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  • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
  • C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
  • C01B3/503—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion characterised by the membrane
  • C01B3/505—Membranes containing palladium
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  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
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  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/42—Platinum
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  • B01J35/45—Nanoparticles
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
  • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
  • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
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  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
  • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
  • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
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  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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  • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0026—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof of one single metal or a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof
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  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
  • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
  • C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
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  • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
  • C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
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  • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
  • C01B3/56—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids
  • C01B3/58—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids including a catalytic reaction
  • C01B3/583—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids including a catalytic reaction the reaction being the selective oxidation of carbon monoxide
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  • C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
  • C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
  • C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
  • C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
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  • C10G25/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
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  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
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  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
  • C10G45/34—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/36—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof
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  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
  • C10G45/34—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used
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  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
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  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/44—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons
  • C10G45/46—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used
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  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/44—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons
  • C10G45/46—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/52—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
  • B01J2235/30—Scanning electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy
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  • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
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  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for preparing anisotropic metal nanoparticles, in particular deposited on a support.
• the said particles can be used in catalysis, in particular heterogeneous catalysis.
• Metals especially transition metals, have been used for many years for their ability to activate a number of molecules such as hydrocarbons, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon monoxide.
• the catalytic properties of metals vis-à-vis these molecules have been the subject of a large number of works that have made it possible to highlight their versatility as a function of the metal, the conditions of implementation but also their characteristics. physicochemical.
• Activation phenomena by chemisorption that is to say the phenomena governed by the adsorption of the reagents and the chemical interactions between said reagents and the metal particle, depend on the physico-chemical properties of the exposed metal surfaces.
• the size of the metal particle and the coordination of the surface atoms of this particle are two characteristics to be taken into account in order to obtain catalysts with optimal chemisorptive properties, ie catalysts having an ability to adsorb reagents, and chemically interact with said reagents.
• the size of the metal particle it is generally chosen according to the intended application.
• metallic nanoparticles are capable of adopting different stable forms depending on the number of atoms that compose them or chemical interactions with their environment, that is to say for example with the reaction atmosphere.
• An object of the invention is to provide a method for synthesizing a catalyst based on metal nanoparticles, deposited on a support or not, to control the shape of these nanoparticles, and in particular to prepare nanoparticles, supported or not , having an anisotropic morphology, ie having an average form factor, F, less than 1.
• the methods for synthesizing anisotropic nanoparticles using templates or matrices are also known to those skilled in the art.
• the material is generated in situ inside the matrix and acquires a morphology complementary to that of the template.
• the nanoscale channels of the matrix are filled with a solution or sol-gel, or using an electrochemical process. A reduction is then necessary to form the nanoparticles inside the matrix.
• the insufficient yield of anisotropic nanoparticles and the need to eliminate the matrix without damaging said nanoparticles are disadvantages of these techniques.
• the operating parameters allowing a control of the forms of the nanoparticles are few. This is mainly the temperature in a relatively narrow range, the ratio of selective adsorption agent concentrations to metal precursor. In addition, the control of the germination and growth phases of the particles is difficult to achieve.
• aqueous medium a medium comprising at least one major aqueous phase and optionally an organic phase.
• the present invention relates more particularly to the field of these synthetic methods in an aqueous medium.
• US 6,090,858 describes a method used to produce colloidal nanoparticles of a transition metal, having particular shapes, using a stabilizing agent, said method comprising an aqueous solution of a mixture of a precursor metal and a stabilizing agent followed by reduction in the presence of a single reducing agent, hydrogen.
• This controlled growth approach can also be obtained by initially synthesizing isotropic nanoparticles or nanoparticles having a weak anisotropic character, said nanoparticles then being used as growth promoters in the presence of a selective adsorption agent and a suitable reducer.
• This approach in which two reducing compounds are implemented, has thus made it possible to synthesize anisotropic nanoparticles of silver and gold as described in "Busbee et al., Advanced Materials, 2003, 15, 414-". Summary of the invention
• a method for the preparation of anisotropic metal nanoparticles of columns 8 to 10 of the periodic table of elements has been found, said method making it possible to obtain a better control of the morphology.
