WO1999043618A1 - Dispositif antisalissure electrochimique comprenant une structure sous-marine et procede de fabrication de la structure sous-marine utilisee pour ce dispositif - Google Patents
Dispositif antisalissure electrochimique comprenant une structure sous-marine et procede de fabrication de la structure sous-marine utilisee pour ce dispositif Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999043618A1 WO1999043618A1 PCT/JP1998/003784 JP9803784W WO9943618A1 WO 1999043618 A1 WO1999043618 A1 WO 1999043618A1 JP 9803784 W JP9803784 W JP 9803784W WO 9943618 A1 WO9943618 A1 WO 9943618A1
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- potential
- underwater structure
- conductive film
- underwater
- counter electrode
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B59/00—Hull protection specially adapted for vessels; Cleaning devices specially adapted for vessels
- B63B59/04—Preventing hull fouling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/48—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to underwater structures such as ships, fishing nets, bay structures, cooling water intake pipes for ships, cooling seawater intake pipes or cooling pipes used in power plants and coastal plants, seawater transport pipes, and water supply pipes.
- the present invention relates to an antifouling device for an underwater structure suitable for electrochemically controlling organisms attached to a water contact surface of an object, and a method for manufacturing an underwater structure used in the antifouling device. Background technology
- the mechanism by which organisms attach to the water-contact surface of underwater structures is as follows. First, adherent Gram-negative bacteria adsorb to the surface of underwater structures and secrete large quantities of lipid-derived slime-like substances. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria collect and grow in this slime layer to form a microbial membrane. Large organisms such as algae, shellfish, and fujibobo adhere to the microbial film layer, Large creatures that have arrived will breed and grow, eventually covering the wetted surfaces of underwater structures.
- an underwater structure in which a conductive resin layer such as a conductive rubber or a conductive coating film is coated on a water-contact surface;
- a device including a counter electrode disposed so as not to be in contact with the conductive resin layer and a power supply for supplying a direct current between the conductive resin layer and the counter electrode.
- the conductive resin layer in the above-described antifouling device is formed by dispersing conductive fine particles such as carbon black graphite in a synthetic resin, and includes a conductive resin layer containing such conductive fine particles.
- conductive fine particles such as carbon black graphite
- the generated chlorine gas may promote corrosion of underwater structures made of metal, inhibit the growth of useful cultured fish, and affect the ecosystem. Therefore, when a conductive resin is used for an electrode, a potential control using a reference electrode is performed in order to apply an accurate potential at which seawater is not electrolyzed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-78848). Pp. 4-311 379).
- the counter electrode area is smaller than the conductive resin layer area, the potential of the counter electrode increases and toxic chlorine is generated by electrolysis of seawater, so the counter electrode area is increased.
- the counter electrode needs to be installed facing the conductive resin layer while keeping the distance to the conductive resin layer constant.
- new problems such as an increase in propulsion resistance due to the counter electrode and damage to the counter electrode and the hull when the counter electrode contacts the pier when calling at a port I do.
- An object of the present invention is to prevent the adhesion of organisms and scales to the surface of an underwater structure by controlling the electrochemical living things, and to maintain the antifouling effect for a long period of time.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a pollution apparatus, an underwater structure used in the pollution control apparatus, and a method of electrochemically controlling an organism using the pollution control apparatus.
- the electrochemical antifouling device for an underwater structure is an underwater structure in which at least the antifouling surface is a conductive film that does not generate chlorine even when a potential of 5 V vs. SCE or less is applied. And a counter electrode arranged so as not to contact the underwater structure, and a power supply device for supplying a direct current between the underwater structure on which the conductive film is formed and the counter electrode.
- a device includes a working electrode and a counter electrode formed of a conductive film of an underwater structure, and thus can be referred to as a two-electrode system.
- a device provided with a reference electrode is provided with three electrodes, a working electrode made of a conductive film of an underwater structure and a reference electrode, and thus can be called a three-electrode system.
- the electrochemical antifouling device having such a configuration, since a conductive film without generation of chlorine is formed on the underwater structure, it is difficult to accurately control the applied potential. Even if it does, there is no concern about marine pollution due to toxic chlorine since there is no generation of chlorine due to potential fluctuations. In the case of a three-electrode system, even if the potential of the counter electrode fluctuates, chlorine is not generated from the conductive film, so that the area of the counter electrode can be reduced.
- Another embodiment of the electrochemical antifouling device for underwater structures of the present invention is to provide at least an antifouling surface with a conductive film that does not generate chlorine even when a potential of 5 V vs. SCE or less is applied.
- the conductive film may be composed of an underwater structure in which the conductive film is divided by an insulating portion, and a power supply device that conducts DC current to each of the conductive films divided by the insulating portion. In such a configuration, the counter electrode is not required, and the structure of the device can be simplified.
- the conductive film formed on the substrate of the underwater structure used in the antifouling device of the present invention can be composed of a metal or a compound thereof. Specifically, a valve metal, a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal Or a metal silicate. These conductive films have high corrosion resistance, are extremely stable without dissolution by applying an electric potential, and have high abrasion resistance, so that it is possible to control organisms and prevent contamination in a long term. Furthermore, since these conductive films have a low electric resistance value, a decrease in potential due to the electric resistance of the conductive film is small, so that biological contamination of an underwater structure having a large area can be prevented.
- Preferred conductive films include thermal spray coatings made of metal nitride.
- the method for producing an underwater structure having a conductive film formed by a thermal spray coating made of a metal nitride includes a step of converting a metal wire into molten metal particles, and contacting the molten metal particles with a cooled nitrogen-containing gas. The process comprises the steps of nitriding the surface of the molten metal particles and bringing the molten metal into a supercooled state, and laminating the supercooled molten metal particles on the underwater structure substrate to form a thermal spray coating.
- a preferred embodiment of the power supply device in the above-described three-electrode antifouling device includes a potential control unit electrically connected to a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode formed of a conductive film of an underwater structure; A data processing unit that instructs the unit to control the potential.
- the potential control section applies the potential specified by the data processing section to the working electrode and the counter electrode, measures the potentials of the collation electrode and the working electrode, and provides the measured value to the data processing section.
- the data processing unit analyzes the measured potential value given by the potential control unit, and adjusts a potential control instruction to the potential control unit.
- a potential of 0.1 to 5 V vs. SCE is applied to the underwater structure on which the conductive film is formed.
- the organism can be electrochemically sterilized or controlled by the direct electron transfer reaction of the organism attached to the surface of the conductive film and / or by the OH radical generated by the electrolysis of water.
- a potential of 1.5 V to 5 VV s. SCE to the underwater structure on which the conductive film is formed, OH radicals generated by electrolysis of water adhere to the surface of the conductive film. Can be electrochemically killed or controlled.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of an antifouling device for underwater structures according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of the antifouling device for underwater structures according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of the antifouling device for underwater structures according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of the antifouling device for underwater structures according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of the antifouling device for underwater structures according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of the antifouling device for underwater structures according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of the antifouling device for underwater structures according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is an electric block diagram of a power supply device in the electrochemical antifouling device shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.
- FIG. 9 is a timing chart of the output potential and the output time in the power supply device of FIG.
- FIG. 10 is an electric block diagram inside the potential control unit of FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram of communication between a data processing unit and a potential control unit in the power supply device of FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram of communication between the data processing unit and the potential control unit in the embodiment in which a plurality of potential control units in FIG. 11 are provided.
- FIG. 13 is an electric block diagram of a power supply device according to an embodiment using a net-like underwater structure.
- FIG. 14 shows an electrical plot of the embodiment of FIG. 13 in which a plurality of reference electrodes are provided.
- FIG. 15 is an electrical block diagram of an embodiment in which a temperature sensor and a PH sensor are arranged in the embodiment of FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film.
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film.
- FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film.
- FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film.
- FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film.
- FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film made of a metal nitride thermal spray coating.
- FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film made of a metal nitride spray coating.
- FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film made of a metal nitride thermal spray coating.
- FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film made of a metal nitride thermal spray coating.
- FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film made of a metal nitride thermal spray coating.
