WO2002067288A1 - Photomultiplier - Google Patents
Photomultiplier Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002067288A1 WO2002067288A1 PCT/JP2002/001626 JP0201626W WO02067288A1 WO 2002067288 A1 WO2002067288 A1 WO 2002067288A1 JP 0201626 W JP0201626 W JP 0201626W WO 02067288 A1 WO02067288 A1 WO 02067288A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- light
- channel
- photocathode
- converging
- electrons
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/28—Vessels, e.g. wall of the tube; Windows; Screens; Suppressing undesired discharges or currents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/045—Position sensitive electron multipliers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
- H01J43/22—Dynodes consisting of electron-permeable material, e.g. foil, grid, tube, venetian blind
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a multi-channel photomultiplier tube for multiplying electrons for each of a plurality of channels.
- a photomultiplier tube 100 shown in FIG. 1 has been known as a multichannel photomultiplier tube.
- This conventional photomultiplier tube 100 has a photocathode 103 a inside a light receiving face plate 103. With the incidence of light on the photocathode 103a, electrons are emitted from the photocathode 103a.
- the converging electrode 113 has a plurality of converging pieces 123, and converges electrons emitted from the photocathode 103a for each channel.
- the electron multiplier unit 109 includes a plurality of dynodes 108, and multiplies the electrons converged for each channel for each corresponding channel.
- Anode 1 1 2 Force Collects the multiplied electrons for each channel in this way and sends out an output signal for each channel. Disclosure of the invention
- the present inventors have found that, in the above-described conventional photomultiplier tube 100, discrimination of an optical signal for each channel is insufficient due to optical crosstalk in more accurate measurement.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and it is desirable to suppress optical crosstalk and improve discrimination of an optical signal for each channel. It is an object of the present invention to provide a photomultiplier tube.
- the present invention provides a light receiving face plate, a wall portion formed of, for example, a side tube and a stem for forming a vacuum region together with the light receiving face plate, and an inner surface of the light receiving face plate.
- a photocathode formed inside the vacuum region to define a plurality of channels, wherein each channel emits electrons by light incident on each channel; and a plurality of photocathodes provided inside the vacuum region.
- An electron multiplying unit having a plurality of secondary electron multipliers corresponding to the channels, for multiplying electrons emitted from each channel of the photocathode for each corresponding channel, and provided inside the vacuum region
- a node for transmitting an output signal for each channel based on the electrons multiplied for each channel by the electron multiplier, and a plurality of converging pieces provided inside the vacuum region, each of which is adjacent to each other.
- the convergence piece is An aperture corresponding to one channel is defined in between, the electrons emitted from the corresponding channel of the photocathode are converged at the aperture and guided to the corresponding channel of the electron multiplier, and The light reflected on the surface of the secondary electron multiplier of the corresponding channel of the electron multiplier arrives at the channel adjacent to the corresponding channel of the photocathode.
- a photomultiplier tube comprising a focusing electrode for preventing the occurrence of the photomultiplier.
- the photomultiplier according to the present invention having such a structure, when light is incident on an arbitrary channel on the photocathode, electrons are emitted from the channel. The electrons are converged at the corresponding openings by two corresponding converging pieces, and guided to the corresponding channels of the electron multiplier, where they are multiplied. The anode outputs an output signal for the channel.
- the corresponding two adjacent convergences Channel next to the corresponding channel on the photocathode Are prevented from reaching.
- the photomultiplier of the present invention the light reflected by the secondary electron multiplier in any channel of the electron multiplier by the converging electrode of the converging electrode is adjacent to the photocathode. Return to the channel is prevented. Therefore, crosstalk due to light exiting the photocathode can be suppressed, and discrimination of optical signals for each channel can be improved.
- each of the two converging pieces adjacent to each other has such a shape and shape that the channel adjacent to the corresponding channel of the photocathode cannot be seen from the surface of the secondary electron multiplier of the corresponding channel of the electron multiplier.
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ It is preferable to have a size.
- each converging piece surely prevents light reflected by a secondary electron multiplier on any channel of the electron multiplier from returning to a channel adjacent to the photocathode. be able to. Therefore, light crosstalk can be suppressed.
- each converging piece has a predetermined height extending substantially perpendicular to the photoelectric surface and a predetermined width extending substantially parallel to the photoelectric surface, and the predetermined height is preferably longer than the predetermined width.
- each converging piece can surely prevent the light reflected by the secondary electron multiplier in any channel of the electron multiplier from returning to the channel adjacent to the photocathode. . Therefore, light crosstalk can be suppressed.
