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  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07C217/00—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C217/02—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
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  • C07C217/06—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one etherified hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton, which is not further substituted
  • C07C217/14—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one etherified hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton, which is not further substituted the oxygen atom of the etherified hydroxy group being further bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
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  • C07C255/58—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the carbon skeleton
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  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
  • C07D307/79—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring

Definitions

• This invention relates to a new class of chemical compounds and to their use in medicine.
• the invention relates to biaryl derivatives, methods for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use as agonists at atypical beta-adrenoceptors (also known as beta-3- adrenoceptors).
• Atypical beta-adrenoceptors belong to the family of adrenoceptors which mediate the physiological actions of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaiine
• Such receptors have been described for example by J R S Arch et. al., Nature, 309, 163-165 (1984), C Wilson et. al., Eur. J Pharmacol., 100, 309-319 (1984); L J Emo ⁇ ne et. al., Science, 245, 1118-1121 (1989); and A.
• Phenethanolamine derivatives having activity at atypical beta-adrenoceptors are disclosed in, for example, European Patent Applications EP-A-0455006 and EP-A-0543662.
• Sub-types of the adrenoceptors, ⁇ ,-, ⁇ 2 -, ⁇ , ⁇ 2 - and ⁇ 3 -(atyp ⁇ cal) can be identified on the basis of their pharmacological properties and physiological effects. Chemical agents which stimulate or block these receptors (but not ⁇ 3 ) are widely used in clinical medicine. More recently, emphasis has been placed upon specific receptor selectivity in order to reduce side effects caused, in part, by interactions with other receptors
• Atypical beta-adrenoceptors are known to occur in adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract.
• Atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonists have been found to be particularly useful as thermogenic anti-obesity agents and as anti-diabetic agents.
• Compounds having atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonist activity have also been described as being useful in the treatment of hyperglycaemia, as animal growth promoters, as blood platelet aggregation inhibitors, as positive inotropic agents and as antiatherosclerotic agents, and as being useful in the treatment of glaucoma
• the invention therefore provides compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically derivatives thereof:
• R1 is a phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, phenoxymethyl, or pyrimidyl group, optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C-i. ⁇ alkoxy, C- ⁇ alkyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxy methyl, trifluoromethyl, -NR 6 R 6 , and -NHSO2R 6 , where each R 6 is independently hydrogen or Ci ⁇ alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or C ⁇ alkyl; X is oxygen, sulfur, -NH, or -NC-
• the compounds of the present invention are of use in medical therapy.
• the compounds of this invention are agonists for human beta-3 adrenoceptor (" ⁇ 3 "). More preferably, the compounds of this invention are selective agonists for ⁇ 3 .
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the present invention provides a method for the prevention or treatment of clinical conditions or diseases susceptible to amelioration by administration of an atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonist, comprising administration of an effective amount of a compound or composition of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptbale derivative thereof.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of conditions or diseases susceptible to amelioration by administration of an atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonist.
• alkyl' and alkoxy mean a straight or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group respectively, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms.
• C ⁇ alkyl means a straight or branched alkyl containing at least 1 and at most 6 carbon atoms.
• R 1 is phenoxymethyl or phenyl optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, C ⁇ alkoxy, C ⁇ alkyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxymethyl and trifluoromethyl. More preferably, R 1 is phenoxymethyl or phenyl substituted by a chlorine, fluorine or bromine atom or a methyl or trifluoromethyl group, which atom or group is preferably located in the meta position. Most preferably R 1 represents phenyl substituted by a chlorine atom located in the meta position.
• R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. Most preferably R 2 is hydrogen, Preferably, X is -NH or -NCH 3 . Most preferably, X is -NH. Preferably, R 3 is -CO2H. Preferably, R 3 is bonded to the carbon atom meta or para to the bonded phenyl ring, more preferably the meta position.
• R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, - CO2H or, where R 4 and R ⁇ are bonded to adjacent carbon atoms, R 4 and R 5 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, form a fused dihydro- furan ring. More preferably, R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. Preferably, at least one of R 4 and R 5 is hydrogen. Most preferably, both R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen. Preferably Y is CH.
• Particularly preferred compounds of the invention include those in which each variable in Formula (I) is selected from the preferred groups for each variable. Even more preferable compounds of the invention include those where each variable in Formula (I) is selected from the more preferred or most preferred groups for each variable.
