WO2002050062A2 - Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for gaba receptors - Google Patents

Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for gaba receptors Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002050062A2
WO2002050062A2 PCT/US2001/050038 US0150038W WO0250062A2 WO 2002050062 A2 WO2002050062 A2 WO 2002050062A2 US 0150038 W US0150038 W US 0150038W WO 0250062 A2 WO0250062 A2 WO 0250062A2
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Prior art keywords
alkyl
compound
cycloalkyl
salt according
alkoxy
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PCT/US2001/050038
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2002050062A3 (en
Inventor
Guiying Li
John M. Peterson
Pamela Albaugh
Kevin S. Currie
Guolin Cai
Linda M. Gustavson
Kyungae Lee
Alan Hutchison
Vinod Singh
George D. Maynard
Jun Yuan
Xie Ling Hong
Manuka Ghosh
Nian Liu
George P. Luke
Scott Mitchell
Martin Patrick Allen
Spiros Liras
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Neurogen Corporation
Pfizer Inc.
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Priority to MXPA03005493A priority Critical patent/MXPA03005493A/es
Priority to EEP200300304A priority patent/EE05108B1/xx
Priority to SK767-2003A priority patent/SK7672003A3/sk
Priority to BR0116385-0A priority patent/BR0116385A/pt
Priority to CA002431592A priority patent/CA2431592A1/en
Priority to IL15629401A priority patent/IL156294A0/xx
Priority to KR1020037008480A priority patent/KR100854174B1/ko
Priority to EP01992307A priority patent/EP1368342B3/de
Priority to AU2002232768A priority patent/AU2002232768B2/en
Priority to JP2002551558A priority patent/JP2004536782A/ja
Priority to AU3276802A priority patent/AU3276802A/xx
Priority to APAP/P/2003/002818A priority patent/AP1503A/en
Application filed by Neurogen Corporation, Pfizer Inc. filed Critical Neurogen Corporation
Priority to DE60113302T priority patent/DE60113302T2/de
Priority to NZ526330A priority patent/NZ526330A/en
Priority to HU0303849A priority patent/HUP0303849A3/hu
Priority to UA2003065755A priority patent/UA75902C2/uk
Priority to AT01992307T priority patent/ATE304008T1/de
Priority to EA200300713A priority patent/EA007157B1/ru
Publication of WO2002050062A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002050062A2/en
Publication of WO2002050062A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002050062A3/en
Priority to ZA2003/04544A priority patent/ZA200304544B/en
Priority to BG107899A priority patent/BG107899A/bg
Priority to HR20030483A priority patent/HRP20030483A9/xx
Priority to NO20032834A priority patent/NO326558B1/no
Priority to IS6855A priority patent/IS6855A/is

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    • C07D233/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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    • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems

Definitions

  • This invention relates to benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives, and, more specifically, to such derivatives that bind with high selectively and/or high affinity to the benzodiazepine site of GABA A receptors.
  • This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and to the use of such compounds in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • the GABA A receptor superfamily represents one of the classes of receptors through which the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, ⁇ -aminobutyric acid, or GABA, acts. Widely, although unequally, distributed throughout the mammalian brain, GABA mediates many of its actions through a complex of proteins called the GABA A receptor, which causes alteration in chloride conductance and membrane polarization. In addition to being the site of neurotransmitter action, a number of drugs including the anxiolytic and sedating benzodiazepines bind to this receptor.
  • the GABA A receptor comprises a chloride channel that generally, but not invariably, opens in response to GABA, allowing chloride to enter the cell. This, in turn, effects a slowing of neuronal activity through hyperpolarization of the cell membrane potential .
  • GABA A receptors are composed of five protein subunits. A number of cDNAs for these GABA A receptor subunits have been cloned and their primary structures determined. While these subunits share a basic motif of 4 membrane-spanning helices, there is sufficient sequence diversity to classify them into several groups. To date at least 6 ⁇ , 3 ⁇ , 3 ⁇ , l ⁇ , l ⁇ and 2p subunits have been identified. Native GABA A receptors are typically composed of 2 ⁇ , 2 ⁇ , and l ⁇ . Various lines of evidence
  • the GABA A receptor binding sites for GABA (2 per receptor complex) are formed by amino acids from the ⁇ and ⁇ subunits. Amino acids from the and ⁇ subunits together form one benzodiazepine site per receptor. Benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological actions by interacting with the benzodiazepine binding sites associated with the GABA A receptor. In addition to the benzodiazepine site (sometimes referred to as the benzodiazepine or BDZ receptor) , the GABA A receptor contains sites of interaction for several other classes of drugs. These include a steroid binding site, a picrotoxin site, and a barbiturate site.
  • the benzodiazepine site of the GABA A receptor is a distinct site on the receptor complex that does not overlap with the site of interaction for other classes of drugs that bind to the receptor or for GABA (see, e.g., Cooper, et al . , The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology, 6 th ed. , 1991, pp. 145- 148, Oxford University Press, New York) .
  • GABA A receptor antagonists In a classic allosteric mechanism, the binding of a drug to the benzodiazepine site increases the affinity of the GABA receptor for GABA.
  • Benzodiazepines and related drugs that enhance the ability of GABA to open GABA A receptor channels are known as agonists or partial agonists depending on the level of GABA enhancement.
  • Other classes of drugs, such as ⁇ -carboline derivatives, that occupy the same site and negatively modulate the action of GABA are called inverse agonists.
  • a third class of compounds exists which occupy the same site as both the agonists and inverse agonists and yet have little or no effect on GABA activity. These compounds will, however, block the action of agonists or inverse agonists and are thus referred to as GABA A receptor antagonists.
  • GABA A selective ligands may also act to potentiate the effects of certain other CNS active compounds.
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs
  • SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • This invention provides benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives that bind to the benzodiazepine site of GABA A receptors, including human GABA A receptors.
  • Preferred compounds of the invention bind with high selectivity and/or high affinity to GABA A receptors.
  • Preferred compounds act as agonists, antagonists or inverse agonists of such receptors. As such, they are useful in the treatment of various CNS disorders.
  • the invention provides compounds of Formula I (shown below) , and pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula I.
  • the invention provides methods for synthesizing compounds of Formula I .
  • the invention further provides methods of treating patients suffering from certain CNS disorders with an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the patient may be a human or other mammal. Treatment of humans, domesticated companion animals
  • the invention provides methods of potentiating the actions of other CNS active compounds. These methods comprise administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention in conjunction with the administration of another CNS active compound.
  • this invention relates to the use of compounds of Formula I as probes for the localization of GABA A receptors in tissue sections.
  • the invention provides compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Z x is nitrogen or CRi;
  • Z 2 is nitrogen or CR 2 ;
  • Z 3 is nitrogen or CR 3 ; and Z 4 is nitrogen or CR 4 ; provided that no more than two of Z x , Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 are nitrogen.
  • R-i R-2/ R 3 an -d R are independently selected from i) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, ii) alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, (cycloalkyl) alkyl, -NH(R 10 -N(R ⁇ o) (Rii) , hydroxyalkyl , aminoalkyl , (Rio) NHalkyl- , (Rio) (Rii) Nalkyl- , alkanoyl , alkoxycarbonyl , (heterocycloalkyl) alkyl, alkylsulfonyl , alkylthio, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl , heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 2 o /
  • R A is a saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, consisting of 1 ring or 2 fused, pendant, or spiro rings, each ring containing 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, S, and O, said saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 20 , iv) a group of the formula where J is N, CH, or C-alkyl, and R B and R c are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkanoyl, heteroaryl, and mono and dialkylaminoalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by 1
  • R E and R F are independently selected at each occurrence from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, mono- or dialkylamino, aryl, or heteroaryl each of which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 of R 30 •
  • R 20 in this aspect of the invention, is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: halogen; hydroxy; nitro; cyano; amino ; alkyl; alkoxy optionally substituted with amino or mono- or dialkylamino; cycloalkyl; cycloalkylalkyl; cycloalkylalkoxy; alkenyl; alkynyl; haloalkyl; ox ⁇ ; haloalkoxy; mono- and dialkylamino; aminoalkyl; and ono- and dialkylaminoalkyl .
  • R 30 is independently selected at each occurrence from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, alkyl, alkoxy optionally substituted with amino or mono- or dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, oxo, mono- and dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, and mono- and dialkylaminoalkyl.
  • R 5 represents hydrogen or haloalkyl; or R 5 represents alkyl, cycloalkyl, or (cycloalkyl) alkyl , each of which may contain one or more double or triple bonds, and each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R 30 , or
  • R 5 represents aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of haloalkyl, amino, -NH(R ⁇ 0 ), -N (Rio) (Rn) , carboxamido, (Rio) NHcarbonyl, (R 10 ) (Rn)Ncarbonyl, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, alkyl, alkoxy optionally substituted with amino or mono- or dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminoalkyl, and mono- and dialkylaminoalkyl.
  • Q represents -C(R 6 ) (R 7 ) or oxygen, with the proviso that Q is not oxygen when X 2 is nitrogen.
  • R 6 and R 7 independently represent hydrogen, fluorine, or alkyl.
  • R is independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl) alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, carboxamido, and 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups which are saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, which may be further substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxy, alkyl, and alkoxy.
  • R' is independently chosen at each occurrence from alkyl, hydrogen, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl (alkyl) , and 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups which are saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, which 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxy, alkyl, and alkoxy.
