WO2003077353A1 - Transformateur d'alimentation a guide d'onde/ligne microruban - Google Patents
Transformateur d'alimentation a guide d'onde/ligne microruban Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003077353A1 WO2003077353A1 PCT/JP2003/002927 JP0302927W WO03077353A1 WO 2003077353 A1 WO2003077353 A1 WO 2003077353A1 JP 0302927 W JP0302927 W JP 0302927W WO 03077353 A1 WO03077353 A1 WO 03077353A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- conductor pattern
- waveguide
- dielectric substrate
- ground conductor
- microstrip line
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 225
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
- H01P5/10—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices for coupling balanced lines or devices with unbalanced lines or devices
- H01P5/107—Hollow-waveguide/strip-line transitions
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a waveguide / microstrip line converter mainly used in a microwave band or a millimeter wave band.
- a dielectric substrate is fixed so as to be sandwiched between a waveguide and a short-circuit waveguide block.
- a strip conductor pattern is provided on one surface of the dielectric substrate, and a ground conductor pattern connected to the opening of the waveguide is provided on the other surface, and the strip conductor pattern, the ground conductor pattern, and the dielectric substrate are provided. These constitute a microstrip line. If the distance between the short-circuit surface of the short-circuited waveguide block and the strip conductor pattern is set to about 1 Z4, which is the wavelength in the waveguide, the magnetic field in the waveguide is maximized at the position where the strip conductor pattern is inserted.
- the propagation mode of the microstrip line and the propagation mode of the waveguide are well coupled. Therefore, a high-frequency signal that has propagated through a waveguide can propagate through a microstrip line without causing large reflection (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-244421). See Figure 13)).
- the length from the strip conductor pattern to the short-circuit surface of the short-circuit waveguide block needs to be about 1/4 of the wavelength in the waveguide.
- This short-circuited waveguide block protrudes from the dielectric substrate. Therefore, there is a problem that it is difficult to downsize the converter particularly in the microwave band.
- the misalignment occurs between the waveguide, the short-circuited waveguide block, and the strip conductor pattern, the characteristics of the converter will deteriorate. Must be done with precision.
- the size of each part was extremely small, making it difficult to assemble it with high accuracy and precision, and it was difficult to mass-produce.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a waveguide microstrip line converter capable of hermetically sealing the inside of a package when applied to a high-frequency package in which a waveguide is connected to an input / output unit. Disclosure of the invention
- a waveguide / microstrip line converter includes: a dielectric substrate; a ground conductor pattern having a ground conductor pattern cutout formed on one surface of the dielectric substrate; and a surface having the ground conductor pattern.
- a strip conductor pattern formed on a surface of the dielectric substrate facing the conductor substrate; a waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern formed continuously with the strip conductor pattern; and the ground conductor pattern and the ground conductor pattern in the dielectric substrate.
- a connection conductor for connecting the conductor pattern for short-circuiting the waveguide, and a waveguide connected to the dielectric substrate in accordance with the ground conductor pattern cutout are provided.
- a microstrip line is constituted by the strip conductor pattern, the ground conductor pattern, and the dielectric substrate.
- a dielectric waveguide short-circuit portion is constituted by the waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern, the ground conductor pattern, and the connection conductor.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 1,
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 1,
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the upper surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 5,
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 5,
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the lower dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 5,
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the upper surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 9,
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 9,
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 9,
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the lower dielectric substrate shown in FIG. 9,
- FIG. 14 shows a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention. Perspective view showing the configuration
- FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the waveguide / microstrip line converter shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a view showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate shown in FIG. The cross-sectional view shown in FIG.
- the ground conductor pattern 2 is arranged on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate 1.
- the strip conductor pattern 3 and the waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern 4 are arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate 1.
- the waveguide wall via (connection conductor) 5 is provided between the ground conductor pattern 2 and the waveguide short circuit conductor pattern 4. Further, the ground conductor pattern 2 is provided with a ground conductor pattern cutout 6.
- the waveguide 7 is provided below the ground conductor pattern 2.
- via is used herein as a term indicating a columnar conductor.
- the ground conductor pattern 2, the strip conductor pattern 3, and the dielectric A “microstrip line” is formed from the substrate 1.
- the waveguide wall via 5 connects the ground conductor pattern 2 and the waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern 4 and is provided around the ground conductor pattern cutout 6.
- a “dielectric waveguide short-circuit section” is composed of the ground conductor pattern 2, the waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern 4, and the waveguide wall via 5.
- the waveguide 7 is connected to the ground conductor pattern cutout 6 on the lower side of the dielectric substrate 1.
- the operation of the waveguide / microstrip line converter according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings.
