Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
  • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/357—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
  • A61P25/32—Alcohol-abuse
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
  • A61P25/34—Tobacco-abuse
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
  • A61P25/36—Opioid-abuse
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to the use of benzo-fused heterocycle sulfamide derivatives for the treatment of substance abuse and addiction.
• Alcohol abuse typically characterized as a maladaptive pattern of alcohol use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, is a serious medical and social problem. It has been suggested that agents producing a selective decrease in alcohol 10 drinking in animals, without producing a parallel decrease in water or food intake, are likely to be clinically effective in the treatment of human alcoholism (Myers 1994). Daidzin, the active ingredient of the Chinese herb Radix pureariea (RP), used as a traditional treatment for "alcohol addiction" in China, fits the profile: it decreases alcohol drinking in the golden hamster, without producing a decrease in water or food intake 15 (Keung and Vallee3 1993).
• RP Radix pureariea
• the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of substance abuse and / or addition comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iower alkyl; a is an integer from 1 to 2;
• each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, lower alkyl and nitro;
• the present invention is further directed to a method for the treatment of substance abuse and / or addiction comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula (II)
• Exemplifying the invention is a method of treating alcohol abuse and / or addiction comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
• a method for treating abuse of and / or addiction to a substance of abuse selected from the group consisting of alcohol, cocaine, heroine, methamphetamine, ketamine, Ecstacy, nicotine, oxycontin / oxycodone, codeine, morphine, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compound or pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
• the present invention is further directed to methods for the treatment of substance abuse and / or addiction comprising administering to a subject in need thereof co-therapy with a therapeutically effective amount with at least one anti-addiction agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of substance abuse and / or addiction comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)
• the present invention is further directed to methods for the treatment of substance abuse and / or addiction comprising co-therapy with a therapeutically effective amount with at least one anti-addiction agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• the term "substance” when referring to substances of abuse and / or addiction shall include any legal or illegal substance to which a subject or patient may develop an addiction.
• Drugs classes that maybe subjected to abuse include but are not limited to stimulants, hallucinogens, barbiturates, natural and synthetic opiods, and benzodiazepines. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to alcohol, cocaine, heroine, methamphetamine, ketamine, Ecstacy, nicotine, oxycontin / oxycodone, codeine, morphine, and the like.
• anti-addiction agent shall mean any pharmaceutical agent useful for the treatment of substance abuse and / or addition. More particularly, “anti-addiction agents” include drugs of substitution, drugs of replacement (for example, methadone for heroin), drugs that block craving, drugs that block or mitigate withdrawal symptoms, drugs which block the pleasurable sensations and rewards of substance abuse, and the like. Suitable examples include but are not limited to naltrexone (including vivtrex), nalmephene, antabuse, acamprosate, paliperidone and the like. Preferably, wherein the substance of addiction is alcohol, the anti- addiction agent used in the co-therapy methods of the present invention 1 is naltrexone.
• subject refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of- active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
• the present invention is directed to co-therapy or combination therapy, comprising administration of one or more compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and one or more anti-addiction agents
• therapeutically effective amount shall mean that amount of the combination of agents taken together so that the combined effect elicits the desired biological or medicinal response.
• the therapeutically effective amount of co-therapy comprising administration of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) and at least one nti- addiction agent would be the amount of the compound of formula (I) or formula (II) and the amount of the anti-addiction agent that when taken together or sequentially have a combined effect that is therapeutically effective.
• the amount of the compound of formula (I) or formula (II) and/or the amount of the anti-addiction agent individually may or may not be therapeutically effective.
• the terms "co-therapy” and “combination therapy” shall mean treatment of a subject in need thereof by administering one or more compounds of formula (I) or formula (II) in combination with one or more anti- addiction agent(s), wherein the compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and the anti-addiction agent(s) are administered by any suitable means, simultaneously, sequentially, separately or in a single pharmaceutical formulation.
• the number of dosages administered per day for each compound may be the same or different.
• the compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and the anti-addiction agent(s) may be administered via the same or different routes of administration.
• suitable methods of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), transdermal, and rectal.
• Compounds may also be administered directly to the nervous system including, but not limited to, intracerebral, intraventricular, intracerebroventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intraspinal and / or peri-spinal routes of administration by delivery via intracranial or intravertebral needles and / or catheters with or without pump devices.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
• R 1 and R 2 are each hydrogen or R 1 and R 2 are each methyl.
• -(CH 2 ) a - is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 - and -CH 2 -CH 2 -. In another embodiment of the present invention -(CH 2 ) a - is -CH 2 -.
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl, preferably, R 4 is hydrogen.
• a is 1.
• b is an integer from 0 to 2.
• c is an integer from 0 to 2.
• b is an integer from 0 to 1.
