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  • C07F11/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 6 or 16 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F11/005—Compounds containing elements of Groups 6 or 16 of the Periodic Table compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F11/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 6 or 16 of the Periodic Table
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
  • B01J20/223—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material containing metals, e.g. organo-metallic compounds, coordination complexes
  • B01J20/226—Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF], zeolitic imidazolate frameworks [ZIF]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82B—NANOSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR LIMITED COLLECTIONS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES AS DISCRETE UNITS; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • B82B3/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2531/60—Complexes comprising metals of Group VI (VIA or VIB) as the central metal
  • B01J2531/62—Chromium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/1691—Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
  • B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
  • B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
  • B01J31/2226—Anionic ligands, i.e. the overall ligand carries at least one formal negative charge
  • B01J31/223—At least two oxygen atoms present in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand
  • B01J31/2239—Bridging ligands, e.g. OAc in Cr2(OAc)4, Pt4(OAc)8 or dicarboxylate ligands

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a preparation method of porous hybrid inorganic- organic material useful as adsorbents, gas storages, catalysts, catalyst supports, carriers and templates for nanomaterials and electronic and electric materials. More particularly, present invention relates to a preparation method of porous hybrid inorganic- organic material, with particle size less than 500 nm, by using microwave heating rather than conventional electric heating as a heat source for a hydrothermal or sol- vothermal synthesis.
• the porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials that are explained in this invention are defined as inorganic-organic coordination polymers composed of central metallic ions and organic ligands coordinated to the metal ions.
• the porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials are crystalline materials having porous structures with the pore sizes of molecules or nanometers, and the framework structures of porous hybrid inorganic- organic materials are composed of both organic materials and inorganic species.
• the porous hybrid inorganic-organic material is wide terminology and also can be called as porous coordination polder (Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed., 43, 2334. 2004) or metal- organic framework (Chem. Soc. Rev., 32, 276, 2003).
• porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials can be synthesized by several methods including solvent-diffusion method, hydrothermal synthesis using water as solvent and a solvothermal synthesis using an organic solvent (Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 73, 15, 2004; Accounts of Chemical Research, 38, 217, 2005).
• the synthesis of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials can be executed, similar to the synthesis of inorganic porous materials including zeolites and mesoporous materials, under autogenous pressure in the presence of water or suitable solvents at zeolites and mesoporous materials, during several days at high temperature after loading reactants in a high pressure reactor such as an autoclave.
• the heat source for high temperature has generally been electric or resistive heating.
• an autoclave containing precursors including metal salts, organic ligands and water or solvent was heated using an electric heater or an electric oven at a constant temperature.
• the methods of the previous embodiments have drawbacks of using excessive energy because the nucleation or crystallization is very slow.
• the methods are very inefficient because the synthesis can be carried out only by batch reactions (Accounts of Chemical Research, 38, 217, 2005). The previous synthesis methods are considered as inefficient methods to implement commercial applications because of high production cost.
• porous catalytic materials with small particle size have advantages of increased activity and facile regeneration of used catalysts because diffusivity increases with decreasing the crystal size of catalysts (Catalysis Today, 41, 37, 1998; Polymer Degradation and Stability 70, 365, 2000).
• nanocrystalline porous materials have many applications inthe fields of sensors, optoelectronics and medicines (Chem. Mater., 17, 2494, 2005).
• it is not easy to synthesize small crystals and so-called nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm is especially difficult to obtain because of easy aggregation or coagulation.
• Carbon or polymer templates may be used to synthesize nanoparticles even though the synthesis process is complex.
• it is not easy to obtain pure nanoparticles without a template because small particles grow easily to a big size when the template is removed.
• porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials with homogeneous particle size and membrane or thin film of the materials for the applications in sensors or opto-electronic devices.
• membranes or thin films were made by two steps of synthesizing and making a simple composite by impregnation of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials on a polymer.
• the process is complex and it is difficult to apply for insoluble porous hybrid inorganic- organic materials.
• Another method using a gold plate on which an organic functional group is anchored is reported; however, the method is complicated due to the anchoring and recrystallization (Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 13744, 2005).
• porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials are very different to that of inorganic porous materials.
• Organic molecules do not remain or incorporated in an inorganic porous material because organic molecules are removed by calcination after synthesis even though some organic amines or ammonium salts are used as templating molecules in the synthesis of inorganic porous materials.
• organic molecules construct a framework structure of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials. In aninorganic porous material, oxygen atoms link a metal and another metal, whereas ligand, derived from an organic molecule, connects metal species.
• the present inventors have made intensive researches to fulfill the targets described above, and as a result, found a novel synthesis method of porous hybrid inorganic- organic materials in which microwave irradiation is used as a heat source.
• the present method is directed to synthesize porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials, in more environment-friendly way and in increased energy efficiency, with nanocrystalline morphology.
• the object of this invention is to provide a process for producing nanocrystalline porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials that have many applications in an economical and environment-friendly way, especially in a short reaction time.
• this invention is also to provide a method for producing a thin film or membrane of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials by the direct microwave irradiation in one step.
• the present invention is directed to a novel process for preparing nanocrystalline porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials by utilizing microwave irradiation as a heat source of a hydrothermal or solvothermal reaction.
• the present invention providing porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials with particle size of 500 nm or less, includes following steps in the preparation.
• porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials obtained by the present method are powder, thin film or membrane in shape.
• porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials in thin film or membrane are easily prepared from the reactant mixtures by microwave irradiation after dipping a substrate in the reactant mixtures.
• the present invention provides a preparation method of porous hybrid inorganic- organic materials which have regular pore size of nanometers and the average particle size less than 500 nm, preferably less than 200 nm, and more preferably less than lOOnm and most preferably less than 50 nm.
• the present invention utilizes microwave irradiation rather than conventional electric heating as a heat source for high temperature reaction.
• the microwaves described in this invention are any microwaves that have frequency of 300 MHz -300 GHz.
• the commercially available microwaves with frequency of 2.45GHz or 0.915 GHz are convenient and effective to use in the invention.
• the metallic species can be any metallic materials such as Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, and Bi.
• Transition metals to make a coordination compound easily, are suitable for the invention.
• transition metals Cr, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu are more suitable, and Cr is most suitable.
• Main group elements which makea coordination compound easily and lanthanides can also be used as a metal component.
• Al and Si are suitable metallic components among main group elements, whereas Ce andLa are suitable elements among lanthanides.
• metallic precursors metals themselves and any compounds containing metallic components can be used.
• Any organic molecules are suitable as another component of a porous hybrid inorganic-organic material as long as the molecules contain functional groups that can coordinate to a metal center.
• the functional groups that can coordinate to a metal are carboxylic acid, carboxylate, amino (-NH ), imino(
• Multidentates having multiple coordinating sites, such as bidentates and tridentates are suitable for preparing stable porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials.
• Any organicmolecules can be used irrespective of the charges such as cationic, anionic and neutral compounds as long as they have coordination sites.
• neutral molecules such as bipyridine and pyrazine and anionic molecules such as terephthalate, naphthalenedicarboxylate, ben- zenetricarboxylate, glutarate and succinate can be used.
• Ions containing aromatic rings such as terephthalate, ions without aromatic rings such as formate, and ions containing non-aromatic rings such as cyclo- hexyldicarboxylate are suitable for carboxylate anions.
• organic species containing coordination sites but also organic species containing potential sites that can be transformed into a state suitable for coordination under the reaction conditions are applicable to organic precursors.
• organic acids such as terephthalic acid can be used because it can be converted to terephthalate to coordinate to a metal center under reaction conditions.
• Typical organic species are benzenedicarboxylic acids, naphthalenedicarboxylic acids, benzenetricarboxylic acids, naphthalenetricarboxylic acids, pyridinedicarboxylic acids, bipyridyldicarboxylic acids, formic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, hexanedionic acid, heptanedionic acid, cy- clohexyldicarboxylic acids, etc.
• Anions of the above described acids are also suitable.
• Pyrazine and bipyridines are neutral species that can be applied as organic ligands. Mixtures of two or more of the above mentioned organic moieties are also applicable.