- Figure 27 shows an underwater structure with a conductive film consisting of a metal nitride spray coating. Sectional drawing which shows further another Example of the laminated structure of FIG.
- FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of a laminated structure of an underwater structure having a conductive film made of a metal nitride thermal spray coating.
- Figure 29 is an illustration of the thermal spraying equipment used to form a thermal spray coating of metal nitride.
- FIG. 30 is an explanatory view of the apparatus used for the durability evaluation test of the thermal spray coating.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of an antifouling device for a two-electrode system of an underwater structure according to the present invention. s.
- the conductive film 2 which does not generate chlorine even when a potential lower than SEC is applied is formed.
- the entire structure in which the conductive film 2 is formed on the underwater structure substrate 1 is referred to as an underwater structure 3.
- the conductive film will be described later.
- the counter electrode substrate 4 is installed so as not to contact the conductive film 2 of the underwater structure 3.
- the conductive film 2 formed on the surface of the base material 1 of the underwater structure 3 and the conductive film 2 formed on the surface of the counter electrode base material 4 are connected to a power supply device 6 by a lead wire 5.
- the power supply device 6 is a device for passing a direct current between the conductive film 2 of the underwater structure 3 and the conductive film 2 of the counter electrode substrate 4, and has a function of converting polarity.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment in which the two-electrode antifouling device for an underwater structure of the present invention is modified.
- the difference from Fig. 1 is that no counter electrode is installed.
- the gap 8 may be filled with an inorganic material, an organic material, or an insulating material obtained by filling an organic material with an inorganic material.
- the conductive films 2 a and 2 b are connected to a power supply 6 by lead wires 5, respectively.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of an embodiment in which the two-electrode antifouling device for an underwater structure according to the present invention is modified and applied to a water distribution pipe.
- a conductive film 2a and a conductive film 2b are formed in a completely insulated state by fixed gaps 8a and 8b. Seawater and freshwater 7 are distributed.
- the gaps 8a and 8b may be filled with an inorganic material, an organic material, or an insulating material in which an organic material is filled with an inorganic material.
- the conductive film 2 a and the conductive film 2 b are respectively connected to a power supply 6 by a lead wire 5.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment in which the two-electrode antifouling device for an underwater structure according to the present invention is modified and adapted to a water distribution pipe connection.
- the conductive film 2 is formed on the inner surface of each water distribution pipe 9, and many water distribution pipes are connected by flanges 9 a and 9 b provided on both outer surfaces of the water distribution pipe 9 to form a long distribution pipe. It is a water pipe connected body.
- the connecting portion between the adjacent flanges 9a and 9b is provided with a packing 10 made of insulating silicon rubber, NBR, natural rubber, etc., so that the adjacent conductive film formed on the inner surface of each water pipe 9 2 is insulated.
- the two flanges 9a and 9b of the connecting portion for holding the packing 10 are fixed by bolts 11 and nuts 12. Seawater and freshwater 7 circulate in the connected body of the water distribution pipes 9, and the conductive film 2 formed on each water distribution pipe 9 is connected to a power supply device 6 by a lead wire 5.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment in which the two-electrode antifouling device for an underwater structure according to the present invention is modified and adapted to a fishing net such as a fixed net or a fish cage.
- Fishing net 1 3a with The fishing net 13b is formed by forming a conductive film on the fishing net base material that does not generate chlorine even when an electric potential is applied.
- the fishing net 13b is fixed to a frame 14 made of an insulating material and installed at a predetermined position. is there.
- a DC voltage When a DC voltage is applied to the conductive membrane 2 in the two-electrode antifouling device shown in Fig. 1, a voltage that maintains a potential that can kill aquatic organisms even if the conductivity of seawater or freshwater fluctuates.
- a positive potential is applied to the conductive film 2 formed on the underwater structure, and a negative potential is applied to the conductive film 2 formed on the counter electrode substrate.
- a positive potential and a negative potential are periodically applied to the conductive film, thereby causing the conductive film to adhere to the surface of the conductive film.
- Aqueous organisms can be sterilized and desorbed.
- the counter electrode is unnecessary, so that the antifouling device for a complicated underwater structure in which the counter electrode cannot be installed. It can be used as an antifouling device for water distribution pipes composed of thin and complicated snake tubes.
- a conductive film that does not generate chlorine even when an electric potential is applied means that platinum is used as a counter electrode in 50 m 1 seawater, and a reference electrode is used as the conductive film. It means that the chlorine in seawater measured with a residual chlorine electrode is below the detection limit after applying a potential for 30 minutes with a potentiostat.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view of an antifouling device for a three-electrode system of an underwater structure according to the present invention, in order to accurately control a potential applied to a conductive film 2 formed on the surface 1 of a substrate 1 of the underwater structure.
- the reference electrode 15 is connected via a lead wire 5 to a potentiostat 16 which is a DC power supply device.
- a potentiostat 16 which is a DC power supply device.
- a conductive film 2 that does not generate chlorine even when an electric potential is applied is formed.
- the conductive film 2 of the base material 1 and the conductive film 2 of the counter electrode base material 4 are connected to a potentiostat 16 via a lead wire 5.
- the three-electrode system can accurately apply a potential that can kill aquatic organisms to the conductive film on the surface of the underwater structure, so it is possible to control aquatic organisms with high accuracy, and the power consumption is less than that of the two-electrode system be able to.
- the potential of the counter electrode is not controlled, if the counter electrode area is smaller than the surface area of the underwater structure, the current density of the counter electrode will increase, and the conductivity of scale and seawater, etc. attached to the counter electrode surface will fluctuate. The resistance fluctuates and the counter electrode potential increases, resulting in the generation of toxic chlorine.
- a counter electrode with a conductive film that does not generate chlorine even when a potential is applied chlorine can be prevented from being generated even when the potential of the counter electrode fluctuates, and the counter electrode area can be reduced. It can be used as an antifouling device for underwater structures with complicated structures.
- the materials used for the counter electrode substrate 4 include ABS, AS, and polycarbonate.
- Thermoplastic resins such as net, acrylic resin, PET, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide resin, etc., and thermosetting resins such as base resin and unsaturated polyester resin are used.
- a metal that can be used as the conductive film 2 may be used as the counter electrode substrate 4 as it is.
- conventional counter electrode materials such as carbon, carbon fiber, carbon materials such as graphite, iron and its alloys, platinum, gold, rhodium, palladium, and oxides thereof are used as counter electrodes. It can also be used as a material.
- the shape of the counter electrode may be appropriately designed according to the structure of the underwater structure, such as a mesh, a plate, a tube, or a line.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory view of another embodiment of the three-electrode antifouling device of the present invention, and shows an example in which the device is installed on the ocean or a large lake where power cannot be supplied from a land by a transmission line. .
- the difference from the embodiment of FIG. 6 is the method of supplying power to the power supply device. That is, as a method of supplying electric power to the potentiostat 16, a storage battery 17, a charging device 18, and a solar cell 19 are used, and these are connected by the lead wire 5.
- a lead storage battery an Eckel-cadmium battery, a nickel-metal hydride battery, a nickel zinc battery, an air zinc battery, and other alkaline storage batteries, a lithium secondary battery, and the like are used.
- the power supply device may be any commercially available DC power supply that can periodically convert the polarity, and a potentiostat is also used.
- the power supply device according to the present invention is for applying a potential efficiently to a conductive film having a large area.
- the source device includes a data processing unit 20 and a potential control unit 21.
- the data processing unit 20 sets a timing chart (FIG. 9) of the potential output from the power output unit 26 (FIG. 10) of the potential control unit 21 and the output time of the potential at that time. Then, the data of the timing chart set by the data processing unit 20 is sent to the potential control unit 21.
- the potential control section 21 gives a potential between the working electrode 22 made of a conductive film of the underwater structure and the counter electrode 23 based on the timing chart sent from the data processing section 20.
- the potential control section 21 receives the potential between the working electrode 22 and the reference electrode 15 and inputs the potential between the working electrode 22 and the reference electrode 15 and the current timing chart execution status into data.
- Send to processing unit 20 The data processing unit 20 collects the transmitted potential data between the working electrode 22 and the reference electrode 15, and transmits the potential between the working electrode 22 and the reference electrode 15 and the current execution state of the timing chart. And sends correction data of the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 to the potential controller 21.
