US20140225805A1 - Conformal phased array antenna with integrated transceiver - Google Patents
Conformal phased array antenna with integrated transceiver Download PDFInfo
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- US20140225805A1 US20140225805A1 US13/997,205 US201113997205A US2014225805A1 US 20140225805 A1 US20140225805 A1 US 20140225805A1 US 201113997205 A US201113997205 A US 201113997205A US 2014225805 A1 US2014225805 A1 US 2014225805A1
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to phased array antennas, and more particularly, to conformal phased array antennas with integrated transceivers.
- Electronic devices such as laptops, notebooks, netbooks, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones, for example, increasingly tend to include a variety of wireless communication capabilities.
- the wireless communication systems used by these devices are expanding into the higher frequency ranges of the communication spectrum, such as, for example, the millimeter wave region and, in particular, the 60 GHz band. Propagation losses and attenuation tend to increase at these higher frequencies, however, and it can become difficult to implement antenna systems on the device platform in a manner that provides the desired spatial coverage, for example, omni-directional or nearly omni-directional coverage.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a system diagram of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure
- FIG. 2 illustrates a system diagram of another exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure
- FIG. 3 illustrates a system diagram of another exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure
- FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure
- FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit diagram of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure
- FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of operations of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure.
- this disclosure provides systems and methods for achieving increased spatial coverage of wireless communications by deploying conformal phased array antennas, with integrated transceivers, on a platform.
- the antenna elements may be disposed on a flexible substrate capable of conforming to the contours of the platform, allowing the antenna elements to be deployed at suitable locations on the platform, for example the sides and top of the platform, to achieve multi-directional radio frequency (RF) spatial coverage.
- RF radio frequency
- some or all of the antenna elements may be coupled to integrated transceivers with phase shifting capabilities that enable those antenna elements to form a phased array antenna (also referred to as an active antenna).
- the phased array antenna may perform beam scanning to further increase RF spatial coverage.
- the transceivers and any additional RF circuitry may be included in a single RF integrated circuit (RFIC) and the RFIC may be integrated with the conformal phased array antennas to decrease power and space consumption.
- the system may be configured to operate in the millimeter wave (mm-wave) region of the RF spectrum and, in particular, the 60 GHz region associated with the use of wireless personal area network (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) communication systems.
- mm-wave millimeter wave
- WPAN wireless personal area network
- WLAN wireless local area network
- PCP Personal basic service set Control Point
- STA station
- mm-wave network The term Personal basic service set Control Point
- access point as used herein, is defined as any entity that has STA functionality and provides access to the distribution services, via the wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs.
- AP access point
- wireless network controller as used herein, is defined as a station that operates as a PCP and/or as an AP of the wireless network.
- DBand directional band
- DBand STA as used herein is defined as a STA whose radio transmitter is operating on a channel that is within the DBand.
- PBSS personal basic service set
- BSS basic service set
- PCP PBSS control point
- DS distribution system
- SP scheduled service period
- QoS quality of service
- PCP quality of service
- traffic and/or “traffic stream(s)” as used herein, are defined as a data flow and/or stream between wireless devices such as STAs.
- session as used herein is defined as state information kept or stored in a pair of stations that have an established a direct physical link (e.g., excludes forwarding); the state information may describe or define the session.
- wireless device includes, for example, a device capable of wireless communication, a communication device capable of wireless communication, a communication station capable of wireless communication, a portable or non-portable device capable of wireless communication, or the like.
- a wireless device may be or may include a peripheral device that is integrated with a computer, or a peripheral device that is attached to a computer.
- the term “wireless device” may optionally include a wireless service.
- the present invention may be used in a variety of applications. Although the present invention is not limited in this respect, the circuits and techniques disclosed herein may be used in many apparatuses such as stations of a radio system. Stations intended to be included within the scope of the present invention include, by way of example only, WLAN stations, wireless personal network (WPAN), and the like.
- Types of WPAN stations intended to be within the scope of the present invention include, although are not limited to, stations capable of operating as a multi-band stations, stations capable of operating as PCP, stations capable of operating as an AP, stations capable of operating as DBand stations, mobile stations, access points, stations for receiving and transmitting spread spectrum signals such as, for example, Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), Complementary Code Keying (CCK), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and the like.
- FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
- DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
- CK Complementary Code Keying
- OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
- Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a video device, an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a Set-Top-Box (STB), a Blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a Digital Video Disc (DVD) player, a High Definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a Personal Video Recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a display, a flat panel display, a Personal Media Player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a data source, a data sink, a Digital Still camera (DSC), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer,
- Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, Radio Frequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBeeTM, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2 G, 2.5 G, 3 G, 3.5 G, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like.
- RF Radio Frequency
- Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with suitable limited-range or short-range wireless communication networks, for example, “piconets”, e.g., a wireless area network, a WVAN, a WPAN, and the like.
- piconets e.g., a wireless area network, a WVAN, a WPAN, and the like.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a system diagram 100 of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure.
- Platform 102 is shown as a laptop computer in this illustration, but it may be any device including a notebook, netbook, personal digital assistant (PDA), mobile phone, network hub or any device for which wireless communication capability may be desired.
- RFIC 104 is shown as being located near the center of the laptop lid 112 , but it may be located at any suitable position including the base of the platform 102 , for example, where space may be available, or closer to one of the upper corners of laptop lid 112 to reduce the distance to conformal antennas 106 and 108 or 108 and 110 .
- RFIC 104 may be located at any other suitable location where manufacturing and/or design constraints permit.
- Conformal antennas 106 , 108 , 110 are shown as bending ninety degrees around the edges of the right, top and left sides, respectively, of laptop lid 112 , although they may be located at any suitable position on the platform 102 and may conform to any bending angle and there may be any number of such antennas.
- the term “conformal” is used to indicate that the antenna has sufficient flexibility to allow it to generally follow the shape of at least one of the contours of the platform 102 when the antenna is dispose on the platform 102 .
- the number of conformal antennas 106 , 108 , 110 and their placement may be chosen, for example, based on RF requirements such as spatial coverage including scan directions, antenna gain and bandwidth, as well as other design and/or manufacturing considerations.
- conformal nature of antennas 106 , 108 , 110 increases the number of potential placement configurations available on platform 102 , particularly in situations where platforms have multiple surfaces with varying angles.
- conformal antennas 106 , 108 , 110 may be disposed on interior surfaces or portions of platform 102 .
- a single RFIC 104 may drive all conformal antennas 106 , 108 and 110 as will be explained in greater detail below.
- the use of a single RFIC 104 may permit reduction in cost, power consumption and space consumption.
- the RFIC may be implemented in silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (Si CMOS) technology or other suitable technologies.
- Conformal antennas 106 , 108 and 110 may comprise antenna elements that are printed onto a substrate that has sufficient flexibility for the conformal antenna to conform to the contours of the platform 102 .
- the substrate may be a single layer or multiple layers, which, in some embodiments, may be configured as a laminate structure.
- the layers may comprise a dielectric material with a low tangent loss, i.e., configured to reduce dissipation of electromagnetic energy associated with mm-wave RF signal propagation and thus increase antenna performance.
- suitable materials for the layers include, but are not limited to, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) such as Ultralam 3000®, polyimide and Teflon.
- FIG. 2 is a system diagram 200 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , further illustrating exemplary antenna beam patterns 206 and 210 associated with conformal antennas 106 and 110 , as well as antenna beam patterns 208 a , 208 b , 208 c associated with conformal antenna 108 .
- beam pattern 206 may be an omni-directional, or other fixed beam pattern directed to cover a spatial area on the right side of the platform 102 generated by a single antenna element in conformal antenna 106 .
- beam pattern 210 may be an omni-directional, or other fixed beam pattern directed to cover a spatial area on the left side of the platform 102 generated by a single antenna element in conformal antenna 110 .
- the single antenna elements in conformal antennas 106 and 110 may be high-gain antennas with increased directionality which may alleviate signal attenuation and/or interference cause by electronics in the platform.
- high-gain antennas include Taper Slot antennas, Yagi antennas and periodic antennas.
