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  • C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C213/08—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions not involving the formation of amino groups, hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/22—Hormones
  • A61K38/2214—Motilins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
  • C07C67/333—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C67/343—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D273/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D261/00 - C07D271/00
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
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  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/0812—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
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  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0821—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic, e.g. His, Pro, Trp
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0827—Tripeptides containing heteroatoms different from O, S, or N

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel conformationally-defined macrocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same and intermediates used in their manufacture. More particularly, the invention relates to macrocyclic compounds that have been demonstrated to selectively antagonize the activity of the motilin receptor. The invention further relates to macrocyclic compounds useful as therapeutics for a range of gastrointestinal disorders, in particular those in which malfunction of gastric motility or increased motilin secretion is observed, such as hypermotilinemia, irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia.
• Gl gastrointestinal
• absorption, secretion, blood flow and motility Mulvihill, et al. in Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 4 th edition, Greenspan, F. S.; Baxter, J. D., eds., Appleton & Lange: Norwalk, CT, 1994, pp 551-570. Since interactions between the brain and Gl system are critical to the proper modulation of these functions, these peptides can be produced locally in the Gl tract or distally in the CNS.
• motilin a linear 22-amino acid peptide
• motilin plays a critical regulatory role in the Gl physiological system though governing of fasting gastrointestinal motor activity.
• the peptide is periodically released from the duodenal mucosa during fasting in mammals, including humans. More precisely, motilin exerts a powerful effect on gastric motility through the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle to stimulate gastric emptying, decrease intestinal transit time and initiate phase III of the migrating motor complex in the small bowel (Itoh, Z., Ed., Motilin, Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1990, ASIN: 0123757304; Nelson, D.K. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1996, 41, 2006-2015; Peeters, T.L.; Vantrappen, G.; Janssens, J. Gastroenterology 1980, 79, 716-719).
• Motilin exerts these effects through receptors located predominantly on the human antrum and proximal duodenum, although its receptors are found in other regions of the Gl tract as well (Peeters, T.L.; Bormans, V.; Vantrappen, G. Regul. Pept. 1988, 23, 171-182). Therefore, motilin hormone is involved in motility of both the upper and lower parts of the Gl system (Williams et al. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 262, G50-G55).
• motilin and its receptors have been found in the CNS and periphery, suggesting a physiological role in the nervous system that has not yet been definitively elucidated (Depoortere, I.; Peeters, T.L. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 272, G994-999 and O'Donohue, T.L et al. Peptides 1981 , 2, 467-477).
• motilin receptors in the brain have been suggested to play a regulatory role in a number of CNS functions, including feeding and drinking behavior, micturition reflex, central and brain stem neuronal modulation and pituitary hormone secretion (Itoh, Z. Motilin and Clinical Applications.
• motilin Due to the critical and direct involvement of motilin in control of gastric motility, agents that either diminish (hypomotility) or enhance (hypermotility) the activity at the motilin receptor, are a particularly attractive area for further investigation in the search for new effective pharmaceuticals towards these indications.
• Antagonists of the motilin receptor are potentially extremely useful as therapeutic treatments for diseases associated with hypermotility and hypermotilinemia, including irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, gastroesophogeal reflux disorders, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, malabsorption syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, diarrhea, atrophic colitis or gastritis, gastrointestinal dumping syndrome, postgastroenterectomy syndrome, gastric stasis and eating disorders leading to obesity.
• diseases associated with hypermotility and hypermotilinemia including irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, gastroesophogeal reflux disorders, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, malabsorption syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, diarrhea, atrophic colitis or gastritis,
• peptidic compounds have been described as antagonists of the motilin receptor (Depoortere, I.; Macielag, MJ. ; Galdes, A.; Peeters, T.L. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 286, 241-247; US 5,470,830; 6,255,285; 6,586,630; 6,720,433; U.S. 2003/0176643; WO 02/64623).
• These peptidic antagonists suffer from the known limitations of peptides as drug molecules, in particular poor oral bioavailability and degradative metabolism.
