Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/22—Esters containing halogen
  • C08F220/24—Esters containing halogen containing perhaloalkyl radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
  • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08G65/321—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with inorganic compounds
  • C08G65/323—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with inorganic compounds containing halogens
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
  • C08G65/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers only
  • C08G65/22—Cyclic ethers having at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen outside the ring
  • C08G65/223—Cyclic ethers having at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen outside the ring containing halogens
  • C08G65/226—Cyclic ethers having at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen outside the ring containing halogens containing fluorine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
  • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08G65/321—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with inorganic compounds
  • C08G65/328—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with inorganic compounds containing other elements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
  • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds

Definitions

• Fluorinated polyethers for example, perfluoropolyethers
• fluorinated polyethers have been incorporated into various protective coatings to provide one or more of low refractive index, cleanability, durability, and scratch resistance.
• Many fluorinated polyethers that have been incorporated in coatings tend to diffuse to the surface of the coatings and may become depleted over time, for example, by repeated cleaning of the surface of the protective coating.
• Fluorinated polyethers having reactive groups have been incorporated in coatings to address the problem of diffusion, however many such methods are laborious and/or are not versatile. There remains a continuing need for materials and methods that allow incorporation of fluorinated polyethers into protective coatings, such that the fluorinated polyethers are not prone to depletion over time.
• the present invention relates to a polymerizable composition
• each Rf independently represents a fluorinated alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• each x independently represents an integer greater than or equal to 2
• each Q independently represents -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-, -CF 2 CF 2 -, -CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 -, -CF 2 CF(CF 3 )-, -CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -, -CF 2 CF 2 CH 2
• each Rl independently represents an alkylene, aralkylene, or heteroalkylene group
• each R3 independently represents H, F, or methyl
• each y and z independently represents an integer greater than or equal to 1
• each M represents a polyvalent organic group having a valence of y + z
• X represents a polyvalent organic group having a valence of b
• b represent an integer greater than or equal to 2.
• the present invention relates to a polymerizable composition
• a polymerizable composition comprising at least one compound preparable by Michael-type addition of a reactive fluorinated polyether with a poly(meth)acryl compound.
• polymerizable compositions of the present invention further comprise at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer.
• the present invention provides a method of making a polymerizable composition comprising combining: a reactive fluorinated polyether; and a poly(meth)acryl compound under conditions sufficient to form a Michael-type adduct thereof, wherein the polymerizable compound has at least one acryl group.
• Methods according to the present invention are typically relatively easy to carry out, and may be used to prepare a wide range of polymerizable compounds having fluorinated polyether moieties, for example, from commercially available starting materials.
• polymerizable compositions according to the present invention are coated on a substrate and at least partially polymerized to form a protective coating.
• the present invention provides a composite article comprising a substrate having on at least a portion thereof an antisoiling composition preparable by at least partially polymerizing a polymerizable composition, the polymerizable composition comprising a compound preparable by Michael-type addition of a reactive fluorinated polyether with a poly(meth)acryl compound.
• composite articles according to the present invention comprise an information display protector comprising a flexible membrane having opposed first and second surfaces, wherein an adhesive layer is supported on the first surface, wherein a hardcoat layer is supported on the second surface, and wherein a layer of the antisoiling composition is supported on the hardcoat layer.
• heteroalkylene group includes both substituted and unsubstituted heteroalkylene groups
• (meth)acryl includes both acryl and methacryl groups
• poly(meth)acryl compound includes compounds having a plurality of (meth)acryl groups
• reactive fluorinated polyether refers to a fluorinated polyether having at least one -NH2 or -NR 2 H group, wherein R 2 is as defined herein above
• Michael-type addition refers to an addition reaction as generally shown below:
• FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a composite article according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of an information display protector according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
• compositions according to the present invention comprise at least one compound having one or more fluorinated polyether moieties bonded to one or more polymerizable (meth)acryl groups.