  • Xx and X 2 independently represent nitrogen, carbon or CH.
  • Y is nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, -CH-, -CH 2 -, or absent.
  • the invention further provides compounds of Formula I wherein Ri, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from i) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, halo(C ⁇ - C 6 ) alkyl, and halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, ii) (Ci-Cs) alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 2 - C 6 ) alkenyl, alkynyl, ( (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl) (C 1 -C4) alkyl, -NH(R 10 ), - N(R ⁇ o) (R 11 ) , hydroxy (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, amino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (R X0 )NH (d- C 6 ) alkyl, (R X0 )NH (d- C 6 )
  • R A is a saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, consisting of 1 ring or 2 fused, pendant, or spiro rings, each ring consisting of from 3 to 8 ring atoms, and each ring containing 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, S, and 0; said saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 20 , iv) a group of the formula where J is N, CH, or C- (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl and R B and R c are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (Ci-Ce) alkyl, (C 2 -C 3 ) alkenyl , (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl , (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl) (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl ,
  • R B and R c and the atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic ring, which may contain a) one or more double bonds b) one or more of oxo, O, S, SO, S0 2 , and N-R D wherein R D is hydrogen, Ar x , (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl , heterocycloalkyl, or Ar x (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl ; wherein Ar x is aryl or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, C x - C 6
  • R 3 o is independently selected at each occurrence from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy optionally substituted with amino or mono- or di (C x - C s ) alkylamino, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 4 ) alkyl , (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 4 ) alkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl, halo (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, oxo, mono- and di (Ci-Cs) alkylamino, amino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , and
  • R 5 represents (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl , or (C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl) (C ⁇ -C 4 ) alkyl, each of which may contain one or more double or triple bonds, and each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R 30 , or ' R 5 represents aryl, aryl (C ⁇ -C ) alkyl , heteroaryl, or heteroaryl (C ⁇ -C) alkyl each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of: halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, amino, NH(R ⁇ 0 ), N(R ⁇ 0 )(Rn), carboxamido, NH (Rio) carbonyl, N(R 10 ) (Rn) carbonyl , halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alky
  • Q represents -C(R 6 ) (R7) or oxygen, with the proviso that Q is not oxygen when X 2 is nitrogen;
  • R 6 and R 7 independently represent hydrogen, fluorine , or C x - C 6 alkyl ; and the group :
  • R represents a 5 to 7 membered heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl ring containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen, said 5 to 7 membered heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl ring is substituted at each carbon atom by R, and is substituted at each nitrogen atom available for substitution by R' ;
  • R is independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, amino, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, (C 2 -C 3 ) alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl , Ci- C 6 alkoxy, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl) ⁇ x -Ci) alkyl, halo (C x -C 6 ) alkyl , haloalkoxy, carboxamido, and 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups which are saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic,
  • R' is independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-Csalkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl) , and 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups which are saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, which 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxy, C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl, and -0 (C ⁇ _alkyl) ; and Xi, X 2 , W, and Y are as defined for Formula I, above.
  • Such compounds will be referred to as compounds of Formula IA.
  • a particular aspect of the invention is directed to compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of Formula II
  • the variables Z l r Z 2 , Z 3 , Z , R 5 , Q, X 1# X 2 , and W carry the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably, for Formula IA;
  • X 3 and X 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, CR, N, O, S, NH, and N (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl ; provided that at least one of X l7 X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 is carbon or CR; and
  • R is independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, amino, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl , (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl , halo (Ci-Cg) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, carboxamido, and 3- to 7- membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups which are saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, which may be further substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxy, C ⁇ - 4 alkyl, and -O (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) .
  • the invention is particularly directed to compounds of Formula I, Formula IA, and Formula II, in which Z x is CRi, Z 2 is CR 2 , Z 3 is CR 3 , and Z 4 is CR .
  • the invention is also directed to compounds of Formula I, Formula IA, and Formula II, in which one, and only one, of Z i7 Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 is nitrogen.
  • Another particular aspect of the invention provides compounds of Formula I, Formula IA, and Formula II, in which Z x is CRi, Z 4 is CR 4 , and only one, of Z 2 and Z 3 is nitrogen.
  • the invention is further directed to compounds of Formula I, Formula IA, and Formula II wherein: i) X 2 is carbon; and Q is oxygen; ii) X 2 is N; and Q is C(R 6 ) (R 7 ) ; iii) X 2 is carbon; and Q is C(R S ) (R 7 ) ; iv) Xi is carbon; X 2 is N; and Q is C(R 6 ) (R 7 ) ; v) Xx is nitrogen; X 2 is carbon; and Q is C(R 6 ) (R) ; or wherein vi) Q is C(R 6 ) (R 7 ) .
  • preferred compounds are those where Z x is CR l7 Z 2 is CR , Z 3 is CR 3 , and Z 4 is CR 4 .
  • preferred compounds are those in which one, and only one, of Z x , Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 is nitrogen.
  • compounds in which Z x is CR 2 , and only one, of Z 2 and Z 3 is nitrogen are particularly preferred.
  • the invention provides compounds of Formula III and Formula IV:
  • R, R x , R 2 , R 3 , R , R 5 , Q, and W carry the definitions set forth for Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA.
  • Particular compounds of Formula III included in the invention are those wherein Q is C(R e ) (R 7 ) .
  • Preferred compounds of Formula IV include those where R s and R 7 are hydrogen, methyl or fluoro and the other is ethyl, or where one of R ⁇ and R 7 is hydrogen, methyl or fluoro and the other is ethyl .
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: i) hydrogen, halogen, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl , (C 3 -
  • C 8 cycloalkyl (Ci-Cs) alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, and ii) phenyl and pyridyl each of which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, C ⁇ - 4 alkyl , and -O (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) .
  • Q in Formula III is C (R s ) (R 7 ) .
  • R x , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (Cx-Cs) alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl , (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl , heterocycloalkyl, halo (C ⁇ -C ⁇ ) alkyl, halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, mono or di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino, amino (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl , and mono- and di (C x - C s ) alkylamino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl ;
  • R 5 represents hydrogen, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , (C 3 .C 8 ) cycloalkyl , (C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, thiophenyl, thiazoyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl;
  • R 6 and R 7 independently represent hydrogen, fluorine, or Ci- C 6 alkyl ;
  • W represents phenyl, thienyl, thiazoyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with up to 4 R 30 groups, where R 30 carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably R 30 carries the definition set forth for Formula IA.
  • R, R , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , Q, and W carry the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA, and
  • W represents a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with up to 4 groups independently selected from R 30 , -C0 2 H, -
  • m is 0, 1, or 2
  • R E carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably R E carries the definition set forth for Formula IA and R 30 carries the definition set forth above with respect to Formula IA.
  • the compounds of Formula III or Formula IV are those in which one of R 2 or R 3 carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA.
  • R 2 or R 3 carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA.
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and (C ⁇ -C 2 ) alkyl ;
  • Ri, R , and the other of R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (Ci- C 6 ) alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl , (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl, halo (C ⁇ -C e ) alkyl, halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, mono or di (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkylamino, amino (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl , and mono- and di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl;
  • R 5 represents (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl
  • W represents phenyl, furanyl , thienyl, thiazoyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl each of which is optionally substituted with up to 4 R 30 groups, where R 30 carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably R 30 carries the definition set forth for Formula IA.
  • Still other preferred W groups are 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-halo-2- pyrimidinyl, 3 , 6-dihalopyrimidin-2-yl, and 2,6-, 4,6-, and 5,6- dihalopyridin-2-yl .
  • Other preferred W groups are phenyl substituted with one or two independently selected C ⁇ -C 2 alkyl, C ⁇ -C 2 alkoxy, amino, halogen, trifluoromethyl , or cyano groups.
  • Still other preferred W groups are 2-thiazolyl groups carrying one or two independently selected C ⁇ -C 2 alkyl, amino, (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl, hydroxy, (C x -C 3 ) alkyl , or trifluoromethyl groups.
  • Another aspect of the invention includes compounds of Formula III or Formula IV wherein
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and (C ⁇ -C 2 ) alkyl ; Ri, R , and one of R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, C ⁇ -C 2 alkyl, and cyano; the other of R 2 and R 3 carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA; and
  • R 5 represents (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, and preferably C 2 -C 4 alkyl.
  • Ri and R 4 are hydrogen;
  • Preferred R groups are independently selected from hydrogen and C x -C 3 alkyl, more preferably hydrogen and methyl, and most preferably are hydrogen. More preferred R 5 groups are ethyl and n-propyl .
  • Q (in Formula III) is CH 2 , and R 6 and R 7 in Formula IV are hydrogen; and W, is phenyl, pyridyl, or thiazolyl, each which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, C ⁇ -C 2 haloalkyl, C ⁇ C 2 alkyl, and C ⁇ -C 2 alkoxy, or more preferably
  • W is 2-thiazolyl, 2 -pyrimidinyl , 3 -fluorophenyl, or 6- fluoro-2-pyridinyl .
  • Such compounds will be referred to as compounds of Formula III-A and Formula IV-A.
  • a particular aspect of the invention provides compounds of Formula III-A and Formula IV-A, wherein: one of R 2 and R 3 is chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C -C 6 ) alkyl , (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C e ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, mono or di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino, amino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , and mono- and di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl ; the other of R 2 and R 3 is chosen from i) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, halo (C ⁇ -C
  • heterocycloalkyl alkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 20 ; and R 20 carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or more preferably R 20 carries the definition set forth with respect to Formula IA.
