US20130274182A1 - Engineered polypeptides having enhanced duration of action - Google Patents

Engineered polypeptides having enhanced duration of action Download PDF

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US20130274182A1
US20130274182A1 US13/852,671 US201313852671A US2013274182A1 US 20130274182 A1 US20130274182 A1 US 20130274182A1 US 201313852671 A US201313852671 A US 201313852671A US 2013274182 A1 US2013274182 A1 US 2013274182A1
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seq
amino acid
leptin
engineered polypeptide
acid sequence
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Mary Erickson
David C. LITZINGER
Soumitra S. Ghosh
Zijian Guo
Jonathan David Roth
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Amryt Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP
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Application filed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP filed Critical Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC
Publication of US20130274182A1 publication Critical patent/US20130274182A1/en
Assigned to AEGERION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment AEGERION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC, ASTRAZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS LP
Assigned to AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC reassignment AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Assigned to ASTRAZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS LP reassignment ASTRAZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS LP ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC
Assigned to AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GHOSH, SOUMITRA S., ERICKSON, MARY, GUO, ZIJIAN, LITZINGER, DAVID C., ROTH, JONATHAN DAVID
Priority to US14/800,537 priority patent/US20160137709A1/en
Assigned to NOVELION THERAPEUTICS INC. reassignment NOVELION THERAPEUTICS INC. PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: AEGERION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Assigned to AEGERION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment AEGERION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NOVELION THERAPEUTICS INC.
Priority to US16/751,538 priority patent/US11535659B2/en
Priority to US18/049,445 priority patent/US20230115655A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • C07K14/5759—Products of obesity genes, e.g. leptin, obese (OB), tub, fat
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A61P15/08—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for gonadal disorders or for enhancing fertility, e.g. inducers of ovulation or of spermatogenesis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/2264—Obesity-gene products, e.g. leptin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/33—Fusion polypeptide fusions for targeting to specific cell types, e.g. tissue specific targeting, targeting of a bacterial subspecies

Definitions

  • the present application relates to compounds having good duration of action, high potency and/or convenient dosing regimens including oral administration, and method of use thereof.
  • engineered polypeptides which incorporate an albumin binding domain in combination with a biologically active peptide.
  • the engineered polypeptides described herein can bind albumin, the compounds can be sequestered (e.g., bound to albumin) while in the circulation leading to increased duration of action, due for example to decreased renal clearance and/or degradation.
  • Diseases amendable to such treatment include lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, overweight, obesity, hypothalamic amenorrhea, Alzheimer's disease, leptin deficiency, fatty liver disease, diabetes (including type I and type II), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), metabolic syndrome X and Huntington's Disease, or combinations thereof.
  • engineered polypeptide compounds having binding affinity for albumin and an additional therapeutic utility.
  • the compounds are engineered polypeptides which include an albumin binding domain (ABD) polypeptide capable of binding albumin and a hormone domain (HD) polypeptide, which HD polypeptides can be biologically active and can elicit a beneficial biological response, in covalent linkage with the ABD.
  • ABD albumin binding domain
  • HD hormone domain
  • Any of the ABD or HD polypeptides described herein can be optionally covalently bonded in the engineered polypeptide through a linker L, for example L1 as described herein.
  • an engineered polypeptide as described herein.
  • the engineered polypeptide includes an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD) and a hormone domain (HD1).
  • the hormone domain includes a polypeptide which is a leptin, an analog of a leptin or an active fragment thereof.
  • a method for treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need of treatment includes administering an engineered polypeptide as described herein to the subject.
  • composition which includes an engineered polypeptide compound described herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • polynucleotides encoding the engineered polypeptide and their intermediates, expression vectors bearing such polynucleotides, host cells expressing such polynucleotides, and means for their expression, synthesis, post-translational modification and isolation.
  • FIGS. 1A-1B depict the effects of a single administration of engineered polypeptides as described herein on food intake and body weight upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 3.
  • FIG. 1A food intake.
  • FIG. 1B change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected).
  • Vehicle box
  • Cmpd 1 at 2.6 mg/kg (triangle tip up);
  • Cmpd 2 at 2.7 mg/kg (triangle tip down);
  • Cmpd 4 at 2.7 mg/kg (diamond);
  • Cmpd C2 at 10 mg/kg (circle).
  • FIGS. 2A-2B depict the effects of a single administration of engineered polypeptides as described herein on food intake and body weight upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 4.
  • FIG. 2A food intake.
  • FIG. 2B change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected).
  • Vehicle box
  • Cmpd 2 at 0.3 mg/kg (triangle tip up); Cmpd 2 at 1.0 mg/kg (triangle tip down); Cmpd 2 at 3.0 mg/kg (diamond).
  • FIGS. 3A-3B depict the effects of a single administration of engineered polypeptides as described herein on food intake and body weight upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 5.
  • FIG. 3A food intake.
  • FIG. 3B change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected).
  • Vehicle box
  • Cmpd C2 at 1.1 mg/kg (circle);
  • Cmpd C2 at 3.3 mg/kg (box);
  • FIGS. 4A-4B depict the effects of a single administration of engineered polypeptides described herein, and of a control compound, on food intake and body weight upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 6.
  • FIG. 4A food intake.
  • FIG. 4B change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected).
  • FIG. 5 depicts the effects of once weekly administration of SEQ ID NO:54 on body weight (% baseline) upon administration to DIO rats as described in Example 7.
  • Vehicle box
  • Cmpd 2 at 1.3 mg/kg per injection (triangle tip up).
  • FIGS. 6A-6B depict detection and quantification of plasma levels of SEQ ID NO:33 ( FIG. 6A ) and SEQ ID NO:54 ( FIG. 6B ) upon administration to DIO rats as described in Example 8.
  • FIG. 7 depicts the effects the effects of a single administration of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected) upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 9.
  • FIG. 8 depicts the effects of a single administration of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected) upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 10.
  • FIGS. 9A-9B depict the effects of a single administration of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on food intake and change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected) upon administration to rats as described in Example 11.
  • FIG. 9A food intake.
  • FIG. 4B change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected).
  • FIG. 10 depicts the effects of a single administration of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on food intake and change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected) upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 12.
  • FIG. 11A through FIG. 11C depict the effects of a single administration of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on cumulative food intake ( FIG. 11A ) and percent change in body weight ( FIG. 11B and FIG. 11C ) upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 13.
  • FIG. 12 depicts the leptin functional activity generated by Compound 2 in the presence of albumin, as described in Example 15.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a prolonged plasma concentration-versus-time profile Compound 2 in rats following a subcutaneous injection according to Example 16.
  • FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate a prolonged plasma concentration-versus-time profile Compound 15 in rats following a subcutaneous injection according to Example 16.
  • FIG. 14A plasma drug concentration (y-axis) as a function of time in hours (x-axis);
  • FIG. 14B plasma drug concentration (y-axis) as a function of time in days (x-axis).
  • FIGS. 15A-15B depict the effects of a single administration of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected) upon administration to lean rats ( FIG. 15A ) and ZDF rats ( FIG. 15B ) as described in Example 17.
  • FIG. 16 depicts the dose sparing effects of once weekly administration of Compound 2 on body weight (% baseline) upon administration to lean rats as described in Example 18.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph depicting the effect on body weight of administration of leptin (125 ⁇ g/kg/day) and amylin (1500 ⁇ g/kg/day), either alone or in combination, in two groups of rats: one group of very obese rats and another group that was calorie restricted down to the range of moderate obesity.
  • FIG. 18A is a graph depicting an effect on body weight of administration of Compound 2 (120 nmol/kg) and infused rat amylin (50 ⁇ g/kg/day), either alone or in combination over four weeks.
  • FIG. 18B is a graph depicting an effect on body weight of administration of Compound 2 (120 nmol/kg) and PEG-rat amylin (Des-Lys1-[Lys26(mPEG40K)]-Rat Amylin (SEQ ID NO: 148) (125 nmol/kg), either alone or in combination over four weeks.
  • FIGS. 19A-19B depict an effect on food intake ( FIG. 19A ) and body weight ( FIG. 19B ) of administration of Compound 15 (120 nmol/kg) and amylin (50 ⁇ g/kg/day), either alone or in combination over four weeks.