• Cyclization of peptidic derivatives is a method employed to improve the properties of a linear peptide both with respect to metabolic stability and conformational freedom. Cyclic molecules tend to be more resistant to metabolic enzymes. Such cyclic tetrapeptide motilin antagonists have been reported (Haramura, M. et al J. /Wed. Chem. 2002, 45, 670- 675, U.S. 2003/0191053; WO 02/16404).
• motilin antagonists which are non-peptidic and non-cyclic in nature have also been reported (U.S. 5,972,939; 6,384,031; 6,392,040; 6,423,714; 6,511 ,980; 6,624,165; 6,667,309; U.S. 2002/0111484; 2001/041701; 2002/0103238; 2001/0056106, 2002/0013352; 2003/0203906 and 2002/0002192)
• the macrocyclic motilin antagonists of the present invention comprise elements of both peptidic and non-peptidic structures in a combination which has not been pursued for this application previously.
• antagonists of the present invention are different.
• the known motilin antagonists which are cyclic peptides it was found that such derivatives containing D-amino acids were devoid of activity.
• the tripeptidomimetic compounds of the present invention the D-stereochemistry is required for two of the three building elements.
• the motilin antagonists of the present invention are also distinct from the prior art in that they comprise a tether element to fulfill the dual role of controlling conformations and providing additional sites for interaction either through hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions.
• the present invention is directed to compounds of formula (I):
• Zi 1 Z 2 and Z3 are independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and NR10 , wherein R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and substituted lower alkyl;
• Ri is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl substituted with aryl, lower alkyl substituted with substituted aryl, lower alkyl substituted with heteroaryl and lower alkyl substituted with substituted heteroaryl;
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and cycloalkyl with the proviso that when Zi is N 1 R 3 can form a four, five, six or seven-membered heterocyclic ring together with Zi;
• R 4 is hydrogen
• R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl, with the proviso that at least one of R5 and Re is hydrogen;
• X is selected from the .group consisting of O, NR 8 , and N(Rg) 2 + ; - wherein Rs is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, formyl, acyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, sulfonyl, sulfonamido and amidino; and
• Rg is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and substituted lower alkyl;
• ni and p are independently selected from 0, 1 or 2; and T is a bivalent radical of formula II:
• any carbon atom contained within said ring structure can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, with the proviso that if said ring structure is a monocyclic ring structure, it does not comprise more than four nitrogen atoms and if said ring structure is a bicyclic ring structure, it does not comprise more than six nitrogen atoms;
• Ki, K 2 , K 3 , K 4 , K 6 , Ki 5 and Ki 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of O, NR 44 and S; f is selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
• the invention also proposes compounds of formula (1) which are antagonists of the motilin receptor .
• the invention proposes a method of treating a disorder associated with the motilin receptor or motility dysfunction in humans and other mammals , comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1).
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )qRii, and -CHR12R13 wherein q is 0, 1 , 2 or 3;
• R 11 and R- 12 are independently selected from a ring structure from the following group:
• any carbon atom in said ring structure can be replaced a nitrogen atom, with the proviso that if said ring structure is a monocyclic ring structure, it does not comprise more than four nitrogen atoms and if said ring structure is a bicyclic ring structure, it does not comprise more than six nitrogen atoms;
• A-i, A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 are each optionally present and are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, halogen, formyl, acyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, carbamoyl, guanidino, ureido, amidino, cyano, nitro, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and sulfonamido;
• B-i, B 2 , B 3 , and B4 are independently selected from NR 14 , S or O, wherein R1 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, formyl, acyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, sulfonyl and sulfonamido;
• R- 13 is as defined for as Rn and R 12 or is selected from the group comprising lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, and amido .
• A-i, A 2 , A 3 , A4 and A 5 are most preferably selected from halogen, trifluroromethyl, C1-6 alkyl or C-i- ⁇ alkoxy.
• Rn, R 12 and R i3 are selected from the group consisting of:
• R a and R b are chosen from the group consisting of Cl, F, CF 3 , OCH 3 , OH, and C(CHs) 3 and CH 3 .
