USRE39576E1 - Enzyme inhibitors - Google Patents

Enzyme inhibitors Download PDF

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USRE39576E1
USRE39576E1 US10/407,204 US40720496A USRE39576E US RE39576 E1 USRE39576 E1 US RE39576E1 US 40720496 A US40720496 A US 40720496A US RE39576 E USRE39576 E US RE39576E
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alkyl
compound
formula
group
hydrogen
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Harold Francis Hodson
Richard Michael John Palmer
David Alan Sawyer
Richard Graham Knowles
Karl Witold Franzmann
Martin James Drysdale
Patricia Ifeyinwa Davies
Helen Alice Rebecca Clark
Barry George Shearer
Steven Smith
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SmithKline Beecham Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/50—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/51—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/60—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton with the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxyl groups bound to nitrogen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/44—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C317/48—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to amidino sulphoxide and sulphone derivatives, to methods for their manufacture, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in therapy, in particular their use as selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
  • endothelium-derived relaxing factor a labile humoral factor termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF).
  • EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor
  • NO is the endogenous stimulator of the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme and is involved in a number of biological actions in addition to endothelium-dependent relaxation including cytotoxicity of phagocytic cells and cell-to-cell communication in the central nervous system (see Moncada et al, Biochemical Pharmacology, 38, 1709-1715 (1989) and Moncada et al, Pharmacological Reviews, 43, 109-142 (1991)). It is now thought that excess NO production may be involved in a number of conditions, including conditions which involve systemic hypotension such as septic shock and therapy with certain cytokines, and many inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
  • L-NMMA N G -monomethyl-L-arginine
  • WO 91/04024 N G -monomethyl-L-arginine
  • GB-A-2240041 The therapeutic use of certain other NO synthase inhibitors apart from L-NMMA for the same purpose has also been proposed in WO 91/04024 and in EP-A-0446699.
  • the NO released by eNOS and nNOS acts as a transduction mechanism underlying several physiological responses.
  • the NO produced by iNOS acts as a cytotoxic molecule for invading microorganisms. It also appears that the adverse effects of excess NO production, in particular pathological vasodilation, vascular leakage and tissue damage, may result largely from the effects of NO synthesized by iNOS.
  • the NO synthase inhibitors proposed for therapeutic use so far are non-selective in that they inhibit all the NO synthase isoenzymes.
  • Use of such a non-selective NO synthase inhibitor requires that great care is taken in order to avoid the potentially serious consequences of over-inhibition of the eNOS including hypertension and possible thrombosis and tissue damage.
  • L-NMMA for the treatment of septic and/or toxic shock it has been recommended that the patient must be subject to continuous blood pressure monitoring throughout the treatment.
  • NO synthase inhibitors which are selective in the sense that they inhibit iNOS to a considerably greater extent than eNOS would be of even greater therapeutic benefit and much easier to use.
  • Patent application PCT/GB9202387 discloses a group of amidino derivatives of the formula (0) and salts, and pharmaceutically acceptable esters and amides thereof, in which:
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl or alkynyl or C 3-6 cycloalkyl each group being optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from —CN; —NO 2 ; a group —COR 2a wherein R 2a is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, hydroxy or amino; a group —S(O) m R 6a wherein m is as hereinbefore defined and R 6a is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, hydroxy or amino; a group —PO(OR 9a ) 2 wherein R 9a is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl; a group NR 10a R 11a wherein R 10a and R 11a are independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, —COR 12a or S(O)mR 13a wherein m′ is as hereinbefore defined and R 12a and R 13a are independently hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl; a group OR 14a wherein R 14a is hydrogen, C 1-4 alky
  • R 1 is a C 1-4 alkyl group or a C 2-4 alkenyl or alkynyl group, optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from —CN; a group —COR 2 wherein R 2 is as hereinbefore defined, a group —S(O) m R 6 wherein m and R 6 are as hereinbefore defined; a group NR 10 R 11 wherein R 10 and R 11 are as hereinbefore defined; halo; or a group —OR 14 wherein R 14 is as hereinbefore defined.
  • R 1 is a methyl or ethyl group optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from halo, a group —OR 14 wherein R 14 is as hereinbefore defined or S(O) m R 6 wherein m and R 6 are as hereinbefore defined.