• the invention relates to a process for preparing metal nanoparticles having an anisotropic character, or even an anisotropic character marked by the use of two different reducing agents, and preferably having different reducing powers, on a source of a metal chosen from the columns 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• the invention relates to a process for the preparation of anisotropic metal nanoparticles comprising the implementation of two different reducing agents on a source of at least one metal chosen from columns 8, 9 or 10 of the periodic table of elements, a process comprising at least: a) one of the following steps ai) impregnating a support with an aqueous solution comprising a source of at least one metal selected from columns 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements, and then in contact with said support with a reducer R1, or a2) brought into contact with an aqueous solution comprising a source of at least one metal chosen from columns 8, 9 or 10 with a reducing agent R1,
• step b) a step of forming the anisotropic metal nanoparticles by contacting the solution or the support obtained in step a) with a reducing agent
• step a) in the case where step a) is step a2), possible deposition of the anisotropic metal nanoparticles on a support.
• the synthesis method found makes it possible to produce anisotropic nanoparticles having an average form factor, F, of less than 1, especially nanoparticles having a marked anisotropic character, ie having an average form factor, F, less than 0.7, more preferably less than 0.5, for example 0.25.
• the shape factor can be calculated from measurements carried out by electron microscopy according to the methods described in "Coster, M, Chermant, JL, Image Analysis Accurate, CNRS Eds, 1985".
• the average form factor, F is determined by statistical analysis in accordance with the statistical counting rules known to those skilled in the art.
• Nanoparticles can range in size from a few angstroms to a few hundred nanometers.
• the average size (that is to say the size according to the largest dimension of the particles) of the nanoparticles is between 2 and 500 nanometers or 5 and 200 nm, preferably greater than 10 nm, and for example 10 to 500 nm, or 10 to 200nm, or 10 to 120nm. It has been surprisingly found that sizes greater than 10 nm unexpectedly lead to good catalytic performance.
• nanoparticles can be isolated from each other or form networks, such as, for example, wire entanglements, fractal structures, or metal foams.
• the invention therefore relates to solid materials containing the anisotropic metal nanoparticles obtained by the process according to the invention and also to a suspension containing them. It also relates to the nanoparticles obtained by the process according to the invention, in solid form and separated from the liquid. It also relates to a support comprising anisotropic metal nanoparticles obtained by the process according to the invention.
• the suspension above, the nanoparticles, in solid form and separated from the liquid, and the support comprising anisotropic metal nanoparticles as defined above can be used as catalysts.
• the invention further relates to the applications of the solids described above for the separation or adsorption of molecules, gas storage.
• the catalyst can be used for the catalytic conversion of organic molecules, in particular, it is used for catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons, total or selective hydrogenation, dehydrocyclization, dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, or the total or selective oxidation of carbon monoxide.
• FIG. 1 represents, in a nonlimiting manner, a photograph by electron microscopy of anisotropic nanoparticles of palladium obtained according to example 1.
• the metal of the nanoparticles produced is chosen from metals belonging to columns 8, 9 and 10 of the periodic table.
• the metal of the nanoparticles produced is chosen from nickel, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, iridium and preferably cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium.
• gold, silver or copper which by their nature have a strong reducing ability, it has been found that the previously listed metals could, surprisingly, be used in the synthesis method. 'invention.
• the anisotropic metal nanoparticle can comprise a single metallic element or several metallic elements. In the case of nanoparticles comprising a plurality of metal elements, the latter may be associated in any manner known to those skilled in the art. It can be any mixture, such as an alloy, a solid solution or any structure comprising a heart and / or shell.
• nanoparticles of a metal chosen in columns 8 to 10 are nanoparticles of at least one selected metal in said columns.
• the metal source may be any salt of a precursor of the metal in question having a degree of oxidation of the metal greater than 0.
• This salt may be a simple halide or oxide or hydroxide of the metal in question or else a salt associating a halide with a alkaline, alkaline earth, amine or ammonia compound.
• This salt may also be a nitrate, nitrite or sulfate of the metal alone or in combination with an amine function.
• This salt may also comprise at least one organic ligand.
• a palladium source palladium chloride, palladium bromide, palladium iodide, potassium hexachloropalladate, ammonium hexachloropalladate, potassium tetrabromopalladate, potassium tetrachloropalladate, ammonium tetrachloropalladate, sodium hexachloropalladate, sodium tetrachloropalladate, palladium nitrate, palladium nitrite, diaminepalladium nitrite, palladium, tetraaminepalladium nitrate, dichlorodiamine palladium, palladium acetate, palladium acetylacetonate.
