heating tiny droplets of dissolved water glass in a process known as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Microspheres are also used in composites to fill polymer resins for specific characteristics such as weight, sandability and sealing surfaces.
- Glass microspheres are manufactured for wide a variety of uses in research, medicine, consumer goods and various industries. Glass microspheres have diameters of 08SFS0012-WO-PCT about 100 nanometers to about 5 millimeters, specifically about 500 nanometers to about 1000 micrometers, and specifically about 1 micrometers to about 300 micrometers.
- the second foamed layer generally has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 500 micrometers.
- the second foamed layer has a thickness of about 1,000 micrometers to about 10,000 micrometers, specifically about 1,500 micrometers to about 9,000 micrometers, and more specifically about 2,000 to about 8,500 micrometers.
- the polymeric sheet containing the first polymeric layer and the second foamed layer generally has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 0.5 millimeters.
- the polymeric sheet containing the first polymeric layer and the second foamed layer can have a thickness of about 1 millimeter to about 76 millimeters, specifically 2 millimeters to about 50 millimeters, specifically about 3 millimeters to about 20 millimeters, and more specifically about 4 to about 10 millimeters.
- the Figure 2 depicts various exemplary embodiments of such polymeric sheets.
- the first polymeric layer 102 is disposed upon the second foamed layer 106 to form the polymeric sheet 100.
- the first polymeric layer 102 is colored, i.e., it contains a pigment.
- the first polymeric layer 102 may also contain a UV absorbing additive.
- the second foamed layer 106 may also contain a pigment.
- the first polymeric layer 102 is disposed upon the second foamed layer 106 to form the polymeric sheet 100.
- a UV resistant coating 110 Disposed upon opposing surfaces of the polymeric sheet 100 is a UV resistant coating 110.
- the UV resistant coating may contain some of the UV absorbing additives listed above and can be applied by methods such as spin coating, painting, dip coating, spray painting, electrostatic spray painting, and the like.
- the Figure 2(c) represents the same polymeric sheet 100 shown in the Figure 2(b) except that it has a third polymeric layer 114 containing a second UV absorbing additive disposed on one surface of the polymeric sheet 100. Though not shown, a third polymeric layer 114 can be disposed on the opposing surface of the polymeric sheet 100 from the surface depicted in the Figure 2(c).
- the third polymeric layer 114 comprises a UV absorbing additive, and can contain an optional pigment.
- the Figure 2(d) depicts a polymeric sheet of the Figure 2(c) with the first polymeric layer 102 (having a pigment therein) disposed on opposing surfaces of the second foamed sheet 106.
- the UV coating layer 110 and the third polymeric layer 114 can then be disposed upon the polymeric sheet 100 as shown in the Figure 2(d).
- the UV 08SFS0012-WO-PCT coating layer 110 can be disposed on the opposing surface of the third polymeric layer 114 from that depicted in the Figure 2(d).
- FIG. 2(e) depicts yet another exemplary embodiment of the polymeric sheet 100, wherein the polymeric sheet is coated with a plurality of UV coating layers 110 and a plurality of third polymeric layers 114.
- a single UV coating layer 110 and a single third polymeric layer 114 are disposed upon opposing sides of the polymeric sheet 100.
- FIG. 2(f) depicts another exemplary embodiment, where the polymeric sheet 100 has disposed on one surface the UV coating layer 100 and the third polymeric layer 114, and on an opposing surface a second UV coating layer 100, a second first polymeric layer 102 and a second third polymeric layer 114.
- the Figure 3 shows that the polymeric sheet 100 can have disposed thereon additional layers of the second foamed layer.
- Other layers e.g., the third polymeric layer, fourth polymeric layer, a UV coating layer, and the like
- the polymeric sheet 100 can be manufactured by a variety of different methods.
- the first polymeric layer 102 can be manufactured by processes involving extrusion, molding, roll milling, and the like.
- the second foamed layer 106 can be manufactured separately by processes involving extrusion, roll milling, and the like.
- the first polymeric layer 102 and the second foamed layer 106 can be laminated in a press, a molding machine, a roll mill, or the like, to form the polymeric sheet.
- the first polymeric layer 102 can be bonded to the second foamed layer 106 using an adhesive.
- the polymeric sheet 100 can be manufactured in a process that involves coextrusion.
- the melt streams (extrudates) from the various extruders are fed into a feed block die where the various melt streams are combined before entering the die.