- the working electrode 22, the counter electrode 23, and the reference electrode 15 are installed in water.
- the potential control section 21 includes a CPU 24, an analog input section 25, and a power output section 26.
- the CPU 24 inputs the potential applied between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 sent from the data processing unit 20, the timing chart data for that time, and the correction data at that time, and inputs the data. It manages the time specified by the timing chart, instructs the power output unit 26 to output the potential corresponding to that time, and instructs the analog input unit 25 to input an external situation, and inputs the input information. Output to the data processing unit 20.
- the power output unit 26 generates a potential instructed by the CPU 24 via a DAC (digital-analog converter), and gives a potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23.
- DAC digital-analog converter
- the ADC specified by the CPU 24 Input the external situation.
- the CPU 24 measures the potential between the working electrode 22 and the reference electrode 15 via the ADC.
- the timing chart shown in FIG. 9 will be described in detail below.
- the vertical axis represents the potential output from the potential controller 21 and the horizontal axis represents the time axis at that time.
- “10” on the vertical axis indicates that a positive potential is applied between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23, and sterilizes aquatic organisms attached to the working electrode 22.
- “One” indicates that a negative potential is applied between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23, and the sterilized aquatic organisms attached to the working electrode 22 are detached.
- the method of applying a positive potential or a negative potential involves changing the waveform of the potential in various ways, such as gradually applying the potential to the target potential on the time axis or directly applying the target potential. Can also. In the timing chart of Fig.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of a power supply device in which the data processing unit 20 and the potential control unit 21 are integrated, but in FIG. 11, the data processing unit 20 and the potential control unit 21 are separated. Also, an embodiment is shown in which the data processing unit 20 controls the potential control unit 21 installed in a remote place. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, the potential control section 21 can be sealed in a waterproof case (not shown), submerged in water, and the data processing section 20 can be installed on land. The data processing unit 20 and the potential control unit 21 are connected by a communication line. In the data processing unit 20, similarly to the embodiment of FIG. 8, the potential applied between the set working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23, the data of the timing chart at that time, and the input data from the potential control unit 21. Data 27 is analyzed and the data for correction is used as control data 28 The data is transmitted to the control unit 21, and data on the external situation is received from the potential control unit 21 as input data 27.
- the embodiment of the power supply device shown in FIG. 12 includes one data processing unit 20, a first potential control unit 21, a second potential control unit 21 a, and a third potential control unit 21 b.
- a plurality of such potential control units are provided, and between the data processing unit 20 and each of the potential control units 21, 21 a, and 21 b, as in the embodiment of FIG. Communication between input data 28 and input data 27.
- the data processing unit 20 is installed on land, and the first potential control unit 21, the second potential control unit 21 a, and the third potential control unit are placed in water at a plurality of locations.
- Each of the 2 1b can be sealed and submerged in a waterproof case.
- the data processing unit 20 is connected to the first potential control unit 21, the second potential control unit 21 a, and the third potential control unit 21 b by a communication line.
- the potential applied between the set working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 the data of the timing chart at that time, and the data from the plurality of potential control units 21, 21 a and 21 b
- the input data 27 is analyzed, and the data for correction is transmitted as control data 28 to the plurality of potential control units 21, 21 a, 21 b.
- the external status data is received as input data 27 from 1a and 21b.
- the data processing unit 20 and the plurality of potential control units 21 can be connected by, for example, an interface RS-485.
- FIG. 13 shows a basic configuration in which the working electrode 22, the counter electrode 23, and the reference electrode 15 are connected to the potential control unit 21 as shown in FIG. 8.
- the specific form of the electrode is a collation consisting of a working electrode 22 (see Fig. 5) in which conductive substrates are arranged in a mesh, a counter electrode 23 consisting of a plate-shaped conductive substrate, and a rod-shaped conductive substrate.
- the electrodes consist of 15. These three electrodes are submerged in water, and sterilize and desorb aquatic organisms in the water that adhere to the working electrode 22. 0.
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 14 is different from the embodiment shown in FIG. 13 in that a plurality of reference electrodes, that is, a first reference electrode 15, a second reference electrode 15 a, and a third reference electrode 15b and a fourth reference electrode 15c.
- a plurality of reference electrodes 15, 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c are connected to the mesh-like working electrode 22. It is desirable to arrange them along the working electrode 22.
- the analog input section 25 (FIG. 10) of the potential control section 21 has a connection between the working electrode 22 and a plurality of reference electrodes 15, 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c.
- Each potential is input, and data of each potential is transmitted to the data processing unit 20 via the CPU 24 (FIG. 10) of the potential control unit 21.
- the data processing unit 20 collects and analyzes the transmitted data, calculates an average value, a maximum value, and a minimum value, and divides the average value into a working electrode 22 and a plurality of reference electrodes 15, 15 a, 1.
- the reference value of the potential between 5b and 15c.
- one of the plurality of potentials between the working electrode 22 and the plurality of reference electrodes 15, 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c can be used as the reference value.
- the current timing chart is applied to the “ten” side with respect to the potential control unit 21, that is, the underwater in the water adhering to the working electrode 22 by applying a positive potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23. If the aquatic organisms are sterilized, the maximum value is within the range of +0 to 101.5 V vs. SCE if the maximum value exceeds the upper limit of +0 to 101.5 vs. SCE The correction data for lowering the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is transmitted from the data processing unit 20 to the potential control unit 21 such that If the limit is not exceeded, maintain that state.
- the current timing chart applies a negative potential to the “ ⁇ ” side of the potential control unit 21, that is, applies a negative potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23, and removes aquatic organisms in the water that adhere to the working electrode 22.
- the minimum value is between 10 V and 0.4 V vs. SCE.
- the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is supplied from the data processing unit 20 to the potential control unit 21 so that the minimum value is within 10.4 V vs. SCE. To send correction data. If the value does not fall below the lower limit, the condition will be maintained.
- a temperature sensor 29 for detecting water temperature and a pH sensor 30 for detecting acidity in water are added to the configuration of the embodiment shown in FIG. These sensors are electrically connected to the analog input section 25 (FIG. 10) of the potential control section 21. Since an electric potential is applied between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23, in water, for example, in seawater, electric decomposition may occur and the acidity may fluctuate. Thus, a change in acidity can be detected.
- Data from the temperature sensor 29 and the pH sensor 30 are input to the analog input unit 25 of the potential control unit 21 and transmitted to the data processing unit 20 via the CPU 24.
- the data processing unit 20 collects and analyzes the transmitted data.
- the current timing chart indicates that the potential control unit 21 is on the “+” side.
- the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is set to +
- the correction data for raising the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is transmitted from the data processing unit 20 to the potential control unit 21 so that the potential is within 0 to 11 ⁇ 5 V vs. SCE.
- the current timing chart shows that the potential control unit 21 is on the “one” side, that is, aquatic organisms in water that adhere to the working electrode 22 by applying a negative potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23.
- the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 are applied to the working electrode from the data processing unit 20 so that the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is within the range of 0 to 10.4 V vs. SCE. Correction data to lower the potential between 22 and counter electrode 23 Send
- correction data for changing the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 has been described, but correction data for changing the potential application time may be used. That is, if the data processing unit 20 determines that the data of the temperature sensor 29 is the water temperature indicating the activity of aquatic organisms in the water, the current timing chart indicates “10” to the potential control unit 21. In the state where a positive potential is applied between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 to kill the aquatic organisms in the water that adhere to the working electrode 22, +0 to 111.5 V vs. SCE The data processing unit 20 applies the potential application time between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 to the potential control unit 21 so that the application time of the potential applied between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is longer. Is transmitted.
- the current timing chart is applied to the “one” side of the potential control unit 21, that is, a negative potential is applied between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23, and the underwater is attached to the working electrode 22.
- the data processing unit 20 is designed to extend the potential application time between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 within the range of 0 to 0.4 V vs. SCE. Further, correction data for extending the application time of the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is transmitted to the potential control unit 21.
- the current timing chart controls the potential control so that electrolysis does not occur.