• the source of metal content in the solution subjected to a reduction step can be between 10 -5 and 1 mol / liter, preferably between 5 ⁇ 10 "5 and 10" 1 moles / liter, and more preferably between 10 "4 and 10 " 2 mole / liter.
• a second reducing agent R2 other than R1 is added.
• different reducers are meant reducers having different reducing powers.
• the gearbox R1 has a reducing power greater than the gearbox R2.
• the reductants employed may be inorganic in nature or organic in nature.
• the reducing agents (R1 and R2) are chosen from the group consisting of:
• the reducing compound R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrazine, hydroxylamines, hydrides and borohydrides, and / or
• the reducing compound R2 is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, alcohols, polyols, aldehydes, ketones and their ions.
• the addition of each of the reducers R1 and R2, in steps a) and b), is advantageously carried out with stirring, each reductant can be added jointly or separately in a progressive manner.
• a base is added. More preferably, the base added in step b) is sodium hydroxide. The addition of sodium hydroxide makes it possible to obtain the corresponding anion by deprotonation, the latter having a stronger reducing power.
• the base is (preferably sodium hydroxide) in an equimolar amount relative to the reducing agent.
• step b an inorganic salt is added. This makes it possible to control the interaction between the growth agent and the anisotropic nanoparticle in formation.
• This salt may be any type of inorganic compound comprising halide anions such as chloride, bromide, fluoride, nitrates, nitrites, or sulphates.
• the inorganic salt added in step b) is selected from the group consisting of alkali halides and alkaline earths.
• the amount of inorganic salt added is generally between 10 -4 and 0.5, preferably between 5 10 -4 and 0.1, more preferably between 10 "3 and 0.05 mol / liter of the total volume of the solution submitted in step b).
• At least one stabilizing agent is added to at least one of the solutions in contact with one of the reducing agents.
• the stabilizing agent can be added to the solution of the metal source, or in the solution of step a2) before contact with R2 or is present for step b).
• this stabilizing agent is at least present to carry out step b).
• this stabilizing agent is generally added to the solution obtained prior to the introduction of R2.
• the stabilizing agent may be, preferably, a surfactant, a complexing agent and more generally any compound that can act as a stabilizer or complexing agent.
• the stabilizing agent content in the solution subjected to a reduction step may be between 10 -4 and 2 mol / liter.
• At least one stabilizing agent may be a surfactant.
• surfactant is meant any organic compound having a hydrophilic polar function and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain.
• the surfactant is used as a stabilizer, its content in the aqueous solution subjected to a reduction step is generally in great excess with respect to the metal source content.
• the surfactant can be any compound of general formula
• x and y are between 0 and 4,
• R is a hydrocarbon chain comprising between 1 and 25 carbon atoms, preferably between 8 and 18,
• R ' is any aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group known to those skilled in the art
• X is a cationic element taken from the group of alkali, alkaline earth or an ammoniacal group
• Y is an anionic element such as a halide, nitrate, nitrite or sulfate.
• a surfactant is used as a stabilizing agent, it is possible to use, in addition, a cosurfactant.
• At least one stabilizing agent may be a complexing agent.
• the complexing agent meanwhile, can be:
• any organic compound having a carbonyl function for example any compound comprising a citrate, acetate or acetylacetonate group, polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, fatty or carboxylic acids such as oleic acid,
• any organic compound having an amine function preferably an aliphatic amine such as hexadecylamine, any organic compound having a phosphine function, for example triphenylphosphine or trioctylphosphine oxide,
• any organic compound having a thiol function for example octanethiol or dodecanethiol,
• chelating agents any organic compound having a thiophenol function, diphosphite, alcohols, as well as
• the introduction of the stabilizing agent can be carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art.
• the R1 and R2 reducers can be introduced in a variety of ways.
• the reducing agents R1 and R2 are introduced separately so as to carry out two separate reduction steps.
• the reducing agents R1 and R2 are introduced together or consecutively so as to perform a single reduction step.
• Reducers R1 and R2 can be introduced in a variety of ways. There are generally two-stage methods of reducing the so-called reduction step methods.
• the reducing agents R1 and R2 are introduced separately so as to carry out two distinct reduction steps.
• a first step a nanoparticles are produced by reduction of a metal source using a first reducing agent R1, and do not have a marked anisotropic character, that is to say having a form greater than 0.7. This step can be described as a germination step. These nanoparticle seeds can be supported or not.