• Chromium terephthalate, vanadium terephthalate and iron terephthalate are typical examples of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials, and chromium terephthalate is one of the well-known porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials. Cubic chromium terephthalate with huge surface area and large pore size has great commercial interest. [26] Instead of metallic components and organic ligands, suitable solvents are necessary for the synthesis of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials.
• solvents water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol, and ketones such as acetone and methylethyl ketone and hydrocarbons such as hexanes, heptanes and octanes are suitable. Mixtures of above solvents can be applied and water is the most suitable solvent.
• the reaction temperature does not have any practical limitation. However, temperature above 100 °C is suitable, and temperature of 100 -250 °C is more suitable, and temperature of 150 -220 °C is most suitable. When the reaction temperature is too low, the reaction rate is too slow and the productivity is too low, whereas when the temperature is too high, dense species without pore is obtained and impurities can be byproduced because the reaction rate is too high. Moreover, it is costly to construct a reactor for high pressure reaction when the reaction temperature is too high.
• the reaction pressure does not have any limitation. It is convenient to perform a reaction under the autogenous pressure at the reaction temperature. Moreover, the reaction can be performed under higher pressure by adding inert gases such as nitrogen or helium.
• the reaction can be carried out both in a batch mode and in a continuous mode.
• the batch mode operation is suitable for production in small scale because the throughput per time is low, whereas continuous mode is suitable for mass production of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials even though investment cost is high.
• the reaction time of batch mode operation is from 1 min to 8 h. When the reaction time is too long, byproducts are mixed in the product and it is hard to get nanoparticles because of crystal growth. On the contrary, the conversion is low when the reaction time is too short. Reaction time of 1 min -60 min is more suitable. The residence time of lmin -60 min is suitable for a continuous reaction.
• the residence time When the residence time is too long, byprodu cts are mixed in theproduct and it is hard to get nanoparticles.
• the throughput per time is low when the residence time is long.
• reaction conversion is low when the residence time is short.
• the residence time of lmin -20 min is more suitable.
• the reactant mixtures can be agitated, and the agitation speed of 100-lOOOrpm is suitable.
• the reaction can be performed statically and the static reaction is more suitable because of low investment cost and easy op- erability.
• the pretreatment can be accomplished either by treatment using ultrasonics or by vigorous mixing.
• the pretreatment temperature is suitable between room temperature and the reaction temperature. If the pretreatment temperature is too low, the pretreatment effect is too small, whereas if the pretreatment temperature is too high, the equipment for pretreatment is complex and impurities may be byproduced.
• Pretreatment time longer than 1 min is suitable. Pretreatment time between 1 min and 5 h is more suitable for the ultrasonic treatment, whereas pretreatment for 5 min or more is more suitable for the vigorous stirring. If the pretreatment time is too short, the pretreatment effect is too small, whereas if the pretreatment time is too long, the efficiency of pretreatment is low.
• Pretreatment using ultrasonics is effective in pretreatment time and homogeneity of the reactant mixtures.
• the membrane or thin film of porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials can be made by microwave irradiation after dipping a substrate in the reaction mixtures- mentioned above.
• the substrate can be alumina, silicon, glass, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO) and heat-resistant polymers. Any surface-treated substrate mentioned above will be more suitable.
• Fig. 1 represents the scanning electron microscopes of chromium terephthalate, obtained in Example 1.
• Fig. 2 represents the scanning electron microscopes of chromium terephthalate, obtained in Example 3.
• Fig. 3 represents the X-ray diffraction patterns of chromium terephthalate, obtained in Examples.
• Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b are obtained from Examples 2 and 3, respectively.
• Fig. 4 represents the adsorption isotherms of nitrogen and benzene of chromium terephthalate, obtained in Example 2.
• Fig. 5 represents the scanning electron microscope of chromium terephthalate thin film, obtained in Example 6.
• the reactant mixtures were loaded in a Teflon reactor,and pretreated by ultrasonic wave treatment for 1 min in order to homogenize the mixture and facilitate the nucleation.
