Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
  • C12N9/0055—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on diphenols and related substances as donors (1.10)
  • C12N9/0057—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on diphenols and related substances as donors (1.10) with oxygen as acceptor (1.10.3)
  • C12N9/0059—Catechol oxidase (1.10.3.1), i.e. tyrosinase
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/10—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
  • A61K40/11—T-cells, e.g. tumour infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL] or regulatory T [Treg] cells; Lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cells
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
  • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
  • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
  • A61K40/428—Undefined tumor antigens, e.g. tumor lysate or antigens targeted by cells isolated from tumor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
  • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
  • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
  • C07K14/4748—Tumour specific antigens; Tumour rejection antigen precursors [TRAP], e.g. MAGE
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to peptides, and nucleic acids encoding peptides, that are useful epitopes of target-associated antigens. More specifically, the invention relates to epitopes that have a high affinity for MHC class I and that are produced by target-specific proteasomes. Description of the Related Art
• the neoplastic disease state commonly known as cancer is thought to result generally from a single cell growing out of control.
• the uncontrolled growth state typically results from a multi- step process in which a series of cellular systems fail, resulting in the genesis of a neoplastic cell.
• the resulting neoplastic cell rapidly reproduces itself, forms one or more tumors, and eventually may cause the death of the host.
• neoplastic cells are largely unassailed by the host's immune system.
• immune surveillance the process in which the host's immune system surveys and localizes foreign materials, a neoplastic cell will appear to the host's immune surveillance machinery as a "self cell.
• virus infection involves the expression of clearly non-self antigens.
• many virus infections are successfully dealt with by the immune system with minimal clinical sequela.
• a variety of vaccine approaches have been used successfully to combat various diseases. These approaches include subunit vaccines consisting of individual proteins produced through recombinant DNA technology. Notwithstanding these advances, the selection and effective administration of minimal epitopes for use as viral vaccines has remained problematic.
• viruses that have evolved the capability of evading a host's immune system.
• Many viruses especially viruses that establish persistent infections, such as members of the herpes and pox virus families, produce immunomodulatory molecules that permit the virus to evade the host's immune system.
• the immune system has two types of adaptive responses to foreign bodies based on the components that mediate the response: a humoral response and a cell-mediated response.
• the humoral response is mediated by antibodies, while the cell-mediated response involves cells classified as lymphocytes.
• Recent anticancer and antiviral strategies have focused on mobilizing the host immune system as a means of anticancer or antiviral treatment or therapy.
• the immune system functions in three phases to protect the host from foreign bodies: the cognitive phase, the activation phase, and the effector phase.
• the cognitive phase the immune system recognizes and signals the presence of a foreign antigen or invader in the body.
• the foreign antigen can be, for example, a cell surface marker from a neoplastic cell or a viral protein.
• An array of effector cells implements an immune response to an invader.
• One type of effector cell the B cell, generates antibodies targeted against foreign antigens encountered by the host. In combination with the complement system, antibodies direct the destruction of cells or organisms bearing the targeted antigen.
• Another type of effector cell is the natural killer cell (NK cell), a type of lymphocyte having the capacity to spontaneously recognize and destroy a variety of virus infected cells as well as malignant cell types. The method used by NK cells to recognize target cells is poorly understood.
• Another type of effector cell, the T cell has members classified into three subcategories, each playing a different role in the immune response.
• helper T cells secrete cytokines which stimulate the proliferation of other cells necessary for mounting an effective immune response, while suppressor T cells down-regulate the immune response.
• a third category of T cell, the cytotoxic T cell (CTL) is capable of directly lysing a targeted cell presenting a foreign antigen on its surface.
• CTL cytotoxic T cell
• T cells are antigen-specific immune cells that function in response to specific antigen signals.
• B lymphocytes and the antibodies they produce are also antigen-specific entities.
• T cells do not respond to antigens in a free or soluble form.
• MHC major histocompatibility complex
• T cells specific for a peptide bound to a recognizable MHC molecule bind to these MHC-peptide complexes and proceed to the next stages of the immune response.
• MHC MHC-peptide complexes
• class I MHC MHC-peptide complexes
• class H MHC MHC-peptide complexes
• T Helper cells CD4 +
• cytolytic T cells CD8
• class I MHC proteins T Helper cells
• Both classes of MHC protein are transmembrane proteins with a majority of their structure on the external surface of the cell. Additionally, both classes of MHC proteins have a peptide binding cleft on their external portions. It is in this cleft that small fragments of proteins, endogenous or foreign, are bound and presented to the extracellular environment.
• pAPCs professional antigen presenting cells
• T cells specific for the peptide bound to a recognizable MHC protein, bind to these MHC-peptide complexes on pAPCs
• the specific co- stimulatory molecules that act upon the T cell direct the path of differentiation/activation taken by the T cell. That is, the co-stimulation molecules affect how the T cell will act on antigenic signals in future encounters as it proceeds to the next stages of the immune response.
• neoplastic cells are largely ignored by the immune system.
• a great deal of effort is now being expended in an attempt to harness a host's immune system to aid in combating the presence of neoplastic cells in a host.
• One such area of research involves the formulation of anticancer vaccines.
• neoplastic cells are derived from and therefore are substantially identical to normal cells on a genetic level, many neoplastic cells are known to present tumor-associated antigens (TuAAs). In theory, these antigens could be used by a subject's immune system to recognize these antigens and attack the neoplastic cells. In reality, however, neoplastic cells generally appear to be ignored by the host's immune system.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,993,828 describes a method for producing an immune response against a particular subunit of the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen by administering to a subject an effective dose of a composition comprising inactivated tumor cells having the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen on the cell surface and at least one tumor associated antigen selected from the group consisting of GM-2, GD-2, Fetal Antigen and Melanoma Associated Antigen. Accordingly, this patent describes using whole, inactivated tumor cells as the immunogen in an anticancer vaccine.
• Another strategy used with anticancer vaccines involves administering a composition containing isolated tumor antigens.
• MAGE-A1 antigenic peptides were used as an immunogen.
• Scheinberg, et al. treated 12 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients already receiving interferon (IFN) or hydroxyurea with 5 injections of class I-associated bcr-abl peptides with a helper peptide plus the adjuvant QS-21.
• CML chronic myelogenous leukemia
• IFN interferon
• CML Leukemia
• DTH delayed type hypersensitivity
• Vaccine strategies to protect against viral diseases have had many successes. Perhaps the most notable of these is the progress that has been made against the disease small pox, which has been driven to extinction. The success of the polio vaccine is of a similar magnitude.
• Viral vaccines can be grouped into three classifications: live attenuated virus vaccines, such as vaccinia for small pox, the Sabin poliovirus vaccine, and measles mumps and rubella; whole killed or inactivated virus vaccines, such as the Salk poliovirus vaccine, hepatitis A virus vaccine and the typical influenza virus vaccines; and subunit vaccines, such as hepatitis B. Due to their lack of a complete viral genome, subunit vaccines offer a greater degree of safety than those based on whole viruses.
• live attenuated virus vaccines such as vaccinia for small pox, the Sabin poliovirus vaccine, and measles mumps and rubella
• whole killed or inactivated virus vaccines such as the Salk poliovirus vaccine, hepatitis A virus vaccine and the typical influenza virus vaccines
• subunit vaccines such as hepatitis B. Due to their lack of a complete viral genome, subunit vaccines offer a greater degree of safety than those
• the paradigm of a successful subunit vaccine is the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine based on the viruses envelope protein.
• the efforts have yet to bear much fruit.
• Viral vaccine research has also concentrated on the induction of an antibody response although cellular responses also occur.
• many of the subunit formulations are particularly poor at generating a CTL response.
• the present invention provides epitopes that have a high affinity for MHC I, and that correspond to the processing specificity of the housekeeping proteasome, which is active in peripheral cells. These epitopes thus correspond to those presented on target cells.
• the use of such epitopes in vaccines can activate the cellular immune response to recognize the correctly processed TAA and can result in removal of target cells that present such epitopes.
• the housekeeping epitopes provided herein can be used in combination with immune epitopes, generating a cellular immune response that is competent to attack target cells both before and after interferon induction.
• the epitopes are useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of the target-associated disease and in the generation of immunological reagents for such purposes.
• Embodiments of the invention relate to isolated epitopes and antigens or polypeptides that comprise the epitopes.
• Preferred embodiments include an epitope or antigen having the sequence as disclosed in TABLE 1.
• Other embodiments can include an epitope cluster comprising a polypeptide from Table 1.
• emodiments include a polypeptide having substantial similarity to the already mentioned epitopes, antigens, or clusters.
• Other preferred embodiments include a polypeptide having functional similarity to any of the above.
• Still further embodiments relate to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of any of the epitopes, clusters, antigens, and polypeptides from Table 1 and mentioned herein.
• the epitope can be immunologically active.
• the polypeptide comprising the epitope can be less than about 30 amino acids in length, more preferably, the polypeptide is 8 to 10 amino acids in length, for example.
• Substantial or functional similarity can include addition of at least one amino acid, for example, and the at least one additional amino acid can be at an N-terminus of the polypeptide.
• the substantial or functional similarity can include a substitution of at least one amino acid.
• the epitope, cluster, or polypeptide comprising the same can have affinity to an HLA-A2 molecule.
• the affinity can be determined by an assay of binding, by an assay of restriction of epitope recognition, by a prediction algorithm, and the like.
• the epitope, cluster, or polypeptide comprising the same can have affinity to an HLA-B7, HLA-B51 molecule, and the like.
• the polypeptide can be a housekeeping epitope.
• the epitope or polypeptide can correspond to an epitope displayed on a tumor cell, to an epitope displayed on a neovasculature cell, and the like,
• the epitope or polypeptide can be an immune epitope.
• the epitope, cluster and/or polypeptide can be a nucleic acid.
• compositions comprising the polypeptides, including an epitope from Table 1, a cluster, or a polypeptide comprising the same and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier, diluent, excipient, and the like.
• the adjuvant can be a polynucleotide.
• the polynucleotide can include a dinucleotide.
• the dinucleotide can be CpG, for example.
• the adjuvant can be encoded by a polynucleotide.