• a second step generally referred to as a growth step, nanoparticles, supported or not, are formed by reducing a metal source using a second reducing agent R2, in the presence of the microbes prepared in step at).
• Steps a) and b) are carried out jointly.
• the reducing agents R1 and R2 are introduced so as to perform a single step of reducing a metal source.
• An aqueous solution based on a metal source is previously formed during a step a) with the reducing agent R1.
• the R2 reducer is introduced jointly or separately, and this in any order that is to say before, after or during step b).
• steps a) and b) are performed "simultaneously".
• steps a1) + b) or a2) + b) can be carried out jointly in a so-called “one step” process.
• step b) can be carried out after step a), in a so-called "two-step” process, by introducing the R2 reducer after formation of nanoparticle seeds. metal.
• the temperatures at which steps a) and b) are carried out are generally between room temperature and less than 100 ° C., most often less than 70 ° C.
• the reduction step is generally carried out at a temperature for which the stabilizing agent remains stable in solution.
• the stabilizing agent is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
• it is maintained during the reduction step at a minimum temperature of 30 ° C. in order to avoid the crystallization of this agent. stabilization.
• the process according to the invention operates with two reduction steps on a source of a metal of columns 8, 9 or 10 according to the following modes:
• Mode 1 a2 + b) + optionally c), ie: a2) contacting an aqueous solution comprising a source of at least one metal chosen from columns 8, 9 or 10 with a reducing agent
• step b) a step of forming the anisotropic metal nanoparticles by contacting the solution obtained in step a2) with a reducing agent R2 different from the reducing agent R1 c) optionally depositing the anisotropic metal nanoparticles on a support.
• anisotropic metal nanoparticles in suspension are obtained.
• the reducing agents R 1 and R 2 can be introduced successively (R2 being then introduced after formation of the seeds) or at the same time (one-step process).
• two aqueous solutions are formed comprising a source of a metal chosen from columns 8, 9 or 10 of the periodic table of elements and a stabilizing agent. an aqueous solution is added to the reducing agent R2, and to the other the reducing agent R1
• Mode 2 ai + b), ie: ai) impregnation of a support with an aqueous solution comprising a source of at least one metal chosen from columns 8, 9 or 10 of the periodic table of elements, then bringing said support into contact with a reducing agent R1, b) a step of forming the anisotropic metal nanoparticles by contacting the support obtained in step a1) with a reducing agent R2 different from the reducing agent R1
• step a1) an impregnated support (preferably dry) is prepared with the column element 8, 9 which is then brought into contact with at least one reduction unit R1.
• R1 It can be brought into contact with R1 to form said seeds, then with R2 to obtain the anisotropic nanoparticles by growth of said seeds. It can also be brought into contact with R1 and R2 at the same time.
• the support is an oxide of unordered texture.
• unordered texture it is generally understood that a support does not have any particular structural property, texture with a particular geometry, mesostructures (that is, supports having an ordered texture at the pore scale).
• the support is generally based on at least one refractory oxide chosen from alumina, silica, silica-alumina, magnesium oxide, zirconium, thorium oxide, or titanium oxide, taken alone or in mixture with each other.
• the carrier is alumina, silica, or silica alumina.
• the support may also be a carbon, a silico-aluminate, a clay or any other compound known to be used as a support as defined in the invention.
• the support has a BET surface between 5 and 300 m z / g.
• the support can be used in the form of powder, or be shaped into beads, extrusions, trilobes, powder or monolith.
• anisotropic nanoparticles can be isolated from each other or form networks, such as, for example, wire entanglements, fractal structures, or metal foams.
• the step of depositing the elements of columns 8 to 10 or nanoparticles on the surface of the support may be carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art, and advantageously by dry impregnation.
• a mode d after the steps a2) + b) of formation of unsupported anisotropic metal nanoparticles (in suspension), the latter can be separated from the liquid by any means known to those skilled in the art.
• these means may include centrifugation, for example, at 5000 rpm for 45 minutes. They are optionally washed, dried at a temperature less than or equal to 120 0 C, preferably less than or equal to 80 0 C or 1 to 50 0 C under an inert atmosphere or under air. There is thus obtained a solid essentially consisting of metal nanoparticles.