  • preferred compounds of Formula III-A and IV- A include those where one of R 2 and R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, C ⁇ -C 3 alkyl, C ⁇ -C 2 alkoxy, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl , trifluromethyl, or mono- or di (C ⁇ -C 2 ) alkylamino, and the other is hydrogen, halogen, or C ⁇ -C 3 alkyl, preferably hydrogen or methyl. More preferred compounds of Formula IV-A include those where R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, more preferably fluoro or chloro, cyano, amino, C ⁇ -C 2 alkyl or C ⁇ -C 2 alkoxy and R 3 is hydrogen or methyl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl
  • R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, preferably fluoro or chloro, cyano, amino, or C ⁇ -C 3 alkoxy.
  • R 2 and R 3 is chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, mono or di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino, amino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , and mono- and di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy.
  • R B and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl , (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl , C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl, and (C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl) (C ⁇ -C 4 ) alkyl ; or R B and R c and the atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic ring, which may contain a) one or more double bonds, b) one or more of oxo, O, S, SO, S0 2 , and N-R D wherein R D is hydrogen or (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl ; c) one or more of R 2 o; and R 20 carries the definition set forth with respect to Formula I, or more preferably R 20 carries the definition
  • the invention also provides compounds of Formula III-A and Formula IV-A, wherein: one of R 2 and R 3 is chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, mono or di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino, amino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , and mono- and di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl ; the other of R 2 and R 3 is a group of the formula:
  • G is a bond or C ⁇ -C 2 alkyl
  • R A is a saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, consisting of 1 ring or 2 fused, pendant, or spiro rings, each ring containing 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, S, and O, said saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 2 o;
  • R 20 carries the definition set forth for R a in Formula I, or more preferably R 2 o carries the definition set forth for R 20 in Formula IA R 20 .
  • R A is chosen from phenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and oxazolyl each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 20 .
  • R 30 and R E carry the definitions set forth for those groups in Formula I, or preferably for Formula IA, and m is 0, 1, or 2.
  • the invention includes compounds represented by Formula V and Formula VI
  • Formula V Formula VI wherein R, R x , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and Q carry the definitions set forth for Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA, and W is a 5 -membered heteroaryl group as described above.
  • the invention further includes compounds of Formula V and Formula VI wherein
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of i) hydrogen, halogen, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, halo (Ci-Cg) alkyl , halo ⁇ C- ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, and ii) phenyl and pyridyl each of which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxy, C ⁇ _ alkyl, and -0 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) ; Ri, R , R 3 , and R 4 , are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , (Ci- C s ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C
  • R 5 represents hydrogen, (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, thiophenyl, thiazoyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl;
  • R s and R 7 independently represent hydrogen, fluorine, or Ci- C 6 alkyl
  • W represents either a 5 -membered heteroaryl group chosen from thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, or isoxazolyl each of which is optionally substituted with up to 4 R 30 groups; or W represents a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group chosen from phenyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridyl, pyridizinyl, or pyrazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with up to 4 R 30 groups; and R 30 is as defined for Formula I, or preferably as defined for Formula IA.
  • Preferred compounds of Formula V an VI include those where R 2 and R 3 independently represent hydrogen, halogen, preferably fluoro or chloro, C ⁇ -C 3 alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, Ci- C 3 alkoxy, trifluoromethyl , nitro, cyano, amino, or mono-or di (Ci- C 3 ) alkylamino.
  • R 2 and R 3 groups are mono- or di (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylamino (C 2 -C 3 ) alkoxy, morpholinyl (C 2 -C 3 ) alkoxy, piperidin-1-yl (C 2 -C 3 ) alkoxy, and piperazin-1-yl (C 2 -C 3 ) alkoxy .
  • the invention is directed to compounds of Formula V and Formula VI wherein:
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and (C ⁇ -C 2 ) alkyl; and Ri and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C; L -C 6 ) alkyl, (Ci-Cg) alkoxy, (C 3 - C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , halo (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkoxy, mono or di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino, amino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl , and mono- and di (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkylamino (C ⁇ -C 6 ) alkyl .
  • Ri and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C; L
  • R 2 (Formula V) and R 3 (Formula VI) carry the definitions set forth with respect to Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA;
  • R 5 represents (C ⁇ -C 3 ) alkyl, preferably ethyl or n-propyl ;
  • Re and R 7 are hydrogen;
  • W represents a 5 -membered heteroaryl group chosen from furanyl, thienyl, thiazoyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, or isoxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with up to 4 R 30 groups, or W represents a 6 -membered aryl or heteroaryl group chosen from phenyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridyl, pyridizinyl, or pyrazinyl each of which is optionally substituted with up to 4 R 30 groups; and R 30 is as defined for Formula I, or more preferably for Formula IA.
  • R groups are hydrogen and C 1 -C 3 alkyl, more preferably hydrogen and methyl, and most preferably hydrogen.
  • R x and R 4 groups for this aspect of the invention include hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, C ⁇ -C 2 alkyl, and cyano.
  • R x and R 4 are hydrogen. More preferably R, R x , and R 4 are all hydrogen.
  • Preferred compounds of this aspect of the invention in which W is a 5 -membered heteroaryl group include those wherein W is thiazolyl which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, C x -C 2 haloalkyl , C x -C 2 alkyl, and C x -C 2 alkoxy.
  • Other preferred compounds are those wherein W is 2-thiazolyl.
  • W is a 6- membered heteroaryl group
  • W is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, C x -C 2 haloalkyl, C x -C 2 alkyl, and C x -C 2 alkoxy.
  • W is 2 -pyrimidinyl , 3 -fluorophenyl, or 6- fluoro-2-pyridinyl .
  • W groups are -pyrimidinyl , 5-halo-2- pyrimidinyl, 3 , 6-dihalopyrimidin-2-yl , and 2,6-, 4,6-, and 5,6- dihalopyridin-2-yl .
  • Other preferred W groups are phenyl substituted with one or two independently selected C x -C 2 alkyl, C x -C 2 alkoxy, amino, halogen, trifluoromethyl , or cyano groups.
  • W groups are 2-thiazolyl groups carrying one or two independently selected C x -C 2 alkyl, amino, (C x -C 3 ) alkyl, hydroxy, (C x -C 3 ) alkyl, or trifluoromethyl groups.
  • R 2 for Formula V-A
  • R 3 for Formula VI-A
  • R 2 is chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, halo (C x -C 6 ) alkyl , and halo (C x -C 6 ) alkoxy .
  • J is N, CH, or C- (C x -C 6 ) alkyl
  • R B and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C x -C 3 ) alkyl , (C 2 -C 3 ) alkenyl , (C 2 - C 6 ) alkynyl, C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl , and (C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl) (C x -C 4 ) alkyl ; or
  • R B and R c and the atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic ring, which may contain a) one or more double bonds, b) one or more of oxo, O, S, SO, S0 2 , and N-R D wherein R D is hydrogen or (C x -C 6 ) alkyl ; and/or c) one or more substituents R20/ where R 2 o carries the definition set forth for compounds of Formula I, or more preferably that set forth for compounds of Formula IA.
  • R 2 for Formula V-A
  • R 3 for Formula VI -A
  • G is a bond or C x -C 2 alkyl
  • R A is a saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle consisting of 1 ring or 2 fused, pendant, or spiro rings, each ring containing 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and 0, where the saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 20 .
  • Preferred compounds of this class are those where R A is chosen from phenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and oxazolyl each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 2 o •
  • R20 carries the definition set forth for compounds of Formula I, or more preferably that set forth for compounds of Formula IA.
  • Preferred compounds of this class are compounds wherein wherein Z x is CR X , Z 2 is CR 2 , Z 3 is CR 3 , and Z is CR or wherein one and only one Z x , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 is nitrogen are also preferred; compounds of this class wherein one and only one Z x , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 is nitrogen, and either Z 2 or Z 3 is nitrogen are particularly preferred.
  • This invention provides benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives, preferred examples of which bind with high affinity to the benzodiazepine site of GABA A receptors, including human GABA A receptors.
  • the affinity of compounds of Formula I for the benzodiazepine site may be determined using a GABA A receptor binding assay, such as the assay presented in Example 53.
  • Preferred compounds of Formula I that bind with high affinity to the benzodiazepine site of the GABA A receptor exhibit K ⁇ values of less than l ⁇ M in that assay.
  • Very high affinity compounds of the invention exhibit K ⁇ values of less than 100 nM or more preferably less than 10 nM in the assay presented in Example 53.
  • Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives that bind with high selectivity to the benzodiazepine site of GABA A receptors, including human GABA A receptors, are also included in this invention.
  • Preferred compounds of Formula I which exhibit high selectivity (or high specificity) exhibit affinity for the benzodiazepine site of the GABA receptor that is at least 10-fold greater, and preferably 100-fold greater, than the affinity exhibited at any other membrane-bound receptor which is a known drug target.
  • More preferred compounds of Formula I do not exhibit a binding affinity at any other membrane-bound receptor which is a known drug target that is less than 1 micromolar.
  • Membrane-bound receptors that are known drug targets include, but are not limited to dopamine receptors, CRF receptors, bradykinin receptors, NPY receptors, beta-adrenergic receptors, capsaicin receptors, galanin receptors, MCH receptors, melanocortin receptors, and neurokinin receptors. Binding affinities for membrane-bound receptors which are known drug targets may be determined via radioligand binding assays which are generally well known in the art.