- the electron multiplier includes a plurality of stages of dynodes, and the plurality of stages of dynodes are sequentially arranged in a direction from the focusing electrode to the anode, and each stage of dynodes has a plurality of secondary electrons corresponding to a plurality of channels.
- the dynodes of a plurality of stages are located at positions that can be seen from the photocathode. That is, it has at least one dynode that is desired to be located on a path extending linearly from the photocathode and linearly from the photocathode. Light that has escaped from the photocathode is at least at a position that can be seen from the photocathode.
- each of each two adjacent converging strips exits the corresponding channel of the photocathode and reflects the light reflected by the surface of the secondary electron multiplier of the corresponding channel of at least one dynode visible from the photocathode. It is preferable to have a shape and a size that prevent reaching the channel adjacent to the channel corresponding to the photocathode.
- each of two adjacent converging pieces can see through the surface of the secondary electron multiplier of at least one dynode visible from the corresponding channel on the photocathode, and see the channel next to the corresponding channel on the photocathode It is preferable to have such a shape and size.
- the electron multiplier is preferably a stacked type in which a plurality of dynodes are arranged in a stack. Incident electrons can be reliably multiplied for each channel.
- the light-receiving surface plate has a plurality of partitions therein, corresponding to a plurality of channels in a one-to-one correspondence. Each of the partitions receives light incident on one of the channels in the light-receiving surface plate. It is preferable to prevent entry into the adjacent channel. 'Since the light that enters one channel of the light-receiving surface plate is prevented from entering the adjacent channel by the partition, the light crosstalk is further suppressed.
- the partition may be formed of, for example, light absorbing glass.
- the light-absorbing glass the light that enters one channel and reaches the partition portion is absorbed, so that the light can be prevented from entering the adjacent channel, and light crosstalk can be reliably suppressed.
- each two adjacent converging pieces converge electrons emitted from a predetermined region in a corresponding channel of the photocathode, and the light receiving surface plate converts light incident on an arbitrary position in each channel into a photocathode. It is preferable to provide a light condensing means for condensing light on a predetermined area in the corresponding channel.
- each two adjacent converging pieces effectively converge the electrons emitted from a predetermined area of the corresponding channel of the photocathode and guide the electrons to the corresponding channel of the electron multiplier.
- the light condensing means condenses the light incident on an arbitrary position in a certain channel of the light receiving surface plate on a predetermined region of the corresponding channel on the photoelectric surface. Electrons converted from light in the predetermined region are surely converged by two corresponding converging pieces adjacent to each other, guided to corresponding channels of the electron multiplier, and multiplied. Therefore, the light incident on each channel is effectively multiplied.
- the light condensing means is composed of a plurality of light condensing lenses arranged on the outer surface of the light receiving face plate corresponding to the plurality of channels.
- the light-collecting means has the light-collecting lenses arranged on the outer surface of the light-receiving surface plate corresponding to each channel, the light-collecting lens surely collects light for each channel. Can be done.
- the condensing means may include a plurality of converging lens shapes formed on the outer surface of the light receiving surface plate corresponding to the plurality of channels.
- each converging piece has a surface subjected to a light non-reflection treatment. Good.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the overall configuration of a conventional photomultiplier tube.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the entire configuration of the photomultiplier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a main part of the photomultiplier according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of a main part of a photomultiplier according to a modification of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of a main part of a photomultiplier according to another modification of the present invention.
- a photomultiplier tube according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the photomultiplier tube 1 has a metal side tube 2 having a substantially rectangular tube shape.
- a light-receiving surface plate 3 made of glass is fixed to an opening end on one side in the tube axis direction of the side tube 2.
- a photoelectric surface 3a for converting light into electrons is formed on the inner surface of the light receiving surface plate 3.
- Photocathode 3a receives light It is formed by reacting an alkali metal vapor with antimony previously deposited on the face plate 3.
- a flange portion 2a is formed at the opening end on the other side in the tube axis direction of the side tube 2.
- a peripheral portion of a metal stem 4 is fixed to the flange portion 2a by resistance welding or the like.
- the sealed vessel 5 is constituted by the side tube 2, the light receiving face plate 3, and the stem 4c. Further , a metal exhaust pipe 6 is fixed to the center of the stem 4. The exhaust pipe 6 is used to evacuate the inside of the sealed container 5 by a vacuum pump (not shown) after the assembling work of the photomultiplier tube 1 and to make the inside of the sealed vessel 5 into a vacuum state. It is also used as a tube for introducing the alkali metal vapor into the sealed container 5 during formation.
- a plurality of stem pins 10 are provided to penetrate stem 4.
- the plurality of stem pins 10 include a plurality (10 in this example) of dynode stem pins 10 and a plurality of (in this case, 16) anode stem pins.