  • FIG. 20 is a graph depicting an effect on body weight of administration of Compound 15 (120 nmol/kg) and PEG-rat amylin (Des-Lys1-[Lys26(mPEG40K)]-Rat Amylin (SEQ ID NO: 148) (125 nmol/kg), either alone or in combination over four weeks.
  • FIG. 21A depicts an effect on body weight of administration of leptin and amylin, either alone or in combination over four weeks, in moderately obese rats.
  • FIG. 21B depicts the lack of an effect on body weight of administration of leptin and amylin, either alone or in combination over four weeks, in severely obese rats.
  • FIG. 21C depicts an effect on body weight of administration of Compound 2 (120 nmol/kg) and PEG-rat amylin (Des-Lys1-[Lys26(mPEG40K)]-Rat Amylin (SEQ ID NO: 148) (125 nmol/kg), either alone or in combination over four weeks, in severely obese rats.
  • FIGS. 22A-22B depict an effect on body weight of administration of: ( FIG. 22A ) Compound 15 (120 nmol/kg) or ( FIG. 22B ) Compound 2 (120 nmol/kg) and amylin (50 ⁇ g/kg/day), either alone or in combination over four weeks, in severely obese rats.
  • FIGS. 23A-23B depict the effects of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on blood glucose upon administration to STZ-induced T1DM mice as described in Example 30.
  • FIG. 23A blood glucose (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis);
  • FIG. 23B histogram of change in blood glucose from baseline at week 2 for vehicle, Cmpd 15, Cmpd2, and insulin.
  • FIGS. 24A-24B depict the effects of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on Hemoglobin A1C upon administration to STZ-induced T1DM mice as described in Example 30.
  • FIG. 24A HbA1c (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis);
  • FIG. 24B histogram of change in HbA1c from baseline at week 2 for vehicle, Cmpd 15, Cmpd 2, and insulin.
  • FIGS. 25A-25B depict the effects of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein on food intake and body weight upon administration to STZ-induced T1DM mice as described in Example 30.
  • FIG. 25A body weight (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis) for vehicle, Cmpd 15, Cmpd 2, insulin, and normal;
  • FIG. 25B cumulative food intake (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis) for vehicle, Cmpd 15, Cmpd 2, insulin, and normal.
  • FIGS. 26A-26B depict the effects of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein, with and without a low dose of insulin, on blood glucose upon administration to STZ-induced T1DM mice as described in Example 30.
  • FIG. 26A blood glucose (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis);
  • FIG. 26B histogram of blood glucose change from baseline at week 2 for vehicle/placebo, vehicle/insulin, Cmpd 15/placebo, and Cmpd15/insulin.
  • FIGS. 27A-27B depict the effects of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein, with and without a low dose of insulin, on Hemoglobin A1C upon administration to STZ-induced T1DM mice as described in Example 30.
  • FIG. 27A HbA1c (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis);
  • FIG. 27B HbA1c percent change from baseline at week 2 for vehicle/placebo, vehicle/insulin, Cmpd 15/placebo, and Cmpd 15/insulin.
  • FIGS. 28A-28B depict the effects of the indicated engineered polypeptides described herein, with and without a low dose of insulin, on food intake (% vehicle-corrected) and change in body weight (% vehicle-corrected) upon administration to STZ-induced T1DM mice as described in Example 30.
  • FIG. 28A cumulative food intake (y-axis) as a function of time ⁇ -axis);
  • FIG. 28B percent body weight change from baseline (y-axis) as a function of time ⁇ -axis).
  • “Obesity” and “overweight” refer to mammals having a weight greater than normally expected, and may be determined by, e.g., physical appearance, body mass index (BMI) as known in the art, waist-to-hip circumference ratios, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, and the like.
  • BMI body mass index
  • the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define overweight as an adult human having a BMI of 25 to 29.9; and define obese as an adult human having a BMI of 30 or higher. Additional metrics for the determination of obesity exist. For example, the CDC states that a person with a waist-to-hip ratio greater than 1.0 is overweight.
  • Lean body mass refers to the fat-free mass of the body, i.e., total body weight minus body fat weight is lean body mass. Lean body mass can be measured by methods such as hydrostatic weighing, computerized chambers, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, skin calipers, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) as known in the art.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • BIOA bioelectric impedance analysis
  • “Mammal” refers to warm-blooded animals that generally have fur or hair, that give live birth to their progeny, and that feed their progeny with milk. Mammals include humans; companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats); farm animals (e.g., cows, horses, sheep, pigs, goats); wild animals; and the like.
  • the mammal is a female. In one embodiment, the mammal is a female human. In one embodiment, the mammal is a cat or dog.
  • the mammal is a diabetic mammal, e.g., a human having type 2 diabetes. In one embodiment, the mammal is an obese diabetic mammal, e.g., an obese mammal having type 2 diabetes.
  • the term “subject” in the context of methods described herein refers to a mammal.
  • “Fragment” in the context of polypeptides refers herein in the customary chemical sense to a portion of a polypeptide.
  • a fragment can result from N-terminal deletion or C-terminal deletion of one or more residues of a parent polypeptide, and/or a fragment can result from internal deletion of one or more residues of a parent polypeptide.
  • “Fragment” in the context of an antibody refers to a portion of an antibody which can be linked to a biologically active molecule to modulate solubility, distribution within a subject, and the like.
  • leptin A200 described herein is a conjugate of an Fc antibody fragment with a leptin, as known in the art. See e.g.
  • polypeptides refers, in the customary sense, to a polypeptide which serves as a reference structure prior to modification, e.g., insertion, deletion and/or substitution.
  • conjugate in the context of engineered polypeptides described herein refers to covalent linkage between component polypeptides, e.g., ABD, HD1 and the like.
  • fusion in the context of engineered polypeptides described herein refers to covalent linkage between component polypeptides, e.g., ABD, HD1 and the like, via either or both terminal amino or carboxy functional group of the peptide backbone.
  • Engineered polypeptides can be synthetically or recombinantly made. Typically, fusions are made using recombinant biotechnology, however, can also be made by chemical synthesis and conjugation methods known in the art.
  • Analog as used herein in the context of polypeptides refers to a compound that has insertions, deletions and/or substitutions of amino acids relative to a parent compound.
  • An analog may have superior stability, solubility, efficacy, half-life, and the like.
  • an analog is a compound having at least 50%, for example 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or even higher, sequence identity to the parent compound.
  • Identity refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (i.e., about 50% identity, preferably 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher identity over a specified region, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window or designated region) as measured using a sequence comparison algorithms as known in the art, for example BLAST or BLAST 2.0.
  • sequence comparison typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared.
  • test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated.
  • sequence algorithm program parameters Preferably, default program parameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated.
  • sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identities for the test sequences relative to the reference sequence, based on the program parameters.
  • Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, 1981 , Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, 1970 , J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, 1988 , Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by manual alignment and visual inspection.
  • BLAST and BLAST 2.0 are used, as known in the art, to determine percent sequence identity for the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention.
  • Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the web site of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  • This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence.
  • T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., Id.).
  • HSPs high scoring sequence pairs
  • a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached.
  • the BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment.
  • peptide and “polypeptide” in the context of components of the engineered polypeptides described herein are synonymous.
  • engineered polypeptide compounds which include an albumin binding domain (ABD) polypeptide and at least one polypeptide hormone domain (HD1).
  • ABS albumin binding domain
  • HD1 polypeptide hormone domain
  • albumin binding domain refers to polypeptides capable of binding albumin as described herein.
  • hormone domain refers to a polypeptide capable of eliciting a biological response in a subject.
  • Exemplary hormone domains include, but are not limited to, a leptin, an analog of a leptin or an active fragment thereof, but could be a leptin derivative such as a PEGylated derivative.
  • a leptin, a leptin analog, a active leptin fragment, or a leptin derivative thereof can be fused to an very-high-affinity albumin binding domain (ABD) derived from the albumin-binding domains of bacterial proteins as described herein, while retaining sufficient leptin biological activity and having an extended duration of action, for example of at least 3 days and even 5 days in a rodent, which translates to at least a one week duration or longer in a human subject.
  • ABS very-high-affinity albumin binding domain
  • ABD peptides have not been extensively demonstrated to be a robust platform as a therapeutic protein carrier, they are relatively hydrophobic which could interact adversely with an attached therapeutic peptide, and were not able to act as a carrier for at least one family of peptide hormones.