• the adjuvant can be a cytokine and the cytokine can be, for example, GM-CSF.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can further include a professional antigen-presenting cell (pAPC).
• the pAPC can be a dendritic cell, for example.
• the pharmaceutical composition can further include a second epitope.
• the second epitope can be a polypeptide.
• the second epitope can be a nucleic acid.
• the second epitope can be a housekeeping epitope, an immune epitope, and the like.
• compositions that include any of the nucleic acids discussed herein, including those that encode polypeptides that comprise epitopes or antigens from Table 1.
• Such compositions can include a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier, diluent, excipient, and the like.
• constructs that include such a nucleic acid as described herein, including those that encode polypeptides that comprise epitopes or antigens from Table 1.
• the constructs can further include a plasmid, a viral vector, an artificial chromosome, and the like.
• the construct can further include a sequence encoding at least one feature, such as for example, a second epitope, an IRES, an ISS, an NIS, ubiquitin.
• Further embodiments relate to purified antibodies that specifically bind to at least one of the epitopes in Table 1 A.
• Other embodiments relate to purified antibodies that specifically bind to a peptide-MHC protein complex comprising an epitope disclosed in Table 1A or any other suitable epitope.
• the antibody from any embodiment can be a monoclonal antibody.
• Still other embodiments relate to multimeric MHC-peptide complexes that include an epitope, such as, for example, an epitope disclosed in Table 1.
• Embodiments relate to isolated T cells expressing a T cell receptor specific for an MHC- peptide complex.
• the complex can include an epitope, such as, for example, an epitope disclosed in Table 1 of claim 1.
• the T cell can be produced by an in vitro immunization.
• the T cell can be isolated from an immunized animal.
• Embodiments relate to T cell clones, including cloned T cells, such as those discussed above.
• Embodiments also relate to polyclonal population of T cells. Such populations can include a T cell, as described above, for example.
• Still further embodiments relate to pharmaceutical compositions that include a T cell, such as those described above, for example, and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier, diluent, excipient, and the like.
• Embodiments of the invention relate to isolated protein molecules comprising the binding domain of a T cell receptor specific for an MHC-peptide complex.
• the complex can include an epitope disclosed in Table 1.
• the protein can be multivalent.
• Other embodiments relate to isolated nucleic acids encoding such proteins.
• Still further embodiments relate to recombinant constructs that include such nucleic acids.
• inventions relate to host cells expressing the recombinant construct described herein, including constructs encoding an epitope, cluster or polypeptide comprising the same, disclosed in Table 1, for example.
• the host cell can be a dendritic cell, macrophage, tumor cell, tumor-derived cell, and the like.
• the host cell can be a bacterium, fungus, protozoan and the like.
• Embodiments also relate to pharmaceutical compositions that include a host cell, such as those discussed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier, diluent, excipient, and the like.
• Still other embodiments relate to vaccines or immunotherapeutic compositions that include at least one component, such as, for example, an epitope disclosed in Table 1 or otherwise described herein; a cluster that includes such an epitope, an antigen or polypeptide that includes such an epitope; a composition described above and herein; a construct, a T cell, or a host cell as described above and herein.
• at least one component such as, for example, an epitope disclosed in Table 1 or otherwise described herein; a cluster that includes such an epitope, an antigen or polypeptide that includes such an epitope; a composition described above and herein; a construct, a T cell, or a host cell as described above and herein.
• the methods can include administering to an animal a vaccine or immunotherapeutic composition, including those disclosed above and herein.
• the administering step can include a mode of delivery, such as, for example, transdermal, intranodal, perinodal, oral, intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, mucosal, aerosol inhalation, instillation, and the like.
• the method can further include a step of assaying to determine a characteristic indicative of a state of a target cell or target cells.
• the method can include a first assaying step and a second assaying step, wherein the first assaying step precedes the administering step, and wherein the second assaying step follows the administering step.
• the method can further include a step of comparing the characteristic determined in the first assaying step with the characteristic determined in the second assaying step to obtain a result.
• the result can be for example, evidence of an immune response, a diminution in number of target cells, a loss of mass or size of a tumor comprising target cells, a decrease in number or concentration of an intracellular parasite infecting target cells, and the like.
• Embodiments relate to methods of evaluating immunogenicity of a vaccine or immunotherapeutic composition.
• the methods can include administering to an animal a vaccine or immunotherapeutic, such as those described above and elsewhere herein, and evaluating immunogenicity based on a characteristic of the animal.
• the animal can be HLA-transgenic.
• inventions relate to methods of evaluating immunogenicity that include in vitro stimulation of a T cell with the vaccine or immunotherapeutic composition, such as those described above and elsewhere herein, and evaluating immunogenicity based on a characteristic of the T cell.
• the stimulation can be a primary stimulation.
• Still further embodiments relate to methods of making a passive/adoptive immunotherapeutic.
• the methods can include combining a T cell or a host cell, such as those described above and elsewhere herein, with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier, diluent, excipient, and the like.
• inventions relate to methods of determining specific T cell frequency, and can include the step of contacting T cells with a MHC-peptide complex comprising an epitope disclosed in Table 1, or a complex comprising a cluster or antigen comprising such an epitope.
• the contacting step can include at least one feature, such as, for example, immunization, restimulation, detection, enumeration, and the like.
• the method can further include ELISPOT analysis, limiting dilution analysis, flow cytometry, in situ hybridization, the polymerase chain reaction, any combination thereof, and the like.
• Embodiments relate to methods of evaluating immunologic response. The methods can include the above-described methods determining specific T cell frequency carried out prior to and subsequent to an immunization step.
• Another embodiment relates to methods of evaluating immunologic response.
• the methods can include determining frequency, cytokine production, or cytolytic activity of T cells, prior to and subsequent to a step of stimulation with MHC-peptide complexes comprising an epitope, such as, for example an epitope from Table 1, a cluster or a polypeptide comprising such an epitope.
• the methods can include contacting a subject tissue with at least one component, including, for example, a T cell, a host cell, an antibody, a protein, including those described above and elsewhere herein; and diagnosing the disease based on a characteristic of the tissue or of the component.
• the contacting step can take place in vivo.
• the contacting step can take place in vitro.
• Still other embodiments relate to methods of making a vaccine.
• the methods can include combining at least one component, an epitope, a composition, a construct, a T cell, a host cell; including any of those described above and elsewhere herein, with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier, diluent, excipient, and the like.
• Embodiments relate to computer readable media having recorded thereon the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1 -602, in a machine having a hardware or software that calculates the physical, biochemical, immunologic, or molecular genetic properties of a molecule embodying said sequence.
• Still other embodiments relate to methods of "treating an animal.
• the methods can include combining the method of treating an animal that includes administering to the animal a vaccine or immunotherapeutic composition, such as described above and elsewhere herein, combined with at least one mode of treatment, including, for example, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biochemofherapy, surgery, and the like.
• inventions relate to isolated polypeptides that include an epitope cluster from a target-associated antigen having the sequence as disclosed in any one of Tables 25-44, wherein the amino acid sequence includes not more than about 80% of the amino acid sequence of the antigen.
• Other embodiments relate to vaccines or immunotherapeutic products that include an isolated peptide as described above and elsewhere herein.
• Still other embodiments relate to isolated polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide as described above and elsewhere herein.
• Other embodiments relate vaccines or immunotherapeutic products that include these polynucleotides.
• the polynucleotide can be DNA or RNA. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a sequence alignment of NY-ESO-1 and several similar protein sequences.
• Figure 2 graphically represents a plasmid vaccine backbone useful for delivering nucleic acid-encoded epitopes.
• Figures 3A and 3B are FACS profiles showing results of HLA-A2 binding assays for tyrosinase 2 07-2i5 and tyrosinase 2 08-2i6.
• Figure 5 shows a binding curve for HLA-A2:SSX-2 1-49 with controls.
• Figure 6 shows specific lysis of SSX-2 4 ⁇ . 49 -pulsed targets by CTL from SSX-2 4M9 - immunized HLA-A2 transgenic mice.
• Figure 8 shows binding curves for HLA-A2:PSMA 168 . ⁇ 7 and HLA-A2:PSMA 28 8-297 with controls.
• Figure 10 shows binding curves for HLA-A2:PSMA 46 ⁇ - 469 , HLA-A2:PSMA 46MS9 , and HLA-A2:PSMA 663 . 67 i,with controls.
• Figure 11 shows the results of a ⁇ -IFN-based ELISPOT assay detecting reactive HLA-A1 + CD8 + T cells.
• Figure 12 shows blocking of reactivity of the T cells used in figure 10 by anti-HLA-Al mAb, demonstrating HLA-Al-restricted recognition.
• Figure 13 shows a binding curve for HLA-A2:PSMA 663-671j with controls.
• Figure 14 shows a binding curve for HLA- A2:PSMA 662-6 7i, with controls.
• Figure 16 Growth of transplanted gp33 expressing tumor in mice immunized by i.ln. injection of gp33 epitope-expressing, or control, plasmid.
• Figure 17. Amount of plasmid DNA detected by real-time PCR in injected or draining lymph nodes at various times after i.ln. of i.m. injection, respectively.
• PROFESSIONAL ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL a cell that possesses T cell costimulatory molecules and is able to induce a T cell response.
• Well characterized pAPCs include dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages.
• PERIPHERAL CELL - a cell that is not a pAPC.
• HOUSEKEEPING PROTEASOME - a proteasome normally active in peripheral cells, and generally not present or not strongly active in pAPCs.
• IMMUNE PROTEASOME - a proteasome normally active in pAPCs; the immune proteasome is also active in some peripheral cells in infected tissues.
• epitopes according to this definition include but are not necessarily limited to a polypeptide and a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide is capable of stimulating an immune response.
• epitopes according to this definition include but are not necessarily limited to peptides presented on the surface of cells, the peptides being non-covalently bound to the binding cleft of class I MHC, such that they can interact with T cell receptors.
• MHC EPITOPE - a polypeptide having a known or predicted binding affinity for a mammalian class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule.
• a housekeeping epitope is defined as a polypeptide fragment that is an MHC epitope, and that is displayed on a cell in which housekeeping proteasomes are predominantly active.