- the waveguide 7 has the strongest electric field distribution at the center of the waveguide section. Therefore, if the strip conductor pattern 3 constituting the microstrip line is connected to the center of the dielectric waveguide short-circuited portion of the waveguide short-circuited conductor pattern 4 constituting the dielectric waveguide short-circuited portion, the microstrip is obtained.
- the part of the line where the electric field is generated coincides with the part of the waveguide 7 where the electric field is strong.
- the high-frequency signal can be propagated without large reflection.
- the short-circuited waveguide block projecting about 1/4 wavelength from the dielectric substrate as in the above-described conventional example is eliminated, and high-precision assembly is not required. Therefore, there is an effect that a small-sized waveguide Z microstrip line converter that can be easily mass-produced can be obtained.
- it since it is composed only of the conductor pattern and the via of the substrate, it can be formed inside the dielectric substrate, and has an effect that it can be easily incorporated into a package using ceramic or the like. Example 2.
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing a waveguide microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the upper surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a view showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the lower dielectric substrate shown in FIG.
- the cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 5 is given as an AA ′ cross-sectional view shown in FIGS. 6 to 8.
- the ground conductor pattern 2a is arranged on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate 1a.
- the ground conductor pattern 2b is arranged on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate 1b.
- the strip conductor pattern 3 and the waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern 4 are arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate 1a.
- the waveguide wall via 5a is provided between the ground conductor pattern 2a and the waveguide short circuit conductor pattern 4.
- the waveguide wall via 5b is provided between the ground conductor pattern 2b and the ground conductor pattern 2a.
- the ground conductor pattern 2a is provided with a ground conductor pattern cutout 6a.
- the ground conductor pattern 2b is provided with a ground conductor pattern cutout 6b.
- the waveguide 7 is provided below the ground conductor pattern 2b.
- the conductor pattern 4 for short-circuiting the waveguide is provided on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate 1a, and the ground conductor pattern 2a is provided on the lower surface.
- the conductor pattern 4 for short-circuiting the waveguide and the ground conductor pattern 2a are connected.
- the waveguide wall via 5a By providing the waveguide wall via 5a, the "waveguide short-circuit portion" is formed.
- a ground conductor pattern 2b is provided on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate 1b, and a waveguide wall via 5b for connecting the ground conductor patterns 2a and 2b is provided.
- tube Is composed.
- a waveguide 7 is provided under the dielectric substrate lb so as to correspond to the opening of the dielectric waveguide.
- the operation of the waveguide / microstrip line converter according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings.
- the high-frequency signal input to the microstrip line formed on the dielectric substrate 1a is transmitted to the dielectric substrate 1 via the waveguide short circuit.
- Embodiment 3 A waveguide loss-trip line converter according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
- FIG. 9 is a sectional view showing a waveguide / microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the upper surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate shown in FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a view showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a conductor pattern arranged on the lower surface of the lower dielectric substrate shown in FIG. Note that the cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 9 is given as an AA ′ cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 10 to FIG.
- ground conductor patterns 2a, 2b, and 2c are arranged on the lower side of the dielectric substrates 1a, 1b, and 1c, respectively.
- a strip conductor pattern 3 and a waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern 4 are arranged on the upper side of the dielectric substrate 1a.
- the waveguide wall vias 5a, 5b, 5c are provided on the dielectric substrates la, lb, 1c.
- the ground conductor patterns 2a, 2b, and 2c are provided with ground conductor pattern cutouts 6a, 6b, and 6c, respectively.
- the “waveguide short-circuit section” is configured.
- a ground conductor pattern 2b is provided on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate 1b, and a waveguide wall via 5b for connecting the ground conductor patterns 2a and 2b is provided.
- the light propagates through the dielectric waveguide formed on the dielectric substrate 1c and propagates to the waveguide 7 via the ground conductor pattern cutout 6c.
- the third embodiment there is no short-circuited waveguide block projecting about 1/4 wavelength from the top of the dielectric substrate as in the conventional example described above. Since high-precision assembly is not required, a small-sized waveguide / microstrip line converter that can be easily mass-produced can be realized.
- it since it is composed only of the conductor pattern and the via of the substrate, it can be formed inside the dielectric substrate, and has an effect that it can be easily incorporated into a package using ceramic or the like.
- FIG. 14 shows a waveguide microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- the wide strip conductor pattern portion 8 is provided between the strip conductor pattern 3 and the waveguide short-circuit conductor pattern 4.
- a parallel capacitance component can be added.
- Impedance matching can be performed.
- the electric field distribution in the microstrip line concentrates on the dielectric substrate side, so the upper space at the connection between the strip conductor pattern 3 and the conductor pattern 4 for short-circuiting the waveguide is formed. Radiation can be suppressed.