• such compounds are generally preparable by Michael-type addition of a reactive fluorinated polyether to a compound having a plurality of (meth)acryl groups, of which plurality at least one is an acryl group.
• Michael-type addition of a reactive fluorinated polyether to a compound having a plurality of (meth)acryl groups, of which plurality at least one is an acryl group.
• Michael-type addition typically occurs easily with acryl groups (for example, mere combination of a reactive fluorinated polyether with a compound having an acryl group, optionally with mild heating, typically, although not necessarily, results in spontaneous Michael-type addition), but may occur only with difficulty if at all, in the case of methacryl groups.
• the poly(meth)acryl compound typically has at least one acryl group (for example, as part of acryloxy or acrylamido functionality), although the poly(meth)acryl compound may also have additional (meth)acryl groups (for example, as part of methacrylate or methacrylamido functionality).
• Acid or base catalyst may be added to facilitate reaction of the reactive fluorinated polyether with the poly(meth)acryl compound.
• Useful acid catalysts include, for example,
• Useful base catalysts include, for example, non-nucleophilic tertiary amines (for example, N,N,N',N'- tetramethyl-l,8-naphthalenediamine; l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; 1,5- diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene).
• non-nucleophilic tertiary amines for example, N,N,N',N'- tetramethyl-l,8-naphthalenediamine; l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; 1,5- diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene.
• Useful poly(meth)acryl compounds include, for example, (meth)acrylate monomers selected from the group consisting of (a) di(meth)acryl containing compounds such as 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol monoacrylate monomethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, alkoxylated aliphatic diacrylate, alkoxylated cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate, alkoxylated hexanediol diacrylate, alkoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate diacrylate, cyclohexanedimethanol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glyco
• Useful (meth)acrylate materials include hydantoin moiety-containing poly(meth)acrylates, for example, as described in U.S. 4,262,072 (Wendling et al.).
• Useful poly(meth)acryl compounds also include, for example, free-radically polymerizable (meth)acrylate oligomers and polymers having pendant (meth)acryl groups wherein at least one of the (meth)acryl groups is an acryl group.
• Useful (meth)acrylate oligomers include (meth)acrylated polyether and polyester oligomers.
• acrylated polyether oligomers examples include polyethylene glycol diacrylates available, for example, under the trade designations "SR259” and “SR344" from Sartomer Company.
• Acrylated polyester oligomers are available, for example, under the trade designations "EBECRYL 657” and “EBECRYL 830” from UCB Chemicals Corporation.
• Other useful (meth)acrylate oligomers include (meth)acrylated epoxies, for example, diacrylated esters of epoxy-functional materials (for example, diacrylated esters of bisphenol A epoxy-functional material) and (meth)acrylated urethanes.
• Useful (meth)acrylated epoxies include, for example, acrylated epoxies available under the trade designations "EBECRYL 3500", “EBECRYL 3600”, “EBECRYL 3700", and “EBECRYL 3720" from UCB Chemicals Corporation.
• Useful (meth)acrylated urethanes include, for example, acrylated urethanes available under the trade designations "EBECRYL 270", “EBECRYL 1290", “EBECRYL 8301”, and “EBECRYL 8804" from UCB Chemicals Corporation.
• Rf independently represents a fluorinated alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Rf may be a partially fluorinated group such as - CF2CF2CH2-, -CH2CF2CH2-, or a perfluorinated alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-, -CF 2 CF 2 -, -CF2CF2CF2-, -CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -,
• -CF2CF(CF3)-or -(CF 2 )6- since each Rf is independently selected, -(RfO) x - may thus represent, for example, -(CF(CF3)CF 2 O)8-, -(CF 2 CF2 ⁇ ) 3 (CF(CF3)CF2 ⁇ )i2-, -(CF 2 CF 2 O) 2 (CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O)9 8 (CF 2 CF 2 O)-, etc.