  • a preferred group of compounds are those of formula (IA) wherein R 1 , R 2 , p and q are as hereinbefore defined.
  • R 1 is unsubstituted or is substituted by only one group.
  • Preferred compounds include:
  • the compounds are in the R configuration.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may include a number of asymmetric centers in the molecule depending on the precise meaning of the various groups and formula (I) is intended to include all possible isomers.
  • the compounds of formula (I) all include an asymmetric center in the group and although the natural L or (S) chirality of arginine is preferred, it is again intended that the formula should include all possible isomers, either individually or admixed in any proportions.
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides a compound of formula (IB) and salts, and pharmaceutically acceptable esters and amides thereof in which R 1 is a C 1-6 straight or branched chain alkyl group, a C 2-6 alkenyl group, a C 2-6 alkynyl group, a C 3-6 cycloalkyl group or a C 3-6 cycloalkylC 1-6 alkyl group; p is 2 or 3, q is 1 or 2 and n is 0 or 1.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides a compound of formula (IC) wherein n is 0 or 1; p is 2 or 3; q is 1 or 2; R 1 is a C 1-6 straight or branched chain alkyl group, a C 2-6 alkenyl group, a C 2-6 alkynyl group, a C 3-6 cycloalkyl group or a C 3-6 cycloalkyl C 1-6 alkyl group each substituted by one to three groups independently selected from: —CN; —NO 2 ; a group —COR 2 wherein R 2 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 3 wherein R 3 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl; a group —S(O) m R 6 wherein m is 0, 1 or 2, R 6 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxy or NR 7 R 8 wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen or C
  • halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo, and preferably fluoro.
  • Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable although salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question.
  • preferred salts include those formed from hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, citric, tartaric, phosphoric, lactic, pyruvic, acetic, trifluoroacetic, succinic, oxalic, fumaric, maleic, oxaloacetic, methanesulphonic, ethanesulphonic, ⁇ -toluenesulphonic, benzenesulphonic and isethionic acids. Salts of the compounds of formula (I) can be made by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with the appropriate acid.
  • esters and amides of the compounds of formula (I) may have the acid group replaced by —CO 2 R 3 where R 3 is for example C 1-6 alkyl, aryl or arylC 1-3 alkyl or —COR 4 where R 4 is the residue of a suitable natural or synthetic amino acid.
  • physiologically acceptable prodrug derivatives of compounds of formula (I) which have the same physiological function as the free compound of formula (I), for example, by being convertible in the body thereto.
  • prodrugs may or may not have activity in their own right.
  • a further aspect of the present invention also provides compounds of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined and all salts, esters, amides and physiologically acceptable prodrugs thereof, for use in medicine, in particular the treatment of conditions where there is an advantage in inhibiting NO production from L-arginine by the action of NO synthase and more specifically of conditions where there is an advantage in inhibiting NO production by the iNOS isoenzyme over production by eNOS.
  • the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) and all salts, estersm amides and physiologically acceptable prodrugs thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition where there is an advantage in inhibiting NO production from arginine by the action of NO synthase and, more specifically, by the action of iNOS.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a salt, ester, amide or physiologically acceptable prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of shock states resulting from over-production of NO by iNOS such as septic shock, or shock caused by fulminant hepatic failure or by therapy with cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 and IL-2 or therapy with cytokine-inducing agents, for example 5,6-dimethylxanthenone acetic acid.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a salt, ester, amide or physiologically acceptable prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory condition, such as arthritis.
  • a method for the treatment of a condition where there is an advantage in inhibiting NO production from L-arginine by the action of NO synthase, and in particular by iNOS comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined or a salt, ester, amide or physiologically acceptable prodrug thereof.
  • iNOS include a wide range of auto-immune and/or inflammatory diseases, such as those of the joint (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis), of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. ulcerative colitis and other inflammatory bowel diseases, gastritis and mucosal inflammation resulting from infection, the enteropathy provoked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), of the lung (adult respiratory distress syndrome, asthma), of the heart (myocarditis), of the nervous tissue (e.g. multiple sclerosis), of the pancreas (e.g. diabetes melitus), of the kidney (e.g. glomerulonephritis), of the skin (e.g.
