Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
  • C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D493/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

• the invention relates to a new desorption process for epothilones, especially epothilone A and/or epothilone B, from resins and new production, work-up or purification processes or manufacturing methods for epothilones comprising said desorption process, as well as the use of certain solvents for the desorption of epothilones from resins.
• Epothilones A and B represent a new class of microtubuli-stabilising cytotoxic active ingredients (see Gerth, K. et al., J. Antibiot. 49, 560-3 (1966)) of the formulae: wherein R signifies hydrogen (epothilone A) or methyl (epothilone B).
• epothilones epothilones
• WO 99/03848 WO 00/49020, WO 00/49021, WO 00/47584, WO 00/00485, WO 00/23452, WO 99/03848, WO 00/49019, WO 99/07692, WO 98/22461, WO 99/65913, WO 98/38192, WO 00/50423, WO 00/22139, WO 99/58534, WO 97/19086, WO 98/25929, WO 99/67252, WO 99/67253, WO 00/31247, WO 99/42602, WO 99/28324, WO 00/50423, WO 00/3
• WO 99/43320 describes a number of ways of administration of epothilones as agents against proliferative diseases, especially tumor diseases, that, due to their similar mechanism, act in a way comparable to that of Taxol®, a well-known and marketed anticancer agent.
• WO 99/39694 discloses some specific formulations of the epothilones, especially A and B.
• epothilones especially epothilone A and most preferably epothilone B, offer a number of advantages in comparison to established treatments, especially also in cases where tumors have become refractory to the treatment with Taxol. Therefore, methods for their synthesis in larger amounts are urgently required in order to meet anticipated demands.
• the most efficient production processes so far at least comprise some biosynthetic steps and isolation of epothilones from culture media or the like.
• the disadvantage of this process is that, on a large scale, it leads to an abundance of problems. Valves are impaired by the globules of resin, pipes can block, and apparatus may be subject to greater wear due to mechanical friction.
• the globules of resin are porous and therefore have a large inner surface area (about 825 m 2 /gram resin). Sterilisation becomes a problem, as air enclosed in the resin is not autoclaved.
• the process cannot be practicably carried out on a large scale using resin addition during cultivation of the microorganisms that produce epothilones.
• That method comprises complexing of epothilones from culture media of epothilone-producing microorganisms, said media comprising cyclodextrines or other complex-forming agents, mixing of the cell-free culture medium (e.g.
• a synthetic resin for example a resin based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers as matrix, such as Amberlite XAD-16 (Rohm & Haas Germany GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) or Diaion HP-20 (Resindion S.R.L., Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Milan, Italy) in order to absorb the epothilones and desorption, especially with an alcohol, most preferably isopropanol.
• Amberlite XAD-16 Rohm & Haas Germany GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
• Diaion HP-20 Resindion S.R.L., Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Milan, Italy
• One aspect of the invention relates to a process for desorbing epothilones, especially epothilone A and/or B, in particular epothilone B, from a resin, especially a synthetic resin, with a weakly polar or apolar solvent.
• a further aspect relates to a process for working up (or purifying) epothilones, especially after their production in a standard medium for chemical synthesis or preferably a culture medium which comprises microorganisms, especially myxobacteria, in particular of the genus Sorangium , which are suitable for producing epothilones, especially epothilone A and/or B, and a complex-forming component, said process comprising the use of a weakly polar or apolar solvent for the desorption of said epothilones from a resin.
• a third aspect of the invention relates to the use of a weakly polar or apolar solvent for the desorption of epothilones, especially epothilone A and/or B, in particular epothilone B, from a resin, especially a synthetic resin.
• epothilones preferably relates to any epothilone or epothilone derivative mentioned in the patent applications WO 99/03848, WO 00/49020, WO 00/49021, WO 00/47584, WO 00/00485, WO 00/23452, WO 99/03848, WO 00/49019, WO 99/07692, WO 98/22461, WO 99/65913, WO 98/38192, WO 00/50423, WO 00/22139, WO 99/58534, WO 97/19086, WO 98/25929, WO 99/67252, WO 99/67253, WO 00/31247, WO 99/42602, WO 99/28324, WO 00/50423, WO 00/39276, WO 99/27890, WO 99/54319, WO 99/54318, WO 99/02514, WO 99/59985, WO
• weakly polar or apolar solvent also includes mixtures of two or more of the solvents described hereinbefore and hereinafter, e.g. of 2 to 4 such solvents.