- a block-shaped electron multiplier 7 of a stacked type is fixed.
- the electron multiplier 7 has an electron multiplier 9 in which ten (10) dynodes 8 are stacked.
- the dynode 8 is made of, for example, stainless steel.
- the electron multiplier 7 is supported in the sealed container 5 by a plurality of stem pins 10 provided on the stem 4. Note that each dynode 8 is electrically connected to the corresponding dynode stem pin 10.
- a multipolar flat anode 12 is provided at the lowermost part of the electron multiplier 7, a multipolar flat anode 12 is provided.
- the anode 12 has a structure in which a plurality of (for example, 16) anode pieces 21 are arranged on a ceramic substrate 20.
- the electron multiplier 7 has a flat focusing electrode 13 arranged between the photocathode 3 a and the electron multiplier 9.
- the focusing electrode 13 is also made of, for example, stainless steel.
- the focusing electrode 13 has a plurality of (in this case, 17) linear focusing pieces 23 arranged in parallel. Between adjacent converging pieces 2 3 Is formed with a slit-shaped opening 13a. Therefore, a plurality of (in this case, 16) openings 13a are arranged in one direction (the left-right direction in FIG. 2).
- a plurality of (16) regions opposing the plurality (16) of openings 13a of the focusing electrode plate 13 are provided in each of the light receiving surface plate 3 and the photoelectric surface 3a. 6) are defined as channel areas M. Therefore, these multiple (16) channel regions M are also linearly arranged in one direction (the left-right direction in FIG. 2).
- the dynode 8 of each stage of the electron multiplier 9 has a plurality of linear secondary electron emitting pieces 24 (17 in this case) arranged in parallel.
- a slit-like electron multiplying hole 8a is formed between the adjacent secondary electron emitting pieces 24. Therefore, a plurality (sixteen as many as the openings 13a (ie, 16)) of slit-shaped electron multiplier holes 8a are linearly arranged in one direction (the left-right direction in FIG. 2). .
- Each electron multiplying path is defined by arranging the electron multiplying holes 8a of the dynodes 8 in all stages in a stepwise direction.
- Each electron multiplication path L, each opening 13 a of the converging electrode plate 13, and each channel region M of the light receiving surface plate 3 and the photocathode 3 a are in one-to-one correspondence.
- A is specified. Therefore, a plurality of (16) channel regions M of the light receiving surface plate 3 and the photocathode 3a, a plurality of (16) opening portions 13a of the focusing electrode plate 13 and the electron multiplier 9
- a plurality (16) of electron multiplying holes 8a at each stage form a plurality (16) of channel A.
- These multiple channels A are arranged in one direction (the left-right direction in FIG. 2).
- Each anode piece 21 of the anode 12 is arranged on the substrate 20 so as to correspond to each channel A one-to-one.
- Each anode piece 21 is connected to a corresponding anode stem pin 10. With such a configuration, individual outputs can be taken out via the stem pin 10 for the anode. Is available.
- the electron multiplier 7 has a plurality of (for example, 16) channels A linearly arranged.
- a predetermined voltage is supplied to the electron multiplier 9 and the anode 12 from a bleeder circuit (not shown) via the stem pin 10.
- the same potential voltage is applied to the photoelectric surface 3 a and the focusing electrode plate 13.
- the dynodes 8 and the anodes 12 of the 10 stages of the electron multiplying unit 9 have the first stage closest to the photocathode 3 a to the 10th stage closest to the anode 12, A voltage is applied so that the potential is gradually increased toward the anode 12.
- the light transmitted through the light receiving surface plate 3 is converted into an electron when it enters a position of the photocathode 3a, and the electron enters the corresponding channel A.
- the electrons pass through the aperture 13 a of the focusing electrode 13, are converged at that time, and further pass through the electron multiplication path L of the dynode 8, and pass through the dynode 8 of each stage. It is multiplied and emitted from the electron multiplier 9. In this way, the multiplied electrons are incident on the corresponding anode piece 21.
- a predetermined output signal individually indicating the amount of light incident on the corresponding channel position of the light receiving face plate 3 is output from the anode piece 21 of the predetermined channel A.
- various light crosstalk measures are taken to improve the discrimination of the optical signal for each channel A.
- a partition portion 26 made of light absorbing glass is provided in the light receiving surface plate 3. It is buried to correspond to each channel A. That is, each partition portion 26 is provided at a position corresponding to the converging piece 23 of the converging electrode 13. As a result, the inside of the light receiving face plate 3 becomes the partition part 26. Therefore, the light is separated for each channel A, and crosstalk of light in the light receiving face plate 3 is appropriately prevented.