• CH(R 2 )- group are both in the (R)-configuration.
• Suitable compounds of Formula (I) of the invention include:
• a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative means a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or salt of such ester, which, upon administration to the recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of Formula (I) or an active metabolite or residue thereof.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may be modified to provide pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof at any of the functional groups in the compounds of Formula (I). Of particular interest as such derivatives are compounds modified at the carboxyl function, hydroxyl functions or at amino groups. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of the compounds of Formula (I) may be derivatised at more than one position.
• Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of the compounds of Formula (I) are pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula (I) include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycollic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene- p- sulphonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulphonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulphonic and benzenesulphonic acids.
• Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g. sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g. magnesium), ammonium and NR 4 + (where R is C ⁇ alkyl) salts.
• the compounds of Formula (I) act as agonists at atypical beta -adrenoceptors and as such are useful in the treatment of clinical conditions susceptible to amelioration by administration of an atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonist.
• Such conditions include hyperglycaemia, obesity, hyperiipemia, irritable bowel syndrome and its associated pain, motility dysfunction, excessive gastrointestinal secretion, non-specific diarrhea, neurogenic inflammation, regulation of intraocular pressure, triglyceridemia, diabetes, e.g. non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or Type 2), such as obese NIDDM and non-obese NIDDM, diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, coronary heart diseases and arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis; and gastrointestinal disorders, particularly inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders.
• NIDDM non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus
• Type 2 such as obese NIDDM and non-obese NIDDM
• diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, coronary heart diseases and arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis
• gastrointestinal disorders particularly inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders.
• HDL high-density- iipoprotein
• triglyceride concentration in blood serum, especially human blood serum, and are therefore of potential use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of atherosclerosis.
• They also may be useful for the treatment of hyperinsulinaemia, depression, muscle wasting, and urinary incontinence. They may also be useful in the preparation of wound-healing medecines. References in this specification to treatment include prophylactic treatment as well as the alleviation of symptoms.
• the invention provides the use of a compound of general
• a compound of the invention may be administered as the raw chemical it is preferable to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation.
• the invention thus further provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and, optionally, other therapeutic and/or prophylactic ingredients.
• the carrier(s) or excipient(s) must be
• the compounds for use according to the present invention may be formulated for oral, buccal, parenteral, rectal or transdemnal administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose).
• the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium starch glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate).
• binding agents e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• fillers e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate
• lubricants e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica
• disintegrants e.g. potato starch or sodium starch glycollate
• Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g. sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g. lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g. almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g. methyl or propyl- p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid).
• the preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.
• Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.
• compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
• the compounds according to the present invention may be formulated for parenterai administration by injection e.g. by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form e.g. in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
• the compounds according to the present invention may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g. containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
• the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously, transcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
• the compounds according to the present invention may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• suitable therapeutic ingredients which may be formulated with compounds of the invention, together with one or more pharmaceutical carriers or excipients include ingredients which may be used in the same clinical conditions as those listed herein for atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonists.
• Such ingredients may include, for example, PPAR-gamma agonists.
• a proposed dose of the compounds according to the present invention for administration to a human is 0.1 mg to 1g, preferably to 1mg to 100mg of the active ingredient per unit dose, expressed as the weight of free base.
• the unit dose may be administered, for example, 1 to 4 times per day.
• the dose will depend on the route of administration. It will be appreciated that it may be necessary to make routine variations to the dosage depending on the age and weight of the patient as well as the severity of the condition to be treated. The precise dose and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician.
• the compounds of the invention may be prepared by any of the processes known in the art for the preparation of similar compounds.
• compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared from of a compound of Formula (II):
• pi and P ⁇ are suitable protecting groups for oxygen and nitrogen groups respectively, by deprotection of p1 and P ⁇ under suitable conditions such as treatment with an acid, e.g. aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable solvent such as dioxane.
• an acid e.g. aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable solvent such as dioxane.
• compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared from other compounds of Formula (I).
• a compound of Formula (I) where R3 is C0 2 H may be prepared from a corresponding ester by hydrolysis, e.g. base hydrolysis with a reagent such as lithium hydroxide in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.
• p1 and P 2 are suitable protecting groups for oxygen and nitrogen groups respectively.
