Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
  • C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
  • C01B7/03—Preparation from chlorides
  • C01B7/04—Preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
  • B01J23/462—Ruthenium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
  • B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
  • B01J27/128—Halogens; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
  • B01J27/13—Platinum group metals
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
  • B01J8/0446—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical
  • B01J8/0449—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds
  • B01J8/0453—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds the beds being superimposed one above the other
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
  • B01J8/0446—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical
  • B01J8/0449—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds
  • B01J8/0457—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds the beds being placed in separate reactors
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
  • B01J8/0496—Heating or cooling the reactor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
  • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
  • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
  • B01J2208/00168—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
  • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
  • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
  • B01J2208/00168—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles
  • B01J2208/00176—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles outside the reactor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
  • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
  • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
  • B01J2208/00265—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
  • B01J2208/00274—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant vapours
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/00002—Chemical plants
  • B01J2219/00027—Process aspects
  • B01J2219/0004—Processes in series

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the production of chlorine by catalytic gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, wherein the reaction is carried out on at least two catalyst beds under adiabatic conditions, and a reactor system for carrying out the process.
• the catalyst is used in the form of a fluidized, thermally stabilized bed.
• the catalyst bed is tempered via the outer wall, and according to DE 10 2004 006 610 A1, the fluidized bed is tempered via a heat exchanger arranged in the bed.
• the effective heat removal of this process faces problems of non-uniform residence time distribution and catalyst wear, both of which result in a loss of revenue.
• a narrow residence time distribution and low catalyst abrasion are possible in reactors with stationary catalyst beds.
• problems arise in such reactors with the thermostating of the catalyst beds.
• thermostated tube bundle reactors are used which, especially in the case of large reactors, have a very complicated cooling circuit (WO 2004/052776 A1).
• the catalysts used initially for the Deacon process for example supported catalysts with the active material CuC12, had only a low activity. Although the activity could be increased by increasing the reaction temperature, it was disadvantageous that the volatility of the active components at high temperature led to rapid deactivation of the catalyst.
• the oxidation of hydrogen chloride to chlorine is also an equilibrium reaction. The position of the equilibrium shifts with increasing temperature to the detriment of the desired end product.
• catalysts with the highest possible activity are used, which allow the reaction to proceed at low temperature.
• Known highly active catalysts are based on ruthenium.
• DE-A 197 48 299 describes supported catalysts with the active material ruthenium oxide or ruthenium mixed oxide.
• the content of ruthenium oxide is 0.1 wt .-% to 20 wt .-% and the average particle diameter of ruthenium oxide 1.0 nm to 10.0 nm.
• the reaction is carried out at a temperature between 90 0 C and 150 0 C.
• ruthenium chloride catalysts containing at least one compound of titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, ruthenium-carbonyl complexes, ruthenium salts of inorganic acids, ruthenium-nitosyl complexes, ruthenium-amine complexes , Ruthenium complexes of organic amines or ruthenium-acetylacetonate complexes.
• the reaction is carried out at a temperature between 100 0 C and 500 0 C, preferably 200 0 C and 380 0 C.
• the catalyst is used in a fixed bed or in a fluidized bed.
• the oxygen source used is air or pure oxygen.
• the Deacon reaction remains an exothermic reaction and temperature control is also required in the application of such highly active catalysts.
• the present invention therefore relates to a process for the preparation of chlorine by catalytic gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, characterized in that the reaction is carried out on at least two catalyst beds under adiabatic conditions.
• the reaction is preferably carried out on at least two catalyst beds connected in series.
• the process gas may in addition to oxygen and hydrogen chloride still have minor components, eg. As nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or water.
• the hydrogen chloride can upstream production process, eg. As for the production of polyisocyanates, originate and other impurities, eg. B. phosgene.
• carrying out the process under adiabatic conditions on the catalyst beds means that substantially no heat is supplied to the catalyst from the outside in the respective catalyst beds, nor is heat removed (with the exception of the heat which is supplied or removed by the reaction gas entering or leaving). , Technically, this is achieved by insulating the catalyst beds in a conventional manner.