• a housekeeping epitope is defined as a polypeptide containing a housekeeping epitope according to the foregoing definition, that is flanked by one to several additional amino acids.
• a housekeeping epitope is defined as a nucleic acid that encodes a housekeeping epitope according to the foregoing definitions.
• an immune epitope is defined as a polypeptide fragment that is an MHC epitope, and that is displayed on a cell in which immune proteasomes are predominantly active.
• an immune epitope is defined as a polypeptide containing an immune epitope according to the foregoing definition, that is flanked by one to several additional amino acids.
• an immune epitope is defined as a polypeptide including an epitope cluster sequence, having at least two polypeptide sequences having a known or predicted affinity for a class I MHC.
• an immune epitope is defined as a nucleic acid that encodes an immune epitope according to any of the foregoing definitions.
• TARGET CELL - a cell to be targeted by the vaccines and methods of the invention.
• target cells include but are not necessarily limited to: a neoplastic cell and a cell harboring an intracellular parasite, such as, for example, a virus, a bacterium, or a protozoan.
• TARGET-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN - a protein or polypeptide present in a target cell.
• TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS TuAA
• TAA TAA
• HLA EPITOPE - a polypeptide having a known or predicted binding affinity for a human class I or class II HLA complex molecule.
• ANTIBODY - a natural immunoglobulin (Ig), poly- or monoclonal, or any molecule composed in whole or in part of an Ig binding domain, whether derived biochemically or by use of recombinant DNA. Examples include inter alia, F(ab), single chain Fv, and Ig variable region- phage coat protein fusions.
• ENCODE - an open-ended term such that a nucleic acid encoding a particular amino acid sequence can consist of codons specifying that (poly)peptide, but can also comprise additional sequences either translatable, or for the control of transcription, translation, or replication, or to facilitate manipulation of some host nucleic acid construct.
• SUBSTANTIAL SFM ⁇ LARITY this term is used to refer to sequences that differ from a reference sequence in an inconsequential way as judged by examination of the sequence. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the same amino acid sequence are substantially similar despite differences in degenerate positions or modest differences in length or composition of any non-coding regions.
• amino acid sequences differing only by conservative substitution or minor length variations are substantially similar. Additionally, amino acid sequences comprising housekeeping epitopes that differ in the number of N-terminal flanking residues, or immune epitopes and epitope clusters that differ in the number of flanking residues at either terminus, are substantially similar. Nucleic acids that encode substantially similar amino acid sequences are themselves also substantially similar.
• FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITY this term is used to refer to sequences that differ from a reference sequence in an inconsequential way as judged by examination of a biological or biochemical property, although the sequences may not be substantially similar.
• two nucleic acids can be useful as hybridization probes for the same sequence but encode differing amino acid sequences.
• Two peptides that induce cross-reactive CTL responses are functionally similar even if they differ by non-conservative amino acid substitutions (and thus do not meet the substantial similarity definition). Pairs of antibodies, or TCRs, that recognize the same epitope can be functionally similar to each other despite whatever structural differences exist.
• SEQ ID NOS. 1, 8, 9, 11-23, 26-29, 32-44, 47-54, 56-63, 66-68 88-253, and 256-588 can be useful as epitopes in any of the various embodiments of the invention.
• Any of SEQ ID NOS. 10, 30, 31, 45, 46, 55, 64, 65, 69, 254, and 255 can be useful as sequences containing epitopes or epitope clusters, as described in various embodiments of the invention.
• TIL tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
• the target cell will generally not be recognized by CTL induced with TIL- identified epitopes.
• the epitopes of the present invention are generated by the action a specified proteasome, indicating that they can be naturally produced, and enabling their appropriate use. The importance of the distinction between housekeeping and immune epitopes to vaccine design in more fully set forth in PCT publication WO 01/82963A2.
• the epitopes of the invention include or encode polypeptide fragments of TAAs that are precursors or products of proteasomal cleavage by a housekeeping or immune proteasome, and that have known or predicted affinity for at least one allele of MHC I.
• the epitopes include or encode a polypeptide of about 6 to 25 amino acids in length, preferably about 7 to 20 amino acids in length, more preferably about 8 to 15 amino acids in length, and still more preferably 9 or 10 amino acids in length.
• the polypeptides can be larger as long as they do not contain sequences that cause the polypeptides to be directed away from the proteasome or to be destroyed by the proteasome.
• the larger peptides do not contain such sequences, they can be processed in the pAPC by the immune proteasome.
• Housekeeping epitopes may also be embedded in longer sequences provided that the sequence is adapted to felicitate liberation of the epitope' s C-terminus by action of the immunoproteasome.
• the sequences of these epitopes can be subjected to computer analysis in order to calculate physical, biochemical, immunologic, or molecular genetic properties such as mass, isoelectric point, predicted mobility in electrophoresis, predicted binding to other MHC molecules, melting temperature of nucleic acid probes, reverse translations, similarity or homology to other sequences, and the like.
• the gene sequence of the associated TAA can be used, or the polynucleotide can be assembled from any of the corresponding codons. For a 10 amino acid epitope this can constitute on the order of
• the invention contemplates producing peptide epitopes. Specifically these epitopes are derived from the sequence of a TAA, and have known or predicted affinity for at least one allele of MHC I. Such epitopes are typically identical to those produced on target cells or pAPCs.
• compositions Containing Active Epitopes Containing Active Epitopes
• Embodiments of the present invention provide polypeptide compositions, including vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics, pharmacological and pharmaceutical compositions.
• the various compositions include newly identified epitopes of TAAs, as well as variants of these epitopes.
• Other embodiments of the invention provide polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide epitopes of the invention.
• the invention further provides vectors for expression of the polypeptide epitopes for purification.
• the invention provides vectors for the expression of the polypeptide epitopes in an APC for use as an anti-tumor vaccine. Any of the epitopes or antigens, or nucleic acids encoding the same, from Table 1A can be used.
• a general architecture for a class I MHC-binding epitope can be described, and has been reviewed more extensively in Madden, D.R. Annu. Rev. Immunol 13:587-622, 1995. Much of the binding energy arises from main chain contacts between conserved residues in the MHC molecule and the N- and C-termini of the peptide. Additional main chain contacts are made but vary among MHC alleles. Sequence specificity is conferred by side chain contacts of so-called anchor residues with pockets that, again, vary among MHC alleles. Anchor residues can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary anchor positions exhibit strong preferences for relatively well-defined sets of amino acid residues.
• Secondary positions show weaker and/or less well-defined preferences that can often be better described in terms of less favored, rather than more favored, residues. Additionally, residues in some secondary anchor positions are not always positioned to contact the pocket on the MHC molecule at all. Thus, a subset of peptides exists that bind to a particular MHC molecule and have a side chain-pocket contact at the position in question and another subset exists that show binding to the same MHC molecule that does not depend on the conformation the peptide assumes in the peptide-binding groove of the MHC molecule.
• the C-terminal residue (P ) is preferably a primary anchor residue. For many of the better studied HLA molecules (e.g. A2,
• the second position (P2) is also an anchor residue.
• central anchor residues have also been observed including P3 and P5 in HLA-B8, as well as P5 and P -3 in the murine MHC molecules H-2D b and H-2K , respectively. Since more stable binding will generally improve immunogenicity, anchor residues are preferably conserved or optimized in the design of variants, regardless of their position.
• the peptide can buckle upward out of the peptide-binding groove allowing some variation in length.
• Epitopes ranging from 8-11 amino acids have been found for HLA-A68, and up to 13 amino acids for HLA- A2.
• single residue truncations and extensions have been reported and the N- and C-termini, respectively.
• non-anchor residues some point up out of the groove, making no contact with the MHC molecule but being available to contact the TCR, very often PI, P4, and P -1 for HLA-A2.
• polypeptide epitope variants can be made, for example, using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservative mutations.
• Variants can be derived from substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids as compared with the native sequence.
• Amino acid substitutions can be the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a threonine with a serine. Such replacements are referred to as conservative amino acid replacements, and all appropriate conservative amino acid replacements are considered to be embodiments of one invention.
• Insertions or deletions can optionally be in the range of about 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 2, amino acids. It is generally preferable to maintain the "anchor positions" of the peptide which are responsible for binding to the MHC molecule in question. Indeed,
• Immunogenicity of a peptide can be improved in many cases by substituting more preferred residues at the anchor positions (Franco, et al., Nature Immunology, 1(2):145-150, 2000). Immunogenicity of a peptide can also often be improved by substituting bulkier amino acids for small amino acids found in non-anchor positions while maintaining sufficient cross-reactivity with the original epitope to constitute a useful vaccine. The variation allowed can be determined by routine insertions, deletions or substitutions of amino acids in the sequence and testing the resulting variants for activity exhibited by the polypeptide epitope. Because the polypeptide epitope is often 9 amino acids, the substitutions preferably are made to the shortest active epitope, for example, an epitope of 9 amino acids.
• Variants can also be made by adding any sequence onto the N-terrninus of the polypeptide epitope variant.
• N-terminal additions can be from 1 amino acid up to at least 25 amino acids. Because peptide epitopes are often trimmed by N-terminal exopeptidases active in the pAPC, it is understood that variations in the added sequence can have no effect on the activity of the epitope.
• the amino acid residues between the last upstream proteasomal cleavage site and the N-terminus of the MHC epitope do not include a proline residue. Serwold, T. at al.,
• Peptides are useful to the extent that they correspond to epitopes actually displayed by MHC I on the surface of a target cell or a pACP.
• a single peptide can have varying affinities for different MHC molecules, binding some well, others adequately, and still others not appreciably
• MHC alleles have traditionally been grouped according to serologic reactivity which does not reflect the structure of the peptide-binding groove, which can differ among different alleles of the same type. Similarly, binding properties can be shared across types; groups based on shared binding properties have been termed supertypes. There are numerous alleles of MHC I in the human population; epitopes specific to certain alleles can be selected based on the genotype of the patient. Table 2.
• the epitope as peptide or encoding polynucleotide, can be administered as a vaccine or immunogenic composition, alone or in combination with various adjuvants, carriers, or excipients.