- Beam patterns 208 a , 208 b , 208 c may be generated by beam scanning of phased array antenna elements in conformal antenna 108 as will be explained in greater detail below.
- the scanned beams 208 a , 208 b , 208 c may be directed to cover a spatial area over the top of the platform 102 .
- the phased array antenna may generate a beam that is scanned or steered through many more positions by incrementally adjusting the relative phases of the antenna elements to repeatedly sweep the beam through an arc of desired coverage.
- Additional beams may also be directed outward in other directions as needed.
- antenna elements may be located on either or both sides of the ninety degree bends in the conformal antennas 106 , 108 , 110 to provide beams in substantially orthogonal directions.
- These example antenna configurations and beam patterns are provided for illustrative purposes. In practice, however, any suitable arrangement may be implemented.
- FIG. 3 is a system diagram 300 showing another embodiment of a conformal antenna 312 and associated beam patterns 302 , 308 , 316 in greater detail.
- Conformal antenna 312 is shown to conform to the contours of an underlying platform (not shown) by bending along dotted lines 310 , allowing conformal antenna 312 to be disposed along platform surfaces of varying orientation in all three dimensions, such as, for example, orthogonally oriented surfaces.
- Antenna elements 304 , 306 , 314 may be disposed on each of the surfaces of conformal antenna 312 .
- Antenna element 304 may act as a single element antenna generating a fixed beam pattern 302 in a first direction.
- Antenna elements 306 are shown to be configured in a 1 ⁇ 5 phased array, as one possible example, to generate scanned beam patterns 308 in a second direction, which may be substantially orthogonal to the first direction.
- antenna elements 314 are shown to be configured in a 2 ⁇ 8 phased array, as another possible example, to generate scanned beam patterns 316 in a third direction, which may be substantially orthogonal to the first and second directions.
- the number and placement of antenna elements in a given phased array may be chosen based on desired properties of the scanned beam pattern to be generated. For example, increasing the number of antenna elements may generally increase the gain of the antenna beam.
- the antenna elements that are configured in a phased array 306 , 314 may comprise dummy antenna elements 318 at some or all of the edges of the phased array.
- the edge antenna elements 318 may generally be located at the end of the transmission line that couples the RFIC 104 to the antenna elements 306 , 314 .
- the dummy antenna elements 318 may be termination load resistors that reduce reflections of the RF signal at the end of the transmission line by providing termination impedance that is matched to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. This may increase the stability of the frequency and bandwidth properties of the phased array as it scans the beam through different angles.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view 400 of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure. Shown, are RFIC 104 , one of conformal antennas 106 , 108 , 110 , flexible substrate 412 , signal routing layer 414 and antenna elements 314 , 304 , 306 .
- RFIC 104 may be electrically coupled to signal routing layer 414 through flip-chip connection points 416 .
- Flip-chip connections which are also known as “controlled collapse chip connections,” are a method of connecting ICs to external circuitry with solder bumps that are deposited on chip pads located on the top side of the chip. During the connection process, the chip is flipped onto the external circuitry such that the top side of the chip faces down and the solder pads on the chip align with the solder pads on the external circuitry. Solder may then be flowed to complete the connection.
- Signal routing layer 414 includes electrical traces or transmission lines (not shown) coupling RFIC 104 to each of the antenna elements 314 , 304 , 306 disposed on the flexible substrate 412 . Since phased array beam scanning is based, in part, on the difference in reception times (or transmission times) of the RF signal at each of the phased array antenna elements 314 , 306 , it may be advantageous to reduce other sources of timing differences between signals at each of the those antenna elements 314 , 306 .
- the electrical traces may be routed through the signal routing layer 414 in a variety of meandering patterns to achieve an equalized trace length, and thus an equalized signal delay time, between the RFIC 104 and each of the phased array antenna elements 314 , 306 .
- the term “equalized” as used herein, means that the difference in lengths between each of the traces is reduced to a sufficiently small value such that a desired level of beam scanning performance may be achieved. This is illustrated in FIG. 5 , which shows RFIC 104 coupled to phased array antenna elements 314 a and 314 b through electrical traces 502 and 504 respectively.