• R 3 in formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 15 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, formyl and acyl;
• R 21 is selected from a ring structure selected from the following group:
• any carbon atom in said ring structure can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, with the proviso that if said ring structure is a monocyclic ring structure, it does not comprise more than four nitrogen atoms and if said ring structure is a bicyclic ring structure, it does not comprise more than six nitrogen atoms;
• z is selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• Ei, E 2 and E 3 are each optionally present and are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, halogen, formyl, acyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, carbamoyl, guanidino, ureido, amidino, cyano, nitro, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and sulfonamido; and
• J is optionally present and is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, oxo, amino, halogen, formyl, acyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, carbamoyl, guanidino, ureido, amidino, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and sulfonamido.
• the tether portion (T) of formula (I) is preferably selected from the group consisting of:
• Li is O, NH or NMe;
• L 2 is CH or N;
• L 3 is CH or N;
• L 4 is O or CH 2 ;
• L 5 is CH or N
• L 6 is CR 52 R 5 3 or O;
• R 46 is H or CH 3 ;
• R52, R53, R54, R55, R56 and R57 are independently selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, and oxo; or R 52 together with R 53 or Rs4 together with R55 or R56 together with R 57 can independently form a three to seven- membered cyclic ring comprising carbon, oxygen, sulfur and /or nitrogen atoms; (X) is the site of a covalent bond to X in formula (I); and (Z 3 ) is the site of a covalent bond to Z 3 in formula (I).
• heterocyclic ring may contain a second nitrogen atom, or an oxygen, or sulfur atom;
• n 2 is selected from 0, 1 , 2 or 3
• R 7 is optionally present and is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, oxo, amino, halogen, formyl, acyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, carbamoyl, guanidino, ureido, amidino, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and sulfonamido.
• the terms amino, guanidine, ureido and amidino encompass substituted derivatives thereof as well.
• the invention provides a method of treating a disorder associated with hypermotility or hypermotilinemia in humans and other mammals comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1).
• Specifically preferred compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to:
• PG and PG' indicate a standard amine protecting group compatible with the synthetic protocol, such as Boc, Ddz, Fmoc, or Alloc
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, Crohn's disease, gastroesophogeal reflux disorders, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, carcinoid syndrome, malabsorption syndrome, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, obesity, postgastroenterectomy syndrome, atrophic colitis or gastritis, gastric stasis, gastrointestinal dumping syndrome, celiac disease and eating disorders leading to obesity in humans and other mammals comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I).
• Reagents and solvents were of reagent quality or better and were used as obtained from various commercial suppliers unless otherwise noted.
• DMF, DCM and THF used are of DriSolv ® (EM Science, E. Merck) or synthesis grade quality except for (i) deprotection, (ii) resin capping reactions and (iii) washing.
• NMP used for the amino acid (AA) coupling reactions is of analytical grade.
• DMF was adequately degassed by placing under vacuum for a minimum of 30 min prior to use.
• Tyr(3tBu) was synthesized following the method reported in JP2000 44595. Cpa was made using literature methods (Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3575-3580) or obtained commercially.
• Boc- and Fmoc-protected amino acids and side chain protected derivatives including those of N-methyl and unnatural amino acids, were obtained from commercial suppliers or synthesized through standard methodologies known to those in the art.
• Ddz-amino acids were either synthesized by standard procedures or obtained commercially from Orpegen (Heidelberg, Germany) or Advanced ChemTech (Louisville, KY, USA).
• Bts-amino acids were synthesized as described in Example 6.
• Hydroxy acids were obtained from commercial suppliers or synthesized from the corresponding amino acids by literature methods.
• Analytical TLC was performed on pre-coated plates of silica gel 60F254 (0.25 mm thickness) containing a fluorescent indicator.
• concentration/evaporated under reduced pressure indicates evaporation utilizing a rotary evaporator under either water aspirator pressure or the stronger vacuum provided by a mechanical oil vacuum pump as appropriate for the solvent being removed.