- the partition part 26 is made of, for example, colored (eg, black) thin glass sheet, and enables light absorption.
- the partition 26 is made of light absorbing glass, particularly black glass.
- Light-absorbing glass, particularly black glass has no light transmission property, so that it is possible to completely prevent light from entering an adjacent channel.
- the light absorbing glass, particularly the black glass even if the light incident on the light receiving surface plate 3 at a slightly inclined angle is incident on the partitioning portion 26 obliquely, the light is absorbed. Oblique incident light can be prevented from being guided to the photocathode 3a. Therefore, when the non-parallel light beam enters, when the non-parallel light beam passes through the light receiving surface plate 3, the partitioning part 26 can collimate the parallel light beam into a substantially parallel light beam. Therefore, a substantially parallel light beam can be made incident on the photocathode 3a.
- the partition 26 may be made of light reflecting glass made of white glass or the like. If the partition 26 is made of light-reflective glass, the light incident on the partition 26 can be reflected to prevent the incident light from entering the adjacent channel. However, since white glass also has light transmittance, some light may enter the adjacent channel. Therefore, black glass that does not transmit light is more preferable. In addition, since the white glass reflects light, light incident at an angle of incidence that is inclined with respect to the partition 26 is also guided to the photoelectric surface 3a. Therefore, unlike a light absorbing glass such as a black glass, a collimating effect cannot be achieved.
- the above-mentioned light absorbing glass for example, black glass is preferable.
- the present inventors further focused on the fact that light incident on the photocathode 3a may exit the photocathode 3a. The influence of such light was considered.
- the present inventors conducted experiments on a conventional photomultiplier tube 100 (FIG. 1).
- each converging piece 123 of the converging electrode 113 is the height in the tube axis direction (height extending substantially perpendicular to the photocathode 103a) and the width (photoelectric A width extending substantially parallel to the surface 103 a) shorter than y (for example, the height X is 0.08311111, and the width 7 is 0.18 mm) there were.
- each converging piece 23 of the converging electrode 13 is subjected to light non-reflection processing so that light is not reflected by each converging piece 23.
- an oxide film 27 is formed on the surface of each converging piece 23. Therefore, as shown by an arrow S in FIG. 3, even if light exiting the photocathode 3a enters the converging piece 23, the converging piece 23 does not reflect this light. That is, even if the light that has entered the arbitrary channel A of the light receiving surface 3 exits the photoelectric surface 3a and enters the converging piece 23, no reflected light is generated, so the reflected light is adjacent to the photoelectric surface 3a.
- the focusing electrode 13 including the plurality of focusing pieces 23 on which the oxide film 27 is formed is created as follows. First, a stainless steel electrode plate etched into a desired electrode pattern shape is created and washed, and then subjected to hydrogen treatment to produce gas in the electrode plate in the same manner as when the conventional focusing electrode 13 is created. Is exchanged for hydrogen. Next, in an oxidation furnace, hydrogen is removed from the electrode plate by maintaining the electrode plate under vacuum and high temperature (800 to 900 ° C.). In this way, a plate-shaped focusing electrode 13 including a plurality of focusing pieces 23 is manufactured in a process similar to the conventional manufacturing process. Thereafter, oxygen is rapidly leaked into the oxidizing furnace until the pressure becomes about atmospheric pressure, that is, by rapidly introducing oxygen, a black oxide film 27 is formed on the entire surface of the focusing electrode 13. You.
- the first and second dynodes 8 from the photocathode 3a side and The secondary electron emission pieces 24 A, 24 B of the dynodes 8 A, 8 B located at the second stage are at positions where they can be seen when viewed from the photocathode 3 a side. That is, each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B of the first and second dynodes 8 A and 8 B are placed on a path extending linearly from the side of the photocathode 3 a. It is located at a position directly accessible from 3a.
- the dynodes 8 in the third to tenth stages cannot be seen through the photoelectric surface 3a because the electron multiplication path L is meandering.
- the light that has escaped from the photocathode 3a is the first- or second-stage secondary electron emission piece 24 of the first to tenth dynodes 8.
- a and 24B are incident, and may be reflected in the direction of the photoelectric surface 3a.
- the surface of each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B of the dynodes 8 A and 8 B located in the first and second stages is subjected to light non-reflection treatment.
- light By applying light, light is not reflected by each of the secondary electron emission pieces 24A and 24B. I'm trying.
- an oxide film 28 is formed on the surface of each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B. Therefore, even if light exiting the photocathode 3a is incident on each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24A and 24B as shown by the arrow P1 in FIG. 3, this light is not reflected. be able to.