- electrical trace 504 is routed with a bend in the trace 508 that results in electrical trace 504 being longer than electrical trace 502 . This may be corrected by re-routing electrical trace 502 along the path indicated as electrical trace 506 , which has a meandering section 510 , to equalize the lengths of the two traces 506 and 504 .
- the electrical traces may be routed through the signal routing layer 414 in a manner that results in known timing differences between the RFIC 104 and each of the phased array antenna elements 314 , 306 , such that corrections for those known timing differences may be applied in subsequent processing stages to compensate for those differences.
- BBIC 402 which is configured to generate baseband and intermediate frequency (IF) signals to be provided to RFIC 104 .
- BBIC 402 may be deployed on the flexible substrate 412 , as shown, or may be deployed elsewhere on the platform and coupled to RFIC 104 through any suitable cabling mechanism.
- Optional card module 404 is also shown and may be configured to provide lower frequency signals such as digital, power and ground signals as required. Due to the lower frequencies involved, card module 404 may employ standard printed circuit board (PCB) laminate technologies (e.g., the National Electrical Manufacturing Association (NEMA) FR-4 standard) for reduced manufacturing cost.
- PCB printed circuit board
- NEMA National Electrical Manufacturing Association
- card module 404 may be a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) module.
- PCIe peripheral component interconnect express
- FIG. 6 illustrates a system block diagram 600 of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure. Shown are RFIC 104 , antenna elements 314 , which may be configured as phased array antenna elements, and antenna element 304 which may be configured as a single antenna element, such as for example an omni-directional or other fixed beam pattern or high gain antenna element. Also shown are BBIC 402 and phased array controller 624 .
- the RFIC 104 may be a bidirectional circuit, configured to both transmit and receive.
- an IF signal 604 may be provided to RFIC 104 from BBIC 402 .
- An RF carrier is generated by RF carrier generator 608 and mixed with IF signal 604 by mixer 606 to up-convert the IF signal 604 to an RF signal.
- Mixer 606 may be a passive bi-directional mixer.
- the RF signal may be amplified by bi-directional amplifier 610 and then coupled to one or more single element antennas 304 (only one shown) and/or one or more phased array antenna systems 622 (only one shown).
- the single element antenna 304 transmits the RF signal in a fixed beam pattern.
- the phased array antenna system 622 transmits the RF signal in a scanned beam pattern, the direction of which is adjustable.
- the RF signal is split by splitter/summer 614 and fed to a plurality of transceivers 616 .
- Each transceiver 616 is configured with a phase shifter 618 capable of independently adjusting the phase of the split RF signal being fed to that transceiver 616 .
- the phase shifted RF signal is further amplified by power amplifier (PA) 620 and fed to the antenna element 314 associated with the transceiver 616 .
- PA power amplifier
- the phase shifter 618 may be under the control of phased array controller 624 , which controls the amount and timing of the phase shift adjustments for each transceiver 616 .
- phased array controller 624 controls the amount and timing of the phase shift adjustments for each transceiver 616 .
- phased array controller 624 may be a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), programmable logic or firmware.
- Each antenna element 314 receives an RF signal which is processed by associated transceiver 616 , where it is amplified by low noise amplifier (LNA) 620 and phase shifted by phase shifter 618 under control of phased array controller 624 .
- LNA low noise amplifier
- the outputs of each transceiver 616 are summed by splitter/summer 614 .
- Received RF signals arriving from different directions generally reach each of antenna elements 314 at different times.
- Phase shifting which is equivalent to time shifting, may be employed to time align the received RF signals arriving from a particular direction while leaving received RF signals arriving from other directions unaligned.
- the summation of these RF signals by splitter/summer 614 results in a gain for the time aligned components associated with signals arriving from that particular direction. This results in a beam pattern gain in that direction.
- the resultant receive beam pattern can be scanned through a desired range of directions.
- the received RF signal from either phased array antenna system 622 or single element antenna 304 , may be further amplified by bi-directional amplifier 610 and then mixed by mixer 606 with the RF carrier generated by RF carrier generator 608 to down-convert the RF signal to an output IF signal 604 which is sent to BBIC 402 for baseband processing.