• Compounds of Formula (II) where R3 is tetrazol-5-yl may be prepared from compounds of Formula (II) where R 3 is cyano, by treatment with, for example, trimethylsilyl azide in a solvent such as toluene.
• step (C) the preparation of compounds of Formula (II), as defined above, followed by step (A) may be combined without purification of intermediate products.
• Compounds of Formula (IV) may be prepared from compounds of Formula (V).
• Methods of conversion of compounds of Formula (V) to compounds of Formula (IV) are well known and include, but are not limited to, treatment of a compound of Formula (V) with tin(ll) chloride in a suitable solvent such as ethyl acetate or stirring under a hydrogen atmosphere in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as palladium(O) on carbon.
• Compounds of Formula (V) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of Formula (VI) with a compound of Formula (VII) according to the method of Thompson, (J.Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 5237) where Z is halogen or triflate.
• compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of Formula (VIII) with a compound of Formula (IX) in a suitable solvent such as methyl sulfoxide.
• a compound of Formula (IX) may also be prepared from a compound of Formula (XI) in the presence of a suitable reducing agent such as borane in tetrahydrofuran followed by removal of P 2 using standard conditions.
• a suitable reducing agent such as borane in tetrahydrofuran followed by removal of P 2 using standard conditions.
• a compound of Formula (IX) where X is O may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of Formula (XIII) with a suitable base such as potassium carbonate followed by treatment with a compound of Formula (XIV), where R 3 is not CO 2 H, followed by removal of P 2 .
• a suitable base such as potassium carbonate
• LG is a leaving group, preferably halogen.
• a compound of Formula (XIV) may be prepared by treatment of a compound of Formula (XV), where R 3 is not C0 2 H, with a suitable reagent such as boron tribromide.
• a compound of Formula (XV) may in turn be prepared by treatment of 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid with a compound of Formula (VII) in the presence of a suitable catalyst according to the method described above.
• Compounds of Formula (XV) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of Formula (XVI) with a compound of Formula (VII) according to the method of Thompson, (J.Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 5237) where Z is halogen or triflate.
• Suitable reducing agents of use in the reactions include hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, such as a noble metal catalyst, for example palladium, platinum or platinum oxide, Raney-nickel or hydride reducing agents such as borohydrides, for example sodium borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride.
• a catalyst such as a noble metal catalyst, for example palladium, platinum or platinum oxide, Raney-nickel or hydride reducing agents such as borohydrides, for example sodium borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride.
• Conventional amino protecting groups may include for example aralkyl groups, such as benzyl, diphenyimethyl or triphenylmethyl groups; and acyl groups such as N-benzyloxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl.
• Conventional oxygen protecting groups may include for example alky silyl groups, such as trimethylsilyl, or tert-butyldimethylsilyl; alkylethers such as tetrahydropyranyl, or tert-butyl; or esters such as acetate. Removal of any protecting groups present may be achieved by conventional procedures.
• Atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonists are compounds which demonstrate a pharmacological response mediated at atypical beta-adrenoceptors. This activity has been measured as the ability to stimulate lipolysis by rat adipocytes at sub-micromolar concentrations, in a response that is resistant to blockade by standard beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs such as propranolol.
• Another useful means of identifying an atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonist involves the measurement of agonist activity at atypical beta-adrenoceptors in the rat isolated lower oesophagus.
• a compound of general Formula (I) for use according to the present invention has an equipotent molar ratio (EPMR) relevant to isoprenaline of less than 30.
• EPMR equipotent molar ratio
• the rat oesophagus assay is based upon that described by Ford et. al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 105(suppl.), 235P, 1992.
• the relative potency of each test compound (EPMR) is compared to isoprenaline as follows:
• EC 50 is the molar concentration of agonist which produces 50% of the maximum possible response for that agonist.
• a particularly useful method for determining agonist activity at human atypical beta-adrenoceptors involves the use of Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells transfected with the human beta-3-adrenoceptor according to Method 1.
• the cell lines may also be transfected with human beta-1- and beta-2- adrenoceptor in a similar manner to provide a method of determining the selectivity of the compounds of the invention at the three receptors.
• H ⁇ 3 CHO cells are grown in DMEM/F12 (with pyroxidine-HCI, 15 mM HEPES, L- glutamine), supplanted with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 500 ⁇ g/ml G418, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units penicillin G and 100 ⁇ g streptomycin sulfate.