  • auto-immune and/or inflammatory diseases such as those of the joint (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis), of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. ulcerative colitis and other inflammatory bowel diseases, gastritis and mucosal inflammation resulting from infection, the enter
  • a yet further aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a salt, ester, amide of physiologically acceptable prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating the above conditions.
  • nNOS and/or iNOS are of benefit in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system due to over production of NO by this isoenzyme, particularly the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
  • Other diseases include CNS trauma, epilepsy, AIDS dementia, chronic neurodegenerative disease and chronic pain, and conditions in which non-adrenegic non-cholinergic nerve may be implicated such as priapism, obesity and hyperphagia.
  • the present invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a salt, ester, amide or physiologically acceptable prodrug thereof thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating the above conditions.
  • inhibition of NO synthase may be of advantage in preventing the lymphocyte loss associated with HIV infection, in increasing the radiosensitivity of tumours during radiotherapy and in reducing tumour growth and metastasis.
  • Inhibition of both iNOS and nNOS may be of benefit in the treatment of certain conditions where both isoenzymes play a role, for example CNS conditions such as cerebral ischemia.
  • treatment of a patient is intended to include prophylaxis; the term “mammal” is intended to include a human or an animal.
  • the activity of compounds of formula (I) and all salts, esters, amides and physiologically acceptable prodrugs thereof as NO synthase inhibitors can be determined using isolated human or rodent enzymes, the rat aortic ring or in vivo in mice according to the methods described hereinafter.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) and all salts, esters, amides and physiologically acceptable prodrugs thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefor and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous and intraarticular), rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of formula (I) and all salts, esters, amides and physiologically acceptable prodrugs thereof (“active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricating, surface active or dispersing agent.
  • Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example saline or water-for-injection, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with the usual carriers such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol.
  • Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as hereinbelow recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
  • formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavouring agents.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or via injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 1500 mg/kg per day, preferably 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day.
  • the dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 35 g/day and preferably 5 mg to 2 g/day.
  • Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of compound of the invention which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be administered in combination with one or more other active ingredients.
  • active ingredients suitable for concurrent administration will be clear to a physician, but could be for example an anti-inflammatory agent such as a corticosteroid, e.g methylprednisolone.
  • Compounds of formula (I) are competitive inhibitors with respect to L-arginine and therefore it may not be appropriate of course to concurrently treat patients with preparations (e.g. total parenteral nutrition) which have a high L-arginine content.
  • the compounds of formula (I) and all salts, esters, amides and physiologically acceptable prodrugs thereof are preferably administered orally or by injection (intravenous or subcutaneous).
  • the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. However the dose employed will depend on a number of factors, including the age and sex of the patient, the precise disorder being treated, and its severity. Also the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
  • the oxidation may be carried out by methods known in the art, for example by treatment with an oxygen-rich compound, such as 30% hydrogen peroxide and 0.5M ammonium molybdate in perchloric acid.
  • an oxygen-rich compound such as 30% hydrogen peroxide and 0.5M ammonium molybdate in perchloric acid.
  • Compounds of the formula (II) may be prepared by the reaction of an amino acid of formula (III) or a protected derivative thereof, with a compound of formula (IV) where L is a leaving group and R 1 , p and q are as defined hereinbefore, followed by removal of any protecting groups present, to give a compound of formula (II).
  • Suitable leaving groups L include —OR 5 and —SR 5 where R 5 is a lower alkyl group, e.g. C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl.
  • the compound of formula (III) will generally be used in a form in which the amino acid functionality is protected by suitable protecting groups and in this connection reference can be made to T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1991.
  • the protecting groups can then be removed in conventional manner (loc. cit.) as the final stage of the process to yield the compound of formula (II).
  • the amino acid functionality can be protected as the copper salt with deprotection taking place on an ion exchange column which is employed to remove inorganic ions from the reaction mixture.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) can be used in the form of the free base or as an acid addition salt, e.g. the hydrochloride or hydroiodide salt.
  • the reaction is generally carried out in a suitable solvent in the presence of base, e.g. an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide, preferably at a pH of about 9 to 11 and generally at a temperature from 0° C. up to the reflux temperature of the solvent, preferably 0° C. to 50° C.
  • base e.g. an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide
  • the preferred solvent is water although the reaction may also be carried out in a polar solvent such as a lower alcohol, e.g. methanol or ethanol, or an amide, e.g. dimethylformamide, either alone or in admixture with water, and this may be advantageous in certain circumstances.