- the data processing unit From 20 correction data for lowering the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is transmitted to the potential control unit 21.
- the current timing chart shows that the aquatic organisms attached to the working electrode 22 by applying a negative potential to the “one” side with respect to the potential control unit 21, that is, the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23.
- the potential The correction data for raising the potential between the working electrode 22 and the counter electrode 23 is transmitted to the control unit 21.
- the data processing unit 20 uses a case where the data from the pH sensor 30 indicates the limit value at which electrolysis starts.
- the data of the pH sensor 30 is preferentially transmitted to the potential control unit 21 so that the processing is performed with the highest priority.
- FIGS. 16 and 17 schematically show an example of a laminated structure of the base material 1 and the conductive film 2 when the base material of the underwater structure is made of a material that does not melt or corrode electrochemically.
- the base material metal materials, resin materials, inorganic materials, and natural materials can be used.
- the metal material include valve metals such as titanium and its alloys, tantalum and its alloys, zirconium and its alloys, and niob and its alloys. Since these valve metals can also be used as a material for the conductive film 2, the underwater-structure substrate 1 and the conductive film 2 may be integrally formed of the valve metal.
- resin materials include aliphatic polyamids such as ABS, AS, polyester, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, vinyl chloride, PET, FRP, 6_Nylon, 6,6_Nylon, and 1-2Nylon. And nomex, and alicyclic polyamides such as Kepler.
- the inorganic material include glass, alumina, zirconium, cement, graphite, and carbon fiber.
- natural materials include wood, stone, silk, cotton, and hemp. The shape of these materials is not particularly limited as long as they have a fibrous shape or a shape having a function of maintaining the structure.
- FIG. 16 shows an example in which the conductive film 2 is directly formed on the surface of the underwater-structure substrate 1
- FIG. 17 shows an example in which the conductive film 2 is laminated on the substrate 1 via the adhesive layer 1a.
- the adhesive used for the adhesive layer 1a is a pressure-sensitive adhesive, a hot-melt adhesive, an anaerobic adhesive, or the like, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- FIGS. 18 to 21 schematically show an embodiment of a laminated structure of the base material 1 and the conductive film 2 when the base material of the underwater structure is made of a material that is electrochemically dissolved or corroded.
- materials that dissolve or corrode include metallic materials such as iron and its alloys or stainless steel, aluminum and its alloys, copper and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, magnesium and its alloys.
- FIG. 18 shows an example of a laminated structure in which an insulating layer 1b is interposed between the substrate 1 and the conductive film 2 formed on the water contact surface.
- Examples of the material of the insulating layer 1b include inorganic insulators composed of oxides such as alumina, zirconia, titanium oxide, and silicon oxide, unsaturated polyester resins, acrylic urethane resins, polyester urethane resins, and silicon-urethane resins. , Silicone-acrylic resin, epoxy resin, thermosetting melamine-alkyd resin, melamine-acrylic resin, melamine-polyester resin, acrylic resin, acrylic-urethane resin, polyimide resin, etc.
- Examples of the insulating resin film include polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polyester resin, polyimide resin, polystyrene resin, fluorine resin, and PTFE resin.
- FIG. 19 shows an example in which an insulating layer 1b is formed on a base material 1, and a conductive film 2 is laminated on the insulating layer 1b via an adhesive layer 1c.
- the material of the insulating layer 1b and the adhesive layer 1c the same material as the insulating material and the adhesive described in the laminated example of FIG. 17 can be used.
- an insulating layer in this example, an insulating resin film
- lb is provided on the base material 1 via the same adhesive layer 1 c as described above, and the conductive film 2 is laminated on the insulating layer lb.
- Fig. 21 shows the weir layer structure of Fig. 20. This is an example in which an adhesive layer 1c is further interposed between the insulating layer 1b and the conductive film 2.
- the conductive film used in the present invention is made of a metal or a compound thereof that does not generate chlorine even when a potential of 5 V vs. SCE or less is applied.
- Metals include valve metals, specifically, titanium and its alloys, tantalum and its alloys, zirconium and its alloys, niobium and its alloys, vanadium and its alloys, hafnium and its alloys, molybdenum and its alloys, and tungsten. And alloys thereof.
- valve metals can be used as a film having a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit of the thickness is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set according to the method of forming the conductive film and the purpose of use.
- the valve metal used as the conductive film may have a thin oxide film formed on its surface, and depending on the formation method, may contain two or more metals, oxides of those metals, Nitride, carbide, etc. may be contained.
- metal compounds such as metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, and metal silicates
- metal nitride include titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, vanadium nitride, tantalum nitride, niobium nitride, chromium nitride, and the like.
- metal carbide include titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, vanadium carbide, niobium carbide, tantalum carbide, chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, and tungsten carbide.
- metal boride examples include titanium boride, zirconium boride, hafnium boride, vanadium boride, niobium boride, tantalum boride, chromium boride, molybdenum boride, and tungsten boride.
- metal silicides include titanium silicide, zirconium silicide, niobium silicide, tantalum silicide, and vanadium silicide. And tungsten silicate.
- These metal compounds can be used as a film having a thickness of 0.1 / m or more, and the upper limit of the thickness is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set according to the method of forming the conductive film and the purpose of use. .
- These metal compounds can be used as a mixture of two or more kinds.Furthermore, depending on the formation method, two or more kinds of metals may be contained, or an oxide thereof may be contained. .
- a conductive film made of a metal compound such as a valve metal or a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal boride, or a metal silicide on a base material of an underwater structure
- a metal compound such as a valve metal or a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal boride, or a metal silicide on a base material of an underwater structure
- physical vapor deposition methods such as sputtering and ion plating
- plasma spraying methods such as plasma spraying, arc spraying, in-pressure spraying, and low-temperature spraying can be employed.
- the following method can be used to form a conductive film made of metal nitride, metal carbide, metal boride, and metal metal silicate.
- metal nitrides for example, an ion nitriding method in which metals such as titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and chromium, which constitute metal nitrides, are treated with nitrogen ions under a bias in a vacuum, and in a nitrogen or ammonia gas atmosphere in the air.
- a nitride film can be formed on the surface of these metals by performing a treatment such as a gas nitridation method in which heat treatment is performed in a molten salt or a salt bath nitridation method in which the mixture is dipped in a molten salt containing NaCN or NaCNO.
- metal carbide for example, a metal carburizing method in which metals such as titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and chromium are heat-treated in a gas atmosphere containing CO, and molten salts mainly composed of NaCN Carbide films can be formed on the surfaces of these metals by treatment using a salt bath carburizing method in which the metal is immersed, or an electrolytic carburizing method in which a force salt is electrolyzed in a molten salt mainly containing Na 2 CO 3 carbonate.
- a metal carburizing method in which metals such as titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and chromium are heat-treated in a gas atmosphere containing CO, and molten salts mainly composed of NaCN Carbide films can be formed on the surfaces of these metals by treatment using a salt bath carburizing method in which the metal is immersed, or an electrolytic carburizing method in which a force salt is electrolyzed in a molten salt mainly containing Na 2 CO 3 carbon
- metal borides for example, a gas porosity in which a metal such as titanium, zirconium, niobium, and tantalum, which constitutes metal borides, is heat-treated in a gas atmosphere containing hydrogen and diborane
- the surface of these metals can be treated by a boriding method, a molten boronization method of dipping in a molten salt mainly composed of borax, or an electrolytic polonization method of performing cathodic electrolysis in a molten salt mainly composed of borax.
- a boride film can be formed on the substrate.
- the metal constituting the metal silicide is treated by the immersion method or the like in which a heat treatment is performed in a gas atmosphere in which SiC14 is mixed with hydrogen or nitrogen, so that the surface of the metal is reduced.
- a silicide film can be formed.
- FIGS. 22 to 25 are diagrams schematically showing examples of a laminated structure in which a thermal spray coating of a metal nitride is formed on the underwater-structure substrate 1.
- Fig. 22 shows that the base material 1 is made of a material other than metal, such as a resin material, an inorganic material, or a natural material, and a fiber layer 1e is laminated on the surface of the base material 1 via an adhesive layer 1d.
