Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/22—Amides of acids of phosphorus
  • C07F9/24—Esteramides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/22—Amides of acids of phosphorus
  • C07F9/24—Esteramides
  • C07F9/2454—Esteramides the amide moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
  • C07F9/2458—Esteramides the amide moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic of aliphatic amines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/22—Amides of acids of phosphorus
  • C07F9/24—Esteramides
  • C07F9/2404—Esteramides the ester moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
  • C07F9/2408—Esteramides the ester moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic of hydroxyalkyl compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to chemical compounds, methods of treatment, pharmaceutical compositions, and processes for their preparation. More specifically, the compounds possess anti-tumor activities or are capable of being modified to have anti- tumor activities. Therefore, this invention particularly relates to the use of the compounds in methods for the treatment of tumors and, especially, for the treatment of cancer, as well as to the processes for preparation of the compounds.
• Cyclophosphamide is one of the most widely used anti-cancer agents in the world and is administered in combination with a number of other drugs to treat a wide variety of hematologic and solid tumors.
• cyclophosphamide is one of the most widely used anti-cancer agents in the world and is administered in combination with a number of other drugs to treat a wide variety of hematologic and solid tumors.
• several features of the cyclophosphamide detract from its clinical efficacy.
• the drug requires metabolic activation in the liver to produce metobolites that are toxic to cancer cells.
• the drug is specifically toxic to the urinary bladder, and it also displays the bone marrow toxicity typical of the alkylating agent class of anti-cancer drugs.
• Cyclophosphamide is a potent suppressor of the immune system at the doses used to treat cancer, thus decreasing the infection-fighting ability of patients already debilitated by their disease.
• repeated use of cyclophosphamide frequently results in the development of resistance to the drug in a patient's cancer cells, thus rendering the drug ineffective.
• Phosphoramidate derivatives have long been known in the literature and are well documented as alkylating reagents.
• Cyclophosphamide analogs are also well known to the literature and have been extensively derivatized (Cyclophosphamide, Merck Index, 11 th Edition pages 429- 430, US5190929).
• One aspect of this invention relates to a new class of phosphoramidate compounds which are represented by Formula I:
• X is a halogen atom
• Q is O, S, orNH
• R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, or is R'CO-, R1 ⁇ CO-, R'SO -, or
• RTSTHSO 2 - where R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or R-Q together is chlorine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• compositions which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the composition is designed for treating cancer and other diseases that may benefit from an anti-mitotic agent.
• a further aspect of the invention relates to a method of treatment for cancer and other diseases that may benefit from anti-mitotic agent in a mammal, which method comprises administering to " said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of Formula I.
• halogen or halo means bromo, iodo, fluoro, or chloro.
• alkyl as in “alkyl” or “alkyloxy”, means -Q 20 monovalent hydrocarbyl moiety which may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
• lower alkyl as in “lower alkyl”, “halo-lower alkyl”, “aryl(lower)alkyl”, or “heteroaryl(lower)alkyl” means a fully saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, and which may be cyclic, branched or straight chain radicals.
• This term is exemplified by radicals such as, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexyl or cyclohexylmethyl.
• a lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferred.
• substituted alkyl or substituted lower alkyl is an alkyl or lower alkyl, respectively, which is typically mono-, di-, or trisubstituted with a moiety such as aryl, R 1 -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, nitro, cyano, halogen, -OR 1 , -SR 1 , -C(O)R 1 , -OC(O)R ⁇ or -NRC(O)R 1 , wherein each R 1 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, R 2 substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R 2 -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, R 2 -substituted aryl(lower) alkyl, or aryl(lower)alkyl and each R 2 is, independently, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl,
• Substituted alkyls or substituted lower alkyls which are substituted with one to three of the substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, halo, lower alkyloxy, thio, nitro, amino, and hydroxy are particularly preferred.
• halo-lower alkyl means a lower alkyl substituted with one to three halo groups, and is further exemplified by such radicals as -CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 3 and -CH 2 CC1 3 .
• aryl(lower)alkyl means a lower alkyl radical which is substituted with an aryl.