• unsupported anisotropic metal nanoparticles obtained during step b) are deposited on a support by impregnation, and advantageously by dry impregnation.
• the deposition step may take place from the solution obtained in step b) or by resuspension of the metallic nanoparticles obtained in step d) (in amount corresponding to the desired contents for the material or the suspension to be used) and bringing the said solution into contact with a support.
• the support is separated from any residual liquid by filtration, dried at a temperature of less than or equal to 120 ° C. (preferably less than or equal to 80 ° C. or at 50 ° C.) under an inert atmosphere or under air.
• the support is separated from the optional residual solution, dried at a temperature of less than or equal to 120 ° C. (preferably less than or equal to 80 ° C. or still at 50 ° C.) under an inert atmosphere or under air.
• the solid obtained obtained is subjected to an activation treatment under a reducing atmosphere, at a temperature below 600 ° C., preferably below 400 ° C., or even below 100 ° C. or even 80 ° C. or 50 ° C. ° C.
• this treatment can take place before said additions or after said additions. Thus it is ensured that the metal phase is correctly activated.
• the suspension of unsupported particles may also be subjected to said treatment.
• At least one element selected from the group consisting of: the elements of column 13 of the Periodic Table, the elements of column 14 of the Periodic Table, - alkali metals, may be introduced at the level of the support. , preferably lithium, sodium or potassium, and / or alkaline earths, preferably magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium, and / or halogens, the elements of column 11
• the optional addition of at least one alkali metal and / or at least one alkaline earth metal may be carried out so as to obtain an alkali metal and / or alkaline earth metal content in the catalyst of between 0 and 20%. by weight, preferably between 0 and 10% by weight, more preferably between 0.01 and 5% by weight.
• the optional addition of at least one halogen may be carried out so as to obtain a halogen content in the catalyst of between 0 and 0.2% by weight.
• the solid or suspension obtained is subjected to an activation treatment with hydrogen, at a temperature below 600 ° C., preferably below 400 ° C., or at 100 ° C. C, preferably less than 80 0 C or better at 50 ° C.
• this processing can take place before said additions or after said additions.
• the invention thus makes it possible to produce solid materials containing anisotropic metal nanoparticles, as well as suspensions containing said particles.
• these materials or slurry generally at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, still more preferably at least 90% by weight of the metals of groups 8 to 10 is in the form of anisotropic metal nanoparticles.
• the nanoparticles obtained by the method of the invention may have a rod-like morphology, son or even a tubular morphology, solid or hollow tubes.
• the metal nanoparticles of the catalyst obtained by the method of the invention can also have a cylindrical morphology that can be defined by a length-to-width ratio.
• the length-to-width ratio can be equal to 5 or 10, which corresponds to a form factor equal to approximately 0.43 and 0.25, respectively.
• the metal content of groups 8 to 10 is preferably between 0.01 and 50% by weight, preferably between 0 and 50% by weight. , 01 and 35% by weight.
• the process according to the invention is applicable for the metal contents normally used.
• anisotropic metal nanoparticles and the products containing them obtained by the process according to the invention can advantageously be used as catalysts.
• the solid materials comprising a support and anisotropic metal nanoparticles obtained by the process according to the invention can also be used as absorbents or in separation membranes.
• the invention also relates to a process for the separation or adsorption of molecules, the storage of gas with said materials.
• the catalyst (preferably in supported form) obtained by the method of the invention is used for the catalytic conversion of organic molecules.
• Such uses are generally encountered in the field of refining and petrochemistry. These are, for example, catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons, total or selective hydrogenation, dehydrocyclization, dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, or total or selective oxidation of carbon monoxide.
• the catalysts can be used, for all the mentioned methods of catalytic transformation of organic molecules, under the operating conditions, and with the feedstocks to be treated which are those of conventional processes. Some indications are given below.
• the separation uses can implement dense metal membranes using the intrinsic properties of certain metals, such as the dissolution and diffusion of molecules, such as hydrogen or oxygen, in their metal network and thus allow the purification of fluxes. gaseous, as described in Japanese Patent Application JP2002153740.
• a membrane purification unit will be operated at a temperature of between 300 ° C. and 600 ° C., and at a pressure of between 0.6 and 2 MPa for separating a gaseous effluent that is hydrogen.
• very high purity generally greater than 95% and preferably greater than 99%.
• Uses related to gas storage can also use metal systems using the adsorption capabilities of multimetal formulations, as described in International Patent Application WO2004027102.