• Each x independently represents an integer greater than or equal to 2. For example, x may be greater than 3 or greater than 4.
• Each of Z 1 , Z 2 , and z3 independently represents -S-, -O-, -NH-, or -NR 2 -.
• Each Rl independently represents an alkylene, aralkylene, or heteroalkylene group.
• each Rl may represent an alkylene, aralkylene or heteroalkylene group having from 1 or 2 carbon atoms up to 6, 8, 10, 12, or even 18 carbon atoms, and may have at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 catenary optionally-substituted heteroatoms (for example, -
• Examples include: -CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 CH NHCH 2 -,
• Each R3 independently represents H, F, or methyl.
• Each y and z independently represents an integer greater than or equal to 1. For example, y and/or z may be 1, 2, or 3.
• Each M independently represents a polyvalent organic group having a valence of y + z. In one embodiment, M may be a polyvalent organic group having a valence of at least 3. Examples of polyvalent groups M include 2,2-bis(ylomethyl)butan-l-yl; ethylene;
• Each X independently represents a polyvalent organic group having a valence of b, and b represents an integer greater than or equal to 2.
• X may be a perfluoroalkylenedioxy group comprising at least 3 perfluoroalkyleneoxy groups.
• Each b independently represents an integer greater than or equal to 2.
• Reactive fluorinated polyethers may be prepared, for example, by reaction of the corresponding fluorinated polyether ester (including fluorinated polyether multi-esters) or the corresponding fluorinated polyether acid halide (including fluorinated polyether multi- acid halides), typically an acid fluoride, with a nucleophilic compound such as, for example, an alkylenediamine which are either diprimary, disecondary, or mixed primary and secondary diamines, and higher polyamines (for example, triethylenetetramine).
• a nucleophilic compound such as, for example, an alkylenediamine which are either diprimary, disecondary, or mixed primary and secondary diamines, and higher polyamines (for example, triethylenetetramine).
• the stoichiometry should typically be adjusted such that the resultant reactive fluorinated polyether adduct has, on average, at least one nucleophilic group per molecule of reactive fluorinated polyether.
• useful reactive fluorinated polyethers are described by the formula F(RfO) x QZlRlNR 2 H or wherein Rf x, Q, Z 1 , Rl, R 2 . , and X are as previously defined hereinabove.
• polymerizable compositions according to the present invention may be prepared from reactive fluorinated polyethers by Michael-type addition to multifunctional acrylates, with or without the aid of a catalyst.
• polymerizable compositions according to the present invention may be prepared by reaction of a fluorinated polyether acid halide and a preformed Michael-type adduct having a polymerizable moiety and a free hydroxyl group such as, for example, the material obtained by reaction of an amino alcohol (for example, N-methylethanolamine) with a polyacrylate (for example, trimethylolpropane triacrylate).
• a fluorinated polyether acid halide and a preformed Michael-type adduct having a polymerizable moiety and a free hydroxyl group
• an amino alcohol for example, N-methylethanolamine
• a polyacrylate for example, trimethylolpropane triacrylate
• compositions according to the present invention will typically be prepared as a mixture (for example, a statistical mixture) of adducts, which may be used "as is” or further purified, for example, using conventional methods. Further details concerning the materials and procedures for the preparation of reactive fluorinated polyethers can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
• Polymerizable compositions according to the present invention may further comprise at least one additional free-radically polymerizable monomer.
• useful free-radically polymerizable monomers include, for example, styrene and substituted styrenes (for example, 1,4-divinylbenzene, alpha-methylstyrene); vinyl esters (for example, vinyl acetate); vinyl ethers (for example, butyl vinyl ether); N-vinyl compounds (for example, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinylcaprolactam); acrylamide and substituted acrylamides (for example, N,N-dialkylacrylamide); monofunctional
• (meth)acrylates for example, isooctyl (meth)acrylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate (meth)acrylate, isononyl (meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, butanediol mono(meth)acrylate, beta-carboxyethyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, dodecyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, hexyl (meth)
• Polymerizable compositions according to the present invention may also include additional polymerizable materials such as, for example, epoxy resin(s), polyisocyanates, and phenolic resins. Fluorinated (meth)acrylate compounds may also be included in polymerizable compositions of the present invention.