- the melt streams from the various extruders are fed into a multi- manifold internal combining die. The different melt streams enter the die separately and join just inside the final die orifice.
- the melt streams from the various extruders are fed into a multi-manifold external combining die.
- the external combining dies have completely separate manifolds for the different melt streams as well as distinct orifices through which the streams leave the die separately, joining just beyond the die exit.
- the 08SFS0012-WO-PCT layers are combined while still molten and just downstream of the die.
- An exemplary die used in the production of the polymeric sheet 100 is a feed block die.
- the organic polymer, physical blowing agents, optional crosslinking agents, optional initiators and other desired additives are fed into a melt blending device (e.g., an extruder, a Buss kneader, or the like) at the throat.
- a melt blending device e.g., an extruder, a Buss kneader, or the like
- the blowing agents such as liquid carbon dioxide or supercritical carbon dioxide to be pumped into the melt blending device further downstream.
- the melt in the device When physical blowing agents are pumped into melt blending device it is desirable for the melt in the device to be maintained at a certain pressure and temperature, to facilitate the solubility of the blowing agent into the melt, and also to prevent foaming of the melt within the device.
- the extrudate upon emerging from the melt blending device will start to foam.
- the density of the foam is dependent upon the solubility of the physical blowing agent within the melt, as well as the pressure and temperature differential between the melt blending device and the outside (e.g., ambient conditions). If solid-state chemical blowing agents are used, then the foam density will depend upon the amount of the chemical blowing agents used.
- the extrudate may be further processed in high temperature ovens where radio frequency heating, microwave heating, and convectional heating may be combined.
- the polymeric sheet 100 may also be produced using thermoforming.
- the first polymeric layer may be coextruded with an adjoining polymeric layer disposed upon a surface of the first polymeric layer to form a multilayered sheet.
- the adjoining polymeric layer can contain a blowing agent that is incorporated into it during coextrusion.
- the coextruded multilayer sheet is immersed in a blowing agent such as carbon dioxide. During thermoforming, the adjoining layer is foamed to form the second foamed layer.
- the first polymeric layer 102 can be extruded from a first melt blending device, while the second foamed layer 106 is extruded from a second melt blending device. Both the first polymeric layer 102 and the second foamed layer 106 are laminated to form the polymeric sheet 100 in a roll mill. Other layers (e.g., the third polymeric layer, the fourth polymeric layer, and the like) that are bonded to the polymeric sheet 100 can be also be coextruded. Alternatively, one of the other layers can be fed of a spool and can be laminated to the polymeric sheet as shown in the Figures 2(a) through 2(f). 08SFS0012-WO-PCT
- the first melt blending device and/or the second melt blending device can be a single screw extruder, a twin screw extruder, a Buss kneader, or the like, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing devices.
- the extruders used for the co-extrusion of the first polymeric layer and the second foamed layer are single screw extruders respectively.
- the co-extruded polymeric sheet may optionally be calendared in a roll mill if desired.
- the polymeric sheet 100 thus produced can be subjected to thermoforming to form articles of various shapes.
- the second foamed layer can be further foamed during thermoforming.
- the polymeric sheet thus manufactured can be used to make signs that are illuminated by a variety of light sources. Exemplary light sources that can be used with the polymeric sheet disclosed herein are LEDs.
- the polymeric sheet 100 has a number of advantageous properties.
- the polymeric sheet minimizes the appearance of the color difference between the lit and unlit states for the sign or display.
- the polymeric sheet 100 has a variation in luminance transmission as measured in a 13 point (luminance) uniformity test that is less than or equal to about 50%, specifically less than or equal to about 20%, specifically less than or equal to about 10%, and more specifically less than or equal to about 5%, across a polymeric sheet that has a surface area (on one surface) of greater than or equal to about 25 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 50 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 100 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 200 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 500 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 1,000 square centimeters, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 10,000 square centimeters.
- the variation in luminance is measured from the average luminance as measured across the entire sheet in the 13 point uniformity test
- the polymeric sheet displays a variation in luminance of less than or equal to about 20% across a surface of the polymeric sheet; the light source being placed at a distance of about 12 to about 17 millimeters from a surface of the polymeric sheet first illuminated by light.