• the storage of hydrogen can be carried out at a pressure in H2 of between 0 and 10 atms, at a temperature between 0 and 100 ° C.
• Catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons is generally intended to produce a high octane fuel using platinum catalysts, as described in US Pat. No. 5,562,817 or US Pat. US6315892).
• the catalyst can also be used for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons.
• the temperature is generally between 400 ° C. and 600 ° C., preferably 480 ° C. to 580 ° C. and the pressure between 0.1 and 3.5 MPa, preferably 0.2 and 1.8 MPa, for a space velocity of 0.1 and 10 volumes. of liquid charge per volume of catalyst, with a ratio H2 / hydrocarbons between 1 and 20, preferably 1 to 6.
• the selective hydrogenation is generally intended to purify the effluents of a steam cracker or catalytic cracker using palladium catalysts as described in W. K. Lam, L. Lloyd, OI & Gas Journal, p.
• EP0899012 for the selective hydrogenation of diolefins or acetylenics.
• the conditions generally used for this type of transformation are an average temperature of between 25 and 200 ° C., a pressure of between 0.1 and 10 MPa and a molar ratio of hydrogen on hydrocarbons of between 1 and 150.
• the reaction is carried out at an average temperature of between 10 and 400 ° C. and at a pressure of between 0.1 and 10 MPa.
• the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is intended to produce higher hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
• the oxidation reactions of carbon monoxide are intended to purify gaseous effluents containing carbon monoxide, possibly in the presence of other compounds such as hydrogen.
• the total oxidation reaction of CO can be carried out at a high temperature of between 350 ° C. and 550 ° C.
• the total pressure of the CO conversion unit at high temperature will be between 0.6 and 2 MPa.
• the oxidation reaction of CO can be carried out at a low temperature of between 180 ° C. and 260 ° C.
• the total pressure of the CO conversion section at low temperature will be between 0.6 and 2 MPa relative.
• the CO selective oxidation reaction is carried out for total pressures between atmospheric pressure and 50 bar, preferably between atmospheric pressure and 20 bar, even more preferably between atmospheric pressure and 10 bar.
• the temperature is between 20 and 200 ° C., preferably between 50 and 150 ° C., more preferably between 70 and 130 ° C.
• the molar ratio CO / O 2 is between 0.5 and 5, preferably between 1 and 4.
• the ratio CO: H2 weight is between 0.5: 50 and 5:50, preferably between 1:50 and 3:50.
• Dehydrocyclization generally takes place at pressures of 0.1 to 4 MPa (preferably 0.3-0.8 MPa for regenerative reforming and for the production process of aromatics, 0.02-2 MPa for dehydrogenation paraffins C3-C22), 300-800 ° C. (preferably 400-700 ° C. and preferably 480-600 ° C. for the regenerative reforming and for the process for the production of aromatics, 400-550 ° C.
• space velocities of 0.1 to 10 h -1 and preferably 1-4 h -1 and with variable H2 / hydrocarbon ratios (recycled hydrogen / hydrocarbons (mol) of 0.1 to And preferably 3-10, and more particularly 3-4 in the first reactor used for regenerative reforming and 4-6 for the aromatic production process, H2 / hydrocarbons of 10-100 liter of hydrocarbons per liter of catalyst and per hour for the dehydrogenation of C3-C22 paraffins).
• the method of producing nanoparticles according to the invention is illustrated in the following examples.
• the performance of the catalysts comprising nanoparticles obtained directly by the method of the invention are compared with those of the catalysts obtained by methods of the prior art. These examples are illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention.
• the morphology of the nanoparticles of the catalysts used in the context of these examples were the subject of a characterization by Transmission Electron Microscopy.
• the electron microscope used was Jeol model 2010 ⁇ marketed by JEOL This microscope model has an acceleration voltage of 200 kV, a spatial resolution of 0.2 nm and a limit of detection of supported metallic particles of the order 0.7 nm.
• the form factor F is determined using the IMAGIST ⁇ image processing software developed by "Image Processing and Analysis, Princeton Gamma Tech".
• the catalyst samples were prepared by following a procedure including dissolution in ethanol, deposition of a drop of solution on the analysis grid, drying and drying. introducing said grid into the microscope.