• c is an integer from 0 to 1.
• the sum of b and c is an integer form 0 to 2, preferably an integer form 0 to 1.
• b is an integer from 0 to 2 and c is 0.
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of halogen and lower alkyl. In another embodiment of the present invention R 5 is selected from chloro, fluoro, bromo and methyl.
• the stereo-center on the compound of formula (I) is in the S-configuration. In another embodiment of the present invention, the stereo-center on the compound of formula (I) is in the R-configuration.
• the compound of formula (I) is present as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, wherein the % enantiomeric enrichment (% ee) is greater than about 75%, preferably greater than about 90%, more preferably greater than about 95%, most preferably greater than about 98%.
• Additional embodiments of the present invention include those wherein the substituents selected for one or more of the variables defined herein (i.e. R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X-Y and A) are independently selected to be any individual substituent or any subset of substituents selected from the complete list as defined herein.
• Representative compounds of the present invention, useful for the treatment of alcohol abuse and addiction are as listed in Tables 1 below. Additional compounds of the present invention, useful for the treatment of alcohol abuse and addiction, are as listed in Table 3.
• Tables 1 and 2 below the column headed "stereo" defines the stereo-configuration at the carbon atom of the heterocycle attached at the starred bond. Where no designation is listed, the compound was prepared as a mixture of stereo-configurati ⁇ ns. Where an "R” or “S” designation is listed, the stereo-configuration was based on the enantiomerically enriched starting material.
• halogen shall mean chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine.
• alkyl whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, includes straight and branched chains.
• alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and the like.
• lower when used with alkyl means a carbon chain composition of 1 -4 carbon atoms.
• alkoxy shall denote an oxygen ether radical of the above described straight or branched chain alkyl groups. For example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-hexyloxy and the like.
• substituents e.g., alkyl, aryl, etc.
• that group may have one or more substituents, preferably from one to five substituents, more preferably from one to three substituents, most preferably from one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents.
• phenyl-alkyl- amino-carbonyl-alkyl refers to a group of the formula
• LAH Lithium Aluminum Hydride
• the compounds according to this invention may accordingly exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds possess two or more chiral centers, they may additionally exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms for the compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention. In addition, some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.
• the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts.”
• Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.
• alkali metal salts e.g., sodium or potassium salts
• alkaline earth metal salts e.g., calcium or magnesium salts
• suitable organic ligands e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.
• representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the following: acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, oleate,
• acids and bases which may be used in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the following: acids including acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroactic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1 ,2- disulfonic acid, ethane ⁇ ulfonic acid, 2-hydrocy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucoronic acid,
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) 1 a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with sulfamide, a known compound, preferably wherein the sulfamide is present in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 5 equivalents, in an organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like, preferably at an elevated temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 100°C, more preferably at about reflux temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ia).
• organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (Xl), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
• a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like
• organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, and the like
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XII) a known compound or compound prepared by known method (for example as described in Scheme 3 above) is reacted with NH 4 OH, a known. compound, optionally in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII).
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XIV) a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with NH 4 OH, in the presence of a coupling agent such as DCC, and the like, optionally in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV).
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XVI) wherein J 1 is a suitable leaving group such as Br, Cl, I, tosyl, mesyl, triflyl, and the like a known compound or compound prepared by known methods (for example, by activating the corresponding compound wherein J 1 is OH), is reacted with a cyanide such as potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DMSO, DMF, THF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVII).
• a cyanide such as potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, and the like
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XVIII) a known compound or compound prepared by known methods is activated, according to known method, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIX), wherein J 2 is a suitable leaving group, such tosylate, Cl, Br, I, mesylate, triflate, and the like.
• the compound of formula (XIX) is reacted with a phthalimide salt such as potassium phthlimide, sodium phthalimide, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, acetonitrile, and the like, preferably, at an elevated temperature in the range of from 50 0 C to about 200 0 C 1 more preferably, at about reflux temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XX).
• a phthalimide salt such as potassium phthlimide, sodium phthalimide, and the like
• organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, acetonitrile, and the like
• the compound of formula (XX) is reacted with N 2 H 4 , a known compound, in an organic solvent such as ethanol, methanol, and the like, preferably, at an elevated temperature in the range of from about 50 0 C to about 100 0 C, more preferably, at about reflux temperature, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Xd).
• the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers
• these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography.
• the compounds may be prepared in racemic form, or individual enantiomers may be prepared either by enantiospecific synthesis or by resolution.
• the compounds may, for example, be resolved into their component enantiomers by standard techniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, such as ⁇ -)-di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid and/or (+)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base.
• the compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column.
• any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J.F.W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T.W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
• the protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.