- the luminance in candelas per square centimeter (cd/m 2 ) for a polymeric sheet having a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers is greater than or equal to about 100, specifically greater than or equal to about 200, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 500, when the source of illumination used to illuminate the polymeric sheet is red light, blue light, green light or a combination 08SFS0012-WO-PCT comprising at least one of the foregoing colored lights.
- the luminance in candelas per square centimeter (cd/m 2 ) for a polymeric sheet having a thickness of greater than or equal to about 2,500 micrometers is greater than or equal to about 100, specifically greater than or equal to about 200, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 500, when the source of illumination used to illuminate the polymeric sheet is red light, blue light, green light or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing colored lights.
- the percent light transmission as measured according to a light transmission Illumination C test as per ASTM D 2244 is about 3% to about 80%, specifically about 4 to about 50%, specifically about 5 to about 45% and more specifically about 10 to about 40% for a polymeric sheet having a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers and a surface area (on one surface) of greater than or equal to about 25 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 50 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 100 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 200 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 500 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 1,000 square centimeters, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 10,000 square centimeters.
- the percent light transmission as measured according to a light transmission Illumination C test as per ASTM D 2244 is about 3% to about 80%, specifically about 4 to about 50%, specifically about 5 to about 45% and more specifically about 10 to about 40% for a polymeric sheet having a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,500 micrometers, specifically a thickness of greater than or equal to about 2,000 micrometers, and more specifically a thickness of greater than or equal to about 2,500 micrometers and a surface area (on one surface) of greater than or equal to about 25 square 08SFS0012-WO-PCT centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 50 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 100 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 200 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 500 square centimeters, specifically greater than or equal to about 1,000 square centimeters, and more specifically greater than or equal to about 10,000 square centimeters.
- the polymeric sheet can be used in a variety of different articles.
- it can be advantageously used for displaying signs such as commercial signs, artwork, graphics, advertisements, and other messages that are to be viewed by the public.
- Example #'s 1 - 5 in the Tables 1 and 2 below Five comparative samples (Sample #'s 1 - 5 in the Tables 1 and 2 below) and eight samples (Sample #s 6 - 13 in the Tables 1 and 2 below) manufactured from the polymeric sheets (that exemplify the samples of this disclosure) were subjected to an illumination test to determine the percent luminance. Haze, diffuse percent transmittance and percent light transmission (total luminous transmittance) were measured as per ASTM D 1003. ASTM D 2244 was used for Macbeth color measurements.
- the composition of the comparative samples and the polymeric sheets are described in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively below. It is to be noted that compositions are provided only in cases where they were known. For example, the composition for Sample #5, Teijin 9391 that is used as a screen in a liquid crystalline television set (LCD TV) is not known and is therefore not provided below.
- the polymeric sheets were made in four colors white, blue, red and green.
- Each polymeric sheet represented by (Samples #6 - 13) contained a first polymeric layer and a second foamed layer.
- the second foamed layer contained a syntactic foam that comprised polycarbonate and TOSPEARL ® . 08SFS0012-WO-PCT
- Example #s 6 - 13 were coextruded.
- the respective compositions for the first polymeric layer and the second foamed layer are shown in the Table 2.
- the second foam layer was extruded through a main extruder having a single screw and a screw diameter of 8 inches.
- the barrel temperatures from the throat to the die around the main extruder were 410, 440, 480, 510, 527, 537 and 450 0 F respectively.
- the main screw was rotated at 42 revolutions per minute.
- the first polymeric layer was extruded through a co-extruder screw.
- the barrel temperatures from the throat to the die around the co-extruder screw were 420, 440, 465, 480, 480, 480 and 450 0 F respectively.
- the co-extruder screw was rotated at 48 revolutions per minute.
- the first polymeric layer and the second foamed layer emanating from the respective extruders were then passes through a die having 9 zones (barrels) that were set at temperatures of 554, 558, 545, 527, 537, 550, 580 and 574°F respectively.
- the extrudate emanating from the die was subjected to lamination in a 3 roll mill with the three rolls (roll #1, roll #2 and roll #3) being operated at temperatures of 195 0 F, 210 0 F and 270 0 F respectively.
- the roll mill is a polishing mill stack and is capable of texturing one or both surface of the polymeric sheet.
- the polymeric sheet was not textured for these examples.
- the distance between the upper source of the light source and the surface of the polymeric sheet that is first illuminated by the lamps is 12.8 millimeters.
- Each lamp was surrounded by a reflector that reflects light from the light source towards the polymeric sheet.