• the Teflon reactor containing pretreated reactant mixtures was put in a microwave oven (CEM, Mars-5). The synthesis was carried out under microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz) for 1 min at 210 °C after the reaction temperature was reached for 3 min under microwave irradiation.
• the porous hybrid inorganic- organic material, chromium terephthalate, Cr-BDCA-I was recovered by cooling to room temperature, centrifugation, washing with deionized water and drying. It was confirmed that a cubic chromium terephthalate was obtained by the XRD result to show characteristic diffraction peaks at 3.3, 5.2, 5.9, 8.5 and 9. 1 (2 ⁇ ).
• the SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of Cr-BDAC-I obtained in this example is shown in Fig. 1, and shows that the crystals are 30-40 nm and very homogeneous in size.
• Example 1 except that ultrasonic pretreatment was omitted and the reaction time was 2 min.
• X-ray diffraction patterns of Fig. 3a show that a material with structure same as Example 1 was obtained, and SEM image confirms that a porous hybrid inorganic- organic material with homogeneous size of 40-50 nm was obtained.
• the adsorption isotherms of nitrogen and benzene are shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, the nanocrystalline porous hybrid inorganic-organic material, chromium terephthalate, synthesizedin this example has very high adsorption capacity to be used successfully as adsorbents, catalysts, catalyst supports, etc.
• Example 2 except that the reaction time was 40 min.
• X-ray diffraction patterns of Fig. 3b show that a material with structure same as Example 1 was obtained, and SEM image (Fig. 2) confirms that a porous hybrid inorganic-organic material with homogeneous size of 200 nm was obtained even though the crystal size increased considerably compared with the size of Example 2.
• Example 2 except that FeCl was used instead of Cr(NO ) -9H O.
• X-ray diffraction patterns showed that a material with structure same as Example 1 was obtained, and SEM image confirmed that a porous hybrid inorganic-organic material with homogeneous size of 50-100 nm was obtained.
• Example 2 except that VCl was used instead of Cr(NO ) -9H O.
• X-ray diffraction patterns showed that a material with structure same as Example 1 was obtained, and SEM image confirmed that a porous hybrid inorganic-organic material with homogeneous size of 50-80 nm was obtained.
• the reactant mixtures were loaded in a Teflon reactor, and an alumina plate was aligned vertically in the reactant mixture.
• the Teflon reactor containing reactant mixtures and alumina plate was put in a microwave oven (CEM, Mars-5). The synthesis was carried out under microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz) for 30 min at 210 °C after the reaction temperature was reached for 3 min under microwave irradiation.
• the porous hybrid inorganic-organic material, chromium terephthalate,Cr-BDCA-l both powder and thin film was recovered by cooling to room temperature, centrifugation, washing with deionized water and drying.
• the XRD patterns of the thin film were very similar to those of experiment 1.
• the SEM image of the thin film is shown in Fig. 5, and illustrates that the thin film, Cr-BDCA/alumina, is coated homogeneously with small particles.
• Example 2 except that conventional electric oven was used instead of a microwave oven, and the reaction temperature and time was 220 °C and 1O h, respectively.
• X-ray diffraction patterns showed that a material with structure same as Example 1 was obtained.
• SEM image showed that a porous hybrid inorganic-organic material with big size of 1000-2000 nm was obtained.
• the crystal size was not homogeneous.
• Comparative Example 1 except that the reaction time was 2 h. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that amorphous material was obtained rather than a crystalline material.
• the synthesis of porous hybrid inorganic-organic material by using microwave irradiation has the advantage of reduction of reaction time, energy saving, high productivity. Therefore, the synthesis method in this invention can be competitive method in the point of environment and economics. Especially, the synthesis of nanocrystalline porous hybrid inorganic-organic material, less than 500 nm, is fulfilled by microwave synthesis. Moreover, a thin film and membrane can be easily fabricated directly.
• This porous hybrid inorganic-organic material has the applications such as catalysts, catalyst supports, adsorbents, gas storages, ion exchangers, nanoreactors and templates or carriers of nanomaterials.
• the nanocrystalline porous hybrid inorganic-organic materials can be used in active catalysts, sensors, optoelectronic materials and medical materials.

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