• the nanoparticles thus formed have an average form factor F equal to
• the anisotropic nanoparticles supported on alumina thus formed have 50% rods (form factor ⁇ 0.7), 25% polyhedra, 20% tetrahedra and 5% cubes.
• the average form factor F of the supported nanoparticles is 0.50.
• Catalyst B thus prepared contains 0.3% by weight of platinum.
• Example 3 Synthesis of Anisotropic Nanoparticles of Supported Cobalt (Catalyst C. According to the Invention According to Embodiment a2)
• the anisotropic nanoparticles of cobalt were deposited on an alumina.
• the anisotropic nanoparticles supported on alumina thus formed have 65% rods (form factor ⁇ 0.7), 15% polyhedra, 10% tetrahedra and 10% cubes.
• the average form factor F is 0.55.
• Catalyst C thus prepared contains 5% by weight of cobalt.
• An alumina-supported Pd catalyst containing isotropic Pd particles was prepared by excess impregnation of a toluene solution containing the Pd (acac) 2 precursor. The catalyst was then dried overnight at 120 ° C. and calcined under air at 35 ° C. for 2 hours.
• Catalyst D thus prepared contains 0.3% by weight of palladium.
• the size of the supported particles is between 2 and 5 nm, their morphology observed in Transmission electron microscopy is spherical, with a form factor F equal to 1.
• An alumina supported platinum catalyst containing isotropic platinum particles was prepared by excess impregnation of a toluene solution containing the precursor Pt (acac) 2 . The catalyst was then dried overnight at 120 ° C. and calcined under air at 35 ° C. for 2 hours.
• Catalyst E thus prepared contains 0.3% by weight of Pt.
• the size of the supported particles is between 2 and 5 nm, their morphology observed in transmission electron microscopy is of spherical type, with a form factor F equal to 1.
• a cobalt-based catalyst supported on an alumina comprising isotropic cobalt particles was prepared by dry impregnation of a solution of Co (NO 3 ) 2 , drying overnight at 120 ° C. and calcining at 200 ° C.
• Catalyst F thus prepared comprises 5% by weight of cobalt.
• the size of the particles is between 3 and 9 nm with a spherical morphology, with an average form factor, F, equal to 1.
• a solution of palladium nitrate are prepared by diluting 1.3 g of a solution of palladium nitrate containing 7.8% by weight of palladium.
• 50 ml of a sodium hydroxide solution are prepared by dilution of
• This solid G1 is then transferred to the air, at room temperature, in 300 ml of an aqueous solution containing 0.3 g of sodium tetrachloropalladate, 26.4 g of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 0.96 g of ascorbic acid.
• the pH is brought to 11 by adding 5N sodium hydroxide. This solution is stirred for 24 hours.
• the solution is filtered.
• Catalyst G thus prepared is dried overnight at 30 ° C. It contains 0.3% Pd.
• the anisotropic nanoparticles thus formed have 70% rods, 20% polyhedra, 10% cubes, and the nanoparticles thus formed have an average form factor F equal to 0.45.
• the anisotropic nanoparticles supported on alumina thus formed have 40% rods (form factor ⁇ 0.7), 35% polyhedra, 10% tetrahedra and 15% cubes.
• the average form factor F of the supported nanoparticles is equal to 0.64.
• the catalyst was then dried overnight at 30 ° C.
• the catalyst H thus prepared contains 0.3% by weight of palladium.
• aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution of concentration 0.08 mol / l were added to an aqueous solution of 50 ml of K 2 PtCl 4 .3H 2 O of concentration 10 -3 mol / l.
• 700 ⁇ l of a solution of ascorbic acid with a concentration of 0.08 mol / l were then added dropwise, as well as 112 ⁇ l of 0.5 N NaOH.
• B 60 ⁇ l of solution A then had been added. The solution went black after 6 hours.
• the anisotropic nanoparticles thus formed have 65% rods (form factor ⁇ 0.7), 25% polyhedra, 5% tetrahedra and 5% cubes, the nanoparticles thus formed having an average form factor F equal to 0, 47.
• An electron microscopic photograph of these nanoparticles is given in Figure 1. After centrifugation, the anisotropic platinum nanoparticles obtained were deposited on an alumina. The catalyst was then dried overnight at 30 ° C. Catalyst I thus prepared contains 0.3% by weight of platinum.