• the medium is aspirated from each well, and replaced with 180 ⁇ l DMEM/F12 with 500 mM IBMX. Antagonists, if required, are added at this stage. The plate is then placed back in the incubator for 30 min. Drugs are then added to the wells (20 ⁇ l, 100x required final concentration) for 60 min. Responses were determined by measuring cAMP levels of a 20 ul sample of extracellular media using a scintillation proximity based radio-immunoassay (NEN Flashplates).
• CHO-6CRE-luciferase cell lines which stably express h ⁇ 3 receptors are seeded at 30,000 cells/well for 24 hr in DMEM/F12 containing 10% FBS. Media is removed from the cells and replaced with DMEM/F12 buffer (180 ⁇ l) containing 300 mM IBMX and 1 mM ascorbic acid for 30 min prior to addition of compound. Vehicle or agonist (20 ⁇ l) is added and incubated at 37°C for 60 minutes. At the end of the incubation period, samples of extracellular media are removed for direct assay in cAMP Flashplates (NEN).
• a compound is considered to be an agonist for h ⁇ 3 if the compound stimulates the accumulation of extracellular cAMP with CHO-6CRE- luciferase cells expressing h ⁇ 3 .
• the compounds of this invention have an EC 50 of at most 100 nM at h ⁇ 3 . More preferably, the compounds of this invention have an EC 50 of at most 1 nM at h ⁇ 3 .
• the relative potency of a h ⁇ 3 agonist may be compared to its potency for stimulating the accumulation of extracellular cAMP with CHO-6CRE-luciferase cells expressing h ⁇ 2 and h ⁇ ,.
• the compounds of this invention are at least 100 times more potent at h ⁇ 3 than at h ⁇ 2 or h ⁇ More preferably, the compounds of this invention are at least 300 times more potent at h ⁇ 3 than at h ⁇ 2 or h ⁇
• the compounds of Examples 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21 , 22, 23, and 24 have an EC 50 of at most 100 nM at h ⁇ 3 and are at least 100 times more potent at h ⁇ 3 than at h ⁇ 2 or h ⁇ ,.
• Examples 10, 13, 16, 20, and 24 have an EC 50 of at most 1 nM and are greater than 300-fold selective at h ⁇ 2 and h ⁇
• Methyl 3-bromo-4-methylbenzoate as a pale yellow oil (2.61 g); n.m.r. ⁇ values include 2.40 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 7.25 (d, 1 H), 7.80 (d, 1 H), 8.15 (s, 1 H), from 3-bromo-4-methylbenzoic acid (2.63 g) and acetyl chloride(1.8 mL).
• Dimethyl 4-bromoisophthalate as a white solid (3.09 g), n.m.r. ⁇ values include 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 7.73 (d, 1 H), 7.94 (dd, 1 H),
• n.m.r. ⁇ values include 1.39 (t, 3H), 4.40 (q, 2H), 7.79 (d, 1 H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 8.50
• 2-Bromo-6-pyridine-carboxylic acid To deionized water (75 mL) was added 2-bromo-6-methylpyridine (5.0 g) and potassium permanganate (4.74 g). After refluxing for 1 h another portion of potassium permanganate (4.74 g) in deionzied water (75 mL) was added. The mixture was heated at reflux for an additional 5 h and filtered through celite.
• n.m.r. ⁇ values include 3.96 (s, 3H), 7.57 (t, 1 H), 7.64 (t, 1 H), 7.81 (d, 1 H), 7.94 (d, 1 H), 8.09 (d, 1 H), 8.23 (dd, 1 H), 8.30 (s, 1 H), 8.48 (t, 1 H), m.p., 88-90 °C; from methyl 3-bromobenzoate (2.0 g), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (348mg) and 3-nitrophenylboronic acid (1.9 g).
• n.m.r. ⁇ values include 3.96 (s, 3H), 7.56 (dd, 1 H), 7.65 (t, 1 H), 7.71 (d, 1 H),
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+Na) 338; from dimethyl 4-bromoisophthalate (1.26 g), 3-nitrophenylboronic acid (795 mg) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (167 mg).
• Methyl 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-benzoate as a clear colorless liquid (3.34 g); 1H NMR ⁇ values include 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 6.91 (dd, 1 H), 7.13 (s, 1 H), 7.76 (d, 1 H), 8.00 (d, 1 H), 8.26 (s, 1 H) from methyl 3-bromobenzoate (5.82 g), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (1.0 g) and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid (5.0 g).