• Lower alkyl may be for example unbranched or branched once or more, and is e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl such as isopropyl or n-propyl, butyl such as isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl or n-butyl, or also pentyl such as amyl or n-pentyl.
• Halogen is preferably iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro.
• a hydrocarbon preferably is an organic compound having 4 to 32, more preferably 4 to 20, still more preferably 6 to 16 carbon atoms and may be aliphatic, e.g. a linear, branched or cyclic saturated alkane, e.g; cyclohexane, a linear, branched or cyclic (non-aromatic) organic compound with one or more double and/or triple bonds, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, the latter being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more, e.g.
• substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, especially methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, lower alkoxy, especially methoxy or ethoxy, halogen, especially fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo, nitro and lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, especially ethoxymethyl; preferably by one to three lower alkyl moieties.
• An alcohol is preferably a hydroxy-lower alkane, especially methanol, ethanol or n- or iso-propanol.
• a resin is especially a synthetic resin, preferably a resin based on styrene and divinylbenzene copolymers, more preferably Amberlite XAD-4 or preferably Amberlite XAD-16 [Rohm & Haas Germany GmbH, Frankfurt] or Diaion HP-20 [Resindion S.R.L., Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Milan].
• a resin from which an epothilone or epothilones are to be desorbed in accordance with the invention has epothilones non-covalently in contact with it (e.g. reversibly bound to it or adsorbed to it).
• the term “resin” it is intended to mean “resin having one or more epothilones in contact with it, especially reversibly bound or adsorbed to it”.
• the invention relates to a process comprising a desorption from a resin with a weakly polar or apolar solvent as described above or below, comprising any further purification steps desirable or required to come to the respective epothilones, especially epothilone A and most especially epothilone B, in pure form, preferably those described as preferable in the present invention.
• epothilones Working up of the epothilones is preceded by the reaction or process leading to a reaction product comprising epothilones to be worked up which are isolated (i) either from chemical reaction mixtures after solution in an appropriate polar aqueous medium, or (ii) more preferably from the supernatant (for example a cyclodextrine containing one as described in WO 99/42602) of a culture medium with microorganisms producing the epothilones by separating a culture into the liquid phase (e.g. centrifugate or filtrate) and solid phase (cells), especially by means of filtration or centrifugation (tubular centrifuge or separator).
• the liquid phase e.g. centrifugate or filtrate
• solid phase cells
• This pretreatment is then preferably continued by directly mixing the solution ((i)) or liquid phase ((ii)) with a resin, especially a synthetic resin, especially a resin based on styrene and divinylbenzene copolymers as matrix (hereinafter referred to also simply as polystyrene resin), such as Amberlite XAD-16 or Dialon HP-20 (preferably in a ratio of centrifugate: resin volume of ca. 10:1 to 100:1, preferably about 50:1).
• the resin is separated, for example by filtration, sedimentation or centrifugation. If required, after adsorption the resin is washed with a strongly polar solvent, preferably with water.
• Desorption of the epothilones is effected with a weakly polar or apolar solvent, in particular with lower alkyl halogenides, especially methylene dichloride or ethylene dichloride, or more preferably aromatic solvents, especially naphthalene or (preferably) benzene, or naphthaline or (preferably) benzene substituted by one or more, preferably one to three moieties selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, especially methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, lower alkoxy, especially methoxy or ethoxy, halogen, especially fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo, nitro and lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, especially ethoxymethyl; most preferably toluene.
• the step of extraction may be repeated one or more times, preferably 0 to 3 times, especially once,
• crystallization of the epothilone(s) after desorption especially, for the crystallization of epothilone B, a mixture of an alcohol and a hydrocarbon, especially of a lower alkanol and a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon with 3 to 10 ring atoms, most especially of methanol and cyclohexane (preferably in a v/v ratio of 1:10 to 10:1, especially of 1:3 to 3:1, is added. Addition of water leads to fast phase separation, and the alcohol phase is evaporated to dryness, e.g. by means of a rotary evaporator under vacuum.