• “Dry pack” indicates chromatography on silica gel that has not been pre-treated with solvent, generally applied on larger scales for purifications where a large difference in Rf exists between the desired product and any impurities.
• “dried in the standard manner” is that the resin is dried first in air (1 h), and subsequently under vacuum (oil pump usually) until full dryness is attained (-30 min to O/N).
• reaction mixture was washed with Et 2 O. Washing is continued until the absence of non-polar impurities in the aqueous layer is confirmed by TLC (typically 3 x 100 mL).
• the aqueous solution was then cooled to 0°C, acidified to pH 2.0 with 1 N HCI until no additional cloudiness forms, and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL).
• EtOAc 3 x 100 mL
• a mixture of DCM and EtOAc may be used as the extraction solvent, depending on the solubility of the product obtained from different amino acids or derivatives. Note that DCM cannot be used solely as solvent because of the emulsion formed during extraction.
• GIv. Ala. D-AIa. ⁇ -Ala and GABA Use 1.5 eq of amino acid per eq of Bts-CI, in order to prevent dibetsylation. Met: Carry out the reaction under N 2 to prevent oxidation.
• the compounds of Formula I can be synthesized using traditional solution synthesis techniques or solid phase chemistry methods. In either, the construction involves four phases: first, synthesis of the building blocks, including one to four moieties, comprising recognition elements for the biological target receptor, plus one tether moiety, primarily for control and definition of conformation. These building blocks are assembled together, typically in a sequential fashion, in a second phase employing standard chemical transformations. The precursors from the assembly are then cyclized in the third stage to provide the macrocyclic structures. Finally, a post-cyclization processing stage involving removal of protecting groups and optional purification then provides the desired final compounds (Scheme 1). This method has been previously disclosed in WO 01/25257 and U.S. Pat. Appl. Ser. No. 09/679,331.
• Step T8-1 Chlorotrimethylsilane (116 ml_, 0.91 mol, 1.5 eq) was added to a suspension of 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (100 g, 0.61 mol, 1.0 eq) in MeOH (500 mL, HPLC grade) over 30 min at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt O/N. The reaction was monitored by TLC (EtOAc/MeOH: 98/2). Heating the reaction mixture in a hot water can accelerate the process if necessary. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to afford methyl 2-hydroxycinnamate as a white solid (108.5 g) in quantitative yield. The identity of this intermediate compound is confirmed by NMR. This reaction can be carried out on larger (kg) scale with similar results
• Step T8-2 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP, 140 mL, 1.54 mol, 2.52 eq) was added dropwise to 2-bromoethanol (108 mL, 1.51 mol, 2.5 eq) in a 2 L three-neck flask with mechanical stirring at 0° C over 2 h.
• DHP 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran
• 2-bromoethanol 108 mL, 1.51 mol, 2.5 eq
• Step T8-3 DIBAL (1.525 L, 1.525 mol, 2.5 eq, 1.0 M in DCM) was added slowly to a solution of the above crude ester from Step T8-2 (0.61 mol based on the theoretical yield) in anhydrous DCM (610 mL) at -35° C with mechanical stirring over 1.5 h. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at -35° C, then 1.5 h at 0° C. The reaction was monitored by TLC (hex/EtOAc: 50/50). When complete, Na 2 SO 4 -IO H 2 O (100 g, 0.5 eq) was slowly added; hydrogen evolution was observed, when it subsided water was added (100 mL).
• the mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 10 min, then warmed to 40° C with hot water and stirred under reflux for 20 min.
• the mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with DCM (600 mL), and the upper solution decanted into a filter.
• the solid that remained in the flask was washed with dichloromethane (5 x 500 mL) with mechanical stirring and filtered.
• the filtrate from each wash was checked by TLC, and additional washes performed if necessary to recover additional product.
• the mixture was filtered.
• the resulting solid was then continuously extracted with 0.5% TEA in dichloromethane using a Soxhlet extractor.