  • the invention further comprises methods of treating patients in need of such treatment with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to alter the symptoms of a CNS disorder.
  • « 3 ⁇ 3 Y 2 receptor subtypes are useful in treating anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder; stress disorders including post- traumatic stress, and acute stress disorders.
  • Compounds of the inventions that act as agonists at ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2 receptor subtypes are also useful in treating depressive or bipolar disorders and in treating sleep disorders.
  • Compounds of the invention that act as inverse agonists at the ⁇ 5 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2 receptor subtype or ⁇ x ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 anc oc 5 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2 receptor subtypes are useful in treating cognitive disorders including those resulting from Down Syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and stroke related dementia.
  • Compounds of the invention that act as inverse agonists at the ⁇ 5 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2 are particularly useful in treating cognitive disorders through the enhancement of memory, and particularly short-term memory, in memory-impaired patients.
  • Compounds of the invention that act as agonists at the x ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 receptor subtype are useful in treating convulsive disorders such as epilepsy.
  • Compounds that act as antagonists at the benzodiazepine site are useful in reversing the effect of benzodiazepine overdose and in treating drug and alcohol addiction.
  • the diseases and/ or disorders that can also be treated using compounds and compositions according to the invention include : Depression, e.g. depression, atypical depression, bipolar disorder, depressed phase of bipolar disorder.
  • Anxiety e.g. general anxiety disorder (GAD), agoraphobia, panic disorder +/- agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, Post traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) , dysthymia, adjustment disorders with disturbance of mood and anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, anticipatory anxiety acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, cyclothymia.
  • Sleep disorders e.g. sleep disorders including primary insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, dyssomnia NOS, parasomnias, including nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, sleep disorders secondary to depression and/or anxiety or other mental disorders, substance induced sleep disorder.
  • Cognition Impairment e.g. cognition impairment, memory impairment, short-term memory impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) , stroke, traumatic brain injury, AIDS associated dementia, and dementia associated with depression, anxiety or psychosis.
  • Attention Deficit Disorder e.g. attention deficit disorder (ADD)
  • ADHD attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
  • Speech disorders e.g. stuttering, including motor tic, clonic stuttering, dysfluency, speech blockage, dysarthria, Tourete syndrome or logospasm.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, for treating disorders responsive to GABA A receptor modulation, e.g., treatment of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders or cognitive impairment by GABA A receptor modulation.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions include packaged pharmaceutical compositions comprising a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one GABA A receptor modulator as described supra and instructions (e.g., labeling) indicating the contained GABA A receptor ligand is to be used for treating a disorder responsive to GABA A receptor modulation in the patient.
  • the invention provides a method of potentiating the actions of other CNS active compounds, which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with another CNS active compound.
  • CNS active compounds include, but are not limited to the following: for anxiety, serotonin receptor (e.g. 5-HT XA ) agonists and antagonists; for anxiety and depression, neurokinin receptor antagonists or corticotropin releasing factor receptor (CRF X ) antagonists; for sleep disorders, melatonin receptor agonists; and for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's dementia, nicotinic agonists, muscarinic agents, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and dopamine receptor agonists.
  • serotonin receptor e.g. 5-HT XA
  • CRF X corticotropin releasing factor receptor
  • the invention provides a method of potentiating the antidepressant activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) by administering an effective amount of a GABA agonist compound of the invention in combination with an SSRI .
  • SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • Combination administration can be carried out in a fashion analogous to that disclosed in Da-Rocha, et al . , J. Psychopharmacology (1997) 11(3) 211-218; Smith, et al . , Am. J. Psychiatry (1998) 155(10) 1339-45; or Le, et al . , Alcohol and Alcoholism (1996) 31 Suppl . 127-132.
  • GABA A receptor ligand 3- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) -6- (l-methyl-1,2, 3-triazol-4-yl) methyloxy-1, 2 , 4-triazolo [3,4- a]phthalzine in combination with nicotinic agonists, muscarinic agonists, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, in PCT International publications Nos . WO 99/47142, WO 99/47171, and WO 99/47131, respectively. Also see in this regard PCT International publication No. WO 99/37303 for its discussion of the use of a class of GABA A receptor ligands, 1, 2 , 4-triazolo [4 , 3- b] pyridazines, in combination with SSRIs.
  • the present invention also pertains to methods of inhibiting the binding of benzodiazepine compounds, such as Rol5-1788, or GABA to the GABA A receptors which methods involve contacting a solution containing compound of the invention with cells expressing GABA A receptors, wherein the compound is present at a concentration sufficient to inhibit benzodiazepine binding or GABA binding to GABA A receptors in vi tro .
  • This method includes inhibiting the binding of benzodiazepine compounds to GABA A receptors in vivo, e.g., in a patient given an amount of a compound of Formula I that would be sufficient to inhibit the binding of benzodiazepine compounds or GABA to GABA A receptors in vi tro .
  • such methods are useful in treating benzodiazepine drug overdose.
  • the amount of a compound that would be sufficient to inhibit the binding of a benzodiazepine compound to the GABA A receptor may be readily determined via a GABA A receptor binding assay, such as the assay described in Example 53.
  • the GABA A receptors used to determine in vi tro binding may be obtained from a variety of sources, for example from preparations of rat cortex or from cells expressing cloned human GABA A receptors .
  • the invention also provides methods for altering the signal- transducing activity, particularly the chloride ion conductance of GABA A receptors, said method comprising exposing cells expressing such receptors to an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • This method includes altering the signal- transducing activity of GABA A receptors in vivo, e.g., in a patient given an amount of a compound of Formula I that would be sufficient to alter the signal-transducing activity of GABA A receptors in vi tro .
  • the amount of a compound that would be sufficient to alter the signal-transducing activity of GABA A receptors may be determined via a GABA A receptor signal transduction assay, such as the assay described in Example 54.
  • the cells expressing the GABA receptors in vivo may be, but are not limited to, neuronal cells or brain cells. Such cells may be contacted with compounds of the invention through contact with a body fluid containing the compound, for example through contact with cerebrospinal fluid. Alteration of the signal -transducing activity of GABA A receptors in vi tro may be determined from a detectable change in the electrophysiology of cells exprssing GABA A receptors, when such cells are contacted with an compound of the invention in the presence of GABA. For example, a change in the electrophysiology of cells expressing GABA A receptors may be detected using a voltage-clamp assay performed on oocytes injected with GABA A receptor mRNA. Such an assay is shown in Example 54.
  • Intracellular recording or patch-clamp recording may be used to quantitate changes in electrophysiology of cells.
  • a reproducible change in behavior of an animal given a compound of the invention may also be used to indicate that changes in the electrophysiology of the animal's cells expressing GABA A receptors has occurred.
  • the GABA A receptor ligands provided by this invention and labeled derivatives thereof are also useful as standards and reagents in determining the ability of a potential pharmaceutical to bind to the GABA A receptor.
  • Radiolabeled derivatives the GABA A receptor ligands provided by this invention are also useful as radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging or for single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) . More particularly compounds of the invention may be used for demonstrating the presence of GABA A receptors in cell or tissue samples. This may be done by preparing a plurality of matched cell or tissue samples, at least one of which is prepared as an experimental sample and at least one of which is prepared as a control sample.
  • the experimental sample is prepared by contacting (under conditions that permit binding of R015-1788 to GABA A receptors within cell and tissue samples) at least one of the matched cell or tissue samples that has not previously been contacted with any compound or salt of the invention with an experimental solution comprising the detectably-labeled preparation of the selected compound or salt at the first measured molar concentration.
  • the control sample is prepared in the same manner as the experimental sample and also contains an unlabelled preparation of the same compound or salt of the invention at a greater molar concentration.
  • the experimental and control samples are then washed to remove unbound detectably-labeled compound.
  • the amount of remaining bound detectably-labeled compound is then measured and the amount of detectably-labeled compound in the experimental and control samples is compared.
  • a comparison that indicates the detection of a greater amount of detectable label in the at least one washed experimental sample than is detected in any of control samples demonstrates the presence of GABA A receptors in that experimental sample.
  • the detectably-labeled compound used in this procedure may be labeled with a radioactive label or a directly or indirectly luminescent label.
  • tissue sections are used in this procedure and the detectably-labeled compound is radiolabeled, the bound, labeled compound may be detected autoradiographically to generate an autoradiogram.
  • the amount of detectable label in an experimental or control sample may be measured by viewing the autoradiograms and comparing the exposure density of the autoradiograms .
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a compound of Formula A
  • Z x , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and R 5 carry the definitions forth for Formula I, or more preferably Z x , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and R 5 carry the definitions forth for Formula la.
  • R 6 and R 7 independently represent hydrogen, fluorine, or alkyl .
  • R in Formula B, above, is independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, amino, C x -C 6 alkyl, (C 2 -
  • the invention includes a process of preparing a compound of Formula A as described above wherein: Z x is CR X , Z 2 is CR 2 , Z 3 is CR 3 , and Z 4 is CR 4 .
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and (C x -C 2 ) alkyl;
  • R x , R 4 , and one of R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C x -C 6 ) alkyl, (C x -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl (C x -C 6 ) alkyl , halo (C x -C 6 ) alkyl, halo (C x -C 6 ) alkoxy, mono or di (C x -C 6 ) alkylamino, amino (C x -C 6 ) alkyl, and mono- and di (C x -C 6 ) alkylamino (C x -C 6 ) alkyl .