• the resulting extract which comprises the epothilone B is afterwards crystallized from an appropriate solvent mixture, especially from an alcohol/cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon mixture, most preferably isopropanol/cyclohexane, preferably in a v/v ratio of 1:10 to 10:1, more preferably 1:6 to 6:1, most preferably 1:6 to 1:4;
• an appropriate solvent mixture especially from an alcohol/cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon mixture, most preferably isopropanol/cyclohexane, preferably in a v/v ratio of 1:10 to 10:1, more preferably 1:6 to 6:1, most preferably 1:6 to 1:4;
• a suitable solvent especially a mixture of a nitrile and water, preferably acetonitrile/water, in a preferred v/v ratio of 1:10 to 10:1, especially 1:3 to 1:1, and elution with a mixture of nitrile and water, preferably characterised in that the chromatography is carried out on column of a reversed phase material, which is charged with hydrocarbon chains, such as hydrocarbon chains containing 18 carbon atoms, especially an RP-18 material, and an eluant comprising a nitrile, especially a lower alkylnitrile, in particular acetonitrile, is used, in particular a mixture of nitrile/water is used, especially a mixture of acetonitrile/water, preferably in a ratio of nitrile to water of about 1:99 to 99:1, primarily between 1:9 and 9:1, e.g.
• the collected epothilone especially epothilone A or most especially epothilone B
• the remaining water with the epothilone is then extracted with an ester, especially a lower alkyl-lower alkanoate, preferably isopropyl acetate, with subsequent evaporation (preferably first in a reactor, then in a rotary evaporator under vacuum) of the epothilone containing ester phase to dryness; (if required, the starting epothilone solution may be split and separated in more than one reverse phase separate runs;)
• adsorption chromatography only if required (e.g. as an alternative to the crystallization after desorption) adsorption chromatography, in particular by adding to a column of silica gel and eluting with an appropriate solvent or solvent mixture, especially a mixture of ester/hydrocarbon, for example lower alkyl alkanoate/C 4 -C 10 -alkane, especially ethyl or isopropyl acetate/n-hexane, in which the ratio between the ester and hydrocarbon is preferably in the range 99:1 to 1:99, preferably 10:1 to 1:10, for example 4:1;
• solvents or solvent mixtures for example consisting of esters, ester/hydrocarbon mixtures or alcohols, especially ethyl or isopropyl acetate:toluene 1:10 to 10:1, preferably 2:3 (epothilone A) or methanol or ethyl acetate (epothilone B);
• a preferred aspect of the invention relates also to a process for the isolation of epothilones adsorbed to a synthetic resin, especially epothilone A or most especially epothilone B, which process comprises
• step (i) further implies any further purification steps desirable or required to come to the respective epothilones, especially epothilone A and most especially epothilone B, in pure form, preferably those described as preferable in the present invention.
• Preparation for working up is preferably carried out as follows: Adsorption of the epothilones, especially from chemical reaction mixtures or more preferably from the supernatant of cultures of microorganisms, can be achieved as described in WO 99/42602 or in analogy thereto; briefly, the epothilones are found in the centrifugate, which is then directly mixed with a synthetic resin, especially a styrene/divnylbenzene copolymer resin, such as Amberlite XAD-16 or Diaion HP-20 (preferably in a ratio of centrifugate: resin volume of ca. 10:1 to 100:1, preferably about 50:1) and stirred in an agitator.
• a synthetic resin especially a styrene/divnylbenzene copolymer resin, such as Amberlite XAD-16 or Diaion HP-20 (preferably in a ratio of centrifugate: resin volume of ca. 10:1 to 100:1, preferably about 50:1) and stirred in an
• the epothilones are transferred to the resin.
• the resin is separated by centrifugation or filtration.
• Adsorption of the epothilones onto the resin may also be effected in a chromatography column, by placing the resin in the column and running the centrifugate over the resin. After adsorption, the resin is washed with water.
• the preferred processes according to the invention then start and proceed as follows: Desorption of the epothilones from the resin is preferably effected with a weakly polar or apolar solvent according to the invention, especially one described as preferred above or below, especially methylenechloride or most especially toluene. The solvent is then removed as far as necessary, preferably until a dry residue is obtained. Where appropriate, the residue is taken up in an alcohol/hydrocarbon mixture, especially in methanol/cyclohexane, preferably in the ratios described above, in a relatively low volume.
• a weakly polar or apolar solvent according to the invention especially one described as preferred above or below, especially methylenechloride or most especially toluene.