• n.m.r ⁇ values include 1.47 (t, 2.9H), 4.04 (s, 0.8 H), 4.50 (q, 1.46 H), 7.67 (t, 1 H), 7.97-7.99 (m, 2H), 8.10-8.16 (m, 1 H), 8.29 (d, 1 H), 8.43-8.48 (m, 1 H), 8.86- 8.87 (m, 1 H); from 2-bromo-6-py ⁇ dine-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (1.2 g) in toluene (20 mL), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(O) (181 mg), 2M aqueous sodium carbonate (3.3 mL) , and 3-nitrophenylboronic acid (1.0 g) in methanol (5 mL).
• ⁇ values include 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 6.70 (d, 1 H), 6.93 (d, 1 H), 7.00 (d, 1 H), 7.25-7.21 (m, 1 H), 7.47 (t, 1 H), 7.73 (d,1 H), 7.98 (d, 1 H), 8.23 (d, 1 H)
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+H) 242.5; from 3'-nitro-[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2-methyl-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (605 mg).
• n.m.r. (DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ values include 3.58 (s, 3H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 6.38 (d, 1 H), 6.51
• n.m.r. ⁇ values include 1.42 (t, 3H), 4.43 (q, 2H), 6.75 (dd, 1 H), 6.90 (t, 1 H), 6.98 (d, 1 H), 8.43 (t, 1 H), 8.95 (d, 1 H), 9.16 (d, 1 H); from 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (100 mg).
• 5-(3-Aminophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid methyl ester (187 mg); n.m.r. (DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ values include 3.91 (s, 3H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 6.64 (m, 1 H), 6.89 (m, 2H), 7.15 (t, 1 H), 8.34 (s, 1 H), 9.02 (s, 2H); from 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid methyl ester (220 mg).
• ⁇ values include 1.42 (t, 3H), 4.43 (q, 2H), 6.86 (d, 1 H), 7.29 (t, 1 H), 7.44 (d, 1 H), 7.51 (s, 1 H), 7.78 (d, 1 H), 8.26 (s, 1 H), 8.80 (d, 1 H).
• 2-(3-Aminophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid methyl ester (275mg);n.m.r. (DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ values include 3.65 (s, 3H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 6.58 (dt, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1 H), 7.05 (t, 1 H), 7.44 (dd, 1 H), 8.02 (d, 1 H), 8.73 (d, 1 H); from 2-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid methyl ester (293 mg) and 10% Pd/C (30 mg).
• 3'-Amino-[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-3,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (680 mg); n.m.r. (DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ values include 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 6.70 (m, 1 H), 6.89 (s, 1 H), 6.97 (d, 1 H), 7.21 (d, 1 H), 7.69 (m, 1 H), 7.79 (d, 1 H), 7.85 (m, 1 H); from 3'-nitro-[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-3,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (0.8 g) and 10% Pd/C (560 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL).
• NMR ⁇ values include 1.44 (s, 9H), 3.56 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.07-4.11 (m, 2H), 5.01 (s, 1 H), 6.89-6.91 (m, 1 H), 7.13 (s, 1 H), 7.36 (t, 1 H), 7.49 (t, 1 H), 7.75 (d, 1 H), 8.01 (d, 1 H), 8.24 (s, 1 H).
• N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)glycine (0.879 g) in methylene chloride (20 mL) was added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.20 g).
• methyl-3'-[2-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino]ethoxy]-[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-3- carboxylate (659 mg) was dissolved in methylene chloride (25 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (2.5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, additional trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was concentrated and partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the crude product.
• the title compound was prepared from the corresponding cyanohydrin, which was obtained from 3,5-dichlorobenzaldehyde by a modification of the procedure employed by Huuhtranen and Kanerva for the synthesis of optically active aliphatic cyanohydrins (Tetrahedron Asymmetry 1992, 3, 1223).
• the procedure of Ziegler et al. was used to convert the cyanohydrin to the mandelic acid (Synthesis 1990, 575).
• Defatted almond meal (18.0 g, Sigma) was wetted with aqueous citrate buffer (45 mL, 0.018 M, pH 5.5).