- the distance between the base of the reflector to the surface of the polymeric sheet that is first illuminated by the lamps is 16.4 millimeters.
- the Sample #s 6 - 8 that are colored white displays a percent luminance transmission that is comparable with the comparative samples SG410 and TUFFAK XL white.
- Sample # 10 that is colored blue displays a percent luminance transmission that is comparable with the comparative samples SG410 and Tuffak XL white.
- the polymeric sheet of the present disclosure provides a number of advantages over other comparative screens and sheets that are used in commercial signs.
- the ability to disperse light uniformly permits the used of LEDs as sources of illumination.
- the use of LEDs permits lower energy consumption and therefore an efficient utility of light.
- the polymeric sheet optimizes the uniformity of color. This ability to optimize the uniformity of
- 99 08SFS0012-WO-PCT color permits minimizing the number of LED sources, based on nearest neighbor LED spacing and the distance between the LED source and the polymeric sheet.
- the polymeric sheet also minimizes the appearance of the color difference between the lit and unlit states for the sign or display.
- the polymeric sheet is up to about 5 wt% lighter, specifically up to about 10 wt%, and more specifically up to about 20 wt% lighter than a comparative polymeric sheet that is used for displaying illuminated signs and that does not contain the foam.
- the light weight of the polymeric sheet permits is used aerospace and transportation applications for displaying bright colors. For example, it can easily be carried on the sides of locomotives, ships, vehicles such as buses, trucks, automobiles, and the like.
- a polymeric sheet comprises a first polymeric layer; and a second foamed layer; the first polymeric layer being in operative communication with the second foamed layer; the polymeric sheet having a percent light transmission as measured according to ASTM D 1003 of about 3% to about 80% at a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers and wherein the first polymeric layer comprises a first additive composition that allows for a light transmission of greater than or equal to about 75%; the first additive composition comprising an additive; the additive being a light scattering additive, a pigment, an optical brighteners, an ultraviolet absorbing additive or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing additives.
- a polymeric sheet comprises a first polymeric layer; and a second foamed layer; the first polymeric layer being in operative communication with the second foamed layer; the polymeric sheet having a percent light transmission as measured according to ASTM D 1003 of about 3% to about 80% at a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers and where the second foamed layer comprises a foam that has a cell size of about 10 nanometers to about 1 millimeter; the foam having a density of about 0.001 to about 1.1 grams per cubic centimeter.
- a polymeric sheet comprises a first polymeric layer; and a second foamed layer; the first polymeric layer being in operative communication with the second foamed layer; the polymeric sheet having a percent light transmission as measured according to ASTM D 1003 of about 3% to about 80% at a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers and where the second foamed layer comprises a foam that has a cell size of about 10 nanometers to about 1 millimeter; the foam having a density of about 0.001 to about 1.1 grams per cubic centimeter and wherein the second 08SFS0012-WO-PCT foamed layer comprises a foam that has a cell size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 100 micrometers.
- a polymeric sheet comprises a first polymeric layer; and a second foamed layer; the first polymeric layer being in operative communication with the second foamed layer; the polymeric sheet having a percent light transmission as measured according to ASTM D 1003 of about 3% to about 80% at a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers and where the second foamed layer comprises a foam that has a cell size of about 10 nanometers to about 1 millimeter; the foam having a density of about 0.001 to about 1.1 grams per cubic centimeter and where the second foamed layer comprises a reticulated foam, a non-reticulated foam, a syntactic foam, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing foams.