- a conductive film 2 made of metal nitride is formed on the fiber layer 1e by thermal spraying.
- the substrate 1 is a resin
- the surface of the substrate 1 is subjected to blasting or chemical treatment to increase the adhesion strength between the substrate 1 and the adhesive layer 1d, depending on the type of resin and the type of adhesive. It is desirable to form fine irregularities (not shown) by a typical etching process.
- the adhesive used for the adhesive layer 1d can be any type of adhesive that is excellent in seawater resistance and water resistance, such as a pressure-sensitive adhesive, a hot-melt adhesive, and a two-component adhesive. Agents, anaerobic adhesives and the like.
- Such an adhesive layer 1d can be formed by a spray method, brush coating, a roll coater method, or the like.
- any of natural fibers, inorganic fibers, and synthetic fibers, or a cloth-mesh material woven by blending these fibers is used.
- Natural fibers include cotton, hemp, silk, wool, and the like, and inorganic fibers include asbestos, glass fiber, and carbon fiber.
- polyamide fiber aliphatic polyamide, aromatic polyamide, alicyclic polyamide
- polyester fiber polyethylene terephthalate fiber
- acrylonitrile fiber Fiber modacrylic fiber
- polyvinyl chloride fiber polyvinylidene chloride fiber
- polyolefin fiber polyethylene fiber, polypropylene fiber
- polyurethane fiber polyclar fiber
- fluorine fiber polyglycol fiber
- phenol System fibers and the like synthetic fibers
- FIGS. 23 to 25 show examples of a laminated structure in which the base material 1 is made of metal.
- an adhesive layer 1d is formed on a base material 1 via an insulating layer 1b, a fiber layer 1e is laminated on the adhesive layer 1d, and the surface of the fiber layer 1e is melted.
- the conductive film 2 made of metal nitride is formed by irradiation.
- the insulating layer 1b is interposed between the substrate 1 and the adhesive layer 1d for the purpose of improving the adhesion between them.
- the insulating layer 1b is interposed to prevent the base material 1 from being corroded or dissolved.
- the metal surface of the base material 1 may be roughened by blasting and jetting, or a metal material having a low melting point, such as aluminum and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, magnesium and its alloys, may be used. Nickel and its alloys, chromium and its alloys, etc. may be formed by thermal spraying and plating. Fig.
- FIG. 24 shows that after forming an insulating layer 1b consisting of an insulating coating film on the substrate 1, the fiber layer 1e is laminated via the bonding layer 1d, and the surface of the fiber layer 1e is sprayed with metal.
- Fig. 25 shows that the insulating layer 1b made of an insulating resin film is laminated on the base material 1 via the adhesive layer 1c, and the fiber layer 1e is laminated on the insulating layer 1b via the adhesive layer 1d.
- the conductive layer 2 made of metal nitride by spraying on the surface of the fiber layer 1 e Is formed.
- the inorganic layer having a particle diameter of 10 to 200 ⁇ m was used without using the fiber layer 1 e used in the lamination examples of FIGS. 22 to 25.
- the inorganic powder contained in the resin layer 1f is alumina, zirconium, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, or the like, and one or a mixture of two or more of these can be used.
- the inorganic powder weighs 10 to 300 weight based on the resin solid content used. Mix in the range of / 0 .
- the resin used for the resin layer 1 f is a two-part curable unsaturated polyester resin, acryl-urethane resin, polyester-urethane resin, silicon-urethane resin, silicon-acrylic resin, epoxy resin Melamine-alkoxy resin, melamine-acrylic resin, melamine-epoxy resin, acryl resin, acryl-urethane resin, etc., which are thermosetting types, and one or more of these are used in combination. be able to.
- the resin layer 1 can be formed by applying by a spray method, brush coating, a roll coater method, and the like, and then drying naturally or by heating.
- FIG. 26 shows an example in which a resin layer 1f is formed on a base material 1 made of a resin, and then a conductive film 2 made of a metal nitride is formed by thermal spraying.
- the surface of the substrate 1 is roughened by blasting or chemical etching in order to increase the adhesion between the resin substrate 1 and the resin layer 1f.
- Fig. 27 shows that after forming an insulating layer 1b made of an insulating coating film on a base material 1 made of metal, a resin layer 1f is formed via an adhesive layer 1d, and the surface of the resin layer 1f is formed.
- a conductive film 2 made of metal nitride is formed by thermal spraying.
- Fig. 28 shows an example in which an insulating layer 1b made of an insulating resin film is laminated on a base material 1 made of metal via an adhesive layer 1c, and is placed on the insulating layer 1b with an adhesive layer 1d
- a resin layer 1 f is formed, and a conductive film 2 made of metal nitride is formed on the surface of the resin layer 1 f by thermal spraying.
- a method for forming a conductive film made of a sprayed metal nitride film on an antifouling surface of an underwater structure will be described below.
- Fig. 29 shows an apparatus for thermal spraying metal nitride by low-temperature thermal spraying.
- This spraying equipment consists of high frequency arc spray gun 31, high frequency DC power supply 32, compressor 33, cooling device 34 and spool 35 a,
- the spray gun 31 has two sets of supply rollers 38a, 38b for separately transferring the sprayed metal wires 36a, 36b from the gun to the tip of the nozzle 37, respectively.
- An electric arc is generated when the sprayed metal wires 36a and 36b, which are given different polarities by the high-frequency DC power supply 32, come into contact at the sprayed metal wire melting point 39, and this electric arc causes the sprayed metal wire 3 6a and 36b melt.
- the nitrogen-containing gas is sent from the container 41 filled with nitrogen gas and ammonia gas to the cooling device 34 through the connecting pipe 42 and cooled, and is compressed by the compressor 33.
- the cooled nitrogen-containing compressed gas is introduced into the spraying gun 31 through the inlet pipe 43 and is sent in the direction of the arrow through the gap 40 to reach the sprayed metal wire melting point 39, where the high-speed airflow When passing, the pressure is reduced and the metal melted at the melting point 39 is granulated.
- the compressed gas containing cooling nitrogen introduced into the spray gun 31 is also sent to the sprayed metal wire melting point 39 through the gap 44, but the amount of compressed gas passing through the gaps 40 and 44 depends on the gap. The cross-sectional area of the gap is adjusted so that 40 is larger.
- the molten metal particles 45 at the decompressed spray wire melting point 39 are
- the particle surface is nitrided to produce nitride.
- the nitrided molten metal particles 45 fly toward the substrate 46 (the underwater structure substrate on which the thermal spray coating is to be formed) together with the high-speed airflow of the cooling nitrogen-containing compressed gas from the gap 40.
- the molten metal particles 45 are rapidly cooled by the low-temperature high-speed airflow and become supercooled. Since the molten metal particles 45 in the supercooled state are at a low temperature and are in a molten state, they impinge on the surface of the base material 46 and deposit on the surface to form a sprayed metal nitride film.
- the base material such as resin
- the high frequency voltage is applied by the high frequency DC power supply 32
- the high frequency of the high frequency voltage to be applied is preferably in the range of 200 kHz to 200 kHz. If it is less than 200 kHz, the refractory metal material may not be melted efficiently.If it exceeds 200 kHz, the sprayed metal wire melts and breaks, making continuous spraying impossible. Sometimes.
- a positive potential By applying a positive potential of +0.4 IV vs. SCE to 105.0 V vs. SCE to the conductive film of the underwater structure, the organisms in the water are made conductive. It can be adsorbed on the membrane surface.
- the positive potential applied to the conductive film is such that organisms adsorbed on the conductive film surface Has the effect of electrochemical sterilization. If the applied potential is less than +0.4 IV vs. SCE, the organism cannot be adsorbed on the conductive membrane and sterilized.
- a potential exceeding +5 OV vs. SCE is applied, a thick insulating oxide film may be formed on the surface of the conductive film or the conductive film may be deteriorated.
- the application time of the positive potential is preferably about 1 minute to 6 hours. If the application time exceeds 6 hours, other organisms may adsorb on the sterilized organisms on the surface of the conductive membrane of the underwater structure. However, since the organism adsorbed later is not in direct contact with the conductive membrane, it is not subjected to the electrochemical bactericidal action due to the positive potential.