• vaccine may be used herein, the discussion can be applied and used with any of the other compositions mentioned herein.
• adjuvants include various cytokines and oligonucleotides containing immunostimulatory sequences (as set forth in greater detail in the co- pending applications referenced herein).
• the polynucleotide encoded epitope can be contained in a virus (e.g.
• vaccinia or adenovirus or in a microbial host cell (e.g. Salmonella or Listeria monocytogenes) which is then used as a vector for the polynucleotide (Dietrich, G. et al. Nat. Biotech. 16:181-185, 1998).
• a pAPC can be transformed, ex vivo, to express the epitope, or pulsed with peptide epitope, to be itself administered as a vaccine.
• the encoded epitope can be carried by a viral or bacterial vector, or complexed with a ligand of a receptor found on pAPC.
• the peptide epitope can be complexed with or conjugated to a pAPC ligand.
• a vaccine can be composed of more than a single epitope.
• Preferred embodiments of the present invention are directed to vaccines and methods for causing a pAPC or population of pAPCs to present housekeeping epitopes that correspond to the epitopes displayed on a particular target cell.
• the housekeeping epitope is a TuAA epitope processed by the housekeeping proteasome of a particular tumor type.
• the housekeeping epitope is a virus-associated epitope processed by the housekeeping proteasome of a cell infected with a virus. This facilitates a specific T cell response to the target cells.
• Concurrent expression by the pAPCs of multiple epitopes, corresponding to different induction states (pre- and post- attack), can drive a CTL response effective against target cells as they display either housekeeping epitopes or immune epitopes.
• this embodiment can optimize the cytotoxic T cell response to a target cell.
• the pAPCs can continue to sustain a CTL response to the immune-type epitope when the tumor cell switches from the housekeeping proteasome to the immune proteasome with induction by IFN, which, for example, may be produced by tumor-infiltrating CTLs.
• immunization of a patient is with a vaccine that includes a housekeeping epitope.
• Many preferred TAAs are associated exclusively with a target cell, particularly in the case of infected cells.
• many preferred TAAs are the result of deregulated gene expression in transformed cells, but are found also in tissues of the testis, ovaries and fetus.
• useful TAAs are expressed at higher levels in the target cell than in other cells.
• TAAs are not differentially expressed in the target cell compare to other cells, but are still useful since they are involved in a particular function of the cell and differentiate the target cell from most other peripheral cells; in such embodiments, healthy cells also displaying the TAA may be collaterally attacked by the induced T cell response, but such collateral damage is considered to be far preferable to the condition caused by the target cell.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a method of administering a vaccine including a housekeeping epitope to induce a therapeutic immune response.
• the vaccine is administered to a patient in a manner consistent with the standard vaccine delivery protocols that are well known in the art.
• Methods of administering epitopes of TAAs include, without limitation, transdermal, intranodal, perinodal, oral, intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and mucosal administration.
• a particularly useful method of vaccine delivery to elicit a CTL response is disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 99/01283, entitled "A METHOD OF
• a vaccine to induce a specific T cell response to a target cell is likewise included in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• the vaccine contains a housekeeping epitope in a concentration effective to cause a pAPC or populations of pAPCs to display housekeeping epitopes.
• the vaccine can include a plurality of housekeeping epitopes or one or more housekeeping epitopes optionally in combination with one or more immune epitopes.
• Formulations of the vaccine contain peptides and/or nucleic acids in a concentration sufficient to cause pAPCs to present the epitopes.
• the formulations preferably contain epitopes in a total concentration of about l ⁇ g-lmg/lOO ⁇ l of vaccine preparation.
• Conventional dosages and dosing for peptide vaccines and/or nucleic acid vaccines can be used with the present invention, and such dosing regimens are well understood in the art.
• a single dosage for an adult human may advantageously be from about 1 to about 5000 ⁇ l of such a composition, administered one time or multiple times, e.g., in 2, 3, 4 or more dosages separated by 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, or more, insulin pump delivers 1 ul per hour (lowest frequency) ref intranodal method patent.
• compositions and methods of the invention disclosed herein further contemplate incorporating adjuvants into the formulations in order to enhance the performance of the vaccines.
• adjuvants to the formulations is designed to enhance the delivery or uptake of the epitopes by the pAPCs.
• the adjuvants contemplated by the present invention are known by those of skill in the art and include, for example, GMCSF, GCSF, IL-2, IL-12, BCG, tetanus toxoid, osteopontin, and ETA- 1.
• the vaccines can include a recombinant organism, such as a virus, bacterium or parasite, genetically engineered to express an epitope in a host.
• a recombinant organism such as a virus, bacterium or parasite
• genetically engineered to express an epitope in a host for example, Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium, is a potent vector for targeting TuAAs to the immune system.
• this vector can be engineered to express a housekeeping epitope to induce therapeutic responses. The normal route of infection of this organism is through the gut and can be delivered orally.
• Ad adenovirus
• an adenovirus (Ad) vector encoding a housekeeping epitope for a TuAA can be used to induce anti- virus or anti-tumor responses.
• Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells can be transduced with the virus construct and then injected, or the virus can be delivered directly via subcutaneous injection into an animal to induce potent T-cell responses.
• Another embodiment employs a recombinant vaccinia virus engineered to encode amino acid sequences corresponding to a housekeeping epitope for a TAA.
• Vaccinia viruses carrying constructs with the appropriate nucleotide substitutions in the form of a minigene construct can direct the expression of a housekeeping epitope, leading to a therapeutic T cell response against the epitope.
• the immunization with DNA requires that APCs take up the DNA and express the encoded proteins or peptides. It is possible to encode a discrete class I peptide on the DNA.
• APCs can be caused to express a housekeeping epitope, which is then displayed on class I MHC on the surface of the cell for stimulating an appropriate CTL response.
• Constructs generally relying on termination of translation or non-proteasomal proteases for generation of proper termini of housekeeping epitopes have been described in U.S. Patent application No. 09/561,572 entitled EXPRESSION VECTORS ENCODING EPITOPES OF
• housekeeping peptides can be embedded in a translation product of at least about 60 amino acids. In other embodiments the housekeeping peptide can be embedded in a translation product of at least about 50, 30, or 15 amino acids.
• the immune proteasome of the pAPC Due to differential proteasomal processing, the immune proteasome of the pAPC produces peptides that are different from those produced by the housekeeping proteasome in peripheral body cells.
• a housekeeping peptide in the context of a larger protein, it is preferably expressed in the APC in a context other than its full length native sequence, because, as a housekeeping epitope, it is generally only efficiently processed from the native protein by the housekeeping proteasome, which is not active in the APC.
• it is useful to find flanking areas on either side of the sequence encoding the epitope that permit appropriate cleavage by the immune proteasome in order to liberate that housekeeping epitope.
• SYNCHROTOPETM sequence ensuring epitope synchronization
• Altering flanking amino acid residues at the N-terminus and C-terminus of the desired housekeeping epitope can facilitate appropriate cleavage and generation of the housekeeping epitope in the APC.
• Sequences embedding housekeeping epitopes can be designed ⁇ e novo and screened to determine which can be successfully processed by immune proteasomes to liberate housekeeping epitopes.
• a contiguous sequence of amino acids can be generated from head to tail arrangement of one or more housekeeping epitopes.
• a construct expressing this sequence is used to immunize an animal, and the resulting T cell response is evaluated to determine its specificity to one or more of the epitopes in the array.
• these immune responses indicate housekeeping epitopes that are processed in the pAPC effectively.
• the necessary flanking areas around this epitope are thereby defined.
• the use of flanking regions of about 4-6 amino acids on either side of the desired peptide can provide the necessary information to facilitate proteasome processing of the housekeeping epitope by the immune proteasome.
• a SYNCHROTOPETM of approximately 16-22 amino acids can be inserted into, or fused to, any protein sequence effectively to result in that housekeeping epitope being produced in an APC.
• the whole head-to-tail array of epitopes, or just the epitopes immediately adjacent to the correctly processed housekeeping epitope can be similarly transferred from a test construct to a vaccine vector.
• the housekeeping epitopes can be embedded between known immune epitopes, or segments of such, thereby providing an appropriate context for processing.
• the abutment of housekeeping and immune epitopes can generate the necessary context to enable the immune proteasome to liberate the housekeeping epitope, or a larger fragment, preferably including a correct C-terminus. It can be useful to screen constructs to verify that the desired epitope is produced.
• the abutment of housekeeping epitopes can generate a site cleavable by the immune proteasome.
• Some embodiments of the invention employ known epitopes to flank housekeeping epitopes in test substrates; in others, screening as described below are used whether the flanking regions are arbitrary sequences or mutants of the natural flanking sequence, and whether or not knowledge of proteasomal cleavage preferences are used in designing the substrates.
• N-terminal extension be less than about 25 amino acids in length and it is further preferred that the extension have few or no proline residues.
• consideration is given not only to cleavage at the ends of the epitope (or at least at its C-terminus), but consideration also can be given to ensure limited cleavage within the epitope. Shotgun approaches can be used in designing test substrates and can increase the efficiency of screening.
• multiple epitopes can be assembled one after the other, with individual epitopes possibly appearing more than once.
• the substrate can be screened to determine which epitopes can be produced.
• a substrate can be designed in which it appears in multiple different contexts.
• additional secondary test substrates in which individual instances of the epitope are removed, disabled, or are unique, can be used to determine which are being liberated and truly constitute SYNCHROTOPETMs.
• a preferred in vitro screen utilizes proteasomal digestion analysis, using purified immune proteasomes, to determine if the desired housekeeping epitope can be liberated from a synthetic peptide embodying the sequence in question.
• the position of the cleavages obtained can be determined by techniques such as mass spectrometry, HPLC, and N-terminal pool sequencing; as described in greater detail in U. S. Patent Applications entitled METHOD OF EPITOPE DISCOVERY, EPITOPE SYNCHRONIZATION IN ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS, two Provisional U. S. Patent Applications entitled EPITOPE SEQUENCES, which are all cited and incorporated by reference above.
• in vivo screens such as immunization or target sensitization can be employed.
• immunization a nucleic acid construct capable of expressing the sequence in question is used.
