WO2006095462A1 - 変性ポリビニルアルコールおよびその製造方法 - Google Patents
変性ポリビニルアルコールおよびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006095462A1 WO2006095462A1 PCT/JP2005/015684 JP2005015684W WO2006095462A1 WO 2006095462 A1 WO2006095462 A1 WO 2006095462A1 JP 2005015684 W JP2005015684 W JP 2005015684W WO 2006095462 A1 WO2006095462 A1 WO 2006095462A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen atom
- alkyl group
- polyvinyl alcohol
- integer
- metal atom
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/04—Anhydrides, e.g. cyclic anhydrides
- C08F222/06—Maleic anhydride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F216/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
- C08F216/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical by an alcohol radical
- C08F216/04—Acyclic compounds
- C08F216/06—Polyvinyl alcohol ; Vinyl alcohol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F290/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/44—Preparation of metal salts or ammonium salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/10—Esters
- C08F222/12—Esters of phenols or saturated alcohols
- C08F222/14—Esters having no free carboxylic acid groups, e.g. dialkyl maleates or fumarates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2810/00—Chemical modification of a polymer
- C08F2810/50—Chemical modification of a polymer wherein the polymer is a copolymer and the modification is taking place only on one or more of the monomers present in minority
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a modified polybutyl alcohol having a double bond derived from a specific monomer in the main chain and a method for producing the same.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PVA or modified PVA is post-modified with a reactive molecule containing a polymerizable double bond (post — Modification)
- PVA side chain a reactive molecule containing a polymerizable double bond
- Patent Document 1 a reactive molecule containing a polymerizable double bond
- Patent Document 2 polybule ester systems having protected ethylenically unsaturated double bonds
- Patent Document 2 those obtained by removing the protection after obtaining the copolymer
- aldehydes as chain transfer agents
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 04-283749
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-072720
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-250695
- An object of the present invention is to provide a modified PVA having an unsaturated double derived from a specific monomer in the main chain in the molecule, and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention solves the above problems through a saponification reaction of a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a specific monomer.
- the present invention is a modified PVA having a bond unit represented by the following general formula (1) in the molecular main chain.
- Absorbance at 270 nm according to the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of 0.2% by weight aqueous solution, methanol solution or water / methanol mixed solution of lucid modified PVA is preferably 0.05 or more, particularly preferably 0.10 or more. is there.
- unmodified polybulal The amount of coal is preferably 25% by mass or less, particularly preferably 20% by mass or less.
- XI and X2 represent a lower alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a hydrogen atom or a metal atom such as sodium or potassium.
- G represents an integer of 0 to 3 H represents an integer of 0 to 12, preferably 0 to 3.
- Y1 represents a hydrogen atom or —COOM
- M represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a metal atom such as sodium or potassium.
- a novel modified PVA represented by the general formula (1) described above having an unsaturated double derived from a specific monomer in the main chain in the molecule can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram comparing the ultraviolet absorption spectra of Examples 2 and 4 with the ultraviolet absorption spectra of conventional aldehyde-modified PVA.
- the modified PVA represented by the general formula (1) of the present invention is an ethylenically unsaturated double bond. Is obtained by copolymerizing a monomer having a butyl ester and a monomer having a butyl ester unit, followed by saponification to obtain a carboxylic group-containing polybulal alcohol, washing and drying. Randomly introduce unsaturated double bonds originating from carboxyl groups
- the monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond those represented by the general formula (3) can be preferably used.
- X3 and X4 represent a lower alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom.
- I represents an integer of 0 to 12.
- Y2 represents a hydrogen atom or —COOM.
- M represents a hydrogen atom. Represents an alkyl group or a metal atom.
- Examples of this monomer include dimethyl maleate and jetyl maleate.
- a monomer represented by the following general formula (4) can also be used favorably.
- C C (In the formula, X5 and X6 represent a lower alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom. J represents an integer of 0 to 12. Y3 represents a hydrogen atom or -COOM. M represents a hydrogen atom. Represents an alkyl group or a metal atom.)
- Examples of this monomer include dimethyl fumarate, monoethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl citrus conc.
- the monomer represented by the following general formula (5) can also be suitably used.
- k represents an integer of 0 to 12.
- Y4 represents a hydrogen atom or —COOM.
- M represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a metal atom.
- Examples of the monomer include maleic anhydride and citrus sulfonic anhydride.
- the content (copolymerization amount) of the monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond in the modified PVA of the present invention is not particularly limited, but the amount of unsaturated double bonds in the molecule and the water solubility are determined. From the viewpoint of securing, 0.1 to 50 mol% is preferable, and 0.1 to 10 mol% is more preferable.