- the first or second dynodes 8A and 8B Even if the secondary electron emission pieces 24 A and 24 B of the same channel are incident, reflected light is not generated, and the reflected light enters the channel next to the photocathode 3 a and emits unnecessary electrons. Is prevented.
- the oxide film 28 may be formed on the first and second dynodes 8A and 8B by the same method as the method for forming the oxide film 27 on the focusing electrode 13. After an oxide film 28 is formed on each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B of the first and second dynodes 8 A and 8 B, antimony is evaporated and alkali is formed as in the conventional case. Reacts with metal vapor. Even if the antimony alkali metal adheres to the oxide film 28, the secondary electron emitting pieces 24A and 24B maintain the black color of the oxide film 28, so that light is emitted. Non-reflective performance can be maintained. Also, since the oxide film 28 is not in a completely insulated state, the secondary electron emitting pieces 24A and 24B have desired secondary electron multiplication performance.
- the light exiting the photocathode 3a is, for example, the dynodes 8A and 8B of the first or second stage. Even if the light is incident on the secondary electron emission pieces 24 A and 8 B and some of the components are reflected, they are blocked by the converging pieces 23 and do not return to the channel next to the photocathode 3 a. I have to.
- each converging piece 23 of the converging electrode 13 is shown in FIG.
- a vertical type in which the height x (height extending substantially perpendicular to the photocathode 3a) in the tube axis direction is longer than its width y (width extending substantially parallel to the photocathode 3a) It is rectangular.
- the height X of each converging piece 23 in the tube axis direction is calculated from the surface of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24A and 24B of the first and second dynodes 8A and 8B of each channel A by photoelectric conversion.
- the size is set so that only its own channel can be seen and the adjacent channel cannot be seen.
- the converging piece 23 also blocks the incident light P2 that escapes from the photocathode 3a and tries to directly enter the adjacent channel, and can prevent entry into the adjacent channel. For this reason, such unexpected light is prevented from being reflected by the secondary electron emitting pieces 24A and 24B of the dynode 8A or 8B and emitting electrons from the photocathode 3a.
- crosstalk of light at the opening 13a is further prevented by reducing the angle of view from the electron multiplier 9 to the photocathode 3a.
- the height X in the tube axis direction of each converging piece 23 was 0.008 3111111 and the width was 0.18 mm.
- the height X should be set to 0.5 mm and the width y to 0.2 mm.
- the upper portion of each converging piece 23 is closer to the photocathode 3a than in the related art. More specifically, the distance between the upper part of each converging piece 23 and the photocathode 3a has conventionally been within the range of 0.8 mm or more and 1 mm or less.
- each converging piece 23 If the upper part of each converging piece 23 is brought into direct contact with the photoelectric surface 3a in this way, it is possible to more reliably prevent the reflected light from the dynodes 8A and 8B from entering the adjacent channels, and However, it is possible to more reliably prevent the incident light P2 that has exited the photocathode 3a from entering the adjacent channel.
- the height X of each converging piece 23 in the tube axis direction is configured to be high, so that the upper part of each converging piece 23 is brought close to the photoelectric surface 3a.
- the distance between the lower part of 23 and the first-stage dynode 8A is the same value as before. Specifically, as in the case of the conventional photomultiplier tube (FIG. 1), the distance between the lower part of each converging piece 23 and the first dynode 8A is 0.15 mm.
- each converging piece 23 in the tube axis direction is configured to be high, not only the upper part of each converging piece 23 is made closer to the photocathode 3a, but also the lower part of each converging piece 23 is formed. May also be close to the first stage dynode 8A.
- the height X in the tube axis direction of each converging piece 23 high, the photoelectric emission from the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A, 24 B of the first and second dynodes 8 A, 8 B Any arrangement can be used as long as the channel adjacent to the surface 3a is not visible.
- the light collecting member 30 is fixed to the outer surface 29 of the light receiving face plate 3 with an adhesive.
- the light collecting member 30 is for ensuring that external light is incident on each channel A.
- the light condensing member 30 is composed of a plurality of (that is, the number of channels A (16 in this case)) glass condensing lens portions 32.
- Each condenser lens section 32 has one ⁇ lens surface 31.
- the condensing member 30 having such a structure can surely make the incident light on the photoelectric surface 3a while condensing the external light between the partitioning portions 26 by the convex lens surface 31. Therefore, the light condensing property is improved, and at the same time, measures against light crosstalk are ensured.
- each two adjacent focusing pieces 23 of the focusing electrode 13 generate an electron lens effect corresponding to the shape. More specifically, each converging piece 23 generates an electron lens having a lens shape determined by its shape.