  • R 2 and R 3 carries the definition set forth for Formula I, or preferably that set forth for Formula la, or in certain preferred embodiments this group is chosen from i) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, halo(C x -
  • C 6 alkyl, and halo (C x -C 5 ) alkoxy, ii) C x -C 6 alkyl, C x -C 3 alkoxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl , C 2 -C 6 alkenyl , C 2 -
  • heterocycloalkyl C x -C 4 alkyl
  • heterocycloalkyl each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R 2 o •
  • R, R x , and R 4 are all hydrogen .
  • R 5 represents (C x -C 6 ) alkyl .
  • Preferred definitions of R 5 include ethyl and n-propyl .
  • R 6 and R 7 are hydrogen.
  • W represents phenyl, furanyl , thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl , quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl each of which is optionally substituted with up to 4 R 30 groups, where R 30 is as defined in the above process.
  • Preferred W groups include, 2-thiazolyl, 2 -pyrimidinyl, 3- fluorophenyl , or 6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl .
  • the invention is directed to a process, as described as for Process 1, wherein Z x is CR X ; one and only one of Z 2 or Z 3 is nitrogen; Z 4 is CR 4 .
  • R and R 4 may carry the definition set forth in Process 1.
  • Preferred definitions of R x and R 4 include hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl , C x -C 2 alkyl, and cyano.
  • R, R x , and R 4 are all hydrogen .
  • R 2 or R 3 (for whichever one of Z 2 or Z 3 is CR 2 or CR 3 ) is chosen from i) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, halo(C x - C 6 ) alkyl, and halo (C x -C 6 ) alkoxy, ii) C x -C 6 alkyl, C x -C 6 alkoxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl , C 2 -C e alkenyl , C 2 - C 6 alkynyl, (C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl) C x -C 4 alkyl, -NH(R X0 ), -N (R 10 ) (R xx ) , (R X0 )NH(C X -C 6 ) alkyl, (R xo ) (R xx ) (
  • W represents a 5-membered heteroaryl group
  • W represents a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group, wherein the 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with up to 4 groups independently selected from R 30 , -C0 2 H, -
  • W is preferably thiazolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, or isoxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, C x -C 2 haloalkyl , C x -C 2 alkyl, and C x -C 2 alkoxy.
  • Unsubstituted 2-thiazolyl is a particularly preferred W group .
  • W represents a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group
  • W is preferably phenyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridizinyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, C x -C 2 haloalkyl, C x -C 2 alkyl, and C x -C 2 alkoxy.
  • Particularly preferred W groups include 2 -pyrimidinyl , 3- fluorophenyl , or 6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl .
  • the reactants B and C are generally combined in a polar aprotic solvent, such as THF, DMF, or 1,4-dioxane, at temperatures ranging from 0 - 100 degrees C.
  • a reducing agent such as NaH or other base, for example sodium hydroxide, potassium butoxide, potassium carbonate, or cesium carbonate, is then added, and the reaction is allowed to proceed.
  • Choice of solvent, reaction temperature, and reducing agent will depend on the identity of the reactants B and C, but will be readily determined by a worker of ordinary skill in the art of chemical synthesis.
  • Scheme I, step 4 provides further illustration of this process.
  • Formula I includes, but is not limited to the subformulae exemplified as Formula la, Formulae II-VI and Formulae X - XVIII and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid and base addition salts.
  • phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings or animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize a wide variety of non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
  • such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfamic, sulfinic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as alkanoic such as acetic, HOOC- (CH 2 ) n-ACOOH where n is 0-4, and the like, tartaric, maleic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, malefic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, HOOC- (CH 2 ) n-COOH where n is
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
  • such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • the invention includes hydrates of compounds of Formula I.
  • the invention includes all crystalline forms of the compounds of Formula I. Certain crystalline forms may be preferred.
  • the present invention also encompasses the acylated prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I . Those skilled in the art will recognize various synthetic methodologies that may be employed to prepare non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and acylated prodrugs of the compounds encompassed by Formula I .
  • the invention further encompasses all enantiomers and diastereomers of the disclosed compounds. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize methods by which mixtures of enantiomers and diasteromers may be resolved.
  • the definition of Formula I as used in herein include possible isomers, such as tautomers and rotamers .
  • the compounds herein described may have one or more asymmetric centers or planes.
  • Compounds of the present invention containing an asymmetrically substituted atom may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms (racemates) , by asymmetric synthesis, or by synthesis from optically active starting materials. Resolution of the racemates can be accomplished, for example, by conventional methods such as crystallization in the presence of a resolving agent, or chromatography, using, for example a chiral HPLC column.
  • any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
  • R * indicates any variable group such as R
  • said group may optionally be substituted with up to three R * groups and R * at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R * .
  • combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • any group such as an aryl group, heteroaryl group, carbocyclic group, heterocyclic group, or monocylic or bicyclic ring is said to be "optionally substituted by one or more substituents" that group may contain 0 or from 1 to the maximum number of substituents allowable without exceeding the valency of the atoms of the substituted group.
  • substituents such groups are substituted with 0 or from 1 to 4 substituents, and more preferably such groups are substituted with 0 or from 1 to 3 substituents.
  • such groups are not substituted with more that one oxo substituent .
  • alkyl is intended to include both branched and straight -chain aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, having the specified number of carbon atoms. Alkyl groups of 2 or more carbon atoms may contain double or triple bonds. Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl , i -propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t -butyl, n-pentyl, and s-pentyl. Preferred alkyl groups are C x -C 6 alkyl groups. "C x -C 6 alkyl” indicates alkyl groups having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms .
  • alkoxy represents an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge.
  • alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, 2- butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy.
  • C x -C 6 alkoxy indicates alkoxy groups having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms .
  • Alkenyl is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration comprising one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethenyl and propenyl . Alkenyl groups typically will have 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, more typically 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • Alkynyl is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration comprising one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethynyl and propynyl .
  • Alkynyl groups typically will have 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, more typically 2 to about 6 carbon atoms .
  • Aryl refers to aromatic groups having 1 or more rings, wherein the members of the aromatic ring or rings are carbon. When indicated such groups may be substituted. Preferred aryl groups include optionally substituted phenyl and optionally substituted naphthyl .
  • Cycloalkyl is intended to include saturated ring groups, having the specified number of carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl . Cycloalkyl groups typically will have 3 to about 8 ring members.
  • (cycloalkyl) alkyl Cycloalkyl and alkyl are as defined above and the point of attachment is on the alkyl group. This term encompasses, but is not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl , cyclohexylmethyl .
  • haloalkoxy indicates a haloalkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge.
  • haloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethoxy and trichloromethoxy.
  • heteroaryl is intended to mean a stable 5-to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic ring which consists of carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, 0 and S. It is preferred that the total number of S and 0 atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 1.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrimidinyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, benzothienyl , indolyl , pryidazinyl, pyazinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl , quinoxalinyl , phthalazinyl , imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl , benzofuranyl, benzoisoxolyl , dihydro-benzodioxinyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl , oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl , triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolopyridinyl, imidazo
  • heteroaryl groups include imidazolyl , pyrrolyl , pyridyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazolyl.
  • heterocycloalkyl is intended to include saturated ring groups having at least 1 heteroatom.
  • Heterocycloalkyl groups typically include 3 to 8 ring atoms, preferably 5 to 7 ring atoms.
  • Heterocycloalkyl groups typically have from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, S, and 0 with remaining ring atoms being carbon.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, thiomorpholinyl , and pyrrolidinyl .
  • monocyclic or bicyclic ring refers to saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic rings or ring systems, which optionally contain from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, S, and 0 with remaining ring members being carbon. Preferred monocyclic and bicyclic rings are saturated and partially unsaturated rings or ring systems.
  • oxo indicates a carbonyl group. When an oxo group appears as a substituent the allowed valence of the substituted position is not exceeded.
  • the compounds of general Formulas I may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non- toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. Oral administration in the form of a pill, capsule, elixir, syrup, lozenge, troche, or the like is particularly preferred.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intradermal, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, spinal, intrathecal injection or like injection or infusion techniques.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of general Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • One or more compounds of general Formula I may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants and if desired other active ingredients.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of general Formula I may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
  • compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
  • Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation
  • the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • preservatives for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • flavoring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti- oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monoleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate.
  • the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
  • Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol , sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3- butanediol .
  • Suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides .
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
  • the compounds of general Formulas I may also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug.
  • suppositories e.g., for rectal administration of the drug.
  • These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
  • Compounds of general Formulas I may be administered parenterally in a sterile medium.
  • the drug depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
  • adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the composition may also be added to the animal feed or drinking water. It will be convenient to formulate these animal feed and drinking water compositions so that the animal takes in an appropriate quantity of the composition along with its diet. It will also be convenient to present the composition as a premix for addition to the feed or drinking water.
  • Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per patient per day) .
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient .
  • Frequency of dosage may also vary depending on the compound used and the particular disease treated. However, for treatment of most disorders, a dosage regimen of 4 times daily or less is preferred. For the treatment of anxiety, depression, or cognitive impairment a dosage regimen of 1 or 2 times daily is particularly preferred. For the treatment of sleep disorders a single dose that rapidly reaches effective concentrations is desirable.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.