• the ether extracts were in turn extracted with 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Acidification of the basic extracts to pH 1 (pH paper) by the dropwise addition of concentrated hydrochoric acid caused an oil to separate out of the aqueous phase. This mixture was then extracted with ether. These extracts were dried (magnesium sulfate), and concentrated to afford the title compound as an off-white crystalline solid (20.88 g). mp: 105-106 °C.
• Diisobutylaluminum hydride (56.5 mL, 1.5 M in toluene) was added dropwise over 1 h to a cooled (-78 °C) solution of methyl (R)-2-[tert- butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethanoate (14.81 g) in toluene (150 mL) under nitrogen.
• the resulting colorless solution was stirred at this temperature for 1 h, before a saturated aqueous solution of Rochelle's salt (70 mL) was added dropwise.
• the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and was then diluted with ethyl acetate.
• Diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.5M in toluene, 3.9 mL) was added to methyl- (R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[2-(tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy)-2-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)ethyl]amino ⁇ acetate (1.5 g) in toluene (25 mL) at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred for 75 min, quenched with methanol (4 mL) followed by 15% aqueous sodium potassium tartrate (10 mL).
• n.m.r. ⁇ values include -0.13 (d, 3H), 0.02 (d, 3H), 0.88 (d, 9H), 1.42 (d, 9H), 2.9- 3.2 (m, 1 H), 3.4-3.65 (m, 1 H), 3.75-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.8-5.0 (m, 1 H), 7.05-7.35 (m,3H), 9.50 (d, 1 H).
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+Na-Boc) 553; from 3'-amino-[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (375 mg) and [2R-
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+H) 654; from 5-(3-aminophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid methyl ester (185 mg) and [2R-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[2R-(tert-butyldimethylsilanoxy)-2-(3- chlorophenyl)ethyl]amino]-propionaldehyde (317 mg).
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+H) 654; from 2-(3-aminophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid methyl ester (273 mg) and
• ⁇ values include -0.14 (s, 3H), -0.01 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 7.41 (d, 1 H); from [3'-am ⁇ nophenyl]-2,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (1.38 g) and (R)-(tert- butoxycarbonyl)-[2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanoxy)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]amino]- acetylaldehyde (605 mg).
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+H) 653.3; from 3'-amino-[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2-methyl-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (500 mg) and ⁇ 2R-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanoxy)-2-(3- chlorophenyl)ethyl]amino ⁇ acetaldehyde (1.3 g).
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+H) 697.6; from 3'-amino-[1 ,1'-biphenyl]-3,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (580 mg) and (R)-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanoxy)-2-(3- chlorophenyl)ethyl]amino]-acetaldehyde (1.5 g).
• ⁇ values include -0.12 (s, 3H), -0.01 (s, 3H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 7.47 (t, 1 H), 7.98 (d, 1 H), 8.21 (s, 1 H); from 5-(3-aminophenyl)-4- pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (216 mg) and (R)-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[2- (tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]amino]-acetaldehyde (640 mg).
• Electrospray MS positive ion: 605.7; from 3'-amino-[1.1'-biphenyl]-3-carbonitrile (229 mg) and (R)-[(tert- butoxycarbonyl)-[2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanloxy)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]amino]- acetaldehyde (753 mg).
• Electrospray MS positive ion: (M+H) 439.3; n.m.r.(CD 3 OD) ⁇ values include 2.29 (s, 3H), 3.33 (t, 2H), 3.57 (t, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 4.97 (dd, 1 H), 6.72 (m, 2H), 6.81 (d, 1 H), 7.26-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.46 (s, 1 H),
• the product was prepared from (R)-3'-[[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2- hydroxyethyl]amino]ethyl]amino]-[ 1 ,1'-biphenyl]-2,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester dihydrochloride (406 mg) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (262 mg) in
• Examples 19-25 were prepared in a similar manner as in Example 18.
• compositions A and B can be prepared by wet granulation of ingredients (a) to (c) and (a) to (d) with a solution of povidone, followed by addition of the magnesium stearate and compression.
• Composition A mg/tablet mg/tablet
• Composition B mg/tablet mg/tablet
• composition C mg/tablet
• compositions D and E can be prepared by direct compression of the admixed ingredients.
• the lactose used in composition E is of the direct compression type.
• composition E mg/tablet
• Composition F Controlled release composition mg/tablet
• composition can be prepared by wet granulation of ingredients (a) to (c) with a solution of povidone, followed by addition of the magnesium stearate and compression.