- the short-circuited waveguide block projecting about 1/4 wavelength from the top of the dielectric substrate as in the conventional example described above is eliminated. Since even high-precision assembly is not required, a small-sized waveguide / microstrip line converter that can be easily mass-produced can be realized.
- FIG. 15 shows a waveguide microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 shows a waveguide microstrip line converter according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
- the projecting portions 9 of the conductor pattern for short-circuiting the waveguide are provided on both sides of the connection portion between the strip conductor pattern 3 and the conductor pattern 4 for short-circuiting the waveguide and are separated from the strip conductor pattern 3.
- the waveguide / microstrip line converter having the above-described configuration, even when the connection portion between the strip conductor pattern 3 and the conductor pattern 4 for short-circuiting the waveguide is located above the ground conductor pattern removal portion 6, Since almost the top of the ground conductor pattern cutout 6 can be covered with the conductor pattern, radiation to the upper space can be suppressed.
- the fifth embodiment there is no short-circuited waveguide block projecting about one to four wavelengths from the top of the dielectric substrate as in the conventional example described above. Since high-precision assembly is not required, a small-sized waveguide / microstrip line converter that can be easily mass-produced can be realized. In addition, since it is composed only of the conductor pattern and the via of the substrate, it can be formed inside the dielectric substrate, and has an effect that it can be easily incorporated into a package using ceramic or the like. Further, the presence of the overhanging portion 9 of the conductor pattern for short-circuiting the waveguide has an effect that unnecessary radiation from the converter to the space can be suppressed. Industrial applicability
- the dielectric substrate since it is composed of only the conductor pattern and via of the substrate, it can be formed inside the dielectric substrate, and it can also be incorporated in a package using ceramic or the like. Easy.
Landscapes
- Waveguides (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP15154475.6A EP2905839B1 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-12 | Waveguide-to-microstrip transition |
US10/477,404 US7148765B2 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-12 | Waveguide/microstrip line converter with multi-layer waveguide shorting portion |
EP03710321.5A EP1396902B1 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-12 | Waveguide/microstrip line converter |
US11/300,332 US7205862B2 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2005-12-15 | Waveguide-to-microstrip transition with a multi-layer waveguide shorting portion |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002068754A JP3828438B2 (ja) | 2002-03-13 | 2002-03-13 | 導波管/マイクロストリップ線路変換器 |
JP2002-068754 | 2002-03-13 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/477,404 A-371-Of-International US7148765B2 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-12 | Waveguide/microstrip line converter with multi-layer waveguide shorting portion |
US11/300,332 Division US7205862B2 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2005-12-15 | Waveguide-to-microstrip transition with a multi-layer waveguide shorting portion |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003077353A1 true WO2003077353A1 (fr) | 2003-09-18 |
Family
ID=27800309
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2003/002927 WO2003077353A1 (fr) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-12 | Transformateur d'alimentation a guide d'onde/ligne microruban |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7148765B2 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2905839B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3828438B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003077353A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (35)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2005083832A1 (ja) | 2004-02-27 | 2005-09-09 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | 変換回路 |
JP4158745B2 (ja) | 2004-06-18 | 2008-10-01 | 株式会社デンソー | 導波管・伝送線路変換器 |
JP4867359B2 (ja) * | 2005-07-06 | 2012-02-01 | 日立化成工業株式会社 | 伝送線路層間接続構造 |
KR100714451B1 (ko) | 2005-12-08 | 2007-05-04 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 유전체 도파관 대 표준 도파관 천이구조 |
JP4568235B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-08 | 2010-10-27 | 株式会社デンソー | 伝送路変換器 |
JP4622954B2 (ja) * | 2006-08-01 | 2011-02-02 | 株式会社デンソー | 線路導波管変換器および無線通信装置 |
GB2453697B (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2010-11-24 | Advanced Risc Mach Ltd | A bus interconnect device and a data processing apparatus including such a bus interconnect device |