• Essential to the invention is that the individual catalyst beds are operated adiabatically, so in particular no means of heat dissipation are provided in them.
• the invention also includes the case in which the heat of reaction is removed, for example, by means of heat exchangers connected between the individual catalyst beds.
• catalyst bed is here an arrangement of the catalyst in all known forms, e.g. Fixed bed, fluidized bed or fluidized bed understood. Preferred is a fixed bed arrangement. This comprises a catalyst bed in the true sense, d. H. loose, supported or unsupported catalyst in any form and in the form of suitable packings:
• catalyst bed as used herein also includes contiguous areas of suitable packages on a substrate or structured Catalyst support. These would be, for example, to be coated ceramic honeycomb carrier with comparatively high geometric surfaces or corrugated layers of metal wire mesh on which, for example, catalyst granules is immobilized.
• Stationary catalyst beds are preferably used in the new process.
• a preferred further embodiment of the method is characterized in that the process gas mixture emerging from at least one catalyst bed is subsequently passed over at least one heat exchanger arranged downstream of the catalyst bed.
• each catalyst bed at least one, preferably a heat exchanger, through which the exiting process gas mixture is passed.
• At least one heat exchanger is located behind at least one catalyst bed.
• at least one, more preferably in each case exactly one heat exchanger is located behind each of the catalyst beds, via which the gas mixture emerging from the catalyst bed is passed.
• more than two catalyst beds can also be connected in series for the process, in particular up to 12, preferably up to 8 catalyst beds. Particular preference is given to processes having 3 to 8 catalyst beds connected in series.
• the catalyst beds can either be arranged in a reactor or arranged divided into several reactors.
• the arrangement of the catalyst beds in a reactor leads to a reduction in the number of apparatuses used.
• individual ones of the series catalyst beds can be independently replaced or supplemented by one or more catalyst beds in parallel.
• the use of catalyst beds connected in parallel allows in particular their replacement or supplementation during ongoing continuous operation of the process.
• the process according to the invention preferably has at least two catalyst beds connected in series. Parallel and successively connected catalyst beds can in particular also be combined with one another. However, the process according to the invention particularly preferably has exclusively catalyst beds connected in series.
• the process can be operated with up to 60 and at least two catalyst beds.
• the reactors preferably used in the process according to the invention can be simple
• Contain containers with one or more thermally insulated catalyst beds as e.g. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Fifth, Completely Revised Edition, VoI B4, p
• tube bed reactors are preferably not used because of the drawbacks described above Since heat removal in accordance with the invention does not occur from the catalyst beds, such reactor types are suitable for uptake the catalyst beds also unnecessary.
• the catalysts or the catalyst beds thereof are applied in a manner known per se to or between gas-permeable walls of the reactor.
• technical devices for uniform gas distribution are installed above, below or above and below the catalyst beds. These may be perforated plates, bubble-cap trays, valve trays, or other internals which cause uniform entry of the gas into the catalyst bed by producing a small but uniform pressure drop.
• the Lehrrohr ancientness of the gas in the catalyst bed is in the case of the embodiment using a fixed bed preferably from 0.1 to 10 m / s.
• a molar ratio of between 0.25 and 10 equivalents of oxygen per equivalent of hydrogen chloride before entering the catalyst bed.
• the inlet temperature is of the light entering a first catalyst bed gas mixture of 150 to 400 0 C, preferably 200-370 0 C.
• the hydrogen chloride and oxygen-containing feed gas stream can also be fed preferably only in front of the first catalyst bed. This has the advantage that the entire feed gas stream can be used for the absorption and removal of the heat of reaction in all catalyst beds. But it is also possible before one or more of the after the first Catalyst bed the following catalyst beds as required dosing hydrogen chloride and / or oxygen in the gas stream. In addition, the temperature of the reaction can be controlled via the supply of gas between the catalyst beds used.
• the reaction gas is cooled after at least one of the catalyst beds used, more preferably after each of the catalyst beds used.