  • rat amylin compounds e.g., SEQ ID NO:108
  • Biologically active compound components contemplated for use in the compounds and methods described herein include leptins.
  • the terms “biologically active compound” and the like refer in the customary sense to compounds, e.g., polypeptides and the like, which can elicit a biological response.
  • “Leptins” and “a leptin” means: leptins, leptin active fragments, leptin analogs, and leptin derivatives; and a leptin, a leptin active fragment, a leptin analog, and a leptin derivative; respectfully. Accordingly, unless otherwise noted, reference to “leptins” is meant to leptins, leptin active fragments, leptin analogs, and leptin derivatives, as disclosed herein.
  • a leptin is meant to encompass a leptin, a leptin active fragment, a leptin analog, and a leptin derivative, as disclosed herein.
  • exemplary such leptins which may be employed in the design, preparation, and use of the engineered polypeptides disclosed herein include those which elicit one or more biological responses known in the art to be elicited when leptins are administered to subjects (see, e.g., published U.S. Patent application Nos. US 2007/0020284 and US 2008/0207512, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,309,853, and 7,183,254, and PCT Published Application Nos.
  • WO 96/005309, WO 98/28427, and WO 2009/064298 such as: reduction of food intake, reduction of body weight, reduction of body weight gain, induction of satiety, reduction of caloric availability, reduction of caloric efficiency, reduction of metabolic plateau, increase in insulin sensitivity, reduction of hyperlipidemia, correction of dyslipidemia, reduction of hypertriglyceridemia, amelioration of obesity, amelioration of overweight, amelioration of diabetes mellitus (including type I diabetes, type II diabetes, and gestational diabetes), amelioration of insulin resistance, amelioration of lipodystrophy conditions associated therewith, as well as other biological responses known in the art to be elicited upon administration of a leptin (see, e.g., published U.S.
  • leptins suitable for the design, preparation, and use of the engineered polypeptides described herein include, but are not limited to, the compounds described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,594,101, 5,851,995, 5,691,309, 5,580,954, 5,554,727, 5,552,523, 5,559,208, 5,756,461, 6,309,853, published U.S. Patent application No. US 2007/0020284, and PCT Published Application Nos.
  • leptin, leptin analog, leptin active fragment, or leptin derivative known in the art may be employed in order to prepare and use engineered polypeptides as disclosed herein throughout.
  • Representative leptins, leptin analogs, leptin active fragments, and leptin derivatives contemplated for use in the engineered polypeptides and methods described herein also include the following:
  • a full length sequence of platypus leptin, including a 21-residue N-terminal signal sequence follows:
  • Leptin A200 is an Fc antibody fragment condensation product with leptin, as known in the art. See e.g., Lo et al., 2005 , Protein Eng. Design & Selection, 18:1-10.
  • the amino acid sequence of A200 is as follows:
  • Leptin A300 is metreleptin with substitutions W101Q and W139Q (N-terminal 1 Met counted as residue 1):
  • Leptin A400 is metreleptin with the serine residue at position 78 replaced with a cysteine residue, as set forth following:
  • H98S, W101Q, G113E, M137I, W139Q, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 666) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCSLP EQASGLETLDSLGEVLEASGYSTVVALSRLQGSLQDILQQLDLSPEC.
  • W101Q, G113E, M137I, W139Q, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 667) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCHLP QASGLETLDSLGEVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDILQQLDLSPEC.
  • H98S, W101Q, M137I, W139Q, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 668) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCSLP QASGLETLDSLGGVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDILQQLDLSPEC.
  • W101Q, G113E, M137I, W139Q, L143V, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 669) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCHLP QASGLETLDSLGEVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDILQQLDVSPEC.
  • H98S, W101Q, A102T, Ml37I, W139Q, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 670) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCSLP QTSGLETLDSLGGVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDILQQLDLSPEC.
  • H98S, W101Q, D109E, G113E, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 671) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCSLP QASGLETLESLGEVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDMLWQLDLSPEC.
  • W101Q, M137I, W139Q, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 672) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCHLP QASGLETLDSLGGVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDILQQLDLSPEC.
  • W101Q, M137I, W139Q, L143V, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 673) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCHLP QASGLETLDSLGGVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDILQQLDVSPEC.
  • H98S, W101Q, A102T, G113E, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 675) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCSLP QTSGLETLDSLGEVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDMLWQLDLSPEC.
  • W101Q, G113E, and W139Q (SEQ ID NO: 676) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCHLP QASGLETLDSLGEVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDMLQQLDLSPGC.
  • W101Q, G113E, W139Q, and G146E (SEQ ID NO: 677) MVPIQKVQDDTKTLIKTIVTRINDISHTQSVSSKQKVTGLDFIPGLHPIL TLSKMDQTLAVYQQILTSMPSRNVIQISNDLENLRDLLHVLAFSKSCHLP QASGLETLDSLGEVLEASGYSTEVVALSRLQGSLQDMLQQLDLSPEC.
  • leptins Any of the above leptins, leptin analogs or their active fragments, as well as leptins as described below, are suitable for use in the present engineered polypeptides, with or without a linker to the ABD.
  • Albumin binding domain (ABD) peptides for use in the invention are those with comparably high affinity for albumin and derive from albumin-binding domains of bacterial protein G of Streptococcus strain G148.
  • ABD peptides contemplated for the engineered polypeptides described herein include those having the albumin binding motifs as described by Jonsson et al. ( Protein Eng. Design & Selection, 2008, 21:515-527) as well as the ABD peptides described therein, and those motifs and ABD peptides further described in PCT Published Appl. No. WO2009/016043, as well as analogs thereof, particularly those having at least 85% amino acid identity.
  • the ABD peptide can comprise an albumin binding motif (“ABM”) that consists of the amino acid sequence:
  • X 5 is selected from Y and F;
  • X 8 is selected from N, R and S;
  • X 9 is selected from V, I, L, M, F and Y;
  • X 11 is selected from N, S, E and D;
  • X 12 is selected from R, K and N;
  • X 14 is selected from K and R;
  • X 20 is selected from D, N, Q, E, H, S, R and K;
  • X 23 is selected from K, I and T;
  • X 24 is selected from A, S, T, G, H, L and D;
  • X 25 is selected from H, E and D.
  • X 5 is Y. In certain embodiments, X 8 is N. In certain embodiments, X 23 is T. In certain embodiments, X 23 is I. In certain embodiments, X 24 is S. In certain embodiments, X 24 is L. In certain embodiments, X 25 is E. In certain embodiments, X 25 is H. In certain embodiments, independently from each other, X 5 is Y, and/or X 8 is N, and/or X 23 is T or I, and/or X 24 is S or L, and/or X 25 is E. In certain embodiments, the albumin binding motif (“ABM”) is GVSDYYKNLINKAKTVEGVEALTLHI (SEQ ID NO:114). In certain embodiments, the albumin binding motif (“ABM”) is GVSDYYKNLINKAKTVEGVEALISEI (SEQ ID NO:115).
  • the ABD peptide binds to albumin with a K value of the interaction that is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M, and even more preferably at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 M (even tighter affinity). More preferably the K value of the interaction that is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 M, even more preferably is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 11 M, yet even more preferably is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 M, and even further is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 13 M.
  • a K D value of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 14 M is a K value of the interaction that is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 13 M.
  • the K values can be determined as described in PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043, preferably to human serum albumin. In one embodiment is contemplated the above genus with the proviso that the amino acid sequence is not GVSDYYKNLINNAKTVEGVKALIDEI (SEQ ID NO:35).
  • the albumin binding capacity of the ABD peptide can be retained despite amino acid changes so long as such changes retain sufficient tertiary structure of the ABD peptide.
  • Such changes include, for example, a substitution where an amino acid residue belonging to a certain functional grouping of amino acid residues (e.g. hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar etc.) is exchanged for another amino acid residue from the same functional group.
  • the motif X 5 is Y.
  • the ABD X 8 is selected from N and R, and may in particular be R.
  • X 9 is L.
  • X 11 is selected from N and S, and may in particular be N.
  • X 12 is selected from R and K, such as X 12 being R or X 12 being K.
  • X 14 is K.
  • X 20 is selected from D, N, Q, E, H, S and R, and may in particular be E.
  • X 23 is selected from K and I, and may in particular be K.