• fluorinated (meth)acrylate compounds include lH,lH-2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate, available from Sigma- Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri; lH,lH,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate and/or ⁇ -hydro- 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl acrylate, both available from Lancaster Synthesis,
• the amount of the Michael-type addition product may be less than or equal to 20 percent by weight, for example, less than or equal to 10 percent by weight or even less than or equal to 5 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition.
• the amount of Michael-type addition product in the polymerizable composition may be at least 50, 60, 70, or even 80 percent by weight, up to at least 95 percent by weight.
• polymerizable compositions according to the present invention may further comprise at least one free-radical thermal initiator and/or photoinitiator.
• such an initiator and/or photoinitiator comprises less than 10 percent by weight, more typically less than 5 percent of the polymerizable composition, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition.
• Free-radical curing techniques are well known in the art and include, for example, thermal curing methods as well as radiation curing methods such as electron beam or ultraviolet radiation. Further details concerning free radical thermal and photopolymerization techniques may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,233 (Grant et al.); 4,855,184 (Klun et al.); and 6,224,949 (Wright et al.).
• sensitizers such as 2-isopropylthioxanthone, commercially available from First Chemical Corporation, Pascagoula, Mississippi, may be used in conjunction with photoinitiator(s) such as, for example, "IRGACURE 369".
• photoinitiator(s) such as, for example, "IRGACURE 369”.
• Useful free-radical thermal initiators include, for example, azo, peroxide, persulfate, and redox initiators, and combinations thereof.
• Suitable azo initiators include, for example, 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4- dimethylvaleronitrile) (available under the trade designation "NAZO 33"), 2,2'-azobis(2- amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (available under the trade designation "NAZO 50"), 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (available under the trade designation "NAZO 52"), 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (available under the trade designation "NAZO 64"), 2,2'- azobis-2-methylbutyronitrile (available under the trade designation "NAZO 67”), and 1,1'- azobis(l-cyclohexanecarbonitrile) (available under the trade designation "VAZO 88”), all of which are available from E.I.
• Suitable peroxide initiators include, for example, benzoyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, decanoyl peroxide, dicetyl peroxydicarbonate, di(4-t- butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate (available under the trade designation "PERKADOX 16", from Akzo Chemicals, Chicago, Illinois), di(2-ethylhexyl) peroxydicarbonate, t- butylperoxypivalate (available under the trade designation "LUPERSOL 11", from
• Suitable persulfate initiators include, for example, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
• Suitable redox (oxidation-reduction) initiators include, for example, combinations of persulfate initiators with reducing agents including, for example, sodium metabisulfite and sodium bisulfite; systems based on organic peroxides and tertiary amines (for example, benzoyl peroxide plus dimethylaniline); and systems based on organic hydroperoxides and transition metals (for example, cumene hydroperoxide plus cobalt naphthenate).
• Useful free-radical photoinitiators include, for example, those known as useful in the UN cure of acrylate polymers.
• Such initiators include benzophenone and its derivatives (including acrylated benzophenones); benzoin, alpha-methylbenzoin, alpha- phenylbenzoin, alpha-allylbenzoin, alpha-benzylbenzoin; benzoin ethers such as benzil dimethyl ketal (commercially available under the trade designation "IRGACURE 651” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation of Tarrytown, New York), benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin n-butyl ether; acetophenone and its derivatives such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-l-phenyl-l-propanone (commercially available under the trade designation "DAROCUR 1173" from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation) and 1- hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (commercially available under the trade designation "IRGACURE 184", also from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation); 2-methyl-l-[4-
• Polymerizable compositions according to the present invention may, optionally, contain one or more additional ingredients such as, for example, antioxidants, light stabilizers, filler, fragrance, colorants, antistatic agents, inorganic nanoparticles, and/or solvents.