• Harvested CTL can be tested for their ability to recognize target cells presenting the housekeeping epitope in question.
• targets cells are most readily obtained by pulsing cells expressing the appropriate MHC molecule with synthetic peptide embodying the mature housekeeping epitope.
• cells known to express housekeeping proteasome and the antigen from which the housekeeping epitope is derived, either endogenously or through genetic engineering can be used.
• CTL or preferably a CTL clone, that recognizes the housekeeping epitope can be used.
• the target cell that expresses the embedded housekeeping epitope (instead of the pAPC during immunization) and it must express immune proteasome.
• the target cell can be transformed with an appropriate nucleic acid construct to confer expression of the embedded housekeeping epitope. Loading with a synthetic peptide embodying the embedded epitope using peptide loaded liposomes or a protein transfer reagent such as BIOPORTERTM (Gene Therapy Systems, San Diego, CA) represents an alternative. Additional guidance on nucleic acid constructs useful as vaccines in accordance with the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a method of administering a vaccine including an epitope (or epitopes) to induce a therapeutic immune response.
• the vaccine is administered to a patient in a manner consistent with the standard vaccine delivery protocols that are known in the art.
• Methods of administering epitopes of TAAs including, without limitation, transdermal, intranodal, perinodal, oral, intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and mucosal administration, including delivery by injection, instillation or inhalation.
• a particularly useful method of vaccine delivery to elicit a CTL response is disclosed in Australian Patent No. 739189 issued January 17, 2002; U.S. Patent Application No.
• proteins with binding specificity for the epitope and the epitope-MHC molecule complex are contemplated, as well as the isolated cells by which they can be expressed.
• these reagents take the form of immunoglobulins: polyclonal sera or monoclonal antibodies (mAb), methods for the generation of which are well know in the art.
• mAb monoclonal antibodies
• Generation of mAb with specificity for peptide-MHC molecule complexes is known in the art. See, for example, Aharoni et al. Nature 351:147-150, 1991; Andersen et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93:1820-1824, 1996; Dadaglio et al. Immunity 6:727-738, 1997; Due et al.
• compositions can be used to induce and generate, in vivo and in vitro, T-cells specific for the any of the epitopes, including those listed in Table 1 A, for example.
• embodiments also relate to and include isolated T cells, T cell clones, T cell hybridomas, or a protein containing the T cell receptor (TCR) binding domain derived from the cloned gene, as well as a recombinant cell expressing such a protein.
• TCR derived proteins can be simply the extra-cellular domains of the TCR, or a fusion with portions of another protein to confer a desired property or function.
• TCR binding domains are attached to the constant regions of an antibody molecule so as to create a divalent molecule.
• the construction and activity of molecules following this general pattern have been reported, for example, Plaksin, D. et al. J. Immunol. 158:2218-2227, 1997 and Lebowitz, M.S. et al. Cell Immunol. 192:175-184, 1999, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
• the more general construction and use of such molecules is also treated in U.S. patent 5,830,755 entitled T CELL RECEPTORS AND THEIR USE IN THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• T cells can be readily accomplished by standard immunization of laboratory animals, and reactivity to human target cells can be obtained by immunizing with human target cells or by immunizing HLA-transgenic animals with the antigen/epitope.
• T cells derived from the same species are desirable. While such a cell can be created by cloning, for example, a murine TCR into a human T cell as contemplated above, in vitro immunization of human cells offers a potentially faster option. Techniques for in vitro immunization, even using naive donors, are know in the field, for example, Stauss et al., Proc.
• any of these molecules can be conjugated to enzymes, radiochernicals, fluorescent tags, and toxins, so as to be used in the diagnosis (imaging or other detection), monitoring, and treatment of the pathogenic condition associated with the epitope.
• a toxin conjugate can be administered to kill tumor cells
• radiolabeling can facilitate imaging of epitope positive tumor
• an enzyme conjugate can be used in an ELISA-like assay to diagnose cancer and confirm epitope expression in biopsied tissue.
• T cells as set forth above, following expansion accomplished through stimulation with the epitope and/or cytokines, can be administered to a patient as an adoptive immunotherapy.
• a further aspect of the invention provides isolated epitope-MHC complexes.
• the complexes can be soluble, multimeric proteins such as those described in U. S. Patent No. 5,635,363 (tetramers) or U. S. Patent No. 6,015,884 (Ig-dimers), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
• Such reagents are useful in detecting and monitoring specific T cell responses, and in purifying such T cells.
• Isolated MHC molecules complexed with epitopic peptides can also be incorporated into planar lipid bilayers or liposomes. Such compositions can be used to stimulate T cells in vitro or, in the case of liposomes, in vivo.
• Co-stimulatory molecules e.g. B7, CD40, LFA-3
• co-stimulation can be provided by anti-co-receptor antibodies (e.g. anti-CD28, anti-CD154, anti-CD2) or cytokines (e.g. IL-2, JX-12).
• Such stimulation of T cells can constitute vaccination, drive expansion of T cells in vitro for subsequent infusion in an immuotherapy, or constitute a step in an assay of T cell function.
• the epitope can be an important constituent of functional assays of antigen-specific T cells at either an activation or readout step or both.
• Assays of T cell function current in the art (detailed procedures can be found in standard immunological references such as Current Protocols in Immunology 1999 John Wiley & Sons Inc., N.Y., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) two broad classes can be defined, those that measure the response of a pool of cells and those that measure the response of individual cells. Whereas the former conveys a global measure of the strength of a response, the latter allows determination of the relative frequency of responding cells.
• assays measuring global response are cytotoxicity assays, ELISA, and proliferation assays detecting cytokine secretion.
• Assays measuring the responses of individual cells include limiting dilution analysis (LDA), ELISPOT, flow cytometric detection of unsecreted cytokine (described in U.S. Patent No. 5,445,939, entitled “METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE IMMUNE SYSTEM" and U.S.
• Patent Nos 5,656,446; and 5,843,689 both entitled “METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE IMMUNE SYSTEM," reagents for which are sold by Becton, Dickinson & Company under the tradename TASTIMMUNE', which patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) and detection of specific TCR with tetramers or Ig- dimers as stated and referenced above.
• the comparative virtues of these techniques have been reviewed in Yee, C. et al. Current Opinion in Immunology, 13:141-146, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Additionally detection of a specific TCR rearrangement or expression can be accomplished through a variety of established nucleic acid based techniques, particularly in situ and single-cell PCR techniques, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art.
• PCR and tetramer Ig-dimer type analyses which can detect expression of the cognate TCR
• these assays generally benefit from a step of in vitro antigenic stimulation which can advantageously use various embodiments of the invention as described above in order to detect the particular functional activity (highly cytolytic responses can sometimes be detected directly).
• detection of cytolytic activity requires epitope-displaying target cells, which can be generated using various embodiments of the invention.
• the particular embodiment chosen for any particular step depends on the question to be addressed, ease of use, cost, and the like, but the advantages of one embodiment over another for any particular set of circumstances will be apparent to one of skill in the art.
• Epitopes of the present invention are derived from the TuAAs tyrosinase (SEQ ID NO. 2), SSX-2, (SEQ ED NO. 3), PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) (SEQ ID NO. 4), GP100, (SEQ ID NO. 70), MAGE-1, (SEQ ID NO. 71), MAGE-2, (SEQ ID NO. 72), MAGE-3, (SEQ ID NO. 2), SSX-2, (SEQ ED NO. 3), PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) (SEQ ID NO. 4), GP100, (SEQ ID NO. 70), MAGE-1, (SEQ ID NO. 71), MAGE-2, (SEQ ID NO. 72), MAGE-3, (SEQ ID NO. 2), SSX-2, (SEQ ED NO. 3), PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) (SEQ ID NO. 4), GP100, (SEQ ID NO. 70), MAGE-1, (SEQ ID NO. 71),
• Tyrosinase is a melanin biosynthetic enzyme that is considered one of the most specific markers of melanocytic differentiation. Tyrosinase is expressed in few cell types, primarily in melanocytes, and high levels are often found in melanomas.
• GP100 also known as PMell7, also is a melanin biosynthetic protein expressed at high levels in melanomas.
• GP100 as a TuAA is disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,844,075 entitled "MELANOMA ANTIGENS AND THEIR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC METHODS," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• SSX-2 also know as Hom-Mel-40, is a member of a family of highly conserved cancer- testis antigens (Gure, A.O. et al. Int. J. Cancer 72:965-971, 1997, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Its identification as a TuAA is taught in U.S. Patent 6,025,191 entitled "ISOLATED NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES WHICH ENCODE A MELANOMA SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND USES THEREOF," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• Cancer-testis antigens are found in a variety of tumors, but are generally absent from normal adult tissues except testis. Expression of different members of the SSX family have been found variously in tumor cell lines. Due to the high degree of sequence identity among SSX family members, similar epitopes from more than one member of the family will be generated and able to bind to an MHC molecule, so that some vaccines directed against one member of this family can cross-react and be effective against other members of this family (see example 3 below).
• MAGE-1, MAGE-2, and MAGE-3 are members of another family of cancer-testis antigens originally discovered in melanoma (MAGE is a contraction of melanoma-associated antigen) but found in a variety of tumors.
• MAGE is a contraction of melanoma-associated antigen
• the identification of MAGE proteins as TuAAs is taught in U.S. Patent 5,342,774 entitled NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ENCODING THE TUMOR REJECTION
• MAGE-1 ANTIGEN PRECURSOR, MAGE-1, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and in numerous subsequent patents.
• SWISS Protein database There is extensive similarity among these proteins so in many cases, an epitope from one can induce a cross-reactive response to other members of the family. A few of these have not been observed in tumors, most notably MAGE-HI and MAGE-D1, which are expressed in testes and brain, and bone marrow stromal cells, respectively.
• MAGE-HI and MAGE-D1 which are expressed in testes and brain, and bone marrow stromal cells, respectively.
• the possibility of cross-reactivity on normal tissue is ameliorated by the fact that they are among the least similar to the other MAGE proteins.
• NY-ESO-1 is a cancer-testis antigen found in a wide variety of tumors, also known as CTAG-1 (Cancer-Testis Antigen-1) and CAG-3 (Cancer Antigen-3).