  • Preferred compounds of the invention will have certain pharmacological properties. Such properties include, but are not limited to high solubility (preferably 500 ng/ ml or more) in aqueous solutions, oral bioavailability, low toxicity, low serum protein binding, lack of clinically relevant E G effects, and desirable in vi tro and in vivo half-lifes. Penetration of the blood brain barrier for compounds used to treat CNS disorders is necessary, while low brain levels of compounds used to treat periphereal disorders are often preferred.
  • Assays may be used to predict these desirable pharmacological properties. Assays used to predict bioavailability include transport across human intestinal cell monolayers, including Caco-2 cell monolayers . Toxicity to cultured hepatocyctes may be used to predict compound toxicity. Penetration of the blood brain barrier of a compound in humans may be predicted from the brain levels of the compound in laboratory animals given the compound intravenously.
  • Serum protein binding may be predicted from albumin binding assays. Such assays are described in a review by Oravcova, et al . (Journal of Chromatography B (1996) volume 677, pages 1-27). Compound half-life is inversely proportional to the frequency of dosage of a compound. In vi tro half-lifes of compounds may be predicted from assays of microsomal half-life as described by Kuhnz and Gieschen (Drug Metabolism and Disposition,
  • Scheme I illustrates a route to selected compounds of Formula 6 via coupling of chloromethyl compounds 4 and aryl imidazoles 5.
  • aryl and heteroaryl halides of formula 1 are reacted with appropriate amines in the presence of base to obtain amino adducts of formula 2.
  • reduction of the nitro group in compounds of formula 2 yields diamines 3.
  • diamines of formula 3 are reacted with 2-chloro-acetimidic acid methyl ester hydrochloride or a similar electrophile such as 2-chloro-l, 1 , 1-trimethoxy-ethane or chloroacetic acid anhydride.
  • Scheme II illustrates the synthesis of compounds of formula 10 from diamines 3.
  • reaction of malonyl dichloride with ethyl vinyl ether provides 7.
  • Step 2 treatment of 7 with triethyl orthoformate in the presence of acid yields 8.
  • Compound 8 is reacted in Step 3 with a variety of aryl and heteroaryl hydrazines to obtain compounds of formula 9 as a mixture with the undesired regioisomer.
  • compounds of formula 9 can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acids and coupled with compounds of formula 3 to obtain, following cyclization in refluxing acetic acid, compounds of formula 10.
  • compounds of formula 9 may also be directly coupled to compounds of formula 3 in the presence of trimethylaluminum.
  • cyclization may occur without need for heating in acetic acid as described in Step 5.
  • Scheme III illustrates a method for preparing compounds of formula 21 and 22.
  • Step 1 encompasses hydrolysis of compounds of formula 11 to the corresponding acids followed by dimerization in the presence of a suitable coupling reagent such as 1,1'- carbonyldiimidazole to form compounds of formula 12.
  • Step 2 deacylation of compounds of formula 12 is accomplished by heating with concentrated sulfuric acid to obtain compounds of formula 13. Heating of compounds of formula 13 with ammonium hydroxide in Step 3 results in formation of compounds of formula 14.
  • Nitration of compounds of formula 14 in Step 4 is accomplished using nitric acid to obtain compounds of formula 15.
  • Compounds of formula 15 are converted to the corresponding chlorides 16 in Step 5 by heating with phosphorous oxychloride .
  • Step 6 chlorides 16 are reacted with ammonia followed by heating with phosphorous oxychloride to obtain 2-chloropyridines 17, which are subsequently reduced to diamines 18 in Step 7.
  • diamines 18 are reacted with esters of formula 19 in the presence of trimethylaluminum followed by heating in acetic acid to obtain compounds of formula 20.
  • cyclization may occur without need for heating in acetic acid.
  • Step 9 illustrates alkylation of compounds of formula 20 with ethyl iodide in the presence of base to obtain a mixture of compounds of formula 21 and 22. Those skilled in the art will realize that alternate alkylating agents may be employed to obtain similar compounds bearing different R 5 groups .
  • Scheme IV illustrates a variation of Scheme III for specifically preparing compounds of formula 22.
  • compounds of formula 16 are reacted with ethyl amine to form the amino adducts which are subsequently converted to 2- chloropyridines 23 by reaction with phosphorous oxychloride.
  • Those skilled in the art will realize that numerous other suitable amines of formula R 5 NH 2 may be employed in Step 1 to yield other variants of Formula I.
  • Steps 2 and 3 hydrogenation of compounds of formula 23 to diamines of formula 24 followed by trimethylaluminum-facilitated coupling and cyclization in acetic acid provides compounds of formula 22.
  • cyclization may occur without need for heating in acetic acid
  • Scheme V illustrates a route employing a protecting group strategy for preparing pyrazole compounds of formula 29.
  • pyrazole 25 is reacted with di- tert-butyldicarbonate in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine to obtain 26.
  • Reaction with glyoxal and ammonium hydroxide provides 27.
  • Reaction of 27 with chloromethyl compounds of formula 4 in the presence of base provides compounds of formula 28.
  • Deprotection of compounds of formula 28 with acid in Step 4 provides pyrazoles of formula 29.
  • Scheme VI provides a route for preparing thiazole compounds of formula 33.
  • Step 1 involves bromination of ketoesters of formula 30 to form ⁇ -bromoketones of formula 31.
  • compounds of formula 31 are reacted with thioformamide to obtain thiazoles of formula 32.
  • Condensation of 32 with 3 in Step 3 in the presence of trimethylalummum provides compounds of formula 33.
  • the product mixture may require heating in a suitable solvent such as acetic acid to enhance formation of 33.
  • Scheme VII provides routes to several heterocyclic systems via common intermediate 35.
  • compounds of formula 34 are reacted with compounds of formula 4 at low temperature in the presence of a suitable base such as lithium diisopropylamide to form compounds of formula 35.
  • Rxn 1 illustrates conversion of ketones of formula 35 to isoxazole derivatives of formula 36 by reaction of compounds of formula 35 with tris (dimethylamino) methane followed by treatement with hydroxylamine.
  • compounds of formula 35 are reacted with tris (dimethyl mino) methane followed by treatment with hydrazine acetate to obtain pyrazoles 37.
  • Rxn 3 and 4 compounds of formula 35 are brominated to form ⁇ -bromoketones 38 that are subsequently reacted with thioformamide to obtain thiazoles of formula 39.
  • Rxn 5 illustrates the synthesis of pyrazoles of formulas 40 and 41 by reaction of compounds of formula 35 with tris (dimethylamino) methane followed by treatment with methyl hydrazine.
  • Scheme VIII provides a route for preparation of tetrazoles of formula 44.
  • aryl and heteroaryl tetrazoles of formula 42 are heated with bis (tributyltin) oxide to form stannanes of formula 43.
  • Step 2 heating compounds of formula 43 with compounds of formula 4 in a suitable solvent such as toluene gives compounds of formula 44.
  • Step 1 aryl and heteroaryl hydrazines are reacted with 1, 3 , 5-triazine 45 to obtain triazoles of formula 46.
  • Step 2 heating compounds of formula 46 with formaldehyde provides alcohols of formula 47.
  • Step 3 alcohols of formula 47 are converted to the corresponding chlorides by treatment with thionyl chloride. The chlorides are subsequently converted to nitriles 48 by the action of tetraethyl ammonium cyanide. Cyanides 48 are hydrolyzed in Step 4 to carboxylic acids 49.
  • carboxylic acids of formula 49 are coupled with diamines 3 in the presence of EDCl [1- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride] or other suitable coupling reagents followed by heating in acetic acid to complete cyclization of the intermediate amino amides to compounds of formula 50.
  • Scheme X illustrates two routes for the synthesis of imidazoles of formula 52, which are intermediates in the synthesis of selected compounds of Formula I.
  • aryl and heteroaryl aldehydes are treated with glyoxal and ammonium hydroxide to form imidazoles of formula 52.
  • imidazole 53 is treated with butyl lithium followed by tri-n- butyltin chloride to obtain compounds of formula 54, which must be handled with care to avoid decomposition.
  • compounds of formula 54 are utilized in palladium cross-coupling reactions with aryl and heteroaryl halides to obtain compounds of formula 55. Subsequent treatment of compounds of formula 55 with acid in Step 3 ' provides compounds of formula 52.
  • the starting materials and various intermediates may be obtained from commercial sources, prepared from commercially available organic compounds, or prepared using known synthetic methods . Representative examples of methods suitable for preparing intermediates of the invention are set forth below.
  • chloroacetylchloride rather than ethyl chloroacetimidate can by used: To a solution of 3-amino-4-n- propylaminobenzonitrile (5.15 g, 29.4 mmol) and triethylamine
  • a mixture of the crude 1- (3 -Fluorophenyl) -1, 2 , 4-triazole and formaldehyde (10 mL of 37 wt % in water) is heated at 150°C in a sealed tube for 48 h. After cooling the reaction vessel, the reaction mixture is extracted with dichloromethane, dried (MgS0 4 ) , concentrated, and the residue purified using silica gel chromatography to afford 1- (3 -Fluorophenyl) -5-hydroxymethyl- 1,2, 4-triazole.
  • aqueous layer is adjusted to pH 10 with 3 N NaOH, then extracted with ethyl acetate (3X) , and the combined organic extracts washed with water (2X) then saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried (MgS0 4 ) , and concentrated to give l-Ethyl-2- ⁇ [2- (2 , 5-difluorophenyl) -1H- imidazol-1-yl] methyl ⁇ -5-amino-lH-benzimidazole .