• the present invention further comprises pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more compounds of formula (I) with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the compounds of the invention described herein as the active ingredient can be prepared by intimately mixing the compound or compounds with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
• the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending upon the desired route of administration (e.g., oral, parenteral).
• suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, r stabilizers, coloring agents and the like;
• suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like.
• Solid oral preparations may also be coated with substances such as sugars or be enteric-coated so as to modulate major site of absorption.
• the carrier will usually consist of sterile water and other ingredients may be added to increase solubility or preservation.
• injectable suspensions or solutions may also be prepared utilizing aqueous carriers along with appropriate additives.
• compositions of this invention one or more compounds of the present invention as the active ingredient is intimately admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral such as intramuscular.
• a pharmaceutical carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral such as intramuscular.
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed.
• suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like;
• suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like. Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated or enteric coated by standard techniques.
• the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, through other ingredients, for example, for purposes such as aiding solubility or for preservation, may be included.
• injectable suspensions may also be prepared, in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed.
• the pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like, an amount of the active ingredient necessary to deliver an effective dose as described above.
• compositions herein will contain, per unit dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, suppository, teaspoonful and the like, of from about 0.1 -1000 mg and may be given at a dosage of from about 0.01 -150.0 mg/kg/day, preferably from about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 0.5-50 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 1.0-25.0 mg/kg/day or any range therein.
• the dosages may be varied depending upon the requirement of the patients, the severity of the condition being treated and the compound being employed. The use of either daily administration or post- periodic dosing may be employed.
• compositions are in unit dosage forms from such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, ampoules, autoinjector devices or suppositories; for oral parenteral, intranasal, sublingual or rectal administration, or for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
• the composition may be presented in a form suitable for once-weekly or once- monthly administration; for example, an insoluble salt of the active compound, such as the decanoate salt, may be adapted to provide a depot preparation for intramuscular injection.
• a pharmaceutical carrier e.g.
• a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.
• This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.
• the tablets or pills of the novel composition can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action.
• the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
• the two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
• enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.
• liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include, aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
• Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueous suspensions include synthetic and natural gums such as tragacanth, acacia, alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone or gelatin.
• the method of treating alcohol abuse and / or addiction described in the present invention may also be carried out using a pharmaceutical composition comprising any.of the compounds as defined herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical composition may contain between about 0.1 mg and 1000 mg, preferably about 50 to 500 mg, of the compound, and may be constituted into any form suitable for the mode of administration selected.
• Carriers include necessary and inert pharmaceutical excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, suspending agents, lubricants, flavorants, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, and coatings.
• compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, tablets, caplets, capsules (each including immediate release, timed release and sustained release formulations), granules, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixers, emulsions, and suspensions.
• forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions and suspensions.
• compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily.
• compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
• the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
• the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• suitable binders include, without limitation, starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta- lactose, com sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.
• liquid forms in suitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl- cellulose and the like.
• suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl- cellulose and the like.
• sterile suspensions and solutions are desired.
• Isotonic preparations which generally contain suitable preservatives are employed when intravenous administration is desired.
• Compounds of this invention may be administered in any of the foregoing compositions and according to dosage regimens established in the art whenever treatment of alcohol abuse and / or addiction is required.
• the daily dosage of the products may be varied over a wide range from
• compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing, 0.01 , 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500 and 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated.
• An effective amount of the drug is ordinarily supplied at a dosage level of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1500 mg/kg of body weight per day.
• the range is from about 0.1 to about 100.0 mg/kg of body weight per day, more preferably, from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, more preferably, from about 1.0 to about 25.0 mg/kg of body weight per day.
• the compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day.
• Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular patient being treated, including patient age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust dosages.
• Racemic 2,3-dihydro-1 ,4-benzdioxin-2-ylmethylamine (4.4 g, 26 mmol) and sulfamide (5.1 g, 53 mmol) were combined in 1,4 dioxane (100 mL) and refluxed for,2 h.
• the reaction was cooled to room temperature and a small amount of solid was filtered and discarded. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified using flash column chromatography
• Catechol (10.26 g, 93.2 mmol), sodium methoxide (25% by weight in methanol, 40.3 g, 186 mmol), and methyl dichloroacetate (13.3 g, 93.2 mmol) were combined in dry methanol (100 ml_). The solution was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, acidified by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid and then reduced in volume under vacuum to about 50 mL. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 x 100 mL).