• Step T8-4 To a mixture of the allylic alcohol from Step T8-3 (28 g, 0.100 mol, 1.0 eq) and collidine (0.110 mol, 1.1 eq) in 200 ml_ of anhydrous DMF under N 2 was added anhydrous LiCI (4.26 g, 0.100 mol, 1.0 eq.) dissolved in 100 ml_ of anhydrous DMF. The mixture was then cooled to O 0 C, and MsCI (12.67 g, 0.110 mol, 1.1 eq., freshly distilled over P 2 O5), was added dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt and monitored by TLC (3:7 EtOAc/hex). When the reaction was complete, NaN 3 (32.7 g,
• Step T8-5 PPh 3 (25.9 g, 0.099 mol, 1.5 eq) was added at 0° C to a solution of the allylic azide from Step T8-4 (20.0 g, 0.066 mol, 1.0 eq.) in 100 mL of THF. The solution was stirred for 30 min at 0° C and 20 h at rt. Water (12 mL) was then added and the resulting solution was heated at 60° C for 4 h. The solution was cooled to rt, 2N HCI
• Step T8-6 A mixture of the crude amino alcohol from Step T8-5 (0.5 mol based on the theoretical yield), Ddz-OPh (174 g, 0.55 mol, 1.1 eq) and Et 3 N (70 ml_, 0.5 mol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (180 ml_) was stirred for 24 h at 50° C. Additional DMF is added if required to solubilize all materials. The reaction was monitored by TLC (hex/EtOAc: 50/50, ninhydrin detection). After the reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was diluted with Et 2 O (1.5 L) and water (300 mL). The separated aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O (2 x 150 mL).
• T9 can also be synthesized from T8 by reduction as in step T9-3 or with other appropriate hydrogenation catalysts known to those in the art.
• Tether Ddz-T12 was obtained as an off-white solid (85-90% yield).
• Example 29-A Using PPh 3 -DIAD Isolated Adduct To a 0.2 M solution of the appropriate tether (1.5 eq) in THF or THF-toluene (1:1) was added the PPh 3 -DIAD (pre-formed by mixing equivalent amounts of the reagents and isolated by evaporation of solvent, see Example 29-C) adduct (1.0 eq.). The resultant mixture was manually agitated for 10 sec (the solution remained turbid), then added to the resin. Alternatively, the resin was added to the solution. The reaction suspension was agitated O/N (after ⁇ 5 min the mixture becomes limpid).
• the resin was filtered and washed 2x DCM, 1x toluene, 1x EtOH, 1x toluene, 1x (DCM/MeOH), 1x (THF/MeOH), 1x (DCM/MeOH), 1x (THF/MeOH), 2x DCM, then dried in the standard manner.
• Example 29-B Using "PPh 3 -DIAD In Situ Procedure" To a 0.2 M solution of the appropriate tether (4 eq) in THF or THF-toluene (1 :1) was added triphenylphosphine (4 eq). The resultant mixture was manually shaken until a homogenous solution was obtained, then added to the resin. Alternatively, the resin (or MiniKans containing resin) was added to the solution. To this suspension was then added DIAD (3.9 eq) and the reaction agitated O/N. Note: Since the reaction is exothermic, for larger scales, the reaction should be cooled in an ice bath. In addition, an appropriate vent must be supplied to allow any pressure build-up to be released.
• the resin was filtered and washed DCM (2x), toluene (1x), EtOH (1x), toluene (1x), DCM/MeOH (1x), 1x THF/MeOH (1x), DCM/MeOH (1x), THF/MeOH (1x), 2x DCM, then dried in the standard manner.
• Example 30 Standard Procedure for Attachment of Tethers via Reductive Amination
• the Mitsunobu process of Example 29 cannot be applied or is not efficient for incorporation of the tether.
• reductive amination has been developed as an alternative that can be employed for tether incorporation as illustrated hereinbelow for one of the preferred tethers. Similar chemistry can be used to incorporate other tethers of the present invention.