• a "substituted aryl(lower)alkyl” means an aryl(lower)alkyl radical having one to three substituents on the aryl portion or the alkyl portion of the radical, or both.
• heteroaryl(lower)alkyl means a lower alkyl radical which is substituted with a heteroaryl.
• a "substituted heteroaryl(lower)aryl” means a heteroaryl(lower)alkyl radical having one to three substituents on the heteroaryl portion or the alkyl portion of the radical, or both.
• lower alkyloxy means an -OR radical, where R is a lower alkyl.
• aryl as in “aryl”, “aryloxy”, and “aryl(lower)alkyl”, means a radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, having a single ring (e.g., phenyl), or two or more condensed rings, preferably 2 to 3 condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl), or two or more aromatic rings, preferably 2 to 3 aromatic rings, which are linked by a single bond (e.g., biphenyl).
• the aryl is preferably C 6 -C ⁇ 6 and even more preferably, C 6 to C 14 .
• the aryl radical may itself be substituted, multiply or singly, with a moiety such as an alkyl, a substituted alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, -SR 1 , -OR 1 , -CONR 1 ⁇ or -NRC(O)R 1 , wherein each R 1 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, R 2 - substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R 2 -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, aryl(lower)alkyl, or R 2 -substituted aryl(lower)alkyl and each R 2 is, independently hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl or amino.
• substituted aryl means an aryl substituted with one to three substituents selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, -SR 1 , -OR 1 , -SO 2 NR 1 2 , -NRSO2R 1 , -C(O)OR 1 , -NR !
• each R 1 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, R 2 - substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R 2 -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, aryl(lower)alkyl, or R 2 -substituted aryl(lower)alkyl and each R 2 is, independently hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl or amino.
• any two adjacent substituents on the aryl may optionally together form a lower alkylenedioxy.
• substituents on the substituted aryl include hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, halo- lower alkyl, or amino.
• heteroaryl as in heteroaryl and heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, means a radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 5 to 14 ring atoms, 1 to 5 of which are hetero atoms chosen, independently, from N, O, or S, and includes monocyclic, condensed heterocyclic, and condensed carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic rings (e.g., thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, pyrimidinyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, pteridinyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, etc.).
• substituted heteroaryl means a heteroaryl that may have from. one to three substituents such as an alkyl, R 1 -substituted alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, -SR 1 , -OR 1 , -CONR ! 2 , or -NRC(O)R !
• each R 1 is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, R 2 - substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R 2 -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, aryl(lower)alkyl, or R 2 -substituted aryl(lower)alkyl and each R 2 is, independently, hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, or amino.
• any two adjacent substituents on the heteroaryl may optionally together form a lower alkylenedioxy.
• substituents on the substituted heteroaryl include hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, or amino.
• heterocycle means a radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 5 to 14 ring atoms, 1 to 5 of which are hetero atoms chosen, independently, from N, O, or S, and includes monocyclic, condensed heterocyclic, and condensed carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic rings (e.g., thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, pyrimidinyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, pteridinyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, etc.).
• heterocycle means a radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 5 to 14 ring atoms, 1 to 5 of which are hetero atoms chosen, independently, from N, O, or S, and includes monocyclic, condensed heterocyclic, and condensed carbocyclic and heterocycl
• Heterocycles may have from one to three substituents such as an alkyl, R 1 -substituted alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, -SR 1 , -OR 1 , -C(O)R 1 , -NR ⁇ , -CONR ⁇ , or -NRC(O)R !
• each R 1 is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, R 2 -substituted lower alkyl, aryl, R 2 -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(lower)alkyl, aryl(lower)alkyl, or R 2 -substiruted aryl(lower)alkyl and each R 2 is, independently, hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo- lower alkyl, or amino.
• any two adjacent substituents on the heteroaryl may optionally together form a lower alkylenedioxy.
• substituents on the substituted heteroaryl include hydroxy, halo, lower alkyloxy, cyano, thio, nitro, lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, halo-lower alkyl, or amino.
• ester group means R'C(O)-O, R'CO-S-, sulfonate, or carbamate, wherein R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, or heterocycle.