• the reaction gas is passed through one or more heat exchangers, which are located behind the respective catalyst beds. These may be the heat exchangers known to those skilled in the art, e.g. Tube Bundle, Plate Ring Groove,
• Spiral, finned tube, micro heat exchanger In a particular embodiment of the method, steam is generated on cooling the product gas at the heat exchangers.
• the catalyst beds connected in series are operated at increasing or decreasing average temperature from catalyst bed to catalyst bed.
• the chlorine formed is separated off.
• the separation step usually comprises several stages, namely the separation and, if appropriate, recycling of unreacted hydrogen chloride from the product gas stream of the catalytic hydrogen chloride oxidation, drying of the obtained, essentially chlorine and oxygen-containing stream and the separation of chlorine from the dried stream.
• the separation of unreacted hydrogen chloride and water vapor formed can be carried out by condensation of aqueous hydrochloric acid from the product gas stream of hydrogen chloride oxidation by cooling. Hydrogen chloride can also be absorbed in dilute hydrochloric acid or water.
• Hydrogen chloride and / or oxygen are recycled in front of one or more of the catalyst beds and previously brought back to the inlet temperature, if appropriate by means of a heat exchanger.
• the cooling of the product gas and the warming-up of the recirculated hydrogen chloride and / or oxygen are carried out by passing the gas streams in counterflow through heat exchangers to one another.
• the new process is preferably operated at a pressure of 1 to 30 bar, preferably from 1 to 20 bar, more preferably from 1 to 15 bar.
• the temperature of the Eduktgasgemiscb.es is preferably in front of each of the catalyst beds of 150 to 400 0 C, preferably from 200 to 370 0 C, particularly preferably from 250 to 350 0 C.
• the gas mixture is preferably homogenized prior to entering the individual catalyst bed.
• the thickness of the flow-through catalyst beds can be chosen the same or different, and is suitably 1 cm to 8 m, preferably 5 cm to 5 m, particularly preferably 30 cm to 2.5 m.
• the catalyst is preferably used immobilized on a support.
• the catalyst preferably contains at least one of the following elements: copper, potassium, sodium, chromium, cerium, gold, bismuth, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, and the elements of VIII. Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements. These are preferably used as oxides, halides, or mixed oxides / halides, in particular chlorides or oxides / chlorides. These elements or compounds thereof can be used alone or in any combination.
• Preferred compounds of these elements include copper chloride, copper oxide, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, chromium oxide, bismuth oxide, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium chloride, ruthenium oxychloride, rhodium oxide.
• the catalyst portion consists completely or partially of ruthenium or compounds thereof, more preferably the catalyst consists of halide and / or oxygen-containing ruthenium compounds.
• the carrier fraction may be wholly or partially composed of: titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide, silica, carbon nanotubes or a mixture or compound of said substances, in particular mixed oxides, such as silicon-aluminum oxides.
• Particularly preferred support materials are tin oxide and carbon nanotubes.
• the ruthenium-supported catalysts can be obtained, for example, by impregnation of the support material with aqueous solutions of RuCl 3 and optionally a promoter for doping become.
• the shaping of the catalyst can take place after or preferably before the impregnation of the support material.
• the catalysts are suitable as promoters alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium, preferably lithium, sodium and potassium, more preferably potassium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, preferably magnesium and calcium, particularly preferably magnesium, Rare earth metals such as scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium, preferably scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and cerium, more preferably lanthanum and cerium, or mixtures thereof.
• alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium, preferably lithium, sodium and potassium, more preferably potassium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, preferably magnesium and calcium, particularly preferably magnesium, Rare earth metals such as scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium, preferably scandium, yt
• the moldings can then be dried at a temperature of 100 to 400 0 C, preferably 100 to 300 0 C, for example, under a nitrogen, argon or air atmosphere and optionally calcined.
• the moldings are first dried at 100 to 150 0 C and then calcined at 200 to 400 0 C.
• the temperature of the catalyst in the catalyst beds is suitably in a range of 150 0 C to 800 0 C, preferably 200 0 C to 450 0 C, more preferably 250 0 C to 400 0 C.