- the generated electron lens is provided in each channel (each channel) of the photocathode 3a. Only electrons generated in a predetermined narrow area located at the approximate center of the entire area (area M) (hereinafter referred to as “effective area”) can sufficiently converge. For this reason, in this embodiment, each condenser lens section 32 collects light incident on an arbitrary position in the corresponding channel in an effective area at the center in the channel. The electrons generated by the photoelectric conversion in the effective region are effectively converged by the corresponding two converging pieces 23 and guided to the corresponding electron multiplication path L of the electron multiplier 9.
- a light guide such as an optical fiber may be used instead of the light collecting lens portion 32.
- the oxide film 27 is formed on the surface of each focusing piece 23 of the focusing electrode 13, the light The reflection is prevented so that unnecessary electrons due to the reflected light are not emitted from the photocathode 3a.
- the oxide film 28 is formed on the surface of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B of the first and second dynodes 8 A and 8 B, The reflection of light at the electron emission pieces 24 A and 24 mm is prevented so that unnecessary electrons due to the reflected light are not emitted from the photocathode 3 a.
- the secondary electron multiplier pieces 24A, 2A of the first and second dynodes 8A, 8B are formed. Even if light is slightly reflected by 4B, the reflected light is prevented from returning to the channel adjacent to the photocathode 3a, and unnecessary electrons are not emitted from the photocathode 3a. Further, a light absorbing glass partition 26 is provided in the light receiving surface plate 3 to prevent light crosstalk between channels A in the light receiving surface plate 3.
- the condenser lenses 32 are arranged on the outer surface 29 of the light-receiving surface plate 3 corresponding to each channel A. Therefore, in the light receiving surface plate 3, while condensing the light in the channel A between the partitions 26, the light can be surely made incident on a predetermined effective area in each channel A in the photoelectric surface 3a. . Therefore, the electrons emitted from the photoelectric surface 3 a are surely guided to the corresponding electron multiplication path L of the channel A by the corresponding converging piece 23.
- the photomultiplier tube 1 of the present embodiment has the photocathode 3a for emitting electrons by light incident on the light receiving surface plate 3, and increases the electrons emitted from the photocathode 3a for each channel. It has an electron multiplier 9 composed of a plurality of stages of dynodes 8 for doubling, and has a focusing electrode 13 for focusing electrons for each channel between the photocathode 3 a and the electron multiplier 9.
- the doubling unit 9 has an anode 12 for transmitting an output signal for each channel based on the electrons multiplied by each channel.
- partitions 26 of light absorbing glass are provided corresponding to the respective channels, and there is no light on the surface of each focusing piece 23 forming each channel of the focusing electrode 13.
- the reflection process is performed to form an oxide film 27, and the dynodes 8A and 8B located at the first and second stages from the photocathode 3a side of the plurality of dynodes 8 are formed.
- Each Chan The surface of each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B for forming a tunnel is subjected to a light non-reflection treatment to form an oxide film 28, and furthermore, each of the converging pieces 2 of the converging electrode 13.
- Each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B has a shape and size that make it impossible to see the channel adjacent to the photocathode 3 a from the surface, so that the light cross The talk is suppressed, and the discrimination of the optical signal for each channel is improved.
- the photomultiplier according to the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications and improvements can be made within the scope described in the claims.
- the oxide film 27 is formed on the converging piece 23 and the oxide film 28 is formed on the secondary electron emission piece 24 as the light non-reflection processing.
- the anti-reflection treatment is not limited to oxidation, but is performed by applying another treatment to each converging piece 23 and each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B as light non-reflection processing. You can.
- a light-absorbing substance may be formed on the converging piece 23 and the secondary electron emitting pieces 24A and 24B by vapor deposition or the like.
- an arbitrary metal for example, aluminum
- the low degree of vacuum e.g., about 1 0 _ 5 ⁇ 1 0 _ 6 torr
- vacuum ⁇ of stainless steel convergent piece 2 3 secondary electron releasing piece 2 4 A, 2 4 B
- a metal in this case, aluminum
- the metal molecules travel while colliding with the gas, so that the metal molecules are formed into a large mass and converged into the converging piece 23 and the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B. Deposited. As a result, a vapor-deposited film (in this example, black aluminum), which is not dense and absorbs light and exhibits a black color, is formed.
- the light collecting member 30 having the plurality of convex lens surfaces 31 is provided on the light receiving surface plate 3. However, the light collector 30 need not be provided.
- the shape of the outer surface 29 itself of the light receiving surface plate 3 may be a shape in which a plurality of ⁇ lens surfaces 31 are arranged. That is, the plurality of convex lens surfaces 31 may be formed integrally with the light receiving surface plate 3.