• NY-ESO-1 as a TuAA is disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,804,381 entitled ISOLATED NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULE ENCODING AN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN, THE ANTIGEN ITSELF, AND USES THEREOF which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• CT-2 or
• CTAG-2 Cancer-Testis Antigen-2
• CTAG-2 Cancer-Testis Antigen-2
• CTAG-2 Cancer-Testis Antigen-2
• CTAG-2 Cancer-Testis Antigen-2
• the proteins are virtually identical through amino acid 70. From 71-134 the longest run of identities between NY-ESO-1 and LAGE is 6 residues, but potentially cross-reactive sequences are present. And from 135-180 NY-ESO and LAGE-la/s are identical except for a single residue, but LAGE-lb/L is unrelated due to the alternate splice.
• LAGE-1 antigens appear to derive from the LAGE-1 mRNA, but from alternate reading frames, thus giving rise to unrelated protein sequences. More recently, GenBank Accession AF277315.5, Homo sapiens chromosome X clone RP5- 865E18, RP5-1087L19, complete sequence, reports three independent loci in this region which are labeled as LAGE1 (corresponding to CTAG-2 in the genome assemblies), plus LAGE2-A and LAGE2-B (both corresponding to CTAG-1 in the genome assemblies).
• PSMA prostate-specific membranes antigen
• TuAA described in U.S. Patent 5,538,866 entitled "PROSTATE-SPECIFIC MEMBRANES ANTIGEN” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety
• PSMA can thus form the basis for vaccines directed to both prostate cancer and to the neovasculature of other tumors. This later concept is more fully described in a provisional U.S. Patent application No. 60/274,063 entitled ANTI-NEOVASCULAR VACCINES FOR CANCER, filed March 7, 2001, and U.S. Application No. / , attorney docket number CTLIMM.015A, filed on March 7,
• PSMA-like protein Genbank accession number AF261715
• PRAME also know as MAPE, DAGE, and OIP4
• CT antigen was originally observed as a melanoma antigen.
• CT antigen e.g., MAGE, GAGE, and BAGE
• PRAME is a member of the MAPE family which consists largely of hypothetical proteins with which it shares limited sequence similarity.
• the usefulness of PRAME as a TuAA is taught in U.S. Patent 5,830,753 entitled "ISOLATED NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES CODING FOR TUMOR REJECTION ANTIGEN PRECURSOR DAGE AND USES THEREOF" which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• PSA prostate specific antigen
• PSA is a peptidase of the kallikrein family and a differentiation antigen of the prostate. Expression in breast tissue has also been reported. Alternate names include gamma-seminoprotein, kallikrein 3, seminogelase, seminin, and P-30 antigen.
• PSA has a high degree of sequence identity with the various alternate splicing products prostatic/glandular kallikrein-1 and -2, as well as kalikrein 4, which is also expressed in prostate and breast tissue.
• Other kallikreins generally share less sequence identity and have different expression profiles. Nonetheless, cross-reactivity that might be provoked by any particular epitope, along with the likelihood that that epitope would be liberated by processing in non-target tissues (most generally by the housekeeping proteasome), should be considered in designing a vaccine.
• PSCA prostate stem cell antigen
• SCAH-2 prostate stem cell antigen
• PSCA prostate stem cell antigen
• SCAH-2 prostate stem cell antigen preferentially expressed in prostate epithelial cells, and overexpresssed in prostate cancers. Lower level expression is seen in some normal tissues including neuroendocrine cells of the digestive tract and collecting ducts of the kidney.
• PSCA is described in U.S. Patent 5,856,136 entitled “HUMAN STEM CELL ANTIGENS" which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• Synaptonemal complex protein 1 (SCP-1), also known as HOM-TES-14, is a meiosis- associated protein and also a cancer-testis antigen (Tureci, O., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:5211-5216, 1998).
• SCP-1 Synaptonemal complex protein 1
• cancer antigen its expression is not cell-cycle regulated and it is found frequently in gliomas, breast, renal cell, and ovarian carcinomas. It has some similarity to myosins, but with few enough identities that cross-reactive epitopes are not an immediate prospect.
• the ED-B domain of fibronectin is also a potential target. Fibronectin is subject to developmentally regulated alternative splicing, with the ED-B domain being encoded by a single exon that is used primarily in oncofetal tissues (Matsuura, H. and S. Hakomori Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6517-6521, 1985; Carnemolla, B. et al. J. Cell Biol. 108:1139-1148, 1989; Loridon- Rosa, B. et al. Cancer Ras.50:1608-1612, 1990; Nicolo, G. et al. Cell Differ. Dev. 32:401-408,
• the ED-B domain is also expressed in fibronectin of the neovasculature (Kaczmarek, J. et al. Int. J. Cancer 59:11-16, 1994; Castellani, P. et al. Int. J. Cancer 59:612-618, 1994; Neri, D. et al. Nat. Biotech. 15:1271-1275, 1997; Karelina, T.V. and A.Z. Eisen Cancer Detect. Prev. 22:438- 444, 1998; Tarli, L. et al. Blood 94:192-198, 1999; Castellani, P. et al. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 142:277-282, 2000).
• the ED-B domain As an oncofetal domain, the ED-B domain is commonly found in the fibronectin expressed by neoplastic cells in addition to being expressed by the neovasculature.
• CTL-inducing vaccines targeting the ED-B domain can exhibit two mechanisms of action: direct lysis of tumor cells, and disruption of the tumor's blood supply through destruction of the tumor-associated neovasculature.
• CTL activity can decay rapidly after withdrawal of vaccine, interference with normal angiogenesis can be minimal.
• the design and testing of vaccines targeted to neovasculature is described in Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/274,063 entitled "ANTI-NEOVASCULATURE VACCINES FOR CANCER" and in U.S. Patent Application No.
• Carcinoembryonic antigen is a paradigmatic oncofetal protein first described in 1965 (Gold and Freedman, J. Exp. Med. 121: 439-462, 1965. Fuller references can be found in the Online Medelian Inheritance in Man; record * 114890). It has officially been renamed carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5). Its expression is most strongly associated with adenocarcinomas of the epithelial lining of the digestive tract and in fetal colon.
• CEA is a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family and the defining member of the CEA subfamily.
• HER2/NEU is an oncogene related to the epidermal growth factor receptor (van de Vijver, et al., New Eng. J. Med. 319:1239-1245, 1988), and apparently identical to the C-ERBB2 oncogene (Di Fiore, et al., Science 237: 178-182, 1987).
• the over-expression of ERBB2 has been implicated in the neoplastic transformation of prostate cancer.
• HER2 it is amplified and over-expressed in 25-30% of breast cancers .among other tumors where expression level is correlated with the aggressiveness of the tumor (Slamon, et al., New Eng. J. Med. 344:783-792, 2001).
• a more detailed description is available in the Online Medelian Inheritance in Man; record * 164870.
• Example 1 Manufacture of tyrosinase epitopes.
• Peptides having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, 8, 9, 11-23, 2-29, 32-44, 47-54, 56-63, 66-68 88-253, or 256-588 are synthesized using either FMOC or tBOC solid phase synthesis methodologies. After synthesis, the peptides are cleaved from their supports with either trifluoroacetic acid or hydrogen fluoride, respectively, m the presence of appropriate protective scavengers. After removing the acid by evaporation, the peptides are extracted with ether to remove the scavengers and the crude, precipitated peptide is then lyophihzed.
• Purity of the crude peptides is determined by HPLC, sequence analysis, amino acid analysis, counterion content analysis and other suitable means. If the crude peptides are pure enough (greater than or equal to about 90% pure), they can be used as is. If purification is required to meet drug substance specifications, the peptides are purified using one or a combination of the following: re- precipitation; reverse-phase, ion exchange, size exclusion or hydrophobic interaction chromatography; or counter-current distribution. Drug product formulation GMP-grade peptides are formulated in a parenterally acceptable aqueous, organic, or aqueous-organic buffer or solvent system in which they remain both physically and chemically stable and biologically potent.
• buffers or combinations of buffers or combinations of buffers and organic solvents are approp ⁇ ate.
• the pH range is typically between 6 and 9.
• Organic modifiers or other excipients can be added to help solubilize and stabilize the peptides. These include detergents, lipids, co-solvents, antioxidants, chelators and reducing agents.
• sucrose or mannitol or other lyophilization aids can be added.
• Peptide solutions are sterilized by membrane filtration into their final container-closure system and either lyophihzed for dissolution in the clinic, or stored until use.
• a suitable E. coli strain was then transfected with the plasmid and plated out onto a selective medium. Several colonies were grown up in suspension culture and positive clones were identified by restriction mapping. The positive clone was then grown up and aliquotted into storage vials and stored at -70°C.
• the starting plasmid for this construct is pVAXl purchased from hivitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Epitopes EP1 and EP2 were synthesized by GIBCO BRL (Rockville, MD). The IRES was excised frompIRES purchased from Clontech (Palo Alto, CA). Procedure:
• pIRES 1 pIRES was digested with EcoRI and Notl. The digested fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the IRES fragment was purified from the excised band,
• EP2 was subcloned into pVAX-EPl-IRES between Sail and Notl sites, to make the final construct pVAX-EPl-lRES-EP2.
• the sequence ofme EPl-IRES-EP2 insert was confirmedby DNA sequencing.
• the starting plasmid for this construct was ⁇ VAX-EPl-IRES-EP2 (Example 1).
• the ISS (immunostimulatory sequence) introduced into this construct is AACGTT, and the NIS (standing for nuclear import sequence) used is the SV40 72bp repeat sequence.
• ISS-MS was synthesized by
• Competent E. coli of strain DH5 were transformed with the ligation product.
• the starting plasmid for this construct was pVAXl (Invitrogen).
• EP2 and EP1 were synthesized by GIBCO BRL. Wild type Ubiquitin cDNA encoding the 76 amino acids in the construct was cloned from yeast. Procedure:
• RT-PCR products were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. A band with the predicted size was gel-purified. 3 The purified DNA band was subcloned into pZEROl at EcoRV site. The resulting clone was named pZERO-UB.