  • reaction mixture is concentrated to 1/3 volume, water (10 mL) is added and then mixture is then extracted with ethyl acetate (3X) .
  • the combined organic layers are washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2X) , then washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried (MgS0 4 ) , and concentrated to give 641 mg of crude l-Ethyl-2- ⁇ [2- (2 , 5-difluorophenyl) -lH-imidazol-1-yl] methyl ⁇ -5- azido-lH-benzimidazole .
  • Oxalyl chloride (2.5 eq of 2M in dichloromethane) is added dropwise to a solution of l-ethyl-2- ⁇ [2- (2 , 5-difluorophenyl) - pyrazol-3 -yl] methyl ⁇ -lH-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (368 mg) in DMF (5 drops) and dichlormethane (30 mL) at 0°C. The mixture is stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h, then at room temperature for 1 h. The solution is concentrated, the residue taken up in DMF (30 ml), excess propargylamine added, and the mixture stirred for 6 h.
  • 2 -Fluoropyridine- 6 -carboxaldehyde can also be prepared as follows : To a solution of diisopropylamine ( 6 . 54 mL , 1 . 2 equiv) in 30 mL of THF at 0 °c a solution of n-butyllithium (17 . 1 mL, 2.5M in hexanes) is added dropwise. Stirring is continued for 15 minutes at 0 °C, the reaction is then cooled to -78 °C . 2- Fluoro-6-methylpyridine (4.00 mL, 38.9 mmol) is added dropwise to the cold solution.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at -78 °C for 1 h and then quenched with DMF (4.52 mL, 1.5 equiv) .
  • the reaction is maintained at -78 °C for 30 minutes and then warmed to 0 °C.
  • the cold solution is added to a mixture of sodium periodate (24.9 g) in 120 mL of water at 0 °C .
  • the reaction mixture is allowed to gradually warm to room temperature over 1 h and then stirred at room temperature for 24 h.
  • the reaction mixture is filtered through a plug of celite to remove the precipitate and the plug is washed with ether.
  • the solution is cooled to 0 °C and aqueous ammonium hydroxide (6.0 mL, 28 wt . % in water) is added.
  • aqueous ammonium hydroxide (6.0 mL, 28 wt . % in water) is added.
  • the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature gradually over about an hour and then stirred another 3 h at room temperature.
  • Most of the methanol is removed in vacuo, the reaction mixture diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL) .
  • the organic layer is washed with brine (20 mL) , diluted with hexanes (15 mL) , passed through a plug of silica gel (1/4 inch deep x 1 Vi inch diameter) , and the plug washed with more 2 : 1 ethyl acetate/hexanes (20 mL) .
  • the combined eluents are concentrated in vacuo to yield crude 2-Fluoro-6- (lH-imidazol-2- yl) -pyridine .
  • Aqueous hydrogen peroxide (30 mL of 30%) is added dropwise to an ice cold mixture of 3-chloropyridine (6.0 g, 53 mmol) in acetic anhydride (30 mL) .
  • the mixture is allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 24 h, water is then added and the mixture concentrated.
  • the residue is taken up in concentrated sulfuric acid (10 mL) and fuming sulfuric acid (5 mL) , and then cooled to 0°C.
  • Concentrated nitric acid (24 mL) is added slowly, and the ice bath removed.
  • the reaction is then heated at reflux for 2 h, cooled, and poured into ice water.
  • Ammonium bicarbonate is added carefully until pH 8 is achieved, the solution is then extracted with dichloromethane.
  • the organic layer is washed with water, dried (NaS0 4 ) , and concentrated to give 3-Chloro-4-nitropyridine
  • the combined extracts are dried over a 2 S ⁇ 4 and concentrated to an oily solid, which is triturated with a small amount of CH 2 C1 2 .
  • the solid is collected by filtration.
  • the filtrate is concentrated, and the oily solid triturated once more with CH 2 CI2.
  • the second resultant solid is collected by filtration and combined with the solid first obtained.
  • the product, 2- (lH-imidazol-2-yl) -thiazole is obtained as a slightly off-white solid.
  • Trimethylaluminum (11ml of 2.0M in toluene, 22.4mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of N-propyl-pyridine-3 , 4- diamine (1.70g, 11.2mmol) in dichloromethane (50ml) , and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature.
  • a solution of [2- (6-fluoro-pyridin-2-yl) -imidazol-1-yl] - acetic acid methyl ester (1.32g, 5.61mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml)
  • the mixture is heated at reflux for 18 hours.
  • the resulting brown mixture is poured into ice-water and filtered through celite.
  • Aqueous 30% H 2 0 2 (60 mL) is added dropwise to a magnetically stirred solution of 3-chloro-pyridine (12 g, 105 mmol) in acetic anhydride (60 mL) under cold conditions (0 to 10 °C) .
  • the resulting mixture is allowed to warm up to room temperature slowly and then stirred overnight at room temperature.
  • the reaction mixture is quenched with water (50 mL) , diluted with toluene and concentrated to obtain the crude N-oxide as an oil in near quantitative yield.
  • H 2 S0 4 25 L is added dropwise to a solution of crude 3- chloro-pyridine-1-oxide in concentrated H 2 S0 4 (25 mL) under cold conditions (0 °C) with stirring.
  • HN0 3 fluoride, 90% , 60 mL is added carefully to the above mixture with caution to keep the offset of any exotherm under control, and then allowed to warm to room temperature slowly.
  • the resulting mixture is then heated at 120 °C for 4 h with stirring, cooled, poured into ice-cold water, and extracted with CHC1 3 .
  • the aqueous washes are reextracted once with CH 2 C1 2 , and the combined extracts are dried over Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated to provide 4-ethylamino-6-isopropyl-3-nitro-lH-pyridin-2-one as a yellow-orange solid.
  • the material is sufficiently pure to be used without further purification.
  • HNO 3 (fuming, 90%, 25 mL) is added carefully to the above mixture with caution to keep the offset of any exotherm under control, and the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature slowly. After heating at 120 °C for 6 h with stirring, the resulting mixture is cooled to room temperature, poured into ice-cold water maintaining the pH around 1 with the addition of ION NaOH solution, and then extracted with CHC1 3 . The combined organic phase is washed successively with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 , water, brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , and concentrated in vacuo to afford 5-nitro-2-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-4 -ol as an yellow solid.
  • CDCI 3 CDCI 3 ) : ⁇ 9.17 (s, IH) , 7.9 (s, IH) .
  • the HCl salt of ethyl 2-chloro-acetimidate (3.90 g, 24.58 mmol) is added to a solution of / 4 -ethyl- 6-trifluoromethyl- pyridine-3, 4-diamine (1.44 g, 7.02 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) and refluxed for 3 h.
  • the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the residue is diluted with CH 2 C1 2 , washed with NaHC0 3 solution, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , and concentrated to obtain 2-chloromethyl-l-ethyl-6- trifluoromethyl-lH-imidazo [4, 5-c] pyridine.
  • PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 350 mg, 0.5 mmol
  • toluene (35 mL)o are added to a sealed tube; the mixture is degassed for 30 min.
  • the reaction is heated to 75 °C for 16 hr and then cooled to room temperature.
  • 6N HCl solution (20 mL) is added to the mixture is added and the reaction is stirred at room temperature for 1 hr.
  • the reaction mixture is filtered through celite and the aqueous layer is neutralized to basic with saturated NaHC0 3 .
  • the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers are dried over Na 2 S0 .
  • the solvent is removed in vacuo. Purification by flash column provides the product as orange solid.
  • Trimethylaluminum (2M in toluene) (1.4 mL, 2.85 mmol) is added dropwise under N 2 to a solution of N 4 -Ethyl-pyridine-3 , 4- diamine (156 mg, 1.14 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) . The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. A solution of thiazol-2-yl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl) -acetic acid ethyl ester (270 mg, 1.14 mmol) in DCM
  • Trimethylaluminum (2M in toluene) (0.5 mL, 1 mmol) is added dropwise under N 2 to a solution of N 4 -Ethyl-pyridine-3 , 4-diamine
  • Trimethylaluminum (2M in toluene) (2.2 mL, 4.4 mmol) is added dropwise under N 2 yo a solution of N 4 -Ethyl-pyridine-3 , 4-diamine (237 mg, 1.73 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) .
  • the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour.
  • a solution of [2 , 4 '] bithiazolyl-5 ' -yl- acetic acid ethyl ester (440 mg, 1.73 mmol mmol) in DCM (2 mL) is added.
  • the mixture is reluxed for 3 days. On cooling, the reaction is quenched with water added dropwise and DCM (40 mL) is added.
  • a mixture of 3- (5-Bromo-l-ethyl-lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl) -1- (3- fluoro-phenyl) -propan-1-one (0.1 g, 0.27 mmol) and tris (dimethylamino) methane (0.077g, 0.54 mmol) is heated at 60 °C in a sealed tube for 6 hours. The volatile material is removed in vacuo. EtOH (5 mL) and methyl hydrazine (1.1 mmol) are added to the residue. The mixture is heated at 120 °C for 2 hours. The solvent is removed. NaHC0 3 (aq.) (10 mL) and DCM (30 mL) are added to the residue.
  • the Parr bottle is sealed in a mechanical shaker, evacuated, and then purged with nitrogen followed by hydrogen.