  • the compounds of formula (III) are in general known compounds which can be converted into appropriate protected derivatives in known manner.
  • the imidates and thioimidates of formula (IV) (L is —OR 5 and —SR 5 respectively) are also in general known compounds and the reaction of such compounds with a primary amine is discussed for example in The Chemistry of Amidines and imidates, Vol. 2, Eds. Saul Patai and Zvi Rappaport, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1991.
  • the reaction may be carried out by acid hydrolysis, for example by reaction with hydrogen chloride in dioxane, HBr/acetic acid is glacial acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane, at a non-extreme temperature of from ⁇ 5° C. to 100° C., preferably room temperature.
  • the protecting group is cleavable by hydrogenolysis, for example benzyloxycarbonyl
  • the deprotection may be carried out using hydrogen over a catalyst, for example palladium/charcoal.
  • Compounds of formula (V) may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VI) wherein n, p, q, Q and Q′ are as hereinbefore defined, with a compound of formula (VII) wherein R 1 is as hereinbefore defined, Y is O or S and R 16 is C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl-C 1-6 -alkyl, or naphthyl-C 1-6 -alkyl for example benzyl.
  • the reaction may suitably be carried out in a polar solvent, for example a C 1-6 alcohol such as methanol or ethanol, at a non-extreme temperature of from ⁇ 50° C. to 150° C., for example ⁇ 5° C. to 50° C. such as room temperature.
  • Compounds of formula (VI) may be prepared by the oxidation of a compound of formula (VIII) wherein p, q, Q and Q′ are as hereinbefore defined, and Q′′ is a suitable protecting group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl, followed by removal of the protecting group Q′′.
  • the oxidation reaction may be carried out by standard methods known in the art, for example according to the method described in Tet. Lett. (1981) 22 (14), 1287, or by reaction with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give the sulphoxide product, followed by reaction with “Oxone” if the sulphone product is required.
  • the reaction is suitably carried out in a polar solvent, for example water or a lower alcohol, such as ethanol, or a mixture thereof.
  • Removal of the protecting group may be effected by standards methods known to one skilled in the art, for example with catalytic transfer hydrogenation conditions using, for example, formic acid in alcohol, such as methanol, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as 10% palladium on charcoal.
  • a suitable catalyst such as 10% palladium on charcoal.
  • the cleavage may be carried out by methods known in the art, eg by the use of sodium in liquid ammonia at a temperature of from ⁇ 78° C. to 0° C., and preferably around ⁇ 40° C.
  • Compounds of formula (IX) may also be formed by the treatment of a compound of formula (XII) with a suitable inorganic base, eg sodium hydrogen carbonate. The reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent, eg DMF.
  • a suitable inorganic base eg sodium hydrogen carbonate.
  • the reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent, eg DMF.
  • Preferred intermediates include:
  • Intermediates of formula (VII′) may by prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (XIII) with a reagent of formula R 16 L′, suitably PhCH 2 L′, wherein R 16 is as hereinbefore defined and L′ is a suitable leaving group, for example a halo atom such as chloro.
  • Fluorothioacetamide (3.39 g) and benzyl bromide (6.23 g) were refluxed in chloroform (40 ml), under nitrogen, for 16 h. After colling, the mixture was diluted with ether (200 ml) and the resulting orange solid filtered off. The solid was washed with more ether and dried over P 2 O 5 in vacuo to give 5.19 g of the desired product.
  • Example 4 (350 mg, 0.81 mmol) in a mixture of ethanol (15 ml) and water (5 ml) was hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure over 5% palladium on carbon (Degussa type E101 NO/W, 80 mg) for 18 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and washed with water. The hydrogenation was then repeated using fresh catalyst (100 mg), for a further 18 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and washed with water, and the solvents evaporated. The residual gum was triturated with a small quantity of ethanol, resulting in the slow formation of a pale yellow solid. The ethanol was removed, and the very hygroscopic solid dried in vacuo at room temperature. Yield 240 mg.
  • the blue solution of the copper protected cysteine derivative was stirred and cooled to 10° C.