• the 10-mer FLPWHRLFLL (SEQ ID NO. 1) is identified as a useful epitope. Based on this sequence, numerous variants are made. Variants exhibiting activity in HLA binding assays (see Example 3, section 6) are identified as useful, and are subsequently incorporated into vaccines.
• binding and/or immunogenicity can be improved as follows: Consistent with the binding coefficient table (see Table 3) from the NJH/BIMAS MHC binding prediction program (see reference in example 3 below), binding can be improved by changing the L at position 9, an anchor position, to V. Binding can also be altered, though generally to a lesser extent, by changes at non- anchor positions. Referring generally to Table 3, binding can be increased by employing residues with relatively larger coefficients. Changes in sequence can also alter immunogenicity independently of their effect on binding to MHC. Thus binding and/or immunogenicity can be improved as follows:
• SSX-2 31 - ⁇ YFSKEEWEKMKASEKXFYVYMKRKYEAMTKLGFKATLP (SEQ ID NO. 10) was synthesized by MPS (Multiple Peptide Systems, San Diego, CA 92121) using standard solid phase chemistry. According to the provided 'Certificate of Analysis', the purity of this peptide was 95%.
• Proteasome was isolated from human red blood cells using the proteasome isolation protocol described in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/561,074 entitled "METHOD OF EPITOPE
• MS-Product a tool from the UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility (http:// accessible at prospector.ucsf.edu ucsfhtml3.4/msprod.htm), was used to generate all possible fragments (N- and C-terminal ions, and internal fragments) and their corresponding molecular weights. Due to the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer, average molecular weight was used. The mass peaks observed over the course of the digestion were identified as summarized in Table 4.
• Boldface sequence correspond to peptides predicted to bind to MHC.
• N-terminal addition of authentic sequence to epitopes can generate epitopes for the same or different MHC restriction elements.
• (K)RKYEAMTKL SEQ ID NOS 19 and (20)
• HLA-B14 HLA-B14
• the 10-mer has a longer predicted halftime of dissociation than the co-C-terminal 9-mer.
• the 10-mer has a longer predicted halftime of dissociation than the co-C-terminal 9-mer.
• KYEAMTKLGF (SEQ ID NO. 21) which can be used as a vaccine useful with several MHC types by relying on N-terminal trimming to create the epitopes for HLA-B*4403 and -B*08. 6. HLA-A0201 binding assay:
• T2 cells which express empty or unstable MHC molecules on their surface, were washed twice with Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) and cultured overnight in serum-free AIM-V medium (Life Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD) supplemented with human B2-microglobulin at 3 ⁇ g/ml (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and added peptide, at 800, 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 ⁇ g/ml.in a 96-well flat-bottom plate at 3xl0 5 cells/200 ⁇ l/well.
• IMDM Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium
• AIM-V medium serum-free AIM-V medium
• human B2-microglobulin at 3 ⁇ g/ml (Sigma, St. Louis, MO)
• added peptide at 800, 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 ⁇ g/ml.in a 96-well flat-bottom plate at 3x
• Peptide was mixed with the cells by repipeting before distributing to the plate (alternatively peptide can be added to individual wells), and the plate was rocked gently for 2 minutes. Incubation was in a 5% C0 2 incubator at 37°C. The next day the unbound peptide was removed by washing twice with serum free RPMI medium and a saturating amount of anti-class I
• FlTC fluorescein isothiocyanate
• W6/32 (Sigma) can be used as the anti-class I HLA monoclonal antibody
• the cells washed with staining buffer and then incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- conjugated goat F(ab') antimouse-IgG (Sigma) for 30 min at 4°C and washed 3 times as before.)
• the cells were resuspended in 0.5 ml staining buffer.
• the analysis of surface HLA-A2.1 molecules stabilized by peptide binding was performed by flow cytometry using a FACScan (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). If flow cytometry is not to be performed immediately the cells can be fixed by adding a quarter volume of 2% paraformaldehyde and storing in the dark at 4 C.
• mice In vivo immunization of mice. HHD1 transgenic A*0201 mice (Pascolo, S., et al. J. Exp. Med. 185:2043-2051, 1997) were anesthetized and injected subcutaneously at the base of the tail, avoiding lateral tail veins, using 100 ⁇ l containing 100 nmol of SSX-2 41-49 (SEQ ID NO. 15) and 20 ⁇ g of HTL epitope peptide in PBS emulsified with 50 ⁇ l of TFA (incomplete Freund's adjuvant).
• TFA incomplete Freund's adjuvant
• Cells were collected in a 50 ml conical tubes in serum-free media, rinsing dish well. Cells were centrifuged (12000 rpm, 7 min) and washed one time with RPMI. Fresh spleen cells were resuspended to a concentration of 1x10" cells per ml in RPMI-10%FCS (fetal calf serum). 25g/ml lipopolysaccharide and 7 ⁇ g/ml Dextran Sulfate were added. Cell were incubated for 3 days in T-75 flasks at 37°C, with 5% CO2.
• RPMI-10%FCS fetal calf serum
• Splenic blasts were collected in 50 ml tubes pelleted (12000 rpm, 7 in) and resuspended to 3X10"rnl in RPMI. The blasts were pulsed with the priming peptide at 50 ⁇ g/ml, RT 4hr. mitomycin C-treated at 25 ⁇ g/ml, 37 ⁇ C, 20 min and washed three times with DMEM.
• mice 3 days after LPS stimulation of the blast cells and the same day as peptide loading, the primed mice were sacrificed (at 14 days post immunization) to remove spleens as above.
• 3 10 ⁇ splenocytes were co-cultured with 1 10 ⁇ LPS blasts/well in 24-well plates at 37°C, with 5% CO2 in DMEM media supplemented with 10% FCS, 5x10" ⁇ M ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, lOO ⁇ g/ml streptomycin and 100 IU/ml penicillin. Cultures were fed 5% (vol/vol) ConA supernatant on day 3 and assayed for cytolytic activity on day 7 in a ⁇ Cr-release assay.
• 2x10 ⁇ T2 cells were incubated with 100 ⁇ Ci sodium chromate together with 50 ⁇ g/ml peptide at 37 C for 1 hour. During incubation they were gently shaken every 15 minutes. After labeling and loading, cells were washed three times with 10 ml of DMEM- 10% FCS, wiping each tube with a fresh Kimwipe after pouring off the supernatant. Target cells were resuspended in DMEM-10% FBS lxl0 5 /ml.
• Effector cells were adjusted to lxl0 7 /ml in DMEM-10% FCS and 100 ⁇ l serial 3-fold dilutions of effectors were prepared in U- bottom 96-well plates. 100 ⁇ l of target cells were added per well. In order to determine spontaneous release and maximum release, six additional wells containing 100 ⁇ l of target cells were prepared for each target. Spontaneous release was revealed by incubating the target cells with 100 ⁇ l medium; maximum release was revealed by incubating the target cells with lOO ⁇ l of 2% SDS. Plates were then centrifuged for 5 min at 600 rpm and incubated for 4 hours at 37 ⁇ C in 5%
• SSX-2 4 ⁇ . 49 (SEQ ID NO. 15) shares a high degree of sequence identity with the same region of the other SSX proteins. The surrounding regions have also been generally well conserved. Thus the housekeeping proteasome can cleave following V 49 in all five sequences. Moreover, SSX 41-49 is predicted to bind HLA-A*0201 (see Table 6). CTL generated by immunization with SSX-2 4W9 cross-react with tumor cells expressing other ' SSX proteins. Table 6. SSX ⁇ o - A*0201 Predicted Binding
• a peptide, AFSPQGMPEGDLVYVNYARTEDFFKLERDM, PSMA 163 . ⁇ 92 , (SEQ ID NO. 30), containing an Al epitope cluster from prostate specific membrane antigen, PSMA) 68 -i9o (SEQ ID NO. 31) was synthesized using standard solid-phase F-moc chemistry on a 433A ABI Peptide synthesizer.
• peptide After side chain deprotection and cleavage from the resin, peptide first dissolved in formic acid and then diluted into 30% Acetic acid, was run on a reverse-phase preparative HPLC C4 column at following conditions: linear AB gradient ( 5% B/min) at a flow rate of 4 ml/min, where eluent A is 0.1% aqueous TFA and eluent B is 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. A fraction at time 16.642 min containing the expected peptide, as judged by mass spectrometry, was pooled and lyophihzed. The peptide was then subjected to proteasome digestion and mass spectrum analysis essentially as described above. Prominent peaks from the mass spectra are summarized in Table 7.
• the 1 st cycle can indicate cleavage after D ⁇ 9 ⁇ , see Table 7.
• HLA-A*0201 binding studies were preformed with PSMA ⁇ 68- ⁇ 77 , GMPEGDLVYV, (SEQ ID NO. 33) essentially as described in Example 3 above. As seen in figure 8, this epitope exhibits significant binding at even lower concentrations than the positive control peptides.
• peptide in ddH20 was run on a reverse-phase preparative HPLC C18 column at following conditions: linear AB gradient (5% B/min) at a flow rate of 4 ml/min, where eluent A is 0.1% aqueous TFA and eluent B is 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile.
• the peptide was then subjected to proteasome digestion and mass spectrum analysis essentially as described above. Prominent peaks from the mass spectra are summarized in Table 9. Table 9. PSIVL ain Mass Peak Identification.
• N-terminal addition of authentic sequence to epitopes can often generate still useful, even better epitopes, for the same or different MHC restriction elements.
• (G)LPSIPVHPI with HLA-A*0201, where the 10-mer can be used as a vaccine useful with several MHC types by relying on N-terminal frirnrning to create the epitopes for HLA-B7, -B*5101, and Cw*0401.
• Boldface sequence correspond to peptides predicted to bind to MHC, see Table 12.
• HLA-A*0201 binding studies were preformed, essentially as described in Example 3 above, with PSMAw-r ⁇ , TLRVDCTPL, (SEQ ID NO. 60). As seen in figure 10, this epitope was found to bind HLA-A2.1 to a similar extent as the known A2.1 binder FLPSDYFPSV (HBV, 8 . 27 ;
• SEQ ID NO: 24 used as a positive control. Additionally, (SEQ ID NO. 59) binds nearly as well.