  • the system is pressurized to 40 PSI of hydrogen at room temperature and mechanical shaking engaged. After 2 hours, shaking is stopped, and the system purged with nitrogen prior to opening the vessel.
  • the reaction mixture is filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo. The product is obtained as white solid.
  • Example 49 The following compounds are prepared essentially according to the procedures in the previous examples, a) 3 -Methyl-2- (2-oxazol-2-yl-imidazol-l-ylmethyl) -3H- imidazo [4, 5-c] pyridine
  • Example 50 The compounds listed in tables 1 - 8 are prepared essentially according to the procedures set forth above in Schemes I-X and the preceding examples.
  • R 5 in compound number (hereinafter "Cmp. #" ) 112 is an ethyl group
  • R 5 in compound 134 is a cyclopropylmethyl group
  • Wi in compound 132 is a 3-chlorophenyl group.
  • LC-MS data is provided for a number of the compounds in tables 1-5.
  • the following HPLC method was used to obtain this data: YMC-pack pro C ⁇ 8 column, 33 x 4.6 mm(L x ID), 5 ⁇ m particle size. 3 min gradient from 5% to 95% B with 0.5 min hold at 95% B.
  • Solvent A 95% H 2 O-5%MeOH-0.05%TFA;
  • Solvent B 95%MeOH- 5%H 2 O-0.05%TFA) .
  • Flow rate 2.0 ml/min.
  • Injection volume 1 ⁇ l.
  • MS (ES + ) m/e 360 [MH] + .
  • the LC data is given as HPLC retention times.
  • the compounds of the invention are prepared as radiolabeled probes by carrying out their synthesis using precursors comprising at least one atom that is a radioisotope.
  • the radioisotope is preferably selected from of at least one of carbon (preferably 1 C) , hydrogen (preferably 3 H) , sulfur
  • radiolabeled probes are conveniently synthesized by a radioisotope supplier specializing in custom synthesis of radiolabeled probe compounds.
  • Tritium labeled probe compounds are also conveniently prepared catalytically via platinum-catalyzed exchange in tritiated acetic acid, acid-catalyzed exchange in tritiated trifluoroacetic acid, or heterogeneous-catalyzed exchange with tritium gas.
  • Receptor autoradiography (receptor mapping) is carried out in vitro as described by Kuhar in sections 8.1.1 to 8.1.9 of Current Protocols in Pharmacology (1998) John Wiley & Sons, New
  • Rat cortical tissue is dissected and homogenized in 25 volumes (w/v) of Buffer A (0.05 M Tris HCl buffer, pH 7.4 at 4 °C) .
  • the tissue homogenate is centrifuged in the cold (4 °C) at 20,000 x g for 20 minutes.
  • the supernatant is decanted, the pellet rehomogenized in the same volume of buffer, and centrifuged again at 20,000 x g.
  • the supernatant of this centrifugation step is decanted.
  • the resulting pellet may be stored at -20 °C overnight.
  • the pellet is then thawed and resuspended in 25 volumes of Buffer A (original wt/vol) , centrifuged at 20,000 x g and the supernatant decanted. This wash step is repeated once. The pellet is finally resuspended in 50 volumes of Buffer A.
  • Buffer A original wt/vol
  • Incubations contain 100 ⁇ l of tissue homogenate, 100 ⁇ l of radioligand, (0.5 nM 3 H-Rol5-1788 [ 3 H-Flumazenil] , specific activity 80 Ci/mmol) , and test compound or control (see below) , and are brought to a total volume of 500 ⁇ l with Buffer A.
  • a competition binding curve may obtained with up to 11 points spanning the compound concentration range from 10 "12 M to 10 ⁇ 5 M obtained per curve by the method described above for determining percent inhibition. Ki values are calculated according the Cheng-Prussof equation. Each of the compounds disclosed in Tables 6-8 was tested in this fashion and each was found to have a Ki of ⁇ 4 ⁇ M. Preferred compounds of the invention exhibit Ki values of less than 100 nM and more preferred compounds of the invention exhibit Ki values of less than 10 nM.
  • the following assay can be used to determine if a compound of the invention acts as an agonist, an antagonist, or an inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine site of the GABA A receptor.
  • Electrophysiological recordings are carried out using the two electrode voltage-clamp technique at a membrane holding potential of -70 mV.
  • Xenopus Laevis oocytes are enzymatically isolated and injected with non-polyadenylated cRNA mixed in a ratio of 4:1:4 for , ⁇ and ⁇ subunits, respectively.
  • preferred combinations are « ⁇ 2Y2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3 Y2, i 3 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2 , and ⁇ s ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2 .
  • each combination Preferably all of the subunit cRNAs in each combination are human clones or all are rat clones.
  • the sequence of each of these cloned subunits is available from GENBANK, e.g., human a l r GENBANK accession no. X14766, human 2 , GENBANK accession no. A28100; human 3 , GENBANK accession no. A28102; human ⁇ 5 , GENBANK accession no. A28104; human ⁇ 2 , GENBANK accession no. NM 021911; human ⁇ 3 , GENBANK accession no. M82919 and accession no. Z20136; human ⁇ 2 , GENBANK accession no.
  • Test compound efficacy is calculated as a percent-change in current amplitude: 100* ( (Ic/I) - 1) , where lc is the GABA evoked current amplitude observed in the presence of test compound and I is the GABA evoked current amplitude observed in the absence of the test compound. Specificity of a test compound for the benzodiazepine site is determined following completion of a concentration/effect curve.
  • the oocyte After washing the oocyte sufficiently to remove previously applied test compound, the oocyte is exposed to GABA + 1 ⁇ M R015- 1788, followed by exposure to GABA + 1 ⁇ M R015-1788 " + test compound. Percent change due to addition of compound is calculated as described above. Any percent change observed in the presence of R015-1788 is subtracted from the percent changes in current amplitude observed in the absence of 1 ⁇ M R015-1788. These net values are used for the calculation of average efficacy and EC 5 o values by standard methods. To evaluate average efficacy and EC 50 values, the concentration/effect data are averaged across cells and fit to the logistic equation.

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PCT/US2001/050038 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for gaba receptors WO2002050062A2 (en)

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DE60113302T DE60113302T2 (de) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidiazole und pyridylimidazole derivate als liganden für gaba rezeptoren
EEP200300304A EE05108B1 (et) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Bensimidasooli ja pridlimidasooli derivaadid kui GABA-retseptorite ligandid
NZ526330A NZ526330A (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives
CA002431592A CA2431592A1 (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for gaba receptors
IL15629401A IL156294A0 (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands to gaba receptors
KR1020037008480A KR100854174B1 (ko) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Ｇａｂａ 수용체에 대한 리간드로서의 벤즈이미다졸 및피리딜이미다졸 유도체
EP01992307A EP1368342B3 (de) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidiazole und pyridylimidazole derivate als liganden für gaba rezeptoren
AU2002232768A AU2002232768B2 (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for GABA receptors
JP2002551558A JP2004536782A (ja) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Ｇａｂａ受容体の配位子としてのベンズイミダゾール及びピリジルイミダゾール
AU3276802A AU3276802A (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Background of the invention
APAP/P/2003/002818A AP1503A (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for GABA receptors
MXPA03005493A MXPA03005493A (es) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Derivados de bencimidazol y piridilmidazol como ligandos para receptores gaba.
SK767-2003A SK7672003A3 (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as GABA A receptors ligands
BR0116385-0A BR0116385A (pt) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Composto, composição farmacêutica, embalagem, métodos para alterar a atividade transdutora de sinal de um receptor de gabaa, para tratar ansiedade, depressão, um distúrbio do sono, esquizofrenia, distúrbio do déficit de atenção hiperatividade ou para a memória, para demonstrar a presença de um receptor de gabaa em uma amostra de célula ou tecido e em uma seção de tecido uso de um composto, e, processo para preparar um composto
HU0303849A HUP0303849A3 (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for gaba receptors and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
UA2003065755A UA75902C2 (en) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidazole , pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands of gaba receptors, pharmaceutical composition based thereon, a method for the preparation thereof
AT01992307T ATE304008T1 (de) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Benzimidiazole und pyridylimidazole derivate als liganden für gaba rezeptoren
EA200300713A EA007157B1 (ru) 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 Производные бензимидазола и пиридилимидазола в качестве лигандов рецепторов гамма-аминомасляной кислоты
ZA2003/04544A ZA200304544B (en) 2000-12-21 2003-06-11 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for gaba receptors
BG107899A BG107899A (bg) 2000-12-21 2003-06-11 Б...нзимидазолови и пиридилимидазолови производни ка'о лиганди на gaba р...-...п'ори
HR20030483A HRP20030483A9 (en) 2000-12-21 2003-06-13 Benzimidazole and pyridylimidazole derivatives as ligands for gaba receptors
NO20032834A NO326558B1 (no) 2000-12-21 2003-06-20 Benzimidazol- og pyridylimidazol-derivater som ligander for GABA-reseptorer, fremstilling av slike forbindelser, farmasoytiske preparater inneholdende slike, metode for a endre signalet-transducing aktivitet til slike GABA(A)reseptorer og for a demonstrere tilstedevaerelse av GABA(A) in vitro basert pa slike forbindelser samt anvendelse av slike forbindelser for fremstilling av medikament for behandling av sykdom og forbedring av hukommelse.
IS6855A IS6855A (is) 2000-12-21 2003-06-20 Benzamidazol og Pyrimidazol afleiður sem tengihópar við GABA viðtaka

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