  • X 24 is selected from A, S, T, G, H and L. In a more specific embodiment X 24 is L. In an even more specific embodiment “X 23 X 24 ” is KL. In another even more specific embodiment “X 23 X 24 ” is TL.
  • X 24 is selected from A, S, T, G and H.
  • X 24 is selected from A, S, T, G and H and X 23 is I.
  • X 25 is H.
  • albumin binding motifs within the above formula include those presented as SEQ ID NOs:1-257 in PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the albumin binding motif consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1-257.
  • the motif sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:55, SEQ ID NO:155, SEQ ID NO:239, SEQ ID NO:240, SEQ ID NO:241, SEQ ID NO:242, SEQ ID NO:243, SEQ ID NO:244 and SEQ ID NO:245 of PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043.
  • the motif sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:53 and SEQ ID NO:239 of PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043.
  • Albumin binding polypeptides containing albumin binding motifs, and thus suitable for conjugation or fusion to a hormone domain as described herein, are further described herein and below and exemplified in Table 1 and the Examples. Not to be bound by theory but it is believed that the albumin binding motif can form part of a three-helix bundle protein domain.
  • the motif may essentially constitute or form part of two alpha helices with an interconnecting loop, within said three-helix bundle protein domain.
  • such a three-helix bundle protein domain is selected from the group consisting of three-helix domains of bacterial receptor protein G from Streptococcus strain G148.
  • the three-helix bundle protein domain of which the motif forms a part is selected from the group consisting of domain GA1, domain GA2 and domain GA3 of protein G from Streptococcus strain G148, in particular domain GA3.
  • the motif forms part of a three-helix bundle protein domain
  • this is understood to mean that the sequence of the albumin binding motif is “inserted” into or “grafted” onto or “fused” to the sequence of the naturally occurring (or otherwise original) three-helix bundle domain, such that the motif replaces a similar structural motif in the original domain.
  • the motif is thought to constitute two of the three helices of a three-helix bundle, and can replace such a two-helix motif within any three-helix bundle.
  • the replacement of two helices of the three-helix bundle domain by the two motif helices disclosed herein is performed so as not to affect the basic structure of the polypeptide.
  • the overall folding of the backbone of the polypeptide according to this embodiment of the invention will be substantially the same as that of the three-helix bundle protein domain of which it forms a part, e.g. having the same elements of secondary structure in the same order etc.
  • a motif useful to the engineered polypeptides herein can form part of a three-helix bundle domain if the polypeptide according to this embodiment has the same fold as the original domain, implying that the basic structural properties are shared, those properties e.g. resulting in similar CD spectra.
  • the albumin binding domain polypeptide is a three-helix bundle protein domain, which comprises the albumin binding motif as defined above and additional sequences making up the remainder of the three-helix configuration.
  • an albumin binding domain polypeptide can be fused to a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative thereof to create the engineered polypeptides as described herein.
  • An albumin binding domain polypeptide suitable for conjugation or fusion to a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative thereof can comprise the amino acid sequence:
  • [ABM] is an albumin binding motif as defined above, and,
  • X a is selected from V and E;
  • X b is selected from L, E and D;
  • X c is selected from N, L and I;
  • X d is selected from R and K;
  • X e is selected from D and K.
  • X a is E. In certain embodiments X b is D. In certain embodiments, X c is I. In certain embodiments, X d is K. In certain embodiments, X a independently is E, and/or independently X b is D, and/or independently X c is I, and/or independently X d is K. In certain embodiments, the leucine at position 45 is present or absent. In certain embodiments, the proline at position 46 is absent. In certain embodiments, the albumin binding domain polypeptide is LAEAKEDAIKELDKYGVSDYYKNLINKAKTVEGVEALTLHILAALP (SEQ ID NO: 50). In certain embodiments, the albumin binding domain polypeptide is LAEAKEDAIKELDKYGVSDYYKNLINKAKTVEGVEALISEILAALP (SEQ ID NO:51).
  • the ABD comprises one or more N-terminal helix-capping amino acids, and in a further embodiment the helix-capping amino acid may be serine, or may be glycine-serine.
  • albumin binding domain sequence disclosed herein, including those in the figures and sequenced listing, also specifically contemplated for all aspects as disclosed herein in the engineered polypeptide, are albumin binding domains, their Ser-ABD, Gly-Ser-ABD, Gly-ABD, Ala-ABD and their des-C-terminal-proline sequences.
  • the ABD peptide binds to albumin with a K value of the interaction that is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M and even more preferably at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 M (even tighter affinity). More preferably the K value of the interaction that is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 M, even more preferably is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 11 M, yet even more preferably is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 M, and even further is at most 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 13 M.
  • albumin binding polypeptide X a is V. In one embodiment of this polypeptide X b is L. In one embodiment of this polypeptide X c is N. In one embodiment of this polypeptide X d is R. In one embodiment of this polypeptide X e is D.
  • the sequence of the albumin binding polypeptide is selected from SEQ ID NO:259, SEQ ID NO:260, SEQ ID NO:266, SEQ ID NO:272, SEQ ID NO:282, SEQ ID NO:284, SEQ ID NO:303, SEQ ID NO:306, SEQ ID NO:310, SEQ ID NO:311, SEQ ID NO:312, SEQ ID NO:412, SEQ ID NO:496, SEQ ID NO:497, SEQ ID NO:498, SEQ ID NO:499, SEQ ID NO:500, SEQ ID NO:501 and SEQ ID NO:502 in PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043, and sequences having 85% or greater identity thereto.
  • sequence of the albumin binding polypeptide is selected from SEQ ID NO:260, SEQ ID NO:270, SEQ ID NO:272, SEQ ID NO:291, SEQ ID NO:294, SEQ ID NO:298, SEQ ID NO:299, SEQ ID NO:300, SEQ ID NO:400, SEQ ID NO:484, SEQ ID NO:485, SEQ ID NO:486, SEQ ID NO:487, SEQ ID NO:488, SEQ ID NO:489 and SEQ ID NO:490 in PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043, and sequences having 85% or greater identity thereto.
  • sequence of the albumin binding polypeptide is selected from SEQ ID NO:260, SEQ ID NO:310, SEQ ID NO:496, and SEQ ID NO: 511 in PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043 and sequences having 85% or greater identity thereto.
  • the albumin binding polypeptide further comprises one or more additional amino acid residues positioned at the N- and/or the C-terminal of the sequence defined in SEQ ID NO:36.
  • additional amino acid residues may play a role in enhancing the binding of albumin by the polypeptide, and improving the conformational stability of the folded albumin binding domain, but may equally well serve other purposes, related for example to one or more of production, purification, stabilization in vivo or in vitro, coupling, labeling or detection of the polypeptide, as well as any combination thereof.
  • Such additional amino acid residues may comprise one or more amino acid residue(s) added for purposes of chemical coupling, e.g. to an HD1.
  • amino acids directly preceding or following the alpha helix at the N- or C-terminus of the amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO:36 may thus in one embodiment affect the conformational stability.
  • an amino acid residue which may contribute to improved conformational stability is a serine residue positioned at the N-terminal of SEQ ID NO:36 as defined above.
  • the N-terminal serine residue may in some cases form a canonical S—X-X-E capping box, by involving hydrogen bonding between the gamma oxygen of the serine side chain and the polypeptide backbone NH of the glutamic acid residue.
  • This N-terminal capping may contribute to stabilization of the first alpha helix of the three helix domain constituting the albumin binding polypeptide according to the first aspect of the disclosure.
  • the additional amino acids comprise at least one serine residue at the N-terminal of the polypeptide.
  • the amino acid sequence is in other words preceded by one or more serine residue(s).
  • the additional amino acids comprise a glycine residue at the N-terminal of the polypeptide. It is understood that the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 may be preceded by one, two, three, four or any suitable number of amino acid residues.
  • the amino acid sequence may be preceded by a single serine residue, a single glycine residue or a combination of the two, such as a glycine-serine (GS) combination or a glycine-serine-serine (GSS) combination.
  • the additional amino acid residues comprise a glutamic acid at the N-terminal of the polypeptide as defined by the sequence of SEQ ID NO:36.
  • Exemplary ABD species include, but are not limited to, the compounds set forth in Table 1 following and the Examples. See also PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.