- the polymeric sheet comprises a polymeric sheet comprising a first polymeric layer; and a second foamed layer; the first polymeric layer being in operative communication with the second foamed layer; the polymeric sheet having a percent light transmission as measured according to ASTM D 1003 of about 3% to about 80% at a thickness of greater than or equal to about 1,000 micrometers and where the second foamed layer has a thickness of about 500 to about 8,500 micrometers.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN200980144583.2A CN102209625B (zh) | 2008-11-20 | 2009-11-16 | 着色的扩散片、其制造方法和包括其的制品 |
EP09756892.7A EP2355975B1 (en) | 2008-11-20 | 2009-11-16 | Colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/274,873 US8859091B2 (en) | 2008-11-20 | 2008-11-20 | Colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
US12/274,873 | 2008-11-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010059551A1 true WO2010059551A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
Family
ID=41692936
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2009/064538 WO2010059551A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 | 2009-11-16 | Colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8859091B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2355975B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102209625B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2010059551A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10655792B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2020-05-19 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. | LED bulb lamp |
US10240724B2 (en) | 2015-08-17 | 2019-03-26 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. | LED filament |
US11686436B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2023-06-27 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd | LED filament and light bulb using LED filament |
US11085591B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2021-08-10 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd | LED light bulb with curved filament |
US11073248B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2021-07-27 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. | LED bulb lamp |
US11543083B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2023-01-03 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd | LED filament and LED light bulb |
US11690148B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2023-06-27 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. | LED filament and LED light bulb |
US11421827B2 (en) | 2015-06-19 | 2022-08-23 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd | LED filament and LED light bulb |
US10784428B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2020-09-22 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. | LED filament and LED light bulb |
US11525547B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2022-12-13 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd | LED light bulb with curved filament |
US10359152B2 (en) | 2015-08-17 | 2019-07-23 | Zhejiang Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co, Ltd | LED filament and LED light bulb |
CA3013271C (en) | 2016-02-12 | 2023-01-24 | Ampacet Corporation | Multilayered polymeric film |
CN106585027A (zh) * | 2016-12-15 | 2017-04-26 | 苏州富艾姆工业设备有限公司 | 一种防紫外光固化发泡材料及其制备方法 |
US10187716B1 (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2019-01-22 | Bose Corporation | Composite earcushion |
US11044542B2 (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2021-06-22 | Bose Corporation | Composite earcushion |
US10790419B2 (en) | 2017-12-26 | 2020-09-29 | Jiaxing Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd | LED filament and LED light bulb |
CN117028876A (zh) | 2017-12-26 | 2023-11-10 | 嘉兴山蒲照明电器有限公司 | Led灯丝及led球泡灯 |
CN110081323B (zh) * | 2018-05-23 | 2021-08-31 | 浙江山蒲照明电器有限公司 | Led灯丝及led球泡灯 |
EP3824148A4 (en) * | 2018-07-17 | 2022-03-30 | Certainteed Ceilings Corporation | ACOUSTIC PANELS AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION THEREOF |
CN110760174B (zh) * | 2018-07-25 | 2021-08-03 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | 一种聚碳酸酯基光扩散材料及其制备工艺 |
CN112277234A (zh) * | 2019-07-23 | 2021-01-29 | 科思创德国股份有限公司 | 制备透明热塑性树脂气泡体的方法 |
JP2022549354A (ja) * | 2019-09-24 | 2022-11-24 | セキスイ ヴォルテック リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | 光透過性発泡体組成物およびプロセス |
US11707913B2 (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2023-07-25 | The Gilman Brothers Company | Semi-rigid display board |