- the monomer having a butyl ester unit is not particularly limited, but vinyl formate, butyl acetate, butyl propionate, valerate, valinate, laurate, stearate, There are benzoic acid bull, pivalate bull, versatic acid bull and the like. If the polymerization can be performed stably, bull acetate is preferable.
- ethylene, propylene Olefins such as len, 1-butene and isobutene
- unsaturated acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, phthalic acid, maleic acid and itaconic acid or salts thereof, or monoalkyl esters or dialkyls having 1 to 18 carbon atoms
- Esters Acrylamide, N-alkyl acrylamide having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, N, N-dialkyl acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, 2-acrylamide propanesulfonic acid or its salt, acrylamide propyldimethylamine or its salt or its quaternary salt
- Acrylamides such as: methacrylamide, C1-C18 N-alkylmethacrylamide, N, N-dialkylmethacrylamide, diacetonemethacrylamide, 2-methacrylamidepropanesulfonic acid or its salts, methacrylamide Methacrylamides such as propyldimethylamine or a salt thereof or
- -Buridene chlorides such as vinylidene chloride, vinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, vinylidene bromide, vinylidene bromide, vinylidene bromide;
- Examples include aryl compounds such as ril alcohol and dimethyl aryl alcohol; butyl silyl compounds such as butyl methoxysilane; and isopropyl acetate.
- the amount of these copolymerizable monomers used is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.001 to 20 mol% based on the total monomers used.
- the number average molecular weight (hereinafter abbreviated as Mn) of the modified PVA is not particularly limited! /, Force
- Mn number average molecular weight
- the commonly used range of 1900-66500 is preferred.
- the range of 3800 to 28500 is more preferable from the viewpoint of improving the balance between water solubility and protective colloid properties.
- the method for polymerizing the monomer for obtaining the modified PVA of the present invention is not particularly limited, and a known polymerization method is used. Usually, solution polymerization using alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol as a solvent is carried out. Balta polymerization, emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization can also be performed. In vigorous solution polymerization, monomers that can be used for continuous polymerization or batch polymerization may be charged separately, or may be charged all at once, or may be added continuously or intermittently. ,. [0019] The polymerization initiator used in the solution polymerization is not particularly limited.
- azobisisoptyronitrile azobis-1,2,4-dimethylpalaronitrile
- azobis (4-methoxy-2,4 dimethylpalarene) are not particularly limited.
- Peroxyl such as acetylyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, acetyl cyclohexylsulfur peroxide, 2,4,4 trimethylpentyl-2-peroxyphenoxyacetate, etc.
- Parkin carbonate compounds such as diisopropylpropyloxycarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyloxydicarbonate, and methoxetinoreperoxydicarbonate; t-butylperoxyneodecanoate, a Tamilperoxyneo Personal treatments such as decanate and t-butyl peroxyneodecanate
- a known radical polymerization initiator such as azobisdimethylvalero-tolyl or azobismethoxyvalero-tolyl can be used.
- the polymerization reaction temperature is usually selected from the range of about 30 ° C to 90 ° C.
- Kenji is a solution in which a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing monomers is dissolved in alcohol, and an ester in the molecule is hydrolyzed in the presence of an alkali catalyst or an acid catalyst.
- an alkali catalyst for example, methanol, ethanol, butanol or the like is used.
- the concentration of the copolymer in the alcohol is not particularly limited, but is selected in the range of 10 to 80% by weight.
- the alkali catalyst include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, potassium methylate, and alkali catalysts such as alcoholate. it can.
- an inorganic acid aqueous solution such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, or an organic acid such as p-toluenesulfonic acid can be used.
- These catalysts are preferably used in an amount of 1 to: LOO mmol equivalent to the copolymer.
- the saponification temperature is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 10 to 70 ° C, preferably 30 to 40 ° C.
- the reaction time is not particularly limited, but the reaction is carried out for 30 minutes to 3 hours.
- the absorbance of the modified polybulal alcohol is not particularly limited, but the absorbance power of 270 nm according to the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of 0.2% by mass of an aqueous solution, a methanol solution or a water-methanol mixed solution is preferably 0.05. Above, particularly preferably 0.10 or more is suitable. This absorbance is based on the amount of catalyst used in the saponification process, the saponification time, and the saponification temperature. It can be adjusted to any value by changing the degree.
- the modified PVA of the present invention is derived from the structure of the following general formula (2) and has a peak included in the range of 265 to 275 nm at the center of 270 nm. A comparison chart is shown in (Fig. 1).