  • An ABD peptide useful in compounds, methods and pharmaceuticals compositions described herein can be a fragment or analog of an ABD peptide disclosed herein or known in the art so long as it contains an albumin binding motif and binds albumin with the affinity described herein.
  • ABD peptide sequence SEQ ID NO: LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDYYKNLINNAKTVEGVKALIDEILAALP 37 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDFYKSYINRAKTVEGVHTLIGHILAALP 38 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDFYKRLINKAKTVEGVNALTHHILAALP 39 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDYYKNLINRARTVEGVHALIDHILAALP 40 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDYYKNIINRAKTVEGVRALKLHILAALP 41 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDFYKNLINRAKTVEGVSSLKGHILAALP 42 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDYYKNLINKAKTVEGVEALTLHILAALP 43 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDFYKNLINRAKTVEGVDALIAHILAALP 44 LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDFYKSLINRA
  • Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in mammalian sera (40 g/L; approximately 0.7 mM in humans) where it binds a variety of molecules including but not limited to lipids and bilirubin (Peters T, 1985 , Advances in Protein Chemistry 37:161). It has been observed that the half-life of serum albumin is directly proportional to the size of the animal, where for example human serum albumin (HSA) has a half-life of 19 days and rabbit serum albumin has a half-life of about 5 days (McCurdy T R et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 143:115, 2004).
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • albumins Human serum albumin is widely distributed throughout the body, in particular in the intestinal and blood compartments, where it is mainly involved in the maintenance of osmolarity. Structurally, albumins are single-chain proteins comprising three homologous domains and totaling 584 or 585 amino acids (Dugaiczyk L et al., 1982 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:71). Albumins contain 17 disulfide bridges and a single reactive thiol, C34, but lack N-linked and O-linked carbohydrate moieties (Peters, 1985, Id.; Nicholson J P et al., 2000 , Br J Anaesth 85:599).
  • albumin The lack of glycosylation simplifies recombinant expression of albumin.
  • This property of albumin together with the fact that its three-dimensional structure is known (see e.g., He X M & Carter D C, 1992 , Nature 358:209), has made it an attractive candidate for use in recombinant fusion proteins.
  • Such fusion proteins generally combine a therapeutic protein (which would be rapidly cleared from the body upon administration of the protein per se) and a plasma protein (which exhibits a natural slow clearance) in a single polypeptide chain. See e.g., Sheffield WP, 2001 , Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovacs. Haematol. Disord. 1:1).
  • Such proteins may provide clinical benefits in requiring less frequent injection and higher levels of therapeutic protein in vivo.
  • the engineered polypeptides herein are not conjugated to albumin, but instead contain motifs that allow non-covalent binding to albumin.
  • each of the polypeptides disclosed herein are also contemplated to include (optionally) a methionine at the N-terminus in frame with the naturally-occurring first amino acid thereof.
  • a methionine at the N-terminus in frame with the naturally-occurring first amino acid thereof.
  • metreleptin consists of mature human leptin to which has been added an N-terminal methionine, as disclosed in SEQ ID NO:20.
  • a methionine residue may be included at the N-terminus of any of the amino acid sequences and Formulae disclosed herein throughout. It is further understood that where a C-terminal Gly appears in an engineered polypeptide sequence set forth herein, the residue may be lost during subsequent amidation.
  • a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative can have at least 50%, for example 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, sequence identity relative to a parent leptin.
  • the parent leptin is a leptin set out in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, ID NO:143, SEQ ID NO:
  • a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative may have at least 50%, for example 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, sequence identity relative to any leptin selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, and SEQ ID NO:23.
  • a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative may have at least 50%, for example 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:20.
  • a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative may have at least 50%, for example 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, sequence identity relative to any leptin selected from the group consisting SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO:29.
  • a leptin analog may have at least 90% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:20.
  • a leptin analog may have at least 50% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, ID NO:143, SEQ ID NO:144, SEQ ID NO:145, or SEQ ID NO:146. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 90% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO: 2, ID NO:143, SEQ ID NO:144, SEQ ID NO:145, or SEQ ID NO:146. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 50% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15.
  • a leptin analog may have at least 90% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 50% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 90% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:32. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 50% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 90% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:33.
  • a leptin analog may have at least 50% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 90% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 50% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:13. In some embodiments, a leptin analog may have at least 90% sequence identity relative to the leptin set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:13.
  • leptins may be designed, prepared, and used in accordance with the invention in which 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or even 21 amino acids of a leptin selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO
  • the term “conservative” in the context of amino acid substitutions refers to substitution which maintains properties of charge type (e.g., anionic, cationic, neutral, polar and the like), hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, bulk (e.g., van der Waals contacts and the like), and/or functionality (e.g., hydroxy, amine, sulhydryl and the like).
  • charge type e.g., anionic, cationic, neutral, polar and the like
  • hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity e.g., hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity
  • bulk e.g., van der Waals contacts and the like
  • functionality e.g., hydroxy, amine, sulhydryl and the like.
  • non-conservative refers to an amino acid substitution which is not conservative.
  • murine leptins, rat leptins, bovine leptins, porcine leptins, and rhesus monkey leptins are each substantially homologous to human leptins; in particular, the mature forms of these leptins are substantially homologous to mature leptins, and further, particularly near the N-terminal portion of the protein.
  • mature human leptins e.g., SEQ ID NO:20
  • leptins may be designed and prepared in which one or more amino acids at positions which are divergent at the corresponding position(s) in a leptin from one or more of such species are substituted with the amino acid(s) at such corresponding divergent positions.
  • the first amino acid is valine and the amino acid at position 146 is cysteine
  • another amino acid such as a conservative amino acid or a non-conservative amino acid
  • rat leptin differs from mature human leptin form 1 (SEQ ID NO:16) at the following positions: 4, 32, 33, 35, 50, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 89, 97, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 118, 136, 138 and 145.
  • another amino acid such as a conservative amino acid or a non-conservative amino acid
  • the positions from both mature rat leptin (SEQ ID NO:12) and mature murine leptin form 1 (SEQ ID NO:143) which diverge from the mature human leptin form 1 (SEQ ID NO:16) are: 4, 32, 33, 35, 50, 64, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 89, 97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 118, 136, 138, 142, and 145.
  • another amino acid such as a conservative amino acid or a non-conservative amino acid
  • amino acids found in rhesus monkey mature leptin (SEQ ID NO:10) which diverge from mature human leptin form 1 (SEQ ID NO:16) are (with amino acid residues noted in parentheses in one letter amino acid abbreviation): 8 (S), 35 (R), 48(V), 53(Q), 60(I), 66(I), 67(N), 68((L), 89(L), 100(L), 108(E), 112 (D), and 118 (L).
  • a leptin such as mature human leptin form 1 (SEQ ID NO:16) having one or more of the rhesus monkey divergent amino acids replaced with another amino acid, such as the amino acids in parentheses, may be employed in designing, preparing, and using engineered polypeptides in accordance with the invention.
  • certain rhesus divergent amino acids are also those found in, for example, the above mature murine leptin form 1 (positions 35, 68, 89, 100 and 112).
  • leptins in which one or more amino acids at positions 4, 8, 32, 33, 35, 48, 50, 53, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 89, 97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 118, 136, 138, 142, and 145 of, e.g., mature human leptin form 1 (SEQ ID NO:16) are replaced by the corresponding amino acid(s) at such position(s) in murine or rhesus monkey leptins (e.g., SEQ ID NO:143 and/or SEQ ID NO:10).
  • SEQ ID NO:16 mature human leptin form 1
  • leptins may be prepared by deleting a part of a leptin amino acid sequence, provided that such a leptin amino acid sequence may elicit a biological response.
  • leptin amino acid sequences are leptin active fragments.
  • mature murine leptins, mature rhesus monkey leptins, mature human leptins, and mature rat leptins, and other leptins all lack the N-terminal 21 amino acid signal sequence that is present in the unprocessed, full-length forms of such leptin.
  • active leptin fragments may also be prepared in which one or more of the amino acids at positions in, e.g., mature human leptin form 1 that are substituted with the amino acids found at the corresponding position(s) found in, e.g., rat, murine, monkey, porcine, and/or bovine mature leptins as disclosed above.
  • any substitutions or alterations may be in the form of altered amino acids, such as peptidomimetics or D-amino acids.