CN113156560A (zh) * | 2021-04-22 | 2021-07-23 | 苏州三鑫时代新材料股份有限公司 | 一种含有氮气球或者二氧化碳气体球的光扩散板 |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3350823A (en) * | 1967-11-07 | Insulated skylight | ||
US4563482A (en) * | 1983-11-21 | 1986-01-07 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Formable vinyl chloride-based resin composition |
US5207493A (en) * | 1990-07-03 | 1993-05-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Meitaku Shisutemu | Edge light panel device |
JP2001201616A (ja) * | 2000-01-17 | 2001-07-27 | Taiyo Seisakusho:Kk | 光増幅用反射板 |
JP2006321887A (ja) * | 2005-05-18 | 2006-11-30 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | 樹脂発泡体及びその製造方法 |
WO2007146945A2 (en) * | 2006-06-12 | 2007-12-21 | Aspen Aerogels, Inc. | Aerogel-foam composites |
EP1879056A1 (en) * | 2005-04-19 | 2008-01-16 | Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd. | Foamed sheet for reflectors, reflectors, and process for production of the sheet |
WO2008110925A2 (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2008-09-18 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Plastic laminates and methods for making the same |
WO2009013655A2 (en) * | 2007-07-26 | 2009-01-29 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Light transmissive foamed polymer sheet and methods for making the same |
US20090168183A1 (en) * | 2007-12-31 | 2009-07-02 | Seung-Mo Kim | Optical member and display having the same |
Family Cites Families (61)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3177109A (en) * | 1960-01-18 | 1965-04-06 | Earl E Ziegler | Fireproofed large celled polystyrene material and method therefor |
US4154785A (en) * | 1974-10-22 | 1979-05-15 | The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing a tough board of thermoplastic resin foam having integral skins and a dense intermediate layer |
DE2915847C2 (de) * | 1978-09-29 | 1986-01-16 | Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka | Elektrooptisch aktivierbare Anzeige |
US4244897A (en) * | 1979-03-22 | 1981-01-13 | Measurex Corporation | Method and apparatus to control the density of products produced from an extrusion process |
DE3124980C1 (de) * | 1981-06-25 | 1987-07-09 | Fa. August Hohnholz, 2000 Hamburg | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gegenständen aus geschäumtem Polymethylmethacrylat |
JPS58208328A (ja) * | 1982-05-31 | 1983-12-05 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 新規な多泡質材料 |
DE3432761A1 (de) | 1984-09-06 | 1986-03-13 | JMC Acrylguss GmbH & Co KG, 5630 Remscheid | Lichtstreuende isolierglasscheibe |
US4587272A (en) * | 1984-10-01 | 1986-05-06 | General Electric Company | Foamable polycarbonate compositions, articles and methods |
US4683247A (en) * | 1984-12-28 | 1987-07-28 | General Electric Company | Foamable thermoplastic compositions, foamed articles and foaming method based on pre-compounded nucleating agent-resin concentrate |
US4737523A (en) * | 1985-09-09 | 1988-04-12 | Mobay Corporation | Foamable molding compositions |
JPS62174237A (ja) * | 1985-10-19 | 1987-07-31 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | ポリオレフイン‐ポリスチレン混合樹脂発泡体 |
JPH0798349B2 (ja) * | 1987-04-10 | 1995-10-25 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 熱可塑性樹脂発泡体の製造方法 |
US4816492A (en) * | 1987-05-19 | 1989-03-28 | Schiller Rolf M | Polymerized foamed or reinforced translucent panels and process for making same |
GB9018640D0 (en) * | 1990-08-24 | 1990-10-10 | Dow Vertriebs Gmbh | Insect resistant foam body useful in farm buildings |
US5215691A (en) * | 1990-09-05 | 1993-06-01 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method of forming a coextruded foam composite |
DE4100201A1 (de) * | 1991-01-05 | 1992-07-09 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zum verschaeumen von thermoplastischen polycarbonaten |
DE59108544D1 (de) * | 1991-01-05 | 1997-03-27 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polycarbonatschaumformkörper |
US5158986A (en) * | 1991-04-05 | 1992-10-27 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microcellular thermoplastic foamed with supercritical fluid |
US5256702A (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-10-26 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Method of foaming thermoplastic polycarbonate |
IL100758A (en) * | 1992-01-24 | 1995-01-24 | Dan Pal Tech Plastic Ind | Threaded panel unit for construction purposes |
US5314925A (en) * | 1992-12-03 | 1994-05-24 | General Electric Company | Use of polytetrafluoroethylene resins as a nucleating agent for foam molded thermoplastics |