- OH radicals When such a high potential is applied, water is electrolyzed to generate OH radicals.
- the OH radical has a very high oxidizing effect, destroys the cell membrane of an organism attached to the surface of the conductive membrane, further affects the intracellular DNA, and can kill the organism, so the present invention
- These OH radicals can be actively used for electrochemical control and sterilization of aquatic organisms. Since the OH radicals generated at this time are very short-lived, there is no pollution of seawater or freshwater.
- a wide range of potentials such as SCE is applied to a conductive membrane, a relatively low potential is generated by the conventional electron transfer reaction between cells and electrodes, and a relatively high potential is generated by electrolysis of water. Both effects, OH radicals, allow for more effective electrochemical control and sterilization of aquatic organisms.
- OH radicals are used instead of the electron transfer reaction between cells and electrodes. Since control or disinfection is performed with priority, it is possible to control or disinfect organisms in a short time by using OH radicals that have a strong oxidizing effect.
- a negative potential of —0. IV vs. SCE 2.0 V vs. SCE is applied to the conductive membrane to remove bacteria that have been adsorbed and sterilized on the conductive membrane surface. Can be separated. If the applied potential is higher than 10 IV vs. SCE, organisms cannot be detached from the surface of the conductive film, and if the applied potential is lower than 1.0 V vs. SCE, the pH rises, which is preferable. Absent.
- the time for applying the negative potential is preferably about 1 minute to 2 hours. If the application time exceeds 2 hours, effective sterilization of living organisms cannot be performed.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the obtained resin composition was applied to the etched PET resin surface by a spray method, and dried for 90 and 60 minutes.
- titanium was sprayed under the following conditions using the spraying device shown in Fig. 29 (“PC250iDEX” manufactured by Arc Techno Co., Ltd.).
- the titanium used was a pure titanium wire with a diameter of 1.3 mm.
- the voltage is 14 V
- the feed rate of the titanium wire is 5.2 mZ
- the air cooled to 11 t is introduced into the spray gun at a pressure of 8 kg / cm 2
- P A spray coating of titanium nitride having a thickness of 200 // m was formed on the ET resin.
- the obtained thermal spray coating had a pale yellow color tone.
- Example 1 After roughening the surface of a cement plate (30 ⁇ 50 ⁇ 5 cm) by blast treatment, titanium was sprayed under the same conditions as in Example 1 using the thermal spraying device used in Example 1, and the cement was cemented. A spray coating of titanium nitride having a thickness of 200 // m was formed on the plate. In Example 1, thermal spraying was performed using cooled air. However, the cooled air was replaced with nitrogen gas, and the gas pressure was the same as in Example 1. The obtained thermal spray coating had a pale yellow color tone.
- the surface of the stainless steel plate (30 X 50 X lmm) was roughened by sandblasting.
- alumina was sprayed on stainless steel in a nitrogen gas (flow rate: 100 LZ) by ordinary plasma jet spraying to form a sprayed alumina film with a thickness of 100 ⁇ .
- titanium was sprayed with the same spraying equipment as in Example 2 under the same conditions, and a thickness of 200 ⁇ m was formed on the alumina coating.
- a titanium nitride thermal spray coating was formed.
- the resulting sprayed coating had a pale yellow color tone.
- the surface of the FRP plate (30 X 50 X 1 O mm) was roughened by sandblasting.
- 100 g of silicon-acrylic resin ("Bell Tight 600" manufactured by NOF Corporation) having an average particle diameter of 70 ⁇ based on the solid content of silicon-acrylic resin.
- Alumina powder manufactured by Nippon Abrasive Industry Co., Ltd. was added in an amount of 200% by weight, and sufficiently stirred.
- An exclusive curing agent and an exclusive thinner were added to the obtained resin composition, applied to the surface of the etched FR resin by a spray method, and dried for 100 and 60 minutes.
- a spray coating of titanium nitride having a thickness of 200 ⁇ m was formed on the surface of the FR plate (30 ⁇ 50 ⁇ 10 mm). The obtained thermal spray coating had a pale yellow color tone.
- the surface of the FRP plate (30 ⁇ 500 ⁇ 5 mm) was roughened with a piece of paper (No. 100).
- PET-360S30J polyester-based adhesive
- colonate L isocyanate-based curing agent
- a cloth woven of glass fiber (“H201M104F” manufactured by Unitika Glass Fiber Co., Ltd.) is placed on an FRP plate coated with an adhesive, and the temperature is set at 200 ° C.
- Thermocompression bonding was performed at a pressure of O kg Z cm 2 for 2 minutes.
- a thermal spray coating of titanium nitride having a thickness of 200 ⁇ was formed on the glass fiber cloth under the same conditions as in Example 1 using the thermal spraying apparatus used in Example 1.
- Example 1 The adhesive used in Example 1 was applied to a nylon plate (30 ⁇ 50 ⁇ 5 mm) under the same conditions as in Example 6 to the surface of the nylon plate.
- a cloth woven from a polyalamide fiber (“KE303 3j” manufactured by Dupont 'Toray' Kepler Co., Ltd.) was applied to the adhesive-coated nylon plate under the same conditions as in Example 6.
- titanium was sprayed on the polyaramide-based fiber cloth using the thermal spraying device used in Example 1.
- the air pressure was 8 kcm 2 , but the air was applied. Was replaced with nitrogen gas, and the gas pressure was 15 kg / cm 2 , and the other conditions were the same as those in Example 1.
- a titanium nitride having a thickness of 200 / m was formed on the polyaramid fiber cloth.
- Example 8 A thermal spray coating was formed.
- the surface of the stainless steel plate (30 X 50 X lmm) was roughened by sandblasting.
- alumina was sprayed on a stainless steel plate in a nitrogen gas (flow rate: 100 LZ) by a normal plasma jet spraying method to form a sprayed alumina film having a thickness of 100 ⁇ .
- a two-part curable epoxy adhesive (“Bond Quick” manufactured by Konishi Co., Ltd.) is applied on the sprayed alumina film, and then a cloth woven with carbon fibers (“C06” manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) 4 1)) were laminated.
- titanium was thermally sprayed under the same conditions as in Example 7 to form a thermal sprayed film having a thickness of 200 ⁇ m on the carbon fiber cloth.
- Example 6 After roughening the surface of the FRP plate used in Example 6 with emery paper (No. 100), titanium was sprayed under the same conditions as in Example 1 using the thermal spraying apparatus used in Example 1. The sprayed titanium nitride film was hardly formed on the FRP surface.
- Example 2 After roughening the surface of the nip plate used in Example 2 by sandblasting, titanium was sprayed under the same conditions as in Example 1 using the thermal spraying apparatus used in Example 1. No sprayed titanium nitride film was formed on the surface of the nylon plate, and the nylon plate was deformed.
- the thermal spray coatings obtained in Examples 1 to 8 were analyzed by X-ray diffraction.
- X-ray diffraction was performed by the thin film method using Cu Ka for X-rays at an incident angle of 0.2 °.
- diffraction peaks attributed to TiN were observed from the thermal sprayed coatings obtained in Examples 1 to 8, confirming that a titanium nitride coating was formed by the method of the present invention.
- the members having the sprayed titanium nitride coatings obtained in Examples 1 to 8 were used as working electrodes to evaluate the durability.
- the test device shown in Fig. 30 was used for the durability evaluation test.
- a working electrode composed of a member 48 having a sprayed titanium nitride film obtained in Examples 1 to 8
- a counter electrode 23 composed of a platinum plate
- a reference electrode 15 composed of a sweet copper electrode (SCE) is arranged, and each electrode is electrically connected to a potentiostat 16.
- the potentiostat 16 is electrically connected to the function generator 49.
- a stirring device 50 and a stirring member 51 are arranged.
- OV vs. SCE was continuously applied to the working electrode of the test device having such a configuration for three days.
- the amount of metal eluted from the sprayed coating surface of the working electrode composed of the member 48 is quantified by ICP spectroscopy, and the resistance value of the sprayed coating on the member 48 is measured by a multimeter (John Proof MF G. Co. , Inc., "73 Multimeter”). Table 1 shows the test results.