• the Tether (30-2) with the amine protected as its Ddz derivative was efficiently oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde 30-2 using SO 3 -pyr in DMSO-EtsN-DCM.
• This aldehyde (0.14 mmol, 56 mg, 1.5 eq based upon loading of resin support) was dissolved in a 1 :3 mixture of TMOF-MeOH (DriSolv, 4 mL) at rt.
• Chiral T38 can be accessed through the use of asymmetric synthesis methods, resolution or chiral chromatography techniques available in the literature.
• Chiral material can be accessed by starting with the chiral epoxide.
• the (S)-isomer of T38 was constructed in 89% overall yield from (S)-propylene oxide.
• Chiral T39 can be accessed through the use of asymmetric synthesis methods, resolution or chiral chromatography techniques available in the literature.
• Chiral T40 can be accessed through the use of asymmetric synthesis methods, resolution or chiral chromatography techniques available in the literature.
• One or more of the amino acids indicated can be replaced by corresponding hydroxy acids and coupled to the next building block utilizing methods known to those in the art.
• Example 47 Standard Procedure for Macrocyclization with Thioester Linker
• the resin containing the cyclization precursor is combined in an appropriate vessel with pre-washed MP-carbonate resin [Argonaut Technologies, Foster City, CA, commercially supplied MP-carbonate resin was treated with 3x THF (1 L per 400 g) and dried O/N at 3O 0 C in a vacuum oven] (1.4 to 1.6 eq relative to the initial loading of the synthesis resin).
• a 0.2 M DIPEA solution in THF was then added to the combined resins (1 mL / 60 mg MP- carbonate resin) and the suspension agitated O/N at rt. Subsequently, the resin was filtered and rinsed 2x THF.
• the combined filtrates are collected together in an appropriate vessel, then the volatile contents evaporated under reduced pressure [in addition to the standard methods, solvent can also be removed in vacuo using centrifugal evaporation (ThermoSavant Discovery, SpeedVac or comparable)] to provide the crude macrocycles.
• Example 48 Standard Procedure for Silver-Assisted Macrocyclization with Thioester Linker Except for the cyclization itself and subsequent work-up, this procedure is identical to that of Example 47.
• the resin containing the cyclization precursor was combined in an appropriate vessel with pre-washed MP-carbonate resin [Argonaut Technologies, commercially supplied MP-carbonate resin was treated with THF (3x, 1 L per 400 g) and dried O/N at 30 0 C in a vacuum oven] (1.4 to 1.6 eq relative to the initial loading of the synthesis resin). To this was added THF (1 mL per 100 mg resin) and silver trifluoroacetate (1 eq relative to the initial loading of the resin). Finally, an amount of DIPEA sufficient to obtain a 0.2 M solution was added.
• the reaction mixture was agitated at rt O/N.
• the solution was then filtered and the resins washed 2x THF.
• the filtrates are collected together in an appropriate vessel, then evaporated under reduced pressure [(the volatile contents could also be removed in vacuo using centrifugal evaporation (ThermoSavant Discovery, SpeedVac or comparable)] to provide the crude macrocycles.
• silver trifluoroacetate should be stored in a dessicator between uses.
• a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) strategy as developed by Grubbs et al. can also be used to access some of the macrocyclic compounds of the invention (see for example US 5,811 ,515; Grubbs, R.H. et al. J. Org. Chem. 2001 , 66, 5291-5300; F ⁇ rstner, A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3012-3043).
• RCM ring-closing metathesis
• HPLC analyses are performed on a Waters Alliance system 2695 running at 1 mL/min using an Xterra MS C18 column 4.6 x 50 mm (3.5 ⁇ m).
• a Waters 996 PDA provided UV data for purity assessment.
• An LCPackings splitter (50:40:10) allowed the flow to be separated in three parts. The first part (50%) went to a Micromass Platform Il MS equipped with an APCI probe for identity confirmation.
• the second part (40%) went to an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD, Polymer Laboratories, PL-ELS-1000) for purity assessment and the last portion (10%) to a chemiluminescence nitrogen detector (CLND, Antek Model 8060) for quantitation and purity assessment. Data was captured and processed utilizing the most recent version of the Waters Millenium software package.