- the degree of saponification of the modified polybutyl alcohol of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30 to 99.9 mol%, particularly preferably from the viewpoint of generating a sufficient unsaturated double bond. ⁇ or 40.0 to 99.0 Monore 0/0 force by! ⁇ .
- a polymerization vessel was charged with 17 parts of butyl acetate, 14 parts of methanol, 0.023 part of dimethyl maleate, and 0.10% of azobisisobutyl-tolyl with respect to vinyl acetate. After nitrogen substitution, heat to warm to boiling point, and further, 6 parts of butyl acetate, 5 parts of methanol and dimethyl maleate 0 207 parts of the mixed solution was continuously added until the polymerization rate reached 75%, and polymerization was performed. When the polymerization rate reached 90%, the polymerization was stopped. Next, unpolymerized vinyl acetate was removed by a conventional method, and the resulting polymer was saponified with sodium hydroxide by a conventional method.
- the Ken degree of the modified PVA was measured according to JIS K 6276 “3.5 degree of saponification”.
- the molecular weight of the denatured PVA was determined by measuring the sample concentration of 0.25 wZv% aqueous solution at 40 ° C using GPC and calculating Mn in terms of standard polyethylene glycol.
- the content of unmodified PVA can be determined by thoroughly clarifying the modified PVA in methanol with an alkali catalyst, adjusting the Soxhlet-extracted sample to a 0.01 wZv% aqueous solution, and using ion-exclusion HPLC for IR detection. It was calculated by the area ratio of the vessel.
- the absorbance at 270 nm was prepared by adjusting denatured PVA to a 0.2 mass% aqueous solution and measuring the absorbance at 270 nm of ultraviolet light.
- a photopolymerization initiator Irgacure 2959; manufactured by Nagase Sangyo Co., Ltd.
- the temperature inside the polymerization vessel was raised to 80 ° C., and 207 parts of methyl methacrylate and 207 parts of hexyl acrylate were continuously added over 3 hours. After completion of the continuous addition, 0.05 g of ammonium persulfate was added, and an aging reaction was carried out for 1 hour to complete the polymerization.
- the physical properties of the obtained acrylic resin emulsion were measured according to the following methods.
- the viscosity was measured at 4 rpm using a BH viscometer (rotor No. 6 or No. 7).
- the modified PVA of the present invention can be easily cured with energy rays such as ultraviolet rays and electron beams, if necessary, in combination with a photoinitiator, a polymerizable monomer or the like.
- the modified PVA of the present invention is a paint, ink, adhesive, printing plate, etching resist, solder resist, dispersant during suspension polymerization, protective colloid agent during vinyl acetate polymerization, and acrylic emulsion polymerization. It can be used effectively as a protective colloid agent for styrene emulsion polymerization.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05775140A EP1857473B1 (en) | 2005-03-08 | 2005-08-29 | Modified polyvinyl alcohol and process for producing the same |
JP2007506983A JP5543687B2 (ja) | 2005-03-08 | 2005-08-29 | 変性ポリビニルアルコールおよびその製造方法 |
US11/816,791 US10005867B2 (en) | 2005-03-08 | 2005-08-29 | Modified polyvinyl alcohol and process for producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005063395 | 2005-03-08 | ||
JP2005-063395 | 2005-03-08 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006095462A1 true WO2006095462A1 (ja) | 2006-09-14 |
Family
ID=36953068
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2005/015684 WO2006095462A1 (ja) | 2005-03-08 | 2005-08-29 | 変性ポリビニルアルコールおよびその製造方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10005867B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1857473B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5543687B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101213523B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101137679A (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2367362T3 (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI415863B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006095462A1 (ja) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007072152A (ja) * | 2005-09-07 | 2007-03-22 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 感光性樹脂組成物ならびにその用途 |
JP2008116854A (ja) * | 2006-11-07 | 2008-05-22 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 感光性組成物及びその用途 |