- the marine bacterium Vibrioalginolyticus was used as an aquatic organism.
- the cells were aerobically cultured for 25 to 10 hours in a synthetic medium ("Marinebroth 222 16" manufactured by DIFCOL aboratory).
- the cells after the culture are collected by centrifugation, washed with sterile seawater, suspended in sterile seawater, and the number of bacteria is counted with a hematite meter, and the number of bacteria is determined to be ixio 8 ce 11 s Zm L.
- a body suspension was prepared and used for the test.
- the members obtained in Examples 1 to 8 It was immersed in a cell suspension of 1 ⁇ 10 8 ce 11 s L for 90 minutes to adsorb marine bacteria on the surface of the conductive membrane of the member.
- the member to which the marine bacteria obtained above was attached was installed, and 1. OV vs. SCE A constant voltage was applied for 30 minutes.
- marine bacteria adsorbed on the surface of the conductive film of the member were collected by pipetting, the number of viable bacteria was determined by the colony counting method, and the viable cell rate was determined by the following equation.
- Viable cell rate (viable cell count after potential application / viable cell count before potential application) ⁇ 100 The results are shown in Table 2.
- Table 2
- An FRP plate (5 cm x 2 cm, lcm thick) was used as the base material 1 for the underwater structure 3 of the two-electrode antifouling device shown in Fig. 1, and a titanium foil (in seawater) was used as the conductive film 2.
- a metal that does not generate chlorine even when a potential is applied) was laminated via an adhesive by the following method.
- the surface of the FRP board base material should be 1 ⁇ -1 par (1 After roughening the surface with No. 00), 100 parts by weight of a polyester-based adhesive (“PES-360S30”) was mixed with 5 parts by weight of an isocyanate-based curing agent (“Coronate LJ”), and the solvent was mixed.
- the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus was adhered to the titanium foil of the working electrode composed of an FRP plate laminated with titanium foil, and after applying a voltage of +1.8 V to the working electrode for 30 minutes in sterile seawater, The viability of marine bacteria on the titanium foil was examined by the method used in Example 9. As a result, assuming that the viable cell rate before applying the electric potential was 100%, the viable cell rate after applying the electric potential was 0%.
- the potential of the titanium foil as the working electrode to which a voltage of 1.8 V was applied and the potential of the titanium plate as the counter electrode were measured by an electrometer using a silver Z silver chloride electrode as a reference electrode. A potential of 1.2 V vs. Ag / AgC1 was applied to the foil, and a potential of 0.6 V vs. AgZAgCl was applied to the counter electrode titanium plate.
- the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus was attached to the surface of the titanium plate at the counter electrode, and a voltage of 1.8 V was applied to the working electrode for 30 minutes in sterile seawater.
- the viability of the bacteria was examined by the method used in Example 9. As a result, assuming that the viable cell rate before applying the potential was 100%, the viable cell rate after applying the potential was 0%.
- a voltage of 1.1 V is applied to the working electrode
- the potential of the titanium plate, which is the counter electrode, and the potential of the titanium foil, which is the working electrode are compared using a silver Z silver chloride electrode as the reference electrode.
- the potential of g C 1 was applied to the titanium foil serving as the working electrode at a potential of 0.6 V vs. Ag / Ag C 1.
- Example 10 Using an FRP plate (5 cm x 2 cm, thickness lcm) as the substrate 1 of the underwater structure 3 of the three-electrode antifouling device shown in Fig. 6, the conductivity was measured in the same manner as in Example 10.
- a film 2 a titanium foil was laminated on an FRP plate via an adhesive.
- a silver-silver chloride electrode was used as the reference electrode
- a titanium plate (5 cm x 2 cm, 2 mm thick) was used as the counter electrode
- a potentiostat was used as the DC power supply.
- Marine bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus
- the working electrode is put on the working electrode in sterile seawater by potentiostat. 1.
- OV vs. Ag ZAg C1 After a positive potential of 30 minutes was applied, the viability of marine bacteria on the titanium foil was examined by the method used in Example 9. As a result, assuming that the viable cell rate before applying the electric potential was 100%, the viable cell rate after applying the electric potential was 2%.
- a negative potential was applied to the working electrode to remove marine bacteria attached to the titanium foil.
- the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus was deposited on the titanium foil of the working electrode, and a negative potential of 0.6 V vs. Ag ZAg C1 was applied to the working electrode in sterile seawater by a potentiostat for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the viability of marine bacteria on the titanium foil was examined by the method used in Example 9. As a result, assuming that the viable cell rate before applying the negative potential is 100%, the viable cell rate after applying the negative potential is 45%, and the marine bacteria adhered to the titanium foil by applying the negative potential. Has detached.
- Example 10 Using an FRP plate (5 cm x 2 cm, thickness lcm) as the base material 1 of the underwater structure 3 of the antifouling device shown in Fig. 2, and using a titanium foil with titanium nitride formed on the surface as the conductive film 2 Laminated on the FRP plate via an adhesive in the same manner as in Example 10.
- the conductive film laminated on the FRP plate was divided into two parts by providing a lmm gap near the center, and completely insulated
- the titanium foil having titanium nitride formed on the surface was prepared by treating the titanium foil in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus is attached to the conductive film, and a voltage of +1.8 V is applied in sterilized seawater for 30 minutes using a DC power supply.
- a voltage of +1.8 V is applied in sterilized seawater for 30 minutes using a DC power supply.
- the viability rate on one conductive membrane was 100% before the potential was applied, and was 0% after the potential was applied.
- the viability rate on the other conductive membrane was 40% after applying the potential.
- the potential of the conductive film to which a voltage of 1.8 V was applied was measured with an electometer using a silver Z silver chloride electrode as a reference electrode.
- the potential of 1.2 V vs. AgZAgC1 was applied to the other conductive film, and the potential of -0.6 V vs. AgZAgC1 was applied.
- the conductive film divided into two parts was laminated on the surface of the underwater structure via the insulating part, and when a voltage was applied to this conductive film by a DC power supply, the conductive film was divided into two parts. It was confirmed that the creature was killed and the creature on the other conductive membrane was detached. In other words, by periodically changing the polarity and applying a voltage, it is possible to sterilize or desorb organisms on the conductive membrane divided into two. No counter electrode is required in the device of this embodiment. Becomes
- Titanium was used as the base material 1 of the underwater structure 3 of the three-electrode antifouling device shown in FIG. 6, and titanium nitride was formed as the conductive film 2 by sputtering to obtain a working electrode.
- a counter electrode a mesh in which platinum was coated on a titanium base material was used.
- a silver Z silver chloride electrode was used as the reference electrode, and a potentiostat was used as the power supply.
- the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus was attached to a conductive film made of titanium nitride at the working electrode, and a potential of 0.8 V and 2 V vs. Ag / Ag C1 was applied for 5 minutes in sterile seawater.
- the viability of the marine bacteria on the conductive membrane was examined by the method used in Example 9. As a result, assuming that the bacteria rate before applying the potential is 100%, the bacteria rate when a potential of 0.8 V vs. Ag Ag C1 is applied is 63. When a potential of / 0 , 2.0 V vs. AgZAgCl was applied, the viability was 0%.
- Example 13 a marine bacterium on a conductive film made of titanium nitride as a working electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 13 except that titanium nitride formed by sputtering on a titanium substrate was used as a counter electrode.
- the viability was examined. That As a result, assuming that the viable cell rate before applying the electric potential is 100%, the viable cell rate when the electric potential of 0.8 V vs. Ag ZAg C1 is applied is 68%, 2.0 VV s The viability rate when the potential of Ag / AgC1 was applied was 0 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2.