• ELSD evaporative light scattering detector
• CLND chemiluminescence nitrogen detector
• An example LC method suitable for compounds of the present invention uses MeOH as solvent A 1 H2O as solvent B and 1%TFA/ H2O as solvent D.
• Initial mobile-phase composition is 5% A, 85% B and 10% D. Details of the standard gradient method are shown below:
• Molecular formulas and molecular weights are calculated automatically from the structure via ActivityBase software (IDBS, Guildford, Surrey, UK) or, for MW only, from the freeware program Molecular Weight Calculator v. 6.32
• the compounds of the present invention were evaluated for their ability to interact at the human motilin receptor utilizing a competitive radioligand binding assay as described in Method B1. Further characterization of the interaction can be performed utilizing the functional assays described in Methods B2, B3 and B4. Some of these methods can be conducted, if so desired, in a high throughput manner to permit the simultaneous evaluation of many compounds.
• Other assays have also been described that are suitable for HTS, such as that based upon the stable expression of a synthetic gene for the human motilin receptor.
• K 1 level B K,> 10 ⁇ M ii cc
• the compounds are preferably tested in the Aequorin assay as described in Method B2, although the procedure of Method B2, although the procedure of Method
• a common and scientifically-accepted ex vivo assay for the measurement of agonist or antagonist activity at the motilin receptor is the contraction of rabbit duodenum or other gastrointestinal smooth muscle tissue.
• ⁇ 2"M Agonists are defined as compounds that induce >50% contraction relative to the motilin peptide, whereas antagonists are defined as compounds that cause >50% inhibition of the response to motilin.
• Gastric motility is generally measured in the clinical setting as the time required for gastric emptying and subsequent transit time through the Gl tract.
• Gastric emptying scans are well known to those skilled in the art an, briefly, comprise use of an oral contrast agent, such as barium, or a radiolabeled meal. Solid and liquids can be measured independently.
• a test food or liquid is radiolabeled with an isotope ( 99m Tc) and after ingestion or administration, transit time through the Gl tract and gastric emptying are measured by visualization using gamma cameras.
• Membranes were prepared from CHO cells stably transfected with the human motilin receptor and utilized at a quantity of 1.5 ⁇ g/assay point. [PerkinElmerTM SignalScreen Product #6110544]
• Binding Buffer 50 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCI 2 , 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% BSA
• the reaction is initiated by addition of 10 ⁇ l of [ 125 l]-motilin (final cone. 0.04 - 0.06 nM) to each well. Plates are sealed with TopSeal-A, vortexed gently and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours.
• the reaction is arrested by filtering samples through pre-soaked (0.3% polyethyleneimine, 2 h) Multiscreen Harvest plates using a Tomtec Harvester, washed 9 times with 500 ⁇ L of cold 50 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.4), and than plates are air-dried in a fumehood for 30 minutes. A bottom seal is applied to the plates prior to the addition of 25 ⁇ L of MicroScint-0 to each well. Plates are than sealed with TopSeal-A and counted for 30 sec per well on a TopCount Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counter (PerkinElmer) where results are expressed as counts per minute (cpm).
• TopSeal-A TopCount Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counter
• K 1 values were calculated using a K d value of 0.16 nM for [ 125 l]-motilin (previously determined during membrane characterization).
• Example Method B2 Aequorin Functional Assay (Motilin Receptor) Materials: • Membranes were prepared using AequoScreenTM (EU ROSCREEN, Belgium) cell lines expressing the human motilin receptor (cell line ES-380-A; receptor accession #AF034632). This cell line is constructed by transfection of the human motilin receptor into CH0-K1 cells co-expressing G ⁇ 16 and the mitochondrially targeted Aequorin (Ref #ES-WT-A5).