JP2009108218A (ja) * | 2007-10-31 | 2009-05-21 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 重合用分散剤、これを用いた塩化ビニル系樹脂の製造方法、塩化ビニル系樹脂並びに成形加工品 |
JP2010202840A (ja) * | 2009-03-06 | 2010-09-16 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 変性ポリビニルアルコールおよびその製造方法 |
US20100324198A1 (en) * | 2007-02-07 | 2010-12-23 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization of vinyl compound and method of producing vinyl compound polymer |
WO2014171502A1 (ja) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-10-23 | 株式会社クラレ | ビニルアルコール系共重合体及びその製造方法 |
JP2019112541A (ja) * | 2017-12-25 | 2019-07-11 | 株式会社クラレ | 水性エマルジョン組成物用分散安定剤 |
WO2023162603A1 (ja) | 2022-02-22 | 2023-08-31 | デンカ株式会社 | 変性ビニルアルコール系重合体及びその製造方法、懸濁重合用分散安定剤、並びにビニル系樹脂の製造方法 |
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KR20140012068A (ko) * | 2011-02-21 | 2014-01-29 | 덴끼 가가꾸 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 현탁중합용 분산제, 염화비닐계 수지 및 그 제조방법 |
JP7149537B2 (ja) * | 2017-07-11 | 2022-10-07 | 株式会社クラレ | ポリビニルアルコール及びポリビニルアルコールの製造方法 |
KR102405288B1 (ko) | 2019-01-22 | 2022-06-07 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 비닐 알코올계 공중합체, 이의 제조 방법 및 이를 포함하는 기체 차단성 필름 |
US11945943B2 (en) | 2019-08-23 | 2024-04-02 | Desktop Metal, Inc. | Binder composition for additive manufacturing |
US12023733B2 (en) | 2019-10-21 | 2024-07-02 | Desktop Metal, Inc. | Binder compositions for additive manufacturing comprising low molecular weight polymers including acrylic acid repeat units |
US20210162502A1 (en) * | 2019-12-03 | 2021-06-03 | Desktop Metal, Inc. | Additive manufacturing techniques using noble metals and/or copper metal and related methods and compositions |
CN111408277B (zh) * | 2020-03-11 | 2022-02-18 | 宁波水艺膜科技发展有限公司 | 一种超亲水聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜的快速交联制备方法 |
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- 2005-08-29 CN CNA2005800489322A patent/CN101137679A/zh active Pending
- 2005-08-29 ES ES05775140T patent/ES2367362T3/es active Active
- 2005-08-29 JP JP2007506983A patent/JP5543687B2/ja active Active
- 2005-08-29 EP EP05775140A patent/EP1857473B1/en active Active
- 2005-08-29 US US11/816,791 patent/US10005867B2/en active Active
- 2005-08-29 KR KR1020077016914A patent/KR101213523B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2005-08-29 WO PCT/JP2005/015684 patent/WO2006095462A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-09-06 TW TW094130557A patent/TWI415863B/zh active
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Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007072152A (ja) * | 2005-09-07 | 2007-03-22 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 感光性樹脂組成物ならびにその用途 |
JP2008116854A (ja) * | 2006-11-07 | 2008-05-22 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 感光性組成物及びその用途 |
US20100324198A1 (en) * | 2007-02-07 | 2010-12-23 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization of vinyl compound and method of producing vinyl compound polymer |
JP2009108218A (ja) * | 2007-10-31 | 2009-05-21 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 重合用分散剤、これを用いた塩化ビニル系樹脂の製造方法、塩化ビニル系樹脂並びに成形加工品 |
JP2010202840A (ja) * | 2009-03-06 | 2010-09-16 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 変性ポリビニルアルコールおよびその製造方法 |
WO2014171502A1 (ja) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-10-23 | 株式会社クラレ | ビニルアルコール系共重合体及びその製造方法 |
US9951161B2 (en) | 2013-04-19 | 2018-04-24 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Vinyl alcohol copolymer and method for producing same |
CN108047372A (zh) * | 2013-04-19 | 2018-05-18 | 株式会社可乐丽 | 乙烯醇系共聚物及其制造方法 |
US10717797B2 (en) | 2013-04-19 | 2020-07-21 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Vinyl alcohol copolymer and method for producing same |
JP2019112541A (ja) * | 2017-12-25 | 2019-07-11 | 株式会社クラレ | 水性エマルジョン組成物用分散安定剤 |
WO2023162603A1 (ja) | 2022-02-22 | 2023-08-31 | デンカ株式会社 | 変性ビニルアルコール系重合体及びその製造方法、懸濁重合用分散安定剤、並びにビニル系樹脂の製造方法 |
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CN101137679A (zh) | 2008-03-05 |
EP1857473A1 (en) | 2007-11-21 |
EP1857473B1 (en) | 2011-07-27 |
EP1857473A4 (en) | 2009-04-15 |
JP5543687B2 (ja) | 2014-07-09 |
KR101213523B1 (ko) | 2012-12-18 |
KR20070114707A (ko) | 2007-12-04 |
US20080214764A1 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
TW200631966A (en) | 2006-09-16 |
JPWO2006095462A1 (ja) | 2008-08-14 |
ES2367362T3 (es) | 2011-11-02 |
US10005867B2 (en) | 2018-06-26 |
TWI415863B (zh) | 2013-11-21 |
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