  • the pH was adjusted to 10 to 11 by the addition of 2N sodium hydroxide during which ethylacetimidate hydrochloride (9.375 g, 75 mmol) was added portionwise.
  • the temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature and the solution adjusted to a pH of 3 by the addition of 2N hydrochloric acid.
  • the solution was applied to a Dowex AG50WX8 column (100 ml bed volume), washed with water, and eluted with 0.2N Ammonia solution.
  • the ninhydrin positive fractions were collected and the ammonia solution removed by evaporation in vacuo.
  • the remaining solution was adjusted to pH 4 by the addition of 2N Hydrochloric acid.
  • the oil was treated with ethanol and reevaporated in vacuo.
  • the residual oil (approximately 4 g) was purified by flash column chromatography using methanol/ammonia (9:1) as the eluant to yield 0.8 g 2-Amino-6-(1-iminoethylamino)-4,4-dioxo-4-thiahexanoic acid.
  • Liquid ammonia (6 L) was stirred in the reactor and L-cystine (300 g, 1.25 mol) was added carefully. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour. Sodium (115 g, 5 mol) was added a piece at a time over 2 hours. A grey solution was formed. 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)ethane phenyl sulphonate (836 g, 2.5 mol) was added portionwise over 15 mins. The reaction mixture was stirred with ammonia under reflux overnight. The ammonia was allowed to evaporate off by switching off the circulation. The reaction was left overnight, then 9 liters of water was added, and the reaction warmed to 40° C. while stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered.
  • Butyloxycarbonyl anhydride (24 g, 0.11 mol) was added in 3 portions over 11 ⁇ 2 hours to a stirred and ice cooled suspension of finely ground S-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino ethyl)cysteine sulphate (39.5 g, 0.1 mol) in dioxane (400 ml) and water (200 ml) adjusting the pH to 9.5 with the addition of approximately 200 ml 1M sodium hydroxide. The dioxane was removed in vacuo and ethyl acetate added to the aqueous solution. The aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 2.8 by the addition of aqueous sulphuric acid and filtered.
  • the reaction mixture was then extracted with 5% KHCO 3 (3 ⁇ 25 ml) and the organic layer dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and evaporated to dryness to give a very pale tan oil.
  • the crude compound was purified by flash chromatography on SiO 2 using 1.25% MeOH-EtOAc as the eluant to give 395 g of the title compound.
  • eNOS eNOS
  • iNOS endotoxin shocked
  • mice animals with mean blood pressures in the normal range (90-110 mm Hg) were used to obtain cumulative concentration curves for inhibitors on blood pressure either without further treatment (“normal mice”) or 7 h after administration of lipopolysaccharide (12.5 mg/kg of LPS from E. coli 026:B6 intravenously over 30 s) to induce shock (“shocked mice”).
  • normal mice normal mice
  • lipopolysaccharide 12.5 mg/kg of LPS from E. coli 026:B6 intravenously over 30 s
  • shocked mice In normal mice Example 7 had no effect on blood pressure over the dose range 1-1000 mg/kg. However in shocked mice Example 7 was able to restore fully the blood pressure to the normal range.
  • Example 7 The effects of Example 7 on endotoxin induced vascular leakage were assessed in rats as described by Laszlo et al ((1994) Brit. J. Pharmacol. 111 1309-1315).
  • Example 7 at doses up to 5 mg/kg, when administered concurrently with endotoxin did not cause aggravation of the endotoxin-induced plasma leakage, unlike non-selective inhibitors such as L-NMMA.
  • Example 7 did abolish the iNOS-dependent delayed plasma leakage, with an ED 50 of 1 mg/kg.

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US20110218239A1 (en) * 2006-11-09 2011-09-08 University Of Maryland Baltimore Use of 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid as an Antiviral Agent
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WO1995034534A1 (en) 1995-12-21
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IL114142A (en) 2000-02-17
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ATE229001T1 (de) 2002-12-15
FI965019A (fi) 1996-12-13
DE69516141D1 (de) 2000-05-11
DK0765308T3 (da) 2000-09-11
NO965379D0 (no) 1996-12-13
EP0765308A1 (en) 1997-04-02
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ATE191470T1 (de) 2000-04-15
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JPH10506371A (ja) 1998-06-23
AU692892B2 (en) 1998-06-18
EP0957087A2 (en) 1999-11-17
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