• disease in the context of the present invention, is intended to include tumors, in particular cancer, and other diseases which may benefit from an anti-mitotic agent including but not limited to benign hyperplasia and infections by pathogenic agents such as fungal and parasitic infections.
• salts means salts which may be formed when acidic groups, more specifically, acidic protons present are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases. Acidic protons are, for example, present in the groups -OR 1 , -SO2OR 1 , or -C(O)OR 1 .
• the parent compound is treated with an excess of an alkaline reagent, such as hydroxide, carbonate or alkoxide, containing an appropriate cation.
• Cations such as Na + , K + , Ca 2+ and NH 4 + are examples of cations present in pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the Na + salts are especially useful.
• Acceptable inorganic bases therefore, include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. Salts may also be prepared using organic bases, such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N- methylglucamine, ethanolamine, and tromethamine. If the compounds of the invention contain a basic group, an acid addition salt may be prepared. Examples of basic groups are -NR J 2 groups.
• Acid addition salts of the compounds are prepared in a standard manner in a suitable solvent from the parent compound and an excess of acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid (giving the sulfate and bisulfate salts), nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, lactic acid, o-(4-hydroxy- benzoyl)benzoic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include inner salts or Zwitterions. Zwitterions would be formed if a compound of Formula I contains both acidic protons and basic groups. "Inner salts” or “Zwitterions” can be formed by transferring a proton from the carboxyl group onto the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom in the amino group.
• stereoisomers means compounds that have the same sequence of covalent bonds and differ in the relative disposition of their atoms in space.
• terapéuticaally effective amount refers to the amount which, when administered to an animal for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease.
• anti-mitotic refers to a drug or agent that interferes with the division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
• treating or “treatment” of a disease in a mammal are meant to include:
• Certain compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers. In such cases, all stereoisomers also fall within the scope of this invention.
• the compounds within the scope of the invention therefore are understood to include the individually isolated stereoisomers as well as mixtures of such stereoisomers.
• X is chlorine or bromine, especially chlorine
• R is R'CO-, R'NHCO-, R'SO 2 -, or R'NHSO 2 -, where R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, especially where R is acetyl, benzoyl, benzenesulfonyl, para-bromobenzenesulfonyl, para-nitrobenzenesulfonyl, para-toluenesulfonyl, or methanesulfonyl; or (3') R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; especially where R is hydrogen, methyl, or benzyl.
• compounds in which a given preference is met are preferred over those in which the preference is not met; and compounds having a greater number of preferences met are preferred over compounds in which a smaller number of preferences is
• Particularly preferred compounds are those in which X is chlorine, Q is O, and R is hydrogen, benzyl, acetyl, benzoyl, benzenesulfonyl, para-bromobenzenesulfonyl, para- nitrobenzenesulfonyl, para-toluenesulfonyl, or methanesulfonyl, or R-Q together is chlorine; and the compounds 2-hydroxyethyl-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2- chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate and 2-chloroethyl-N,N,N' N'-tetrakis(2- chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate are particularly preferred.
• R is R'SO -, where R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl.
• R is benzoyl, methanesulfonyl, para-nitrobenzenesulfonyl, or para-bromobenzenesulfonyl are particularly preferred. Most preferably, R is para-bromobenzenesulfonyl.
• the compounds of Formula I possess anti-tumor activities or are capable of being modified to have anti-tumor activities.
• the 2-haloethyl, more specifically, the 2- chloroethyl portion of the molecule in these compounds can act directly as an alkylator of D ⁇ A or can be transformed into an aziridinyl.
• the aziridinyl form is a highly active form of the molecule and is the proposed mechanism for the nitrogen mustard class of compounds. Therefore, the compounds are effective in treating tumors and other diseases which may benefit from an anti-mitotic agent, such as benign hyperplasia and infections by pathogenic agents. These compounds do not have to be metabolically activated in the liver to acquire anti-tumor activity and, therefore, do not have the same toxicity profile as cyclophosphamides.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of the usual and acceptable routes to the patient being treated.
• Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, administration by injection, • including intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection, by transmucosal or transdermal delivery, through topical application, nasal spray, suppository and the like or may be administered orally.