- the system is configured to operate on RF signals in the frequency range from 57-60 GHz and IF signals in the frequency range from 11.4-13.2 GHz.
- Baseband signals may be in the approximate range of 2 GHz.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of operations 700 of one exemplary embodiment consistent with the present disclosure.
- a plurality of antennas are configured on a conformal material.
- the conformal material is capable of conforming to a contour of a platform.
- driver circuitry is coupled to each of the plurality of antennas.
- the driver circuitry may include a plurality of transceivers.
- the driver circuitry comprises a single RFIC configured to operate in the mm-wave frequency range and may include a mixer, a splitter, a plurality of low noise amplifiers and a plurality of power amplifiers.
- the plurality of transceivers are configured to provide independently adjustable phase delay to each of the plurality of antennas. The phase delay may be adjusted to implement phased array beam forming.
- Embodiments of the methods described herein may be implemented in a system that includes one or more storage mediums having stored thereon, individually or in combination, instructions that when executed by one or more processors perform the methods.
- the processor may include, for example, a system CPU (e.g., core processor) and/or programmable circuitry.
- a system CPU e.g., core processor
- programmable circuitry e.g., programmable circuitry.
- operations according to the methods described herein may be distributed across a plurality of physical devices, such as processing structures at several different physical locations.
- the method operations may be performed individually or in a subcombination, as would be understood by one skilled in the art.
- the present disclosure expressly intends that all subcombinations of such operations are enabled as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
- the storage medium may include any type of tangible medium, for example, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritables (CD-RWs), digital versatile disks (DVDs) and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic and static RAMs, erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), flash memories, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
- ROMs read-only memories
- RAMs random access memories
- EPROMs erasable programmable read-only memories
- EEPROMs electrically erasable programmable read-only memories
- flash memories magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
- Circuitry may comprise, for example, singly or in any combination, hardwired circuitry, programmable circuitry, state machine circuitry, and/or firmware that stores instructions executed by programmable circuitry.
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- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Priority Applications (1)
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US13/997,205 US20140225805A1 (en) | 2011-03-15 | 2011-10-01 | Conformal phased array antenna with integrated transceiver |
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US13/997,205 US20140225805A1 (en) | 2011-03-15 | 2011-10-01 | Conformal phased array antenna with integrated transceiver |
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US13/994,789 Abandoned US20150303587A1 (en) | 2011-03-15 | 2011-11-14 | Co-linear mm-wave phased array antenna with end-fire radiation pattern |
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US13/997,298 Active 2032-09-23 US9343817B2 (en) | 2011-03-15 | 2011-11-17 | Conformal mm-wave phased array antenna with increased scan coverage |
US13/993,510 Active 2035-10-22 US10116065B2 (en) | 2011-03-15 | 2011-11-17 | MM-Wave multiple-input multiple-output antenna system with polarization diversity |
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US16/157,232 Active 2032-03-04 US11394127B2 (en) | 2011-03-15 | 2018-10-11 | MM-Wave multiple-input multiple-output antenna system with polarization diversity |
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WO2012125774A3 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
US20150214633A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
EP2686967A4 (en) | 2014-09-03 |
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CN102842769A (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
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WO2012125191A1 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
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US10116065B2 (en) | 2018-10-30 |
WO2012125189A1 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
WO2012125774A2 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
CN103493292A (zh) | 2014-01-01 |
US9742077B2 (en) | 2017-08-22 |
CN108390161A (zh) | 2018-08-10 |
US20120235881A1 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
JP2012231446A (ja) | 2012-11-22 |
US11394127B2 (en) | 2022-07-19 |
US20140071018A1 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
EP2686908A4 (en) | 2014-09-03 |
US20190044250A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
WO2012125186A1 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
US20150303587A1 (en) | 2015-10-22 |
EP2686967A1 (en) | 2014-01-22 |
EP2686908A2 (en) | 2014-01-22 |
CN103493292B (zh) | 2018-02-23 |
EP2686907A1 (en) | 2014-01-22 |
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