• the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene was carried out in the liquid phase (n-heptane) in a perfectly stirred batch reactor of the "Grignard" type under a constant pressure of 2 MPa of hydrogen and a thermostatically controlled temperature of 17 ° C.
• the products of the reaction were analyzed by gas chromatography. Catalytic activities, expressed in moles of H 2 per minute and per gram of metal, were determined by monitoring the pressure drop. These activities are reported in Table 1.
• the 1-butene selectivities were measured at 80% conversion of 1,3-butadiene.
• the catalysts A, B, G, H, I were previously treated in hydrogen at 50 ° C.
• the catalyst D is pretreated beforehand with hydrogen at 200 ° C.
• the catalyst E is pretreated beforehand with hydrogen at 550 ° C. .
• Table 1 Activities and Selectivities Measured in Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene Catalysts A and G, the metal particles of which have an average form factor F equal to 0.54 and 0.45 respectively, have a catalytic activity in hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene (expressed per gram of palladium) greater than that of catalyst D which presents isotropic metal particles with a form factor F equal to 1 and that of catalyst H which has anisotropic particles having an average form factor F equal to 0.64.
• Catalysts B and I the metal particles of which have an average form factor F equal to 0.50 and 0.47 respectively, have a catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene (expressed per gram of platinum) and a selectivity to 1-butene. greater than those of catalyst E which has isotropic metal particles with a form factor F equal to 1.
• the catalytic activities expressed in terms of carbon monoxide conversion are reported in Table 2 below. Before the catalytic test, the catalyst C is treated in hydrogen at 100 0 C 1 Catalyst F is treated in hydrogen at 400 0 C.
• Table 2 Activities and selectivities measured in conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons
• the catalyst C whose metal particles have an average form factor F equal to 0.55, has a higher selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons than that observed for the catalyst F, the metal particles of which are isotropic with an average form factor F equal to 1.
• Table 3 Activities and Selectivities Measured in Catalan Reforming Catalyst B, whose metal particles have an average form factor F equal to 0.50, makes it possible to improve the yield of aromatics with respect to catalyst E having isotropic metal particles.
• the dehydrogenation reaction of C10 to C14 paraffins was carried out in a crossed-bed reactor, at 450 ° C., under a pressure of 0.29 MPa, with a hydrogen-to-hydrocarbon molar ratio of 6, a WH of 20 h -1 .
• An intake of 2000 ppm of water was maintained throughout the test.
• Catalysts B and E have undergone, prior to the test, the following preparation steps:
• the catalyst was dried and then again dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water whose pH was adjusted to 1.3 by addition of nitric acid containing 3.45 g of lithium nitrate. The suspension was stirred for 3 hours.
• the catalysts were dried at 100 ° C. for 2 hours under air
• Catalyst B is then treated under hydrogen at 100 ° C.
• catalyst E is treated under hydrogen at 550 ° C.
• catalyst B whose metal particles have a mean form factor, F, equal to 0.50 makes it possible to obtain a higher olefin yield and a yield of aromatics lower than those obtained. with catalyst E which has isotropic metal particles.
• the selective oxidation reaction of the carbon monoxide was carried out in a crossed-bed reactor, at atmospheric pressure, at temperatures of between 70 and 130 ° C.
• the catalytic performances are given in Table 5 below.
• Table 5 Measured activities in selective oxidation of carbon monoxide at 100 ° C. The selectivity measured for the oxygen conversion of catalyst B, whose metal particles have an average form factor F equal to 0.50, is greater than that measured for catalyst E which has isotropic metal particles.
• the hydrogen storage capacity test was carried out on a Rubotherm pressure thermobalance, which makes it possible to monitor the hydrogen absorption kinetics in a temperature range of between 20 and 1000 ° C. and a pressure of between 1 and 50 bar. .
• the catalyst tested was placed in the measuring nacelle, the reactor was then purged by evacuating and sweeping hydrogen and then pressurized with hydrogen. The thermal cycles were then performed to determine hydrogen adsorption (hydriding) and desorbing (decomposition) kinetics.
• the hydrogen adsorption capacity measured for catalyst A whose metal particles have a form factor equal to 0.54 is greater than the hydrogen adsorption capacity measured for catalyst D whose metal particles have a factor of forma equal to 1.

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• 2005
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  • 2006-11-14 JP JP2008540649A patent/JP5563221B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2006-11-14 CN CN200680042364XA patent/CN101309768B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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