US5622732A (en) * | 1993-04-13 | 1997-04-22 | Sencorp Systems Inc. | Foam sheet extrusion die apparatus, and system with adjustable choke area |
US5411683B1 (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 2000-08-01 | Sweetheart Cup Co | Method for making thermoplastic foam with combined 1,1-difluoroethane and co2 blowing agent |
US5516351A (en) | 1994-08-05 | 1996-05-14 | Recycled Glass Products, Inc. | Foamed glass manufacture |
US5854294A (en) * | 1996-01-19 | 1998-12-29 | Jsp Corporation | Process for producing foamed body of polycarbonate resin and foamed body obtained thereby |
US6884377B1 (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 2005-04-26 | Trexel, Inc. | Method and apparatus for microcellular polymer extrusion |
DE69723086T2 (de) * | 1997-12-08 | 2003-12-24 | Dow Deutschland Inc | Mehrschichtiger Schaum, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und Verwendung |
JP3855217B2 (ja) * | 1997-12-17 | 2006-12-06 | 株式会社ジェイエスピー | ポリカーボネート系樹脂発泡体からなる防蟻パネル |
US5985190A (en) * | 1998-04-28 | 1999-11-16 | Genpak, L.L.C. | Method and system for forming low-density polymer foam article |
AUPP361898A0 (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 1998-06-11 | Starlon Pty Ltd | Extrusion |
US6521675B1 (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2003-02-18 | Bp Corporation North America Inc. | Foamed polypropylene sheet having improved appearance and a foamable polypropylene composition therefor |
US6428297B1 (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2002-08-06 | Dart Container Corporation | Apparatus for making a corrugation-free foam |
DE19850340C2 (de) * | 1998-11-02 | 2002-01-24 | Geesthacht Gkss Forschung | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Schäumen aus Polymeren oder Polymergemischen sowie daraus herstellbarer Formkörper |
US6391931B1 (en) * | 1999-04-28 | 2002-05-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Uniform small cell foams and a continuous process for making same |
CA2372504A1 (en) * | 1999-04-30 | 2000-11-09 | Susan E. Dollinger | Alkenyl aromatic polymer foam laminates |
US6403663B1 (en) * | 1999-09-20 | 2002-06-11 | North Carolina State University | Method of making foamed materials using surfactants and carbon dioxide |
JP4446412B2 (ja) * | 1999-10-06 | 2010-04-07 | 株式会社ジェイエスピー | ポリカーボネート樹脂発泡体/ポリカーボネート樹脂多層体 |
US6593384B2 (en) * | 2000-05-25 | 2003-07-15 | Trexel, Inc. | Polymer foam processing with low blowing agent levels |
US6274640B1 (en) * | 2000-08-17 | 2001-08-14 | Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc. | Extruded foam product with 134a and alcohol blowing agent |
US6623674B1 (en) * | 2000-11-16 | 2003-09-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Reduced density foam articles and process for making |
US20030068485A1 (en) * | 2001-09-28 | 2003-04-10 | Ramsey William J. | Termite-resistant foam article |
US20040002559A1 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2004-01-01 | Malisa Troutman | Flame retardant coatings |
US6773787B2 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2004-08-10 | General Electric Company | Light diffusing articles and methods to manufacture thereof |
CN2548167Y (zh) * | 2002-06-21 | 2003-04-30 | 商加瑞 | 泡沫塑料导光体 |
JP2004099701A (ja) | 2002-09-06 | 2004-04-02 | Chupa Corp | 氷で作られたように見える発泡成形体及びその製造方法 |
DE10307736A1 (de) * | 2003-02-24 | 2004-09-02 | Basf Ag | Offenzelliger Schaumstoff aus hochschmelzenden Kunststoffen |
US7655296B2 (en) * | 2003-04-10 | 2010-02-02 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Ink-receptive foam article |
US6958365B2 (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2005-10-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Manufacturing process for open celled microcellular foam |
US6916528B2 (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2005-07-12 | General Electric Company | Methods for manufacturing silver multilayered films and the articles obtained therefrom |
US6974850B2 (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2005-12-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Outdoor weatherable photopolymerizable coatings |
US20060148920A1 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2006-07-06 | Fina Technology, Inc. | Foamed polypropylene with improved cell structure |
US20060246806A1 (en) * | 2005-01-05 | 2006-11-02 | Aspen Aerogels, Inc. | Transparent assemblies with ormosil aerogels |
CN101223460B (zh) | 2005-07-14 | 2010-05-19 | 帝人化成株式会社 | 发泡树脂片材和液晶显示装置 |