• Benzo[1 ,3]dioxole-2-carboxylic acid amide (5.44 g, 32.9 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF, 100 mL). Lithium aluminum hydride (LAH, 1 M in THF, 39.5 mL, 39.5 mmol) was added slowly to the solution at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Distilled water was added to destroy the excess LAH. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (3.0 M, 100 mL) was added and the solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water and dried over MgSO 4 . The solvent was evaporated to yield C- benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-2-yl-methylamine as a colorless oil. MS (ESI): 152.1 (M+H+)
• the reaction was diluted with diethyl ether (1 L) and 1 N HCI (1.2 L). The organic layer was separated and . washed 2 times with 1 N HCI (500 mL), 4 times with water (150 mL), once with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo to yield a white solid which was purified by flash column chromatography (Hept:EA — 2:1) to yield toluene-4- sulfonic acid (2S)-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2-ylmethyl ester as a white solid. The white solid was combined with potassium phthalimide (14.4 g; 78 mmol) in DMF (250.
• Racemic 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzdioxin-2-ylmethylamine (8.25 g, 5.0 mmol) and triethylamine (1.52 g, 15 mmol) were combined in DMF (10 mL) and cooled in an ice bath as dimethylsulfamoyl chloride (1.44 g, 10 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 3 hr with continued cooling. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, and the ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried (MgSCu) and evaporated in vacuo to yield an oil.
• Racemic 2,3-dihydro-1 ,4-benzdioxin-2-ylmethylamine (825 mg, 5 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl formate (15 ml_), refluxed for 30 min and evaporated in vacuo to yield Nr(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2-ylmethyl)-formamide as an oil.
• the oil in diethyl ether 25 ml_
• reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether and 1 N HCI (750 mL) and the organic layer was separated and washed 2 times with 1 N HCI (250 mL), once with water (150 mL), twice with brine, dried (MgSO-O and evaporated in vacuo to yield light yellow solid of toluene-4-sulfonic acid (2S)-6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2- ylmethyl ester.
• the white powdery solid was combined with hydrazine (1.06 g, 33 mmol) in EtOH (80 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 h, then cooled to room temperature. 1 N HCI was added to adjust the reaction mixture's pH to pH 1.0 and the reaction mixture was then stirred for 15 min.
• White solid was filtered and washed with fresh EtOH (solid discarded) and the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to a solid, which was partitioned between diethyl ether and dilute aqueous NaOH.
• (2S)-(-)-N-(2,3-Dihydro-7-nitro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2-ylmethyl)-sulfamide (1.2 g, 4.15 mmol), was prepared from 4-nitrocatechol according to the process outlined in Example 4.
• the (2S)-(-)-N-(2,3-Dihydro-7-nitro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2- ylmethyl)-sulf amide was then combined with 10% Pd/C in methanol (120 mL) and shaken under hydrogen atmosphere (39 psi) at room temperature for 3 h.
• Example 13 Alcohol Preferring Rats In Vivo Model Adult male selectively-bred alcohol preferring rats (which are known in the art to be useful for the study of the effect of test compounds on vountary alcohol intake) were grouped into three groups: vehicle and Compound #8 (50 and 100 mg/kg, po). Rats were housed individually in wire mesh cages under a constant room temperature of 22 ⁇ 1°C and 12:12 light-dark cycle (8:00-20:00, dark). The animals were fed Agway Prolab Rat/Mouse/ Hamster 3000 formula and water ad libitum.
• Alcohol intake was determined using the standard two-bottle choice method. Animals were first given free access to water in a graduated Richter tube for 2 days. Then they were given access to only a solution of 10% (v/v) ethanol for 3 consecutive days. During this period animals became accustomed to drinking from Richter tubes and to the taste and pharmacological effects of alcohol. Thereafter, they were given free access to both water and a solution of 10% alcohol for at least 4 consecutive weeks and throughout the study period. Rats had free access to food. Water and alcohol intake were recorded at 4, 6 and 24 hours after the treatment, whereas food intake was measured at 24 hour. Animals' body weight was measured every day.
• rats were administered either vehicle or Compound #8 via oral gavage using a cross-over design with random assignment.
• naltrexone was included as a positive control. Same rats were given an oral dose of naltrexone (20mg/kg). The interval between treatments was at least 3 days. Alcohol and water intake were recorded 4, 6 and 24 h after the drug administration and food intake was recorded at 24 hr. A total of 8-10 animals per group were used.
• Alcohol intake (g/kg) was calculated by multiplying the volume of alcohol consumed in ml by 10% and 0.7893 (ethanol density)/body weight in kg. Alcohol preference, expressed as percentage, was calculated as follows: (volume of alcohol consumed in ml/total fluid intake in ml) x 100 (Rezvani and Grady, 1994; Rezvani et al., 1997). Statistical differences between drug-treated and control groups were determined by using ANOVA and Turkey Student's t test for multiple comparison.
• Compound # 8 decreased ethanol consumption ⁇ n alcohol-preferring rats at 6 h (@ 50 and 100 mg/kg dose) post- dosing.
• an oral composition 100 mg of,the Compound #8 prepared as in Example 7 is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size O hard gel capsule.

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