• Composition G Enteric-coated tablet
• Enteric-coated tablets of Composition C can be prepared by coating the tablets with 25mg/tablet of an enteric polymer such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose phthalate, or anionic polymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester (Eudragit L). Except for Eudragit L, these polymers should also include 10% (by weight of the quantity of polymer used) of a plasticizer to prevent membrane cracking during application or on storage. Suitable plasticizers include diethyl phthalate, tributyl citrate and triacetin.
• enteric polymer such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose phthalate, or anionic polymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester (Eudragit L). Except for Eudragit L, these polymers should also include 10% (by weight of the quantity of polymer used) of a
• Composition H Enteric-coated controlled release tablet
• Enteric-coated tablets of Composition F can be prepared by coating the tablets with 50mg/tablet of an enteric polymer such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose phthalate, or anionic polymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester (Eudragit L). Except for Eudragit L, these polymers should also include 10% (by weight of the quantity of polymer used) of a plasticizer to prevent membrane cracking during application or on storage. Suitable plasticizers include diethyl phthalate, tributyl citrate and triacetin.
• enteric polymer such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose phthalate, or anionic polymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester (Eudragit L). Except for Eudragit L, these polymers should also include 10% (by weight of the quantity of polymer used) of a
• Capsules can be prepared by admixing the ingredients of Composition D above and filling two-part hard gelatin capsules with the resulting mixture.
• Composition B (infra) may be prepared in a similar manner.
• Composition B mg/capsule (a) Active ingredient 250 (b) Lactose B.P. 143
• composition C mg/capsule
• Capsules can be prepared by melting the Macrogol 4000 BP, dispersing the active ingredient in the melt and filling two-part hard gelatin capsules therewith.
• composition D mg/capsule
• Capsules can be prepared by dispersing the active ingredient in the lecithin and arachis oil and filling soft, elastic gelatin capsules with the dispersion.
• Composition E Controlled release capsule mg/capsule
• the controlled release capsule composition can be prepared by extruding mixed ingredients (a) to (c) using an extruder, then spheronising and drying the extrudate. The dried pellets are coated with a release controlling membrane (d) and filled into two-part, hard gelatin capsules.
• Composition F Enteric capsule mg/capsule
• the enteric capsule composition can be prepared by extruding mixed ingredients (a) to (c) using an extruder, then spheronising and drying the extrudate. The dried pellets are coated with an enteric membrane (d) containing a plasticizer (e) and filled into two-part, hard gelatin capsules.
• Composition G Enteric-coated controlled release capsule
• Enteric capsules of Composition E can be prepared by coating the controlled-release pellets with 50mg/capsule of an enteric polymer such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, or anionic polymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester (Eudragit L). Except for Eudragit L, these polymers should also include 10% (by weight of the quantity of polymer used) of a plasticizer to prevent membrane cracking during application or on storage. Suitable plasticizers include diethyl phthalate, tributyl citrate and triacetin.
• enteric polymer such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, or anionic polymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester (Eudragit L). Except for Eudragit L, these polymers should also include 10% (by weight of the quantity of polymer used) of a plasticizer
• the active ingredient is dissolved in most of the phosphate buffer at 35-40°C, then made up to volume and filtered through a sterile micropore filter into sterile 10 ml glass vials (Type 1) which are sealed with sterile closures and overseals.
• the sodium benzoate is dissolved in a portion of the purified water and the sorbitol solution added.
• the active ingredient is added and dissolved.
• the resulting solution is mixed with the glycerol and then made up to the required volume with the purified water.
• Witepsol H15 is melted in a steam-jacketed pan at 45°C maximum.
• the active ingredient is sifted through a 200lm sieve and added to the molten base with mixing, using a Silverson fitted with a cutting head, until a smooth dispersion is achieved. Maintaining the mixture at 45°C, the remaining Witepsol H15 is added to the suspension which is stirred to ensure a homogenous mix.
• the entire suspension is then passed through a 250lm stainless steel screen and, with continuous stirring, allowed to cool to 40°C. At a temperature of 38-40°C, 2.02g aliquots of the mixture are filled into suitable plastic moulds and the suppositories allowed to cool to room temperature.
• Pessary composition mg/pessary
• the active ingredient and alcohol USP are gelled with hydroxyethyl cellulose o and packed in a transdermal device with a surface area of 10 cm .

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