  • the present invention encompasses engineered polypeptides which comprise a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative as described above, wherein the a leptin, a leptin analog, a leptin active fragment, or a leptin derivative is selected from:
  • a leptin consisting of a fragment of the amino acid sequence of (a), (b), or (c) selected from the group consisting of:
  • leptins to which a chemical moiety is attached are leptin derivatives.
  • Derivatization of leptins by attachment of one or more chemical moieties has been found to provide some advantage under certain circumstances, such as increasing the stability and circulation time of the therapeutic protein and decreasing immunogenicity and propensity for, for example, generation of neutralizing antibodies and/or incidence of injection site reactions.
  • WO 98/28427, US2007/0020284, U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337 Davis et al., issued Dec. 18, 1979.
  • Abuchowski et al. in E NZYMES AS D RUGS . (J. S. Holcerberg and J.
  • Leptin derivatives may constitute leptins to which a chemical modification has been made of one or more of its amino acid side groups, ⁇ -carbon atoms, terminal amino group, or terminal carboxylic acid group.
  • a chemical modification includes, but is not limited to, attaching one or more chemical moieties, creating new bonds, and removing one or more chemical moieties.
  • Modifications at amino acid side groups include, without limitation, alkylation, acylation, ester formation, amide formation, maleimide coupling, acylation of lysine ⁇ -amino groups, N-alkylation of arginine, histidine, or lysine, alkylation of glutamic or aspartic carboxylic acid groups, and deamidation of glutamine or asparagine.
  • Modifications of the terminal amino include, without limitation, the desamino, N-lower alkyl, N-di-lower alkyl, and N-acyl modifications. Modifications of the terminal amino include, without limitation, the desamino, N-lower alkyl, N-di-lower alkyl, and N-acyl modifications, such as alkylacyls, branched alkylacyls, alkylaryl-acyls. Modifications of the terminal carboxy group include, without limitation, the amide, lower alkyl amide, dialkyl amide, arylamide, alkylarylamide and lower alkyl ester modifications. Lower alkyl is C 1 -C 4 alkyl. Furthermore, one or more side groups, or terminal groups, may be protected by protective groups known to the ordinarily-skilled synthetic chemist.
  • the ⁇ -carbon of an amino acid may be mono- or dimethylated.
  • Such derivatives include leptins conjugated to one or more water soluble polymer molecules, such as polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) or fatty acid chains of various lengths (e.g., stearyl, palmitoyl, octanoyl), by the addition of polyamino acids, such as poly-his, poly-arg, poly-lys, and poly-ala, or by addition of small molecule substituents include short alkyls and constrained alkyls (e.g., branched, cyclic, fused, adamantyl), and aromatic groups.
  • the water soluble polymer molecules will have a molecular weight ranging from about 500 Daltons to about 60,000 Daltons.
  • Such polymer-conjugations may occur singularly at the N- or C-terminus or at the side chains of amino acid residues within the sequence of a leptin as disclosed herein.
  • Substitution of one or more amino acids with lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine may provide additional sites for derivatization. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,784 and 5,824,778.
  • a leptin may be conjugated to one, two, or three polymer molecules.
  • the water soluble polymer molecules are linked to an amino, carboxyl, or thiol group, and may be linked by N or C termini, or at the side chains of lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine.
  • the water soluble polymer molecules may be linked with diamine and dicarboxylic groups.
  • a leptin is conjugated to one, two, or three PEG molecules through an epsilon amino group on a lysine amino acid.
  • Leptin derivatives also include leptins with chemical alterations to one or more amino acid residues.
  • Such chemical alterations include amidation, glycosylation, acylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and cyclization.
  • the chemical alterations may occur singularly at the N- or C-terminus or at the side chains of amino acid residues within the sequence of a leptin.
  • the C-terminus of these peptides may have a free —OH or —NH 2 group.
  • the N-terminal end may be capped with an isobutyloxycarbonyl group, an isopropyloxycarbonyl group, an n-butyloxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, an isocaproyl group (“isocap”), an octanyl group, an octyl glycine group (denoted as “G(Oct)” or “octylGly”), an 8-aminooctanic acid group, a dansyl, and/or a Fmoc group.
  • cyclization can be through the formation of disulfide bridges. Alternatively, there may be multiple sites of chemical alteration along the leptin amino acid sequence.
  • leptins are chemically altered to include a Bolton-Hunter group.
  • Bolton-Hunter reagents are known in the art (“Radioimmunoassay and related methods,” A. E. Bolton and W. M. Hunter, Chapter 26 of H ANDBOOK OF E XPERIMENTAL I MMUNOLOGY , V OLUME I, I MMUNOCHEMISTRY , edited by D. M. Weir, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1986), and may be used to introduce tyrosine-like moieties with a neutral linkage, through amino-terminal ⁇ -amino groups or ⁇ -amino groups of lysine.
  • the N-terminal end of a leptin is modified with a Bolton-Hunter group.
  • an internal lysine residue is modified with a Bolton-Hunter group.
  • Bolton-Hunter reagents used for polypeptide modification are commercially available, and may include, but are not limited to, water-soluble Bolton-Hunter reagent, Sulfosuccinimidyl-3-[4-hydrophenyl]propionate (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, Ill.) and Bolton-Hunter reagent-2, N-Succinimidyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl) Priopionate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan, catalog #199-09341).
  • An exemplary Bolton-Hunter group conjugated through an amide linkage to a leptin is illustrated below, wherein the dashed line passes through the amide bond:
  • Leptins may be iodinated (such as radiolabeled with 125 I) before or after Bolton-Hunter modification.
  • a leptin derivative for use in the preparation of such may include one or more modifications of a “non-essential” amino acid residue.
  • a “non-essential” amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered, e.g., derivatized, without abolishing or substantially reducing the activity (e.g., the agonist activity) of the leptin.
  • the engineered polypeptides of the invention may include derivatizations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acid residues of the leptin moiety; of these, one or more amino acid residues may be non-essential amino acid residues.
  • polypeptides of the invention may be derivatized such that they include additions of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids of the leptin moiety without abolishing or substantially reducing the activity of the polypeptide. Additionally, such non-essential amino acid residues may be substituted with an amino acid residue that is amenable to derivatization as described throughout.
  • amino acid As used throughout, “amino acid,” “amino acid residue” and the like refer to natural amino acids, unnatural amino acids, and modified amino acids. Unless stated to the contrary, any reference to an amino acid, generally or specifically by name, includes reference to both the D and the L stereoisomers if their structure allow such stereoisomeric forms.
  • Natural amino acids include alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), asparagine (Asn), aspartic acid (Asp), cysteine (Cys), glutamine (Gln), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), Lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr) and valine (Val).
  • Unnatural amino acids include, but are not limited to homolysine, homoarginine, homoserine, azetidinecarboxylic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, beta-alanine, aminopropionic acid, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 3-aminoisbutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, tertiary-butylglycine, 2,4-diaminoisobutyric acid, desmosine, 2,2′-diaminopimelic acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, N-ethylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, homoproline, hydroxylysine, allo-hydroxylysine, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, isodesmosine, allo-isoleucine, N-methyl
  • Additional unnatural amino acids include modified amino acid residues which are chemically blocked, reversibly or irreversibly, or chemically modified on their N-terminal amino group or their side chain groups, as for example, N-methylated D and L amino acids or residues wherein the side chain functional groups are chemically modified to another functional group.
  • modified amino acids include methionine sulfoxide; methionine sulfone; aspartic acid-(beta-methyl ester), a modified amino acid of aspartic acid; N-ethylglycine, a modified amino acid of glycine; or alanine carboxamide, a modified amino acid of alanine. Additional residues that can be incorporated are described in Sandberg et al., J. Med. Chem. 41: 2481-91, 1998.
  • chemical moieties suitable for such derivatization of leptins and other polypeptides include, for example, various water soluble polymers.
  • the polymer will be pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • One skilled in the art will be able to select the desired polymer based on such considerations as whether the polymer/protein conjugate will be used therapeutically, and if so, the desired dosage, circulation time, resistance to proteolysis, and other considerations.
  • the effectiveness of the derivatization may be ascertained by administering the derivatized leptin or the derivatized engineered polypeptide, in the desired form (i.e., by osmotic pump, or, more preferably, by injection or infusion, or, further formulated for oral, pulmonary or nasal delivery, for example), and observing biological effects and biological responses as described herein.