• the therapeutically effective amount may vary widely depending on the severity of the disease, the age and relative health of the patient, the potency of the compound used and other factors. It is usually in the range of approximately 1 milligram per Kg (mg/Kg) body weight per day to 1,000 mg/Kg body weight per day, preferably in the range of approximately 1 to 100 mg/Kg/day.
• compounds of the invention will be administered as pharmaceutical compositions which can take the form of tablets, pills, capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, or any other appropriate composition and are comprised of, in general, a compound of formula I in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Acceptable carriers are non-toxic, aid administration, and do not adversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the compound of Formula I.
• excipient may be any solid, liquid or semisolid.
• Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like.
• Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from water, efhanol, glycerol, propylene glycol and various oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin (e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc.)
• Preferred liquid carriers, particularly suitable for injection solutions include water, saline, aqueous dextrose and glycols.
• the amount of a compound of Formula I in the composition may vary widely depending upon the type of composition, size of a unit dosage, kind of excipients and other factors known to those skill in the art of pharmaceutical sciences.
• the final composition will comprise froml% w/w to 99% w/w, more preferably, 10% w/w to 90% w/w of the compound, most preferably 25% w/w to 75 % w/w with the remainder being the excipient or excipients.
• compositions are prepared following the conventional techniques of pharmacy.
• X is a halogen atom
• Q is O, S, or NH
• R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, or is R'CO-, RTSfHCO-, R'SO 2 -, or
• R ⁇ SO 2 - where R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or R-Q together is halogen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are likewise an embodiment of this invention.
• the present invention further contemplates administration of a pharmaceutical composition of one or more compounds of Formula I to be used alone or in combination with other pharmacological agents.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes combination therapy wherein a pharmaceutical composition of one or more compounds of Formula I are used in combination with other pharmacologically active agents selected from the group consisting of antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, tumorcidal agents, tumorstatic agents and the like.
• pharmacologically active agents selected from the group consisting of antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, tumorcidal agents, tumorstatic agents and the like.
• the present invention also contemplates methods of treatment for tumors, in particular cancer, in a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I
• X is a halogen atom
• Q is O, S, or NH
• R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, or is R'CO-, RTSfHCO-, R'SO 2 -, or
• RTSFHSO 2 - where R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or R-Q together is halogen, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to a mammal in need thereof.
• the compounds of Formula I may be prepared according to the reaction scheme depicted above and described below:
• Compound B can be prepared by reacting phosphorous oxychloride with compound A, bis(2-haloethyl)amine halide.
• the reaction mixture is reacted in an inert solvent.
• Inert solvents may be aromatic hydrocarbons.
• a base is added to the reaction mixture, more preferably, an organic base such as organic amine, most preferably, triethylamine is added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture is then stirred for an extended period of time at 0 - 50°C.
• the mixture frequently a suspension, is heated to 0 - 100°C and stirred for an extended period of time.
• the mixture is then cooled, treated with an adsorbent, for example, charcoal, stirred at room temperature, and filtered.
• the solvent is then removed to produce a compound B.
• Compound B is subsequently reacted with a compound C.
• the reaction is carried out in a polar solvent.
• the reaction mixture is stirred/agitated and then cooled.
• Alkali alkoxide is added to the mixture, which is then slowly warmed to 0 - 50°C and stirred for an extended period of time.
• a solution of hydrogen halide, for example, HC1 in water is introduced into the reaction mixture.
• the organic fraction is collected, and the aqueous fraction is extracted with a water-immiscible aprotic polar solvent (2 x 4 L).
• Water- immiscible aprotic polar solvents include dichloromethane, chloroform, and the like.
• the combined organic fractions are washed , and the solvents are removed under reduced pressure.
• the resulting crude product of the reaction, a compound of Formula (I) is then washed and purified by conventional means.
• compound 2 can be prepared by reacting phosphorous oxychloride with 1 namely, bis(2-haloethyl)amine hydrochloride.
• the reaction mixture in a solvent such as toluene, benzene, xylene and the like is stirred/agitated at a moderate rate (to provide a clear solution) and triethylamine is added to the reaction mixture over a period of 5-30 minutes.
• the reaction mixture is then stirred for an extended period of time at room temperature.