• Polymerizable compositions according to the present invention may be coated on a substrate and at least partially cured to provide a composite article, for example, as shown in FIG. 1.
• exemplary composite article 10 comprises substrate 14 having at least partially polymerized polymerizable coating 12 disposed thereon.
• the polymerized coating may form a protective coating that provides at least one of mar resistance, graffiti resistance, stain resistance, adhesive release, low refractive index, and water repellency.
• Suitable substrates include, for example, glass (for example, windows and optical elements such as, for example, lenses and mirrors), ceramic (for example, ceramic tile), cement, stone, painted surfaces (for example, automobile body panels, boat surfaces), metal (for example, architectural columns), paper (for example, adhesive release liners), cardboard (for example, food containers), thermosets, thermoplastics (for example, polycarbonate, acrylics, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, phenolic resins, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, polystyrene, and styrene- acrylonitrile copolymers), and combinations thereof.
• the substrate may be a film, sheet, or it may have some other form.
• the substrate may comprise a transparent or translucent display element, optionally having a ceramer hardcoat thereon.
• the polymerizable composition may be applied to the substrate by conventional techniques such as, for example, spraying, knife coating, notch coating, reverse roll coating, gravure coating, dip coating, bar coating, flood coating, or spin coating.
• the polymerizable composition is applied to the substrate as a relatively thin layer resulting in a dried cured layer having a thickness in a range of from 40 nm to 60nm, although thinner and thicker (for example, having a thickness up to 100 micrometers or more) layers may also be used.
• Composite articles according to the present invention include, for example, eyeglass lenses, mirrors, windows, adhesive release liners, and anti-graffiti films.
• composite articles according to the present invention may comprise an information display protector.
• FIG. 2 shows an exemplary information display protector generally identified as 230.
• the first major surface 202 of flexible transparent film 233 supports adhesive layer 234 to which contacts optional protective liner 232.
• Outer surface 204 of adhesive 234 may optionally be microtextured, for example, as depicted.
• Microtexturing typically helps air bubbles escape from beneath information display protector 230 when it is applied to a display screen, thereby helping to provide good optical coupling between information display protector 230 and a display screen (not shown).
• Hardcoat layer 236 is supported on second major surface 206 of film 233.
• Hardcoat layer 236 optionally has a roughened outward surface 237, for example, as depicted, which in use provides glare protection for the display screen to which information display protector 230 is adhered, and makes it easier to write upon information display protector 230 using a stylus.
• Antisoiling coating composition 238 according to the present invention is supported on upper surface 237 of hardcoat 236, and is typically sufficiently thin so that the roughened upper surface 237 of hardcoat 236 is replicated on viewing surface 231.
• ceramer hardcoats, substrates and display elements may be found in for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,660,389 (Liu et al.) and U.S. Pat. Publ. 2003/0068486 (Arney et al).
• Objects and advantages of this invention are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and, details, should not be construed to unduly limit this invention.
• FC-1 F(CF(CF3)CF 2 O) a CF(CF 3 )C( O)OCH3, wherein a averages about 6.3, with an average molecular weight of 1,211 g/mol, and which can be prepared according to the method reported in U.S. Pat. No. 3,250,808 (Moore et al.), with purification by fractional distillation.
• reaction mixture was stirred for about 1 hr, after which time an infrared spectrum of the reaction mixture showed complete loss of the methyl ester band at 1790 cm “1 and the presence of the strong amide carbonyl stretch at 1710 cm “1 .
• Methyl t-butyl ether 200 mL was added to the reaction mixture and the organic phase was washed twice with 5 percent by weight aqueous HC1 to remove unreacted amine and methanol. The organic phase layers were combined and dried over anhydrous MgSO .