  • Such a water soluble polymer may be selected from the group consisting of, for example, polyethylene glycol, copolymers of ethylene glycol/propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrolidone, poly-1,3-dioxolane, poly-1,3,6-trioxane, ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, polyaminoacids (either homopolymers or random copolymers), and dextran or poly(n-vinyl pyrolidone)polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols and polyvinyl alcohol.
  • Polyethylene glycol propionaldehyde may have advantages in manufacturing due to its stability in water. Also, succinate and styrene may also be used.
  • Leptin derivatives used in the design and preparation of engineered polypeptides in accordance with the invention may be prepared by attaching polyaminoacids or branch point amino acids to the leptin moiety.
  • the polyaminoacid may be an additional carrier protein, such as an Fc moiety, which can serve to also increase the circulation half life of the leptin or the engineered polypeptide, in addition to the advantages achieved via attachment of an ABM or an ABD.
  • such polyaminoacids may be selected from the group consisting of serum album (such as human serum albumin), an additional antibody or portion thereof (e.g. the Fc region), or other polyaminoacids, e.g. polylysines.
  • the location of attachment of the polyaminoacid may be at the N-terminus of the leptin moiety, or C-terminus, or other places in between, and also may be connected by a chemical “linker” moiety to the leptin, such as a peptidic linker or a non-peptidic linker.
  • the polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched.
  • the preferred molecular weight is between about 2 kilodaltons (kDa) and about 100 kDa (the term “about” indicating that in preparations of polyethylene glycol, some molecules will weigh more, some less, than the stated molecular weight) for ease in handling and manufacturing.
  • the polyethylene glycol is between about 2 kDa and about 60 kDa.
  • the polyethylene glycol is between about 2 kDa and about 40 kDa.
  • the polyethylene glycol is between about 5 kDa and about 40 kDa.
  • the polyethylene glycol is between about 10 kDa and about 40 kDa. In certain embodiments, the polyethylene glycol is between about 5 kDa and about 30 kDa. In certain embodiments, the polyethylene glycol is between about 5 kDa and about 20 kDa. In certain embodiments, the polyethylene glycol is between about 10 kDa and about 20 kDa. Other sizes may be used, depending on the desired therapeutic profile (e.g., the duration of sustained release desired, solubility characteristics, the effects, if any, on biological activity, the ease in handling, the degree or lack of antigenicity and other known effects of the polyethylene glycol attached to a leptin and/or to an engineered polypeptide of the invention).
  • the desired therapeutic profile e.g., the duration of sustained release desired, solubility characteristics, the effects, if any, on biological activity, the ease in handling, the degree or lack of antigenicity and other known effects of the polyethylene glycol attached to a leptin and/or
  • Additional considerations that may influence the selection of a PEG of a particular molecular weight which may be attached to a leptin to generate a leptin derivative in accordance with the invention include the extent to which such a molecular weight PEG may: mitigate aggregation and/or increase the solubility of the leptin and/or the engineered polypeptide, when present in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition or formulation, or when exposed to physiological fluids or tissues upon administration to a subject (such as by injection); mitigate the incidence of injection site reactions caused by administration of the leptin or the engineered polypeptide upon administration to a subject by injection; mitigate the generation of neutralizing antibodies that may be raised against the leptin or the engineered polypeptide as a result of administration of such a leptin or an engineered polypeptide to a subject; and the like.
  • the number of polymer molecules so attached may vary, and one skilled in the art will be able to ascertain the resultant effect on function.
  • One may mono-derivatize, or may provide for a di-, tri-, tetra- or some combination of derivatization, with the same or different chemical moieties (e.g., polymers, such as different weights of polyethylene glycols).
  • the proportion of polymer molecules to leptin molecules or engineered polypeptide molecules to be derivatized will vary, as will their concentrations in the reaction mixture.
  • the optimum ratio in terms of efficiency of reaction in that there is no excess unreacted leptin (or engineered polypeptide, as the case may be) or polymer, will be determined by factors such as the desired degree of derivatization (e.g., mono, di-, tri-, etc.), the molecular weight of the polymer selected, whether the polymer is branched or unbranched, and the reaction conditions.
  • the chemical moieties should be attached to the leptin and/or the engineered polypeptide with consideration of the effects on functional or antigenic domains of the leptin and/or to the engineered polypeptide.
  • attachment methods available to those skilled in the art.
  • EP 0 401 384 herein incorporated by reference (coupling PEG to G-CSF), see also Malik et al., 1992 , Exp. Hematol. 20:1028-1035 (reporting pegylation of GM-CSF using tresyl chloride).
  • polyethylene glycol may be covalently bound through amino acid residues via a reactive group, such as, a free amino or carboxyl group.
  • Reactive groups are those to which an activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound.
  • the amino acid residues having a free amino group may include lysine residues and the N-terminal amino acid residue.
  • Those having a free carboxyl group may include aspartic acid residues, glutamic acid residues, and the C-terminal amino acid residue.
  • Sulfhydryl groups may also be used as a reactive group for attaching the polyethylene glycol molecule(s).
  • Preferred for therapeutic purposes is attachment at an amino group, such as attachment at the N-terminus or lysine group. Attachment at residues important for receptor binding should be avoided if receptor binding is desired.
  • polyethylene glycol as an illustration of the present compositions, one may select from a variety of polyethylene glycol molecules (by molecular weight, branching, etc.), the proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to leptin or engineered polypeptide molecules, as the case may be, in the reaction mix, the type of pegylation reaction to be performed, and the method of obtaining the selected N-terminally pegylated protein.
  • the method of obtaining the N-terminally pegylated preparation may be by purification of the N-terminally pegylated material from a population of pegylated protein molecules.
  • Selective N-terminal chemical modification may be accomplished by reductive alkylation which exploits differential reactivity of different types of primary amino groups (lysine versus the N-terminal) available for derivatization in a particular protein. Under the appropriate reaction conditions, substantially selective derivatization of the protein at the N-terminus with a carbonyl group containing polymer is achieved.
  • attachment of a water soluble polymer to a protein is controlled: the conjugation with the polymer takes place predominantly at the N-terminus of the protein and no significant modification of other reactive groups, such as the lysine side chain amino groups, occurs.
  • the water soluble polymer may be of the type described above, and should have a single reactive aldehyde for coupling to the protein. Polyethylene glycol propionaldehyde, containing a single reactive aldehyde, may be used.
  • compounds are provided having a linker, for example L1, as described herein, covalently linking a polypeptide hormone domain with an ABD peptide.
  • a first linker (L1) covalently links HD1 within the engineered polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide hormone domain (e.g., HD1) as described herein) can be covalently linked to the ABD peptide via a peptide linker.
  • Any linker is optional; i.e., any linker may simply be a bond. When present the chemical structure of a linker is not critical because it serves mainly a spacer function.
  • the linker comprises from 1 to 30 or less amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • the amino acids can be selected from the 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
  • non-natural amino acids can be incorporated either by chemical synthesis, post-translational chemical modification or by in vivo incorporation by recombinant expression in a host cell. Some of these amino acids may be glycosylated.
  • the 1 to 30 or less amino acids are selected from glycine, alanine, proline, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, aspartate, and glutamate.
  • the linker is made up of a majority of amino acids that are sterically unhindered, such as glycine, alanine and/or serine. Polyglycines are particularly useful, e.g.
  • linkers are (Gly) 3 Lys(Gly) 4 (SEQ ID NO:118); (Gly) 3 AsnGlySer(Gly) 2 (SEQ ID NO:119); (Gly) 3 Cys(Gly) 4 (SEQ ID NO:120); and GlyProAsnGlyGly (SEQ ID NO:121).
  • Combinations of Gly and Ala are particularly useful as are combination of Gly and Ser.
  • the peptide linker is selected from the group consisting of a glycine rich peptide, e.g.
  • Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly the sequences [Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO:122), [Gly-Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO:123), [Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO:124) and [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO:125), where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, for example, [Gly-Gly-Gly Ser] 1 (SEQ ID NO: 149), [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly Ser] 1 (SEQ ID NO: 150), [Gly-Gly-Gly Ser] 4 (SEQ ID NO: 151), or [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly Ser] 3 (SEQ ID NO: 152).
  • charged linkers may be used.