• the solvent is then removed as far as necessary, preferably until a dry residue is obtained.
• the residue is taken up in an alcohol/hydrocarbon mixture, especially in methanol/cyclohexane, preferably in the ratios described above, in a relatively low volume.
• the alcohol phase is evaporated, preferably to dryness, and the alcohol extract is then crystallized from a mixture of an alcohol, especially iso-propanol, and a hydrocarbon, especially cyclohexane, preferably in the ratios described above.
• the resulting solid crystallized material is then dissolved in a nitrile/water mixture, preferably as described above, especially a 2:3 (v/v) acetonitrile/water mixture, and the resulting feed solution is poured, if required, after splitting in more than one run, onto a preparative reversed phase column. Elution with nitrile/water, especially as just mentioned, follows.
• the (aceto-)nitrile of the resulting fractions containing epothilone, especially epothilone A and most especially epothilone B, is removed by evaporation (distillation), and the resulting water phase is extracted with an ester, especially isopropyl acetate.
• the evaporation residue in the case of isopropanol for epothilones A and B in one example has been found to be 40 g, with methylene chloride 3.3 g, in the case of toluene only 0.9 g, with e.g. 17-18 g-% of epothilone B after desorption from styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer resins obtained from cyclodextrine-comprising culture supernatants as described in WO 99/42602, indicating much higher purity. While toluene has the most significant advantages, dichloromethane has as one advantage the ease of removal, due to the low boiling point.
• the separation of epothilon A and B can also be achieved by performing the chromatography disclosed herein in its simulated moving bed (SMB) approach.
• SMB-chromatographies are widely used for the separation of binary mixtures, e.g., the separation of racemates on chiral stationary phases, e.g., the SORBEX processes in the petrochemical industries, like Parex or Molex, or the SAREX process in the sugar industry.
• SMB-chromatography provides the advantage of a continous countercurrent unit operation which leads to increased productivity and reduced mobile phase consumption.
• the basic parameters for the separation of epothilon A and B with SMB chromatography can be taken directly from the conventional LC separation.
• reversed phase silica gel (RP 18) is taken as stationary phase and water/acetonitrile-mixtures as mobile phases.
• the final set of flow rates (for the individual SMB zones and the switching time, respectively) can be taken either from a simple flow scheme as developed by E. Andersonrs, et al in Chromatographia, 40 (1995) 387 or after careful estimation of adsorption isotherms as laid down in J. Chromatogr. A, 800 (1998) 135 and J. Chromatogr. A, 827 (1998) 175.
• the work up of extract and raffinate streams can again be performed as described for the conventional LC separation.
• the invention most preferably relates to the processes and methods described in the subsequent examples.
• Desorption of 591.7 kg of charged resin is effected by stirring the resin in two portions each with 720 liters of toluene in four portions for appr. 8 hours. Separation of the toluene phase from the resin takes place using a suction filter. The combined toluene phases are washed in two portions with each 250 l of water. After phase separation, the toluene extract is concentrated in a 1000 liters reactor to approximately 20-40 liters and afterwards concentrated to dryness in a rotary evaporator under vacuum.
• the result is a toluene extract of 4.095 kg containing 209 g of epothilone B.
• the toluene extract is dissolved in 16.5 liters of methanol and 24.5 liters of cyclohexane. After addition of 0.8 liters of water phase separation occurs immediately.
• the methanol fraction is evaporated to dryness in a rotary evaporator under vacuum yielding 1.025 kg evaporation residue containing 194 g of epothilone B.
• the methanol extract is afterwards being crystallized in a solvent mixture consisting of 2.05 liters isopropanol and 10.25 liters cyclohexane, yielding 0.4 kg crystallized material containing 184 g of epothilone B.
• the acetonitrile of the combined epothilone B fractions (of the three runs) is distilled off and the remaining water phase is extracted with 504 liters of isopropyl acetate.
• the isopropyl acetate extract is concentrated in a 630 liters reactor to approximately 20-40 liters and afterwards concentrated to dryness in a rotary evaporator under vacuum.
• the weight of the evaporation residue of the epothilone B fractions is 170 g and it has a content of 98.4% according to HPLC (external standard).
• the resulting material is finally crystallized in 2.89 liters of methanol at 0-5° C. yielding 150 g of epothilone B pure crystallisate.

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