• the reaction was stirred for about 2.75 hours, and then washed successively with 1 weight percent aqueous sulfuric acid, 1 weight percent aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and water.
• the resultant product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (grade 62, 60-200 mesh), obtained under the trade designation "SX0143U-3" from EM Science, Darmstadt, Germany using 35/65 ethyl acetate/heptane (by volume) as the eluent.
• a hardcoat composition that was substantially the same as that described in Example 3 of U. S. Pat. No. 6,299,799 ((Craig et al.) was coated onto the primed surface and cured (nominal cured film thickness was 5 micrometers). 52 a matte film having a hardcoat surface layer available under the trade designation " "N4D2A” from U.S.A. Kimoto Tech, Cedartown, Georgia
• mm millimeters
• g grams
• mg milligrams
• mol mole
• mmol millimole
• meq milliequivalents
• mL milliliters.
• NM means not measured.
• a specimen to be tested (SI substrates: 30.5 cm x 22.9 cm; S2 substrates 30.5 cm x 15.2 cm) is mounted in a mechanical device capable of oscillating a cheesecloth at a rate of 35 cm/second, which cheesecloth is folded into twelve layers and fastened to a stylus by a rubber gasket.
• the specimen is mounted such that the cheesecloth travels in a direction orthogonal to the coating direction of the specimen.
• the stylus had a flat, cylindrical geometry with a diameter of 1.25 inch (3.2 cm).
• the device was equipped with a platform to which different weights were attached to increase the force exerted by the stylus normal to the film's surface.
• the cheesecloth was obtained from Summers Optical, EMS Packaging, a subdivision of EMS Acquisition Corp., Hatsfield, Pennsylvania under the trade designation "MIL SPEC CCC-C-440 PRODUCT # S 12905".
• a "wipe” is defined as a single travel of 10 cm.
• An ink marking is applied to the surface coating of the specimen with a felt marker commercially available under the trade designation "SANFORD SHARPIE, FINE POINT PERMANENT MARKER, NO. 30001". The ink marking is observed and a determination is made as to whether the ink marking beads up when applied to the surface ("yes") or does not bead up (“no").
• the ink marking is wiped with a tissue, using moderate hand pressure, using a tissue available from Kimberly Clark Corporation, Roswell, Georgia under the trade designation "SURPASS FACIAL TISSUE".
• the ink marking is observed and a determination is made as to whether the ink marking is removed by wiping with the tissue
• CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Samples of coated films with approximate dimensions of 2.5 cm x 4 cm are cut and mounted on standard glass microscope slides using double-stick adhesive tape. Contact angle measurements are made using as-received reagent-grade hexadecane (Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) and deionized water filtered through a filtration system "MiTLI-Q' available from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, Massachusetts) and a video contact angle analyzer available under the trade designation "VCA-2500XE" from AST Products (Billerica, Massachusetts). Reported values are the averages of measurements on at least three drops measured on opposed sides of each drop.
• Drop volumes are 5 microliters for static measurements and 1-3 microliters for advancing and receding measurements.
• COATING METHOD 1 The polymerizable composition is coated onto substrate SI or S2 using a syringe pump to meter the solution into the die to provide a dry thickness of 40-60 nanometers (nm). Solvent is removed in a conventional air flotation oven with heating at 65 °C and then sent at a line speed 3 meters per minute through a cure chamber having less than 50 parts per million (ppm) oxygen and containing a 600- Watt H-type bulb from Fusion UV Systems, Gaithersburg, Maryland, operating at full power.
• ppm parts per million
• COATING METHOD 2 The polymerizable composition is coated onto substrate SI or S2 using a coating block at 127 micrometers wet thickness. Solvent is removed in an oven operating at a temperature of 120 °C for 10 min. Next, the coating was cured under nitrogen at a line speed 35 feet minute (11 meters/minute) using a 600- Watt (600 joules/second) "D-type" bulb operating at full power, available from Fusion UV Systems, Gaithersburg, Maryland. A 1 -liter round-bottom flask was charged with 291.24 g (0.2405 mol) of FC-1 and 21.2 g (0.2405 mol) AM-1, both at room temperature, resulting in a cloudy solution.