• PSM ⁇ J ⁇ TI SEQ ID NO. 62
• the wells of a nitrocellulose-backed microtiter plate were coated with capture antibody by incubating overnight at 4°C using 50 ⁇ l/well of 4 ⁇ g/ml murine anti-human ⁇ -IFN monoclonal antibody in coating buffer (35 mM sodium bicarbonate, 15 mM sodium carbonate, pH 9.5). Unbound antibody was removed by washing 4 times 5 min. with PBS. Unbound sites on the membrane then were blocked by adding 200 ⁇ l/well of RPMI medium with 10% serum and incubating 1 hr. at room temperature.
• Antigen stimulated CD8 + T cells in 1:3 serial dilutions, were seeded into the wells of the microtiter plate using lOO ⁇ l/well, starting at 2xl0 5 cells/well.
• PSM ⁇ . ⁇ (SEQ ID NO. 62) was added to a final concentration of lO ⁇ g/ml and IL-2 to 100 U/ml and the cells cultured at 37°C in a 5% C0 2 , water-saturated atmosphere for 40 hrs. Following this incubation the plates were washed with 6 times 200 ⁇ l/well of PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBS-Tween).
• Detection antibody 50 ⁇ l/well of 2g/ml biotinylated murine anti-human ⁇ -IFN monoclonal antibody in PBS+10% fetal calf serum, was added and the plate incubated at room temperature for 2 hrs. Unbound detection antibody was removed by washing with 4 times 200 ⁇ l of PBS-Tween. lOO ⁇ l of avidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hr. Unbound enzyme was removed by washing with 6 times 200 ⁇ l of PBS-Tween.
• Substrate was prepared by dissolving a 20 mg tablet of 3-amino 9-ethylcoarbasole in 2.5 ml of N, N- dimethylformamide and adding that solution to 47,5 ml of 0.05 M phosphate-citrate buffer (pH 5.0). 25 ⁇ l of 30% H 2 0 2 was added to the substrate solution immediately before distributing substrate atlOO ⁇ l/well and incubating the plate at room temperature. After color development (generally 15-30 min.), the reaction was stopped by washing the plate with water. The plate was air dried and the spots counted using a stereomicroscope.
• Figure 11 shows the (SEQ ID NO. 62)-reactive HLA-A1 + CD8 + T cells previously generated in cultures of HLA-A1 + CD8 + T cells with autologous dendritic cells plus the peptide. No reactivity is detected from cultures without peptide (data not shown). In this case it can be seen that the peptide reactive T cells are present in the culture at a frequency between
• Vaccinating with epitope vaccines 1. Vaccination with peptide vaccines:
• a formulation containing peptide in aqueous buffer with an antimicrobial agent, an antioxidant, and an immunomodulating cytokine was injected continuously over several days into the inguinal lymph node using a miniature pumping system developed for insulin delivery (MiniMed; Northridge, CA). This infusion cycle was selected in order to mimic the kinetics of antigen presentation during a natural infection.
• a peptide formulation is delivered using controlled PLGA microspheres as is known in the art, which alter the pharmacokinetics of the peptide and improve immunogenicity. This formulation is injected or taken orally.
• a peptide formulation is prepared wherein the peptide is adhered to gold microparticles as is known in the art.
• the particles are delivered in a gene gun, being accelerated at high speed so as to penetrate the skin, carrying the particles into dermal tissues that contain pAPCs.
• a peptide formulation is inhaled as an aerosol as is known in the art, for uptake into appropriate vascular or lymphatic tissue in the lungs.
• Vaccination with nucleic acid vaccines :
• a nucleic acid vaccine is injected into a lymph node using a miniature pumping system, such as the MiniMed insulin pump.
• a nucleic acid construct formulated in an aqueous buffered solution containing an antimicrobial agent, an antioxidant, and an immunomodulating cytokine is delivered over a several day infusion cycle in order to mimic the kinetics of antigen presentation during a natural infection.
• the nucleic acid construct is delivered using controlled release substances, such as PLGA microspheres or other biodegradable substances. These substances are injected or taken orally. Nucleic acid vaccines are given using oral delivery, priming the immune response through uptake into GALT tissues. Alternatively, the nucleic acid vaccines are delivered using a gene gun, wherein the nucleic acid vaccine is adhered to minute gold particles. Nucleic acid constructs can also be inhaled as an aerosol, for uptake into appropriate vascular or lymphatic tissue in he lungs.
• Class I tetramer analysis is used to determine T cell frequency in an animal before and after administration of a housekeeping epitope.
• Clonal expansion of T cells in response to an epitope indicates that the epitope is presented to T cells by pAPCs.
• the specific T cell frequency is measured against the housekeeping epitope before and after administration of the epitope to an animal, to determine if the epitope is present on pAPCs.
• An increase in frequency of T cells specific to the epitope after administration indicates that the epitope was presented on pAPC.
• Proliferation assay Approximately 24 hours after vaccination of an animal with housekeeping epitope, pAPCs are harvested from PBMCs, splenocytes, or lymph node cells, using monoclonal antibodies against specific markers present on pAPCs, fixed to magnetic beads for affinity purification. Crude blood or splenoctye preparation is enriched for pAPCs using this technique. The enriched pAPCs are then used in a proliferation assay against a T cell clone that has been generated and is specific for the housekeeping epitope of interest. The pAPCs are coincubated with the T cell clone and the T cells are monitored for proliferation activity by measuring the incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine by T cells. Proliferation indicates that T cells specific for the housekeeping epitope are being stimulated by that epitope on the pAPCs. 3. Chromium release assay:
• a human patient, or non-human animal genetically engineered to express human class I MHC is immunized using a housekeeping epitope.
• T cells from the immunized subject are used in a standard chromium release assay using human tumor targets or targets engineered to express the same class I MHC.
• T cell killing of the targets indicates that stimulation of T cells in a patient would be effective at killing a tumor expressing a similar TuAA.
• Example 10 Induction of CTL response with naked DNA is efficient by Intra-lymph node immunization.
• pEGFPL33A plasmid DNA vaccine
• G LCMV-glycoprotein
• mice were immunized once with titrated doses (200-0.02 ⁇ g) of pEGFPL33A DNA or of control plasmid pEGFP-N3, administered i.m. (intramuscular), i.d. (intradermal), i.spl. (intrasplenic), or i.ln. (intra-lymph node). Positive control mice received 500 pfu LCMV i.v. (intravenous).
• Example 11 Intra-lymph node DNA immunization elicits anti-tumor immunity.
• pEFGPL33A DNA was injected i.ln. or i.m. and plasmid content of the injected or draining lymph node was assessed by real time PCR after 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, and 4 and 30 days. At 6, 12, and 24 hours the plasmid DNA content of the injected lymph nodes was approximately three orders of magnitude greater than that of the draining lymph nodes following i.m. injection. No plasmid DNA was detectable in the draining lymph node at subsequent time points (Fig. 17). This is consonant with the three orders of magnitude greater dose needed using i.m. as compared to i.ln.
• SYNCHROTOPE TA2M a melanoma vaccine, encoding the HLA-A2-restricted tyrosinase epitope SEQ ID NO. 1 and epitope cluster SEQ ID NO. 69, was formulated in 1% Benzyl alcohol, 1% ethyl alcohol, 0.5mM EDTA, citrate-phosphate, pH 7.6. Aliquots of 80, 160, and 320 ⁇ g
• DNA ml were prepared for loading into MINIMED 407C infusion pumps.
• the catheter of a SILHOUETTE infusion set was placed into an inguinal lymph node visualized by ultrasound imaging.
• the assembly of pump and infusion set was originally designed for the delivery of insulin to diabetics and the usual 17mm catheter was substituted with a 31mm catheter for this application.
• the infusion set was kept patent for 4 days (approximately 96 hours) with an infusion rate of about
• MAGE-1 Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• MAGE-1 Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• f Scores are given from the two binding prediction programs referenced above (see example 3). R indicates a SYFPEITHI score.
• MAGE-2 Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• NY-ESO-1 Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• NY-ESO-1 Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• tScores are given from the two binding prediction programs referenced above (see example 3). R indicates a SYFPEITHI score
• PSA Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• PSCA Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• Tyrosinase Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• PSMA Preferred Epitopes Revealed by Housekeeping Proteasome Digestion
• PSA is a member of the kallikrein family of proteases, which is itself a subset of the serine protease family. " While the members of this family sharing the greatest degree of sequence identity with PSA also share similar expression profiles, it remains possible that individual epitope sequences might be shared with proteins having distinctly different expression profiles. A first step in evaluating the likelihood of undesirable cross-reactivity is the identification of shared sequences.
• cells expressing these other proteins can be used as targets in a cytotoxicity (or similar) assay using CD8 + T cells that recognize the epitope, in order to determine if the epitope is processed and presented.
• epitope clusters are generally not evenly distributed across the sequences of protein antigens. As referred to above, we have defined segments of sequence containing a higher than average density of (known or predicted) epitopes as epitope clusters. Among the uses of epitope clusters is the incorporation of their sequence into substrate peptides used in proteasomal digestion analysis as described herein. Epitope clusters can also be useful as vaccine components. A fuller discussion of the definition and uses of epitope clusters is found in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/561,571 entitled EPITOPE CLUSTERS, previously incorporated by reference.
• the following tables (37-60) present 9-mer epitopes predicted for HLA-A2 binding using both the SYFPEITHI and NTH algorithms and the epitope density of regions of overlapping epitopes, and of epitopes in the whole protein, and the ratio of these two densities. (The ratio must exceed one for there to be a cluster by the above definition; requiring higher values of this ratio reflect preferred embodiments).
• Individual 9-mers are ranked by score and identified by the position of their first amino in the complete protein sequence. Each potential cluster from a protein is numbered. The range of amino acid positions within the complete sequence that the cluster covers is indicated as are the rankings of the individual predicted epitopes it is made up of.
• PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
• PSA prostate specific antigen
• PSCA prostate stem cell antigen
• NM 00037 oculocutaneous albinism IA (TYR) , Taxonomy, OMIM, Lin O 2 MrnA

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