KR100846872B1 (ko) * | 2006-11-17 | 2008-07-16 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 유전체 도파관 대 전송선의 밀리미터파 천이 장치 |
JP4648292B2 (ja) * | 2006-11-30 | 2011-03-09 | 日立オートモティブシステムズ株式会社 | ミリ波帯送受信機及びそれを用いた車載レーダ |
JP4365852B2 (ja) | 2006-11-30 | 2009-11-18 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 導波管構造 |
JP2008193161A (ja) * | 2007-01-31 | 2008-08-21 | Hitachi Kokusai Electric Inc | マイクロストリップ線路−導波管変換器 |
WO2008136103A1 (ja) | 2007-04-25 | 2008-11-13 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | 偶高調波ミクサ |
JP4827799B2 (ja) * | 2007-06-18 | 2011-11-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 導波管/マイクロストリップ線路変換器 |
US7609223B2 (en) * | 2007-12-13 | 2009-10-27 | Sierra Nevada Corporation | Electronically-controlled monolithic array antenna |
US8059051B2 (en) | 2008-07-07 | 2011-11-15 | Sierra Nevada Corporation | Planar dielectric waveguide with metal grid for antenna applications |
JP2010056920A (ja) * | 2008-08-28 | 2010-03-11 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 導波管マイクロストリップ線路変換器 |
EP2403055B1 (en) * | 2009-02-27 | 2019-11-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Waveguide-microstrip line converter |
JP5377070B2 (ja) * | 2009-05-14 | 2013-12-25 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 導波管/マイクロストリップ線路変換器 |
JP5476873B2 (ja) | 2009-09-05 | 2014-04-23 | 富士通株式会社 | 信号変換器及びその製造方法 |
EP2618421A1 (en) * | 2012-01-19 | 2013-07-24 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Surface Mount Microwave System |
US20150123862A1 (en) * | 2013-11-07 | 2015-05-07 | Thinkom Solutions, Inc. | Waveguide to parallel-plate transition and device including the same |
JP2015149649A (ja) * | 2014-02-07 | 2015-08-20 | 株式会社東芝 | ミリ波帯用半導体パッケージおよびミリ波帯用半導体装置 |
JP2015149650A (ja) * | 2014-02-07 | 2015-08-20 | 株式会社東芝 | ミリ波帯用半導体パッケージおよびミリ波帯用半導体装置 |
JP6239477B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-26 | 2017-11-29 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | 平面伝送線路・導波管変換装置 |
JP2016072881A (ja) * | 2014-09-30 | 2016-05-09 | 日本電産エレシス株式会社 | 高周波電力変換機構 |
KR101621480B1 (ko) * | 2014-10-16 | 2016-05-16 | 현대모비스 주식회사 | 도파관 대 유전체 도파관의 천이 구조 |
JP6313813B2 (ja) * | 2016-06-13 | 2018-04-18 | 株式会社フジクラ | 給電装置 |
JP6313812B2 (ja) * | 2016-06-13 | 2018-04-18 | 株式会社フジクラ | 給電装置 |
EP3776721A4 (en) * | 2018-04-13 | 2021-12-01 | Saab Ab | LAUNCH OF WAVE GUIDE |
US10811752B2 (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2020-10-20 | Thinkom Solutions, Inc. | Offset block waveguide coupler |
US11399428B2 (en) | 2019-10-14 | 2022-07-26 | International Business Machines Corporation | PCB with substrate integrated waveguides using multi-band monopole antenna feeds for high speed communication |
US11658378B2 (en) | 2019-10-14 | 2023-05-23 | International Business Machines Corporation | Vertically transitioning between substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) within a multilayered printed circuit board (PCB) |
FR3105454B1 (fr) * | 2019-12-18 | 2023-05-05 | Thales Sa | Dispositif de transmission d'un signal a un guide d'ondes |
CN112397865B (zh) * | 2020-10-23 | 2022-05-10 | 中国电子科技集团公司第二十九研究所 | 一种实现3mm波导端口气密的微带探针过渡结构 |
CN113745787B (zh) * | 2021-08-23 | 2022-06-28 | 格兰康希微电子系统(上海)有限公司 | 信号转换器和微带线-波导信号转换装置 |
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- 2002-03-13 JP JP2002068754A patent/JP3828438B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-03-12 WO PCT/JP2003/002927 patent/WO2003077353A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2003-03-12 EP EP15154475.6A patent/EP2905839B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-12 EP EP03710321.5A patent/EP1396902B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-12 US US10/477,404 patent/US7148765B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-12-15 US US11/300,332 patent/US7205862B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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JPH09214212A (ja) * | 1996-01-31 | 1997-08-15 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | マイクロ波回路装置 |
JPH10107518A (ja) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-24 | Kyocera Corp | 誘電体導波管線路および配線基板 |
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Title |
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See also references of EP1396902A4 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1396902B1 (en) | 2015-09-23 |
EP1396902A4 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
EP1396902A1 (en) | 2004-03-10 |
US20060091971A1 (en) | 2006-05-04 |
EP2905839A1 (en) | 2015-08-12 |
JP2003273612A (ja) | 2003-09-26 |
EP2905839B1 (en) | 2019-09-04 |
US20040119554A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
US7148765B2 (en) | 2006-12-12 |
JP3828438B2 (ja) | 2006-10-04 |
US7205862B2 (en) | 2007-04-17 |
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