• reaction was cloudy at first, but cleared after about 30 minutes. Twenty minutes after the addition was complete, the reaction flask was placed on a rotary evaporator at 45-55 °C an under 28 inches of Hg vacuum to yield 24.38 g of a clear, viscous yellow liquid, that was characterized by 1H and 1 c NMR and HPLC/mass spectroscopy.
• EXAMPLE 2 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-1 with AC-2 (FC-l/AM-l/AC-2). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting AC-2 for AC-1, 20 g (15.78 mmol) of FC-l/AM-1 in about 35 g of THF was added to 4.51 g (15.13 mmol) of AC-2 in about 4.5 g of THF with 1.6 mg of phenothiazine and concentrated to provide FC- l/AM-l/AC-2.
• EXAMPLE 3 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-1 with AC-4 (FC-l/AM-l/AC-4). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting AC-4 for AC-1, 20 g (15.78mmol of FC-l/AM-1 in about 35 g of THF was added to 6.56 g (15.33 mmol of
• EXAMPLE 4 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-1 AC-5 (FC-l/AM-l/AC-5). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting AC-5 for AC-1, 20 g (15.78mmol) of FC-l/AM-1 in about 40 g of THF was added to 8.14 g (15.48 mmol) of AC-5 in 8.41 g of THF with 1.6 of phenothiazine and concentrated to provide FC-l/AM- l/AC-5.
• EXAMPLE 5 This example describes the preparation of a 1 :3 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-1 with AC-6 (FC-l/AM-l/AC-6). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting AC-6 for AC-1, 5.00 g (3.95 mmol) of FC-l/AM-1 in about 15g THF was added to 2.35 g (11.84 mmol) of AC-6 in 2.5 g THF with 0.3 mg of phenothiazine to provide, upon concentration, FC-l/AM- l/AC-6.
• EXAMPLE 6 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-2 with AC-1 (FC-1/AM-2/AC-1). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting AM-2 for AM-1, 20 g
• FC-l/AM-2 in about 35 THF was added to 4.48 g (15.14 mmol) of AC-1 in 4.5 g of THF with 1.6 mg of phenothiazine to provide FC-l/AM-2/ AC-1 upon concentration.
• EXAMPLE 7 This example describes the preparation of a 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-2 with AC-3 (FC-1/AM-2/AC-3).
• FC-l/AM-2 19.5 g (15.4 mmol) of FC-l/AM-2 in about 35g of THF was added to 7.81 g (15.4 mmol) of AC- 3 in 8 g of THF with 2.1 mg of phenothiazine to provide upon concentration FC-l/AM-
• EXAMPLE 8 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-2 with AC-4 (FC-1/AM-2/AC-4). According to the procedure of Example 7, but substituting AC-4 for AC-1, 20 g (15.78 mmol) of FC-l/AM-2 in about 35 g of THF was added to 6.56 g (15.33 mmol) of AC-4 in 6.6 g of THF with 1.2 mg of phenothiazine to provide FC-1/AM-2/AC-4 upon concentration.
• EXAMPLE 9 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1 : 1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-2 with AC-5 (FC-1/AM-2/AC-5). According to the procedure of Example 7, but substituting AC-5 for AC-1, 20 g (15.78 mmol) of FC-l/AM-2 in about 35 g of THF was added to 8.14 g (15.48 mmol) of AC-5 in 8.2 g of THF with 1.2 mg of phenothiazine to provide FC-1/AM-2/AC-5 upon concentration.