- each converging piece 23 is not limited to a rectangle, and may be any shape as long as the height X in the tube axis direction is longer than the width y.
- each converging piece 23 is a secondary electron emitting piece 24 A of a stage dynode (in the embodiment, the first and second stage dynodes 8 A, 8 B) that can be seen from the photocathode 3 a.
- 24 B has a shape and a size such that the photoelectric surface 3 a of the adjacent channel cannot be seen through. For example, if only the first-stage dynode 8A can be seen from the photocathode 3a, each secondary electron emission piece 24A of the first-stage dynode 8A cannot see through the photocathode 3a of the adjacent channel
- the shape and size should be such.
- the first and second dynodes 8A and 8B When the first and second dynodes 8A and 8B can be seen through the photocathode 3a as in the above embodiment, the first and second dynodes 8A and 8B have respective channels. Any shape and size may be used so that the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 cannot see through the photoelectric surface 3a of the adjacent channel. On the other hand, if the third and subsequent stages can be seen from the photocathode 3a, the secondary electrons of each channel of the visible dynode, that is, the first and second stages as well as the third and subsequent stages of the dynode 8 that can be seen. The shape and size of the emission piece 24 may be such that the channel adjacent to the photocathode 3a cannot be seen.
- each converging piece 23 and each secondary electron emitting piece 24 is subjected to anti-reflection treatment.
- a part of the entire surface, for example, the photoelectric surface 3a is viewed.
- Non-reflection processing may be performed only on the portion passing through.
- the focusing electrode 13 and the dynode 8 need not be made of stainless steel, and can be made of any material.
- the electron multiplier 9 is not limited to the block-type laminated type, but may be of any type as long as it is disposed after the focusing electrode 13.
- a light collecting member 30 having a convex lens surface 31 is provided on the light receiving surface plate 3 or, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the light receiving surface plate 3 itself is provided.
- a convex lens surface 31 was formed.
- the light collecting member 30 may not be provided, and the convex lens surface 31 may not be formed on the light receiving surface plate 3 itself.
- the light receiving surface plate 3 does not need to be provided with the partition 26.
- the photomultiplier according to the above-described embodiment is of a linear type in which the channels A are arranged in parallel, but may be a type in which the channels A are arranged in a matrix.
- each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B of the first and second dynodes 8 A and 8 B by the respective focusing pieces 23 of the focusing electrode 13.
- the non-reflection treatment is applied to each converging piece 23 of the converging electrode 13 and each of the secondary electron multiplying pieces 24 A and 24 B of the first and second dynodes 8 A and 8 B. It was giving.
- each of the converging pieces 23 causes the light reflected by each of the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A and 24 B of the first and second dynodes 8 A and 8 B to be reflected by the adjacent channel.
- the converging pieces 23 of the converging electrode 13 which are the members closest to the photocathode 3a may be subjected to the light non-reflection processing.
- the converging pieces 23 of the converging electrode 13 and the respective secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A of the first-stage dynode 8A may be subjected to light non-reflection processing.
- the photoelectric surface of the dynodes 8 in all stages Only the secondary electron emission pieces 24 of the dynode 8 at the stage visible from 3a may be subjected to light non-reflection processing. For example, if only the first stage out of all dynodes 8 can be seen from the photocathode 3a, the non-reflective treatment should be applied to only the secondary electron emission pieces 24A of the first stage dynode 8A. Good.
- the secondary electron emitting pieces 24 A of the first and second dynodes 8A and 8B, 24 4 B is subjected to light non-reflection treatment.
- the dynode of the visible stage that is, each secondary electron emitting piece 2 4 of the dynode 8 that can be seen from the third and subsequent stages as well as the first and second stages May be subjected to a non-reflection treatment.
- the photomultiplier according to the present invention is widely used in applications such as laser scanning microscopes and DNA sequencers used in the field of detection and the like for detecting weak light.