- the generation of chlorine at each applied potential was examined with a residual chlorine electrode, and the generation of OH radicals was examined with ESR.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98940552A EP0985639B1 (en) | 1998-02-26 | 1998-08-26 | Electrochemical antifouling device comprising underwater structure and method of producing underwater structure used for the device |
DE69829366T DE69829366T2 (de) | 1998-02-26 | 1998-08-26 | Elektrochemische antifouling-vorrichtung mit unterwasserstruktur und verfahren zur herstellung der unterwasserstruktur |
CA002288141A CA2288141A1 (en) | 1998-02-26 | 1998-08-26 | Electrochemical stain prevention apparatus of submerged structure and process for producing submerged structure used in this apparatus |
US09/426,658 US6197168B1 (en) | 1998-02-26 | 1999-10-25 | Electrochemical stain prevention apparatus of submerged structure and process for producing submerged structure used in this apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP10062159A JPH11244861A (ja) | 1998-02-26 | 1998-02-26 | 水中構造物の防汚装置および生物の電気化学的な制御方法 |
JP10/62159 | 1998-02-26 | ||
JP8495398A JPH11264062A (ja) | 1998-03-16 | 1998-03-16 | 金属窒化物、その溶射皮膜および電気化学的な生物制御用または防汚用部材の製造方法 |
JP10/84953 | 1998-03-16 | ||
JP10/136039 | 1998-04-30 | ||
JP13603998A JP3867401B2 (ja) | 1998-04-30 | 1998-04-30 | 水生生物の防汚装置 |
JP16422998A JPH11333465A (ja) | 1998-05-28 | 1998-05-28 | 電気化学的な生物制御用または防汚用部材 |
JP10/164229 | 1998-05-28 | ||
JP10/196677 | 1998-06-26 | ||
JP10196677A JP2000008338A (ja) | 1998-06-26 | 1998-06-26 | 水中構造物の防汚装置 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999043618A1 true WO1999043618A1 (fr) | 1999-09-02 |
Family
ID=27523695
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1998/003784 WO1999043618A1 (fr) | 1998-02-26 | 1998-08-26 | Dispositif antisalissure electrochimique comprenant une structure sous-marine et procede de fabrication de la structure sous-marine utilisee pour ce dispositif |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6197168B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0985639B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2288141A1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69829366T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1999043618A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
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WO2000060138A1 (en) * | 1999-04-01 | 2000-10-12 | Barnacle Guard System Pty Ltd | An anode for use in a marine environment |
EP1084947A1 (en) * | 1999-09-17 | 2001-03-21 | Magnus Kvant | A method of durably and lastingly protect a surface in contact with water from biological fouling |
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NL1017412C2 (nl) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-22 | Tno | Werkwijze voor het tegen biologische aangroei beschermen van oppervlakken. |
US6889557B2 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2005-05-10 | Bechtel Bwxt Idaho, Llc | Network and topology for identifying, locating and quantifying physical phenomena, systems and methods for employing same |
US7334485B2 (en) | 2002-02-11 | 2008-02-26 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | System, method and computer-readable medium for locating physical phenomena |
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US7276264B1 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2007-10-02 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Methods for coating conduit interior surfaces utilizing a thermal spray gun with extension arm |
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DE10324228B4 (de) * | 2003-05-28 | 2006-02-16 | Rittal Gmbh & Co. Kg | Kühlvorrichtung für eine Offshore-Windenergieanlage |
DE102004005303A1 (de) * | 2004-01-29 | 2005-08-11 | Gao, Yuan, Dipl.-Ing. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung mit speziellen Sensoren und speziell ausgebildeter Gleichspannung zur Steuerung und Regelung der elektrolytischen Wasserdesinfektion |
US7131877B1 (en) * | 2004-03-24 | 2006-11-07 | Brunswick Corporation | Method for protecting a marine propulsion system |
DE102005049388A1 (de) * | 2005-10-15 | 2007-04-19 | Dechema Gesellschaft Für Chemische Technik Und Biotechnologie E.V. | Verfahren zur Vermeidung oder Verminderung von Biofilmen auf einer Oberfläche |
EP2060652B1 (en) * | 2006-08-14 | 2013-11-27 | Nakayama Amorphous Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for forming amorphous coating film |
US20080218709A1 (en) * | 2007-03-07 | 2008-09-11 | Asml Netherlands B.V. | Removal of deposition on an element of a lithographic apparatus |
US7686936B1 (en) * | 2007-05-01 | 2010-03-30 | Brunswick Corporation | Method for inhibiting fouling of a submerged surface |
US8555543B2 (en) | 2011-01-24 | 2013-10-15 | Paul N. Baldassano | Salt water kill of a soft tissue organism |
US20140331912A1 (en) * | 2013-05-07 | 2014-11-13 | Kee-Rong Wu | Apparatus using an electro-catalytic coating to reduce ship's friction and prevent biofouling |
CN104724271A (zh) * | 2015-03-18 | 2015-06-24 | 青岛双瑞海洋环境工程股份有限公司 | 船用便携式螺旋桨防污装置 |
DE102015223583B4 (de) | 2015-11-27 | 2022-08-25 | BSH Hausgeräte GmbH | Wasserführendes Haushaltsgerät mit einer elektrochemisch polarisierbaren inneren Oberfläche sowie Verfahren zu seinem Betrieb |
DE102015223616B4 (de) | 2015-11-30 | 2019-08-14 | BSH Hausgeräte GmbH | Haushaltsgerät mit einer elektrolytischen Biofilmbekämpfung sowie Verfahren zu seinem Betrieb |
KR102547429B1 (ko) * | 2016-12-27 | 2023-06-23 | 코닌클리케 필립스 엔.브이. | 보호 표면의 오손-방지를 위한 장치 |
EP3481151A1 (en) | 2017-11-01 | 2019-05-08 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | An electric current supply system, designed to be at least partially submerged in an electrically conductive liquid during operation thereof |
CN110901847B (zh) * | 2019-12-20 | 2021-03-05 | 山东交通学院 | 一种船用海洋生物附着物的防治系统及监测方法 |
Citations (3)
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JPH0724822B2 (ja) * | 1990-07-23 | 1995-03-22 | 大機ゴム工業株式会社 | 防汚方法および防汚装置 |
JPH09248554A (ja) * | 1996-03-12 | 1997-09-22 | Pentel Kk | 水生生物の電気化学的制御方法及び防汚方法 |
JPH10195682A (ja) * | 1996-12-26 | 1998-07-28 | Pentel Kk | 電気化学的な生物制御用または防汚用部材 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3385618B2 (ja) | 1991-04-10 | 2003-03-10 | 大機エンジニアリング株式会社 | 防汚装置 |
JP3576569B2 (ja) | 1992-09-17 | 2004-10-13 | オカモト株式会社 | 複合シート及びそのシートにて形成されるバインダー |
JP2842161B2 (ja) | 1993-07-09 | 1998-12-24 | 株式会社イナックス | 生素地成形体の仕上げ方法 |
FI103190B1 (fi) * | 1994-11-01 | 1999-05-14 | Savcor Marine Oy | Menetelmä eliöstön kasvun estämiseksi nesteupotuksessa olevien rakenteiden pinnoilla |
-
1998
- 1998-08-26 EP EP98940552A patent/EP0985639B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-26 CA CA002288141A patent/CA2288141A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-08-26 DE DE69829366T patent/DE69829366T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-08-26 WO PCT/JP1998/003784 patent/WO1999043618A1/ja active IP Right Grant
-
1999
- 1999-10-25 US US09/426,658 patent/US6197168B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH0724822B2 (ja) * | 1990-07-23 | 1995-03-22 | 大機ゴム工業株式会社 | 防汚方法および防汚装置 |
JPH09248554A (ja) * | 1996-03-12 | 1997-09-22 | Pentel Kk | 水生生物の電気化学的制御方法及び防汚方法 |
JPH10195682A (ja) * | 1996-12-26 | 1998-07-28 | Pentel Kk | 電気化学的な生物制御用または防汚用部材 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2000060138A1 (en) * | 1999-04-01 | 2000-10-12 | Barnacle Guard System Pty Ltd | An anode for use in a marine environment |
EP1084947A1 (en) * | 1999-09-17 | 2001-03-21 | Magnus Kvant | A method of durably and lastingly protect a surface in contact with water from biological fouling |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0985639B1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
EP0985639A1 (en) | 2000-03-15 |
DE69829366T2 (de) | 2006-04-06 |
CA2288141A1 (en) | 1999-09-02 |
DE69829366D1 (de) | 2005-04-21 |
US6197168B1 (en) | 2001-03-06 |
EP0985639A4 (en) | 2003-03-26 |
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