• Aequorin Functional Assay (Motilin Receptor) Materials: • Membranes were prepared using AequoScreenTM (EU ROSCREEN, Belgium) cell lines expressing the human motilin receptor (cell line ES-380-A; receptor accession #AF034632). This cell line is constructed by transfection of the human motilin receptor into CH0-K1 cells co-expressing G ⁇ 16 and the mitochondrially targeted Aequorin (Ref #ES-WT-A5).
• Assay buffer DM EM-F 12 (Dulbeccoe's Modified Eagles Medium) with 15 mM HEPES and 0.1% BSA (pH 7.0)
• Compounds were provided as dry films at a quantity of approximately 1.2 ⁇ mol in pre- formatted 96-well plates. Compounds were dissolved in 100% DMSO at a concentration of 10 mM and stored at -2O 0 C until further use. Daughter plates were prepared at a concentration of 500 ⁇ M in 30% DMSO with 0.1% BSA and stored at -2O 0 C until testing. On the test day, compounds were allowed to thaw at room temperature and than diluted in assay buffer according to the desired test concentrations. Under these conditions, the maximum final DMSO concentration in the assay was 0.6%.
• Cells are collected from culture plates with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ -free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with 5 mM EDTA, pelleted for 2 minutes at 1000 x g, resuspended in assay buffer (see above) at a density of 5 x 10 6 cells/mL and incubated overnight in the presence of 5 ⁇ M coelenterazine. After loading, cells were diluted with assay buffer to a concentration of 5 " x 10 5 cells/mL
• PBS Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ -free phosphate buffered saline
• test compound or motilin reference agonist
• 50 ⁇ l of the cell suspension was mixed with 50 ⁇ l of the appropriate concentration of test compound or motilin (reference agonist) in 96-well plates (duplicate samples).
• the emission of light resulting from receptor activation was recorded using the
• E the measured RLU value at a given agonist concentration (C)
• E max the maximal response
• EC 50 the concentration producing 50% stimulation
• n is the slope index.
• results for each concentration of test compound were expressed as percent activation relative to the signal induced by motilin at a concentration equal to the EC ⁇ o (i.e. 0.5 nM).
• results for antagonist testing results for each concentration of test compound were expressed as percent inhibition relative to the signal induced by motilin at a concentration equal to the ECso (i.e
• Membranes were prepared from CHO cells stably transfected with the human motilin receptor and utilized at a quantity of 1.5 ⁇ g/assay point.
• TopSeal-A (PerkinElmer, #6005185) • Assay Buffer: 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCI, 10 mM MgCI 2 , 1 mM EDTA, 1 ⁇ M GDP, 0.1% BSA Assay Volumes:
• CHO membranes were immobilized into 96-well FlashPlate microplates.
• Test compound, GTP ⁇ S, motilin and [ 35 S]-GTPyS were combined in each well according to the Assay Volumes described above.
• the reaction is initiated by addition of 100 ml_ of [ 35 S]-GTPyS to each well. Each plate is sealed (TopSeal-A) and incubated in the dark at room temperature for 150 min. Then, plates are counted for 30 seconds per well on the TopCount NXT.
• Top and Bottom correspond to the top and bottom values of the dose-response curve calculated by GraphPad Prism).
• Duodenal segments were vertically suspended in organ chambers of 10 ml_ filled with Krebs buffer and connected to an isotonic force transducer, with a preload of 1 g. After a stabilization period, the muscle strips were challenged with 10 "4 M acetylcholine and washed. This was repeated until a stable maximal contraction was obtained (2-3 times), with an interval of at least 20 minutes.
• test compounds were added to the bath. After 15 min incubation, a dose response to motilin was recorded by adding logarithmically increasing concentrations of motilin to the bath (final concentration 10 "9 to 10 "6 M). A blank experiment (no test compound present) was also performed. At the end of the dose response curve, a supramaximal dose of acetylcholine (10 "4 M) was given and this response was used as a reference (100% contraction).
• X is NH except for:
• Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 are NH except for compounds 30, 173 and 174 and where Z1 is O and compound 111 where Zz is O.
• R2, R4 and R5 are hydrogen except for compound 85 where it is :

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