• the control of the temperature in the catalyst beds is preferably carried out by at least one of the following:
• the catalysts or the supported catalysts may have any desired form, for. As balls, rods, Raschig rings or granules or tablets.
• composition of the catalysts in the catalyst beds used according to the invention may be identical or different. In a preferred embodiment, the same catalysts are used in each catalyst bed. However, it is also advantageous to use different catalysts in the individual catalyst beds. Thus, especially in the first catalyst bed, when the concentration of the reaction products is still high, a less active catalyst can be used and increased in the other catalyst beds, the activity of the catalyst from catalyst bed to catalyst bed.
• the control of the catalyst activity can also be carried out by dilution with inert materials or carrier material.
• 0.1 g / h to 10 g / h of chlorine preferably 0.5 g / h to 5 g / h of chlorine, can be prepared per 1 g of catalyst.
• the inventive method is thus characterized by high space-time yields, combined with a reduction of the apparatus sizes and a simplification of the apparatus or reactors.
• the educt for the process according to the invention is hydrogen chloride, which is e.g. is produced and adopted as by-product from the phosgenation of organic amines, especially diamines to isocyanates, in particular diisocyanates or the gas phase phosgenation of phenol to diphenyl carbonate.
• Oxygen can be supplied as pure oxygen or preferably in the form of an oxygen-containing gas, in particular air.
• the chlorine produced may e.g. be used for the production of phosgene and possibly recycled in associated production processes.
• the invention further provides a reactor system for reacting a gas comprising hydrogen chloride and oxygen, at least containing feed lines for hydrogen chloride and oxygen or for a mixture of hydrogen chloride and oxygen and at least two thermally insulated catalyst beds connected in series.
• FIGS. 1 to 4 Preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention are shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, without the invention being limited thereto.
• Fig. 1 shows the inventive method with three catalyst beds in series divided into three separate reactors.
• the educt gases are mixed and fed to the reactor.
• the exiting product gas is cooled with a shell-and-tube heat exchanger of conventional design.
• chlorine and water are separated from the product gas.
• Fig. 2 shows the process according to the invention with three catalyst beds in series in an integrated reactor. Before the reactor, the educt gases are mixed and fed to this. After each of the catalyst beds, the exiting product gas is cooled with a heat exchanger also integrated in the pressure vessel of the reactor. After leaving the reactor, chlorine and water are separated from the product gas.
• Fig. 3 shows the inventive method according to a structure which corresponds largely to that shown in Fig. 1.
• fresh educt gas is fed in series to the cooled product gas of the preceding reactor upstream of the second and third reactor.
• Fig. 4 shows the inventive method according to a structure which corresponds largely to that shown in Fig. 3. Notwithstanding, hydrogen chloride and oxygen separated off from the product gas stream are recycled and admixed with the educt gas stream upstream of the first reactor. -
• Chlorine was produced by the catalytic gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen in a pilot plant.
• the catalyst used was calcined ruthenium chloride on tin dioxide as carrier material.
• the pilot plant consisted of six reactors connected in series, each with a thermally insulated catalyst bed. Between the reactors was in each case a heat exchanger, ie a total of five, which have cooled the coming of each upstream reactor gas stream to the desired inlet temperature of the respective downstream reactor.
• Oxygen (29 kg / h) was heated together with nitrogen (25 kg / h) and carbon dioxide (13.5 kg / h) via an electric preheater to about 305 0 C and fed to the first reactor.
• the hydrogen chloride (47.1 kg / h) was heated to about 150 0 C and then divided into a total of 6 sub-streams.
• a partial stream of hydrogen chloride was in each case fed to a reactor, wherein in the first reactor, the hydrogen chloride partial stream was added to the gas stream consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, between the electric preheater and the reactor inlet.
• the other partial streams of hydrogen chloride were respectively fed to the gas stream upstream of one of the five heat exchangers.
• Table 1 shows for all six reactors, the temperature of the incoming and exiting gas mixture and the reactor respectively supplied amount of hydrogen chloride.
• the total conversion of hydrogen chloride was 82.4%.

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• Materials Engineering (AREA)
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