Landscapes
- Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
- Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/468,817 US7102284B2 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-22 | Photomultiplier |
EP02712471A EP1369900A4 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-22 | PHOTOMULTIPLIER |
JP2002566520A JP4008354B2 (ja) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-22 | 光電子増倍管 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001-48879 | 2001-02-23 | ||
JP2001048879 | 2001-02-23 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002067288A1 true WO2002067288A1 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
Family
ID=18910070
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2002/001625 WO2002067287A1 (fr) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-22 | Photomultiplicateur |
PCT/JP2002/001626 WO2002067288A1 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-22 | Photomultiplier |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2002/001625 WO2002067287A1 (fr) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-22 | Photomultiplicateur |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6794629B2 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP1369899B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4008353B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE60234996D1 (ja) |
WO (2) | WO2002067287A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
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JP2006261006A (ja) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | ナノレベル構造組成観察装置 |
JP2007012309A (ja) * | 2005-06-28 | 2007-01-18 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 電子増倍管 |
WO2007099959A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-09-07 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | 光電子増倍管および放射線検出装置 |
US7812532B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2010-10-12 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube, radiation detecting device, and photomultiplier tube manufacturing method |
US7838810B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2010-11-23 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube and a radiation detecting device employing the photomultiplier tube |
US7902509B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2011-03-08 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube and radiation detecting device |
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US20020169458A1 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2002-11-14 | Connors John J. | ICA angioplasty with cerebral protection |
JP4549497B2 (ja) * | 2000-07-27 | 2010-09-22 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電子増倍管 |
JP4008353B2 (ja) * | 2001-02-23 | 2007-11-14 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電子増倍管 |
JPWO2005086202A1 (ja) * | 2004-03-10 | 2008-01-24 | 国立大学法人 東京大学 | 光電撮像センサ及びそれに用いられる出力電極アレイ |
FR2875331A1 (fr) * | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-17 | Photonis Sas Soc Par Actions S | Tube multiplicateur d'electrons a plusieurs voies |
FR2875332A1 (fr) * | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-17 | Photonis Sas Soc Par Actions S | Tube photomultiplicateur multivoies a fenetre de transparence striee |
DE102005019647B4 (de) | 2005-02-23 | 2023-01-26 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Photomultiplier-System und ein Mikroskop |
US7317283B2 (en) * | 2005-03-31 | 2008-01-08 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier |
WO2007003723A2 (fr) * | 2005-06-29 | 2007-01-11 | Photonis | Tube multiplicateur d'electrons a plusieurs voies |
NL1037989C2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-11-29 | Photonis France Sas | An electron multiplying structure for use in a vacuum tube using electron multiplying as well as a vacuum tube using electron multiplying provided with such an electron multiplying structure. |
DE102014003560B4 (de) | 2013-03-13 | 2024-08-01 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Photomultipliers |
US10186406B2 (en) * | 2016-03-29 | 2019-01-22 | KLA—Tencor Corporation | Multi-channel photomultiplier tube assembly |
US20230326728A1 (en) * | 2022-04-07 | 2023-10-12 | Kla Corporation | Micro-lens array for metal-channel photomultiplier tube |
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JPS5841617B2 (ja) | 1981-05-26 | 1983-09-13 | 工業技術院長 | 光電子増倍管 |
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- 2002-02-22 JP JP2002566519A patent/JP4008353B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-22 EP EP02712470A patent/EP1369899B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-22 US US10/468,826 patent/US6794629B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-22 US US10/468,817 patent/US7102284B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-22 WO PCT/JP2002/001625 patent/WO2002067287A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2002-02-22 EP EP02712471A patent/EP1369900A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-02-22 WO PCT/JP2002/001626 patent/WO2002067288A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2002-02-22 JP JP2002566520A patent/JP4008354B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-22 DE DE60234996T patent/DE60234996D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006261006A (ja) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-28 | Fujitsu Ltd | ナノレベル構造組成観察装置 |
JP2007012309A (ja) * | 2005-06-28 | 2007-01-18 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 電子増倍管 |
WO2007099959A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-09-07 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | 光電子増倍管および放射線検出装置 |
JP2007234365A (ja) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-09-13 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光電子増倍管および放射線検出装置 |
US7812532B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2010-10-12 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube, radiation detecting device, and photomultiplier tube manufacturing method |
US7838810B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2010-11-23 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube and a radiation detecting device employing the photomultiplier tube |
US7847232B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2010-12-07 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube and radiation detecting device employing the photomultiplier tube |
US7902509B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2011-03-08 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube and radiation detecting device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60234996D1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
EP1369900A4 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
JPWO2002067288A1 (ja) | 2004-06-24 |
WO2002067287A1 (fr) | 2002-08-29 |
JPWO2002067287A1 (ja) | 2004-06-24 |
US7102284B2 (en) | 2006-09-05 |
EP1369899A1 (en) | 2003-12-10 |
US6794629B2 (en) | 2004-09-21 |
US20040100193A1 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
EP1369899A4 (en) | 2004-04-07 |
EP1369900A1 (en) | 2003-12-10 |
US20040069932A1 (en) | 2004-04-15 |
JP4008354B2 (ja) | 2007-11-14 |
JP4008353B2 (ja) | 2007-11-14 |
EP1369899B1 (en) | 2010-01-06 |
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