• EXAMPLE 10 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-3 with AC-1 (FC-1/AM-3/AC-1). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting AM-3 for AM-1, 20 g
• EXAMPLE 11 This example describes the preparation of an approximatelyl:l molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-3 with AC-2 (FC-1/AM-3/AC-2). According to the procedure of Example 10, but substituting AC-2 for AC-1, 20 g (15.6 mmol) of FC-l/AM-3 in about 35 g of THF was added to 4.46 g (14.97 mmol) of
• EXAMPLE 12 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-l/AM-3 with AC-4 (FC-1/AM-3/AC-3). According to the procedure of Example 10, but substituting AC-3 for AC-1, 20 g (15.59 mmol) of FC-l/AM-3 in about 35g of THF was added to 6.48 g (15.14 mmol) of AC-4 in 6.5 g of THF to provide upon concentration FC-1/AM-3/AC-4.
• EXAMPLE 13 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1:4 molar ratio (1:1 equivalent) adduct of FC-l/AM-4 with AC-1 (FC-1/AM-4/AC-1). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting AM-4 for AM-1, 20 g (30.88 meq) FC-l/AM-4 in about 40 g of THF was added to 8.77 g (29.62 meq) of AC-1 in 8.8 g of THF with 1.6 mg of phenothiazine to provide FC-l/AM-4/ AC-1 upon concentration.
• FC1/AM-5 with AC-1 FC-1/AM-5/AC-1.
• AM-5 for AM-1
• 5.0g (4.04 mmol) of FC-l/AM-5 in 9.9 g of THF and 10.1 g of FS was added to 2.39 g (8.07 mmol) of AC-1 in 5.6 g THF and 5.8 g of FS with 0.4 mg of phenothiazine to provide FC- 1/AM-5/AC-1 upon concentration.
• EXAMPLE 15 This example describes the preparation of a 1:2 molar ratio of FC-l/AM-7 with AC-1 (FC-1/AM-7/AC-1).
• EXAMPLE 16 This example describes the preparation of an approximately 1 :2 molar ratio (1:1 equivalent) adduct of FC-2/AM-1 with AC-1 (FC-2/AM-1/AC-1). According to the procedure of Example 1, but substituting FC-2 for FC-1, 10 g (9.47 meq) of FC-2/AM-1 in about 25 g of THF was added to 2.80 g (9.46 meq) of AC-1 in 3 g of THF with 0.6 mg of phenothiazine to provide FC-2/AM-1/AC-1 upon concentration.
• EXAMPLE 17 This example describes the preparation of a 1:1 molar ratio adduct of FC-3 and AM-6/AC-1 (FC-3/AM-6/AC-1). To a 100-mL flask equipped with magnetic stirbar was charged 3.32 g (8.97mmol) of AM-6/AC-1, 1.17 g (8.97 mmol of N,N-diisopropyl-N-ethylamine, 0.7 mg of phenothiazine, 7.25 g of ethyl acetate and 8.21 g of FS and heated to 40 °C was charged a mixture of 10.0 g (8.97 mmol) of FC-3, 18.62 g of FS and 17.92 g of ethyl acetate from a pressure equalizing funnel over 30 min. After stirring overnight, the reaction was washed twice with an equal volume of deionized water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• EXAMPLES 18a - 38b and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES Aa - Ab Substrates were coated with polymerizable compositions using materials and amounts as reported in Table 1. All polymerizable components were diluted to 10 percent by weight total solids. Either 2 percent by weight of photoinitiators PI-1, or 1 percent by weight PI-2, was included in the polymerizable compositions using a 10 percent solids photoinitiator solutions in methyl ethyl ketone. The photoinitiator was added before dilution to the final percent by weight total solids.
• Dilution to the final percent by weight total solids was achieved using methyl isobutyl ketone for formulations containing PI-1, or methyl ethyl ketone for formulations containing PI-2.
• Each coating solution was coated onto the coating substrate using Coating Method 1 or Coating Method 2 described below.

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