DE102005047614A1 (de) * | 2005-10-05 | 2007-04-12 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Licht streuende Kunststoffzusammensetzung mit hoher Helligkeit und deren Verwendung in Flachbildschirmen |
KR101423342B1 (ko) * | 2005-10-21 | 2014-07-30 | 캐보트 코포레이션 | 에어로겔 기재 복합체 |
JP2007279324A (ja) | 2006-04-05 | 2007-10-25 | Sanshodo:Kk | 看板 |
US20080057148A1 (en) * | 2006-08-29 | 2008-03-06 | Pitch Dale P | Extrusion die for forming polymeric foam sheets |
JP2008069319A (ja) | 2006-09-15 | 2008-03-27 | Sekisui Plastics Co Ltd | 着色ポリスチレン系樹脂発泡シート |
US8003176B2 (en) * | 2006-10-04 | 2011-08-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Ink receptive article |
US7838108B2 (en) * | 2007-01-17 | 2010-11-23 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Nano-cellular polymer foam and methods for making them |
AU2008231065B2 (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2014-09-11 | Birdair, Inc. | Architectural membrane structures and methods for producing them |
-
2008
- 2008-11-20 US US12/274,873 patent/US8859091B2/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-11-16 CN CN200980144583.2A patent/CN102209625B/zh active Active
- 2009-11-16 WO PCT/US2009/064538 patent/WO2010059551A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-11-16 EP EP09756892.7A patent/EP2355975B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3350823A (en) * | 1967-11-07 | Insulated skylight | ||
US4563482A (en) * | 1983-11-21 | 1986-01-07 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Formable vinyl chloride-based resin composition |
US5207493A (en) * | 1990-07-03 | 1993-05-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Meitaku Shisutemu | Edge light panel device |
JP2001201616A (ja) * | 2000-01-17 | 2001-07-27 | Taiyo Seisakusho:Kk | 光増幅用反射板 |
EP1879056A1 (en) * | 2005-04-19 | 2008-01-16 | Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd. | Foamed sheet for reflectors, reflectors, and process for production of the sheet |
JP2006321887A (ja) * | 2005-05-18 | 2006-11-30 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | 樹脂発泡体及びその製造方法 |
WO2007146945A2 (en) * | 2006-06-12 | 2007-12-21 | Aspen Aerogels, Inc. | Aerogel-foam composites |
WO2008110925A2 (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2008-09-18 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Plastic laminates and methods for making the same |
WO2009013655A2 (en) * | 2007-07-26 | 2009-01-29 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Light transmissive foamed polymer sheet and methods for making the same |
US20090168183A1 (en) * | 2007-12-31 | 2009-07-02 | Seung-Mo Kim | Optical member and display having the same |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
DATABASE WPI Week 200231, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2002-260787, XP002572215 * |
DATABASE WPI Week 200703, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2007-021906, XP002572216 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102209625B (zh) | 2014-11-26 |
US20100124653A1 (en) | 2010-05-20 |
EP2355975A1 (en) | 2011-08-17 |
US8859091B2 (en) | 2014-10-14 |
CN102209625A (zh) | 2011-10-05 |
EP2355975B1 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2355975B1 (en) | Colored diffusion sheets, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same | |
KR100842524B1 (ko) | 발포 시트, 그의 제조 방법 및 제조 장치 | |
JP6026434B2 (ja) | 熱可塑性樹脂微細発泡反射シート、光反射板、バックライトパネルおよび発泡反射シートの製造方法 | |
JP5399894B2 (ja) | 脂肪族ポリエステル系フィルム | |
KR101941210B1 (ko) | 다층 구조의 발포성 광확산판 및 그 제조방법 | |
JP2009040045A (ja) | 白色ポリエステルフィルム | |
JP2007261260A (ja) | 反射板用白色積層ポリエステルフィルム | |
EP1542042A1 (en) | Light-reflecting article | |
JP2004309804A (ja) | 光反射体 | |
JPWO2007069541A1 (ja) | 反射フィルム | |
KR20090022940A (ko) | 반사판용 백색 적층 폴리에스테르 필름 | |
CN107312245B (zh) | 梯度发泡聚丙烯片材及其制备方法 | |
JP2007304516A (ja) | 反射フィルム及び反射板 | |
JP2008031704A (ja) | 構造体 | |
JP2002219781A (ja) | ポリプロピレン系樹脂の積層発泡成形品とその製造に用いる積層発泡体およびその製造方法 | |
JP3989230B2 (ja) | 樹脂発泡体 | |
KR101574190B1 (ko) | 백색 폴리에스테르 반사필름과 이의 제조방법 및 이를 이용한 반사시트 | |
JP6459950B2 (ja) | 反射フィルム、及びこれを備えてなる液晶表示装置、照明装置、装飾用物品 | |
JP5598839B2 (ja) | 光拡散性発泡シートおよびその製造方法、バックライト装置、並びに照明装置 | |
JP2008115659A (ja) | 異型成形品 | |
JP4791609B2 (ja) | 光反射板及び光反射板の製造方法 | |
JP2006145919A (ja) | 光反射体及び光反射体の製造方法 | |
JP4879767B2 (ja) | ポリプロピレン系反射シート及びそれを用いた反射板 | |
JP2004330461A (ja) | ポリプロピレン系樹脂積層発泡シートおよびその成形体 | |
JP4777280B2 (ja) | ポリプロピレン系反射シート及びそれを用いた反射板 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 200980144583.2 Country of ref document: CN |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 09756892 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2009756892 Country of ref document: EP |