• To this mixture is added an additional amount of bis(2-haloethyl)amine hydrochloride and triethylamine.
• the resulting suspension is heated to the reflux temperature of the solvent and stirred for 16-24 hours.
• the mixture is then cooled to room temperature and treated with charcoal, stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then vacuum filtered through a pad of Celite.
• the solvent is then removed under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg, final bath temperature at 50 °C) on a rotary evaporator to produce a compound 2.
• the organic fraction is collected and the aqueous fraction is extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 4 L).
• the combined organic fractions are washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (1 x 4 L) and the solvents are removed under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg vacuum, final bath temperature at 50 °C) on a rotary evaporator.
• the resulting crude product of the reaction, a compound of Formula (I) is then washed and purified by conventional means.
• the process for preparing a compound of Formula I comprises one or more of the following steps:
• a 12-L, three-neck, round-bottom flask in an electric heating mantle was equipped with an overhead mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser and a 2-L pressure- equalizing addition funnel capped with a nitrogen inlet/outlet bubbler.
• the flask was charged with phosphorous oxychloride (258 mL, 2.77 moles), bis(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride (495 g, 2.77 moles), 1, and toluene (5 L).
• the stirrer was set to agitate at a moderate rate (to provide a clear solution) and triethylamine (812 mL, 5.82 moles) was added to the reaction mixture over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 26 hours at room temperature.
• a 12-L, three-neck, round-bottom flask was equipped with an overhead mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a nitrogen inlet/outlet bubbler.
• the flask was charged with N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic chloride (2) (979 g, 2.68 moles), ethylene glycol (1.5 L, 26.8 moles), 4 and tetrahydrofuran (3 L).
• the stirrer was set to agitate at a moderate rate (to provide a clear red solution) and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C using an ice/water bath.
• potassium tert-butoxide (362 g, 3.22 moles) over 20 minutes.
• reaction mixture was then slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for a total of 19 hours.
• a solution of hydrogen chloride in water (8 L, 1M) was introduced into the flask over 10 minutes.
• the organic fraction was collected and the aqueous fraction was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 4 L).
• the combined organic fractions were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (1 x 4 L) and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg vacuum, final bath temperature at 50 °C) on a rotary evaporator to provide a dark reddish brown oil.
• RPMI 8322 human melanoma cells were grown at 37 C in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1%> L-glutamate, and 0.1 % gentamicin.
• the cells were plated at a density of 2 X 10 6 per well in 96-well microtiter plates. Twenty- four hours later, the medium was replaced with the same medium to which test compounds at final concentrations of l ⁇ M to lOmM, and 1%> DMSO had been added. The cells were grown in the presence of the compound for an additional 4 days. Each concentration of the compound was tested in triplicate. Cell viability was measured using a standard assay that monitors metabolic conversion of a dye (CellTiter 96TM, Promega).
• NCr-nw athymic nude mice Female, 7 weeks old NCr-nw athymic nude mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Raliegh, NC) and acclimated in the laboratories one week prior to experimentation. The animals were housed in microisolator cages, at five per cage, in a 12-hour light/dark cycle. The animals received filtered sterilized water and sterile rodent food ad libitum. Animals were observed daily, and clinical signs such as tumor shrinkage were noted.
• Tumor Model Thirty- to forty mg fragments of MX-1 human mammary tumor were implanted subcutaneously in mice near the right axillary area, using a 12-gauge trocar needle and allowed to grow. Tumors were allowed to reach 75-196 mg in weight (75- 196 mm 3 in size) before the start of treatment.
• Compound 3 was administered intraperitoneally for five consecutive days at dosages of 55, 75, and 100 mg/kg/dose.
• Compound 3 was formulated fresh daily at a concentration of lOmg/mL in 5% EtOH/45%> propylene glycol/50% PBS.
• Dosing solutions were administered to mice within 4 hours of formulation.
• Compounds were administered by exact body weight, with the injection volume being O.lmL/lOg body weight..
• Study duration was 28 days after tumor implantation. Any animal whose tumor reached 4 g in weight was sacrificed prior to study termination.

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• 2001
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• 2002
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• 2009
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