  • Such charges linkers may contain a significant number of acidic residues (e.g., Asp, Glu, and the like), or may contain a significant number of basis residues (e.g., Lys, Arg, and the like), such that the linker has a pI lower than 7 or greater than 7, respectively.
  • acidic residues e.g., Asp, Glu, and the like
  • basis residues e.g., Lys, Arg, and the like
  • Such linkers may impart advantages to the engineered polypeptides disclosed herein, such as improving solubility and/or stability characteristics of such polypeptides at a particular pH, such as a physiological pH (e.g., between pH 7.2 and pH 7.6, inclusive), or a pH of a pharmaceutical composition comprising such polypeptides.
  • a physiological pH e.g., between pH 7.2 and pH 7.6, inclusive
  • a pH of a pharmaceutical composition comprising such polypeptides.
  • an “acidic linker” is a linker that has a pI of less than 7; between 6 and 7, inclusive; between 5 and 6, inclusive; between 4 and 5, inclusive; between 3 and 4, inclusive; between 2 and 3, inclusive; or between 1 and 2, inclusive.
  • a “basic linker” is a linker that has a pI of greater than 7; between 7 and 8, inclusive; between 8 and 9, inclusive; between 9 and 10, inclusive; between 10 and 11, inclusive; between 11 and 12 inclusive, or between 12 and 13, inclusive.
  • an acidic linker will contain a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of [Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO:126); [Gly-Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO:127); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO:128); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO:129), [Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO:130); [Gly-Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO:131); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO:132); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO:133) where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more; for example, [Gly-Gly-Glu] 6 (SEQ ID NO: 153).
  • a basic linker will contain a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of [Gly-Lys] n (SEQ ID NO:134); [Gly-Gly-Lys] n (SEQ ID NO:135); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Lys] n (SEQ ID NO:136); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Lys] n (SEQ ID NO:137), [Gly-Arg] n (SEQ ID NO:138); [Gly-Gly-Arg] n (SEQ ID NO:139); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg] n (SEQ ID NO:140); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg] n (SEQ ID NO:141) where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more; for example, [Gly-Gly-Lys] 6 (SEQ ID NO: 154).
  • linkers may be prepared which possess certain structural motifs or characteristics, such as an ⁇ helix.
  • a linker may contain an sequence that is selected from the group consisting of [Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys] n (SEQ ID NO:142), where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more; for example, [Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys] 3 (SEQ ID NO: 155), [Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys] 4 (SEQ ID NO: 156), or [Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys] 5 (SEQ ID NO: 157).
  • a non-peptidic linker may be employed to serve as the L1 moiety of an engineered polypeptide described herein.
  • an exemplary non-peptide linker such as a PEG linker may be so-employed. See, e.g., WO2000024782.
  • a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 1000 kDa.
  • such a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 500 kDa.
  • such a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 100 kDa.
  • such a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 50 kDa. In certain embodiments, such a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 10 kDa. In certain embodiments, such a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 5 kDa. In certain embodiments, such a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 1 kDa. In certain embodiments, such a PEG linker has a molecular weight of 100 Da to 500 Da.
  • linkers suitable for use in accordance with the invention may possess one or more of the characteristics and motifs described above.
  • a linker may comprise an acidic linker as well as a structural motif, such as an alpha helix.
  • a linker may comprise a basic linker and a structural motif, such as an alpha helix.
  • a linker may comprise an acidic linker, a basic linker, and a structural motif, such as an ⁇ helix.
  • engineered polypeptides in accordance with the invention may possess more than one linker, and each such linker may possess one or more of the characteristics described above.
  • linkers described herein are exemplary, and linkers within the scope of this invention may be much longer and may include other residues.
  • expressly excluded are engineered polypeptides in which the leptin compound is linked directly to the ABD without a linker.
  • the engineered polypeptide includes an ABD at the N-terminal, and a HD1 at the C-terminal.
  • the engineered polypeptide includes an ABD at the C-terminal, and a HD1 at the N-terminal.
  • either the N-terminal or the C-terminal is a leptin, a leptin fragment, or a leptin analog.
  • the ABD is at the N-terminus of a leptin compound.
  • the engineered polypeptide can have the structure ABD-HD1 or HD1-ABD (both read in the N-terminal to C-terminal orientation).
  • the engineered polypeptide is to be read in the N-terminus to C-terminus orientation.
  • HD1 is a leptin or analog thereof
  • HD1-ABD, HD1-ABD, HD1-ABD, and the like mean, in the absence of an express indication of the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus, that the leptin compound resides at the N-terminus of the engineered polypeptide, and the ABD resides at the C-terminus.
  • the engineered polypeptide is to be read according to the express indication of the terminii.
  • the terms HD1 C-term -ABD, HD1-L1-ABD N-term and the like mean that the ABD resides at the N-terminus of the engineered polypeptide, and HD1 resides at the C-terminus.
  • HD1 is human leptin or metreleptin. In some further embodiments, HD1 is a leptin analog as described herein. In some embodiments, the leptin analog is leptin A100, A300 or A500.
  • the engineered polypeptide described herein has an affinity for serum albumin which is different than the affinity of the ABD polypeptide alone, i.e., in the absence of a conjugated hormone domain.
  • the engineered polypeptide can have a binding affinity for serum albumin such that the dissociation constant K D is, for example, less than about 10 ⁇ 6 M, 10 ⁇ 7 M, 10 ⁇ 8 M, 10 ⁇ 9 M, 10 ⁇ 10 M, 10 ⁇ 11 M, 10 ⁇ 12 M, 10 ⁇ 13 M, 10 ⁇ 14 M or even 10 ⁇ 15 M.
  • the affinity is not excessively tight such that the engineered polypeptide can dissociate from the albumin and elicit a biological response, for example binding to a receptor, for example, a leptin receptor.
  • the affinity can be measured as described in PCT Published Appl. No. WO 2009/016043, preferably to human serum albumin.
  • an engineered polypeptide described herein is superior to a corresponding compound having a different moiety that can extend plasma half-life (e.g., PEG or of Fc or albumin) conjugated with a hormone domain(s).
  • the term “superior” refers to a variety of functional properties which could be weighed in the evaluation of a treatment for a disease or disorder.
  • the engineered polypeptide described herein could require less biologically active (hormone domain) component, for example 1 ⁇ , 2 ⁇ , 3 ⁇ , 4 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , or even less, than the corresponding compound having a different moiety conjugated with the hormone domain(s).
  • the engineered polypeptide described herein could have higher potency, for example, 1.5 ⁇ , 2 ⁇ , 3 ⁇ , 4 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 20 ⁇ , 50 ⁇ , or even higher potency.
  • Engineered polypeptide compounds contemplated herein include the compounds as set forth in Table 2 following.
  • N-terminal methionine is absent, e.g. where the N-terminal commences with VPIQKV (SEQ ID NO: 158) or LAEAK (SEQ ID NO: 159) for example, for leptin compounds
  • the N-terminal methionine is present primarily as a convenience for bacterial expression.
  • conjugate peptides of the present invention can be expressed in a eukaryotic host cell (e.g. yeast (e.g.
  • an N-terminal sequence used for expression and/or secretion can be one that can be removed post-translationally, e.g. as by use of a protease such as TEV.
  • the engineered polypeptides described herein can be designed at the amino acid level. These sequences can then be back translated using a variety of software products known in the art such that the nucleotide sequence is optimized for the desired expression host, e.g. based protein expression, codon optimization, restriction site content. For example, the nucleotide sequence can be optimized for E. coli based protein expression and for restriction site content. Based on the nucleotide sequence of interest, overlapping oligonucleotides can be provided for multistep PCR, as known in the art. These oligonucleotides can be used in multiple PCR reactions under conditions well known in the art to build the cDNA encoding the protein of interest.
  • For one example is 1 ⁇ Amplitaq Buffer, 1.3 mM MgCl 2 , 200 uM dNTPs, 4 U Amplitaq Gold, 0.2 uM of each primer (AmpliTaq Gold, ABI), with cycling parameters: (94 C:30 s, 58 C:1 min, 72 C:1 min), 35 cycles.
  • Restriction sites can be added to the ends of the PCR products for use in vector ligation as known in the art.
  • Specific sites can include Nde1 and Xho1, such that the cDNA can then be in the proper reading frame in a pET45b expression vector (Novagen). By using these sites, any N-terminal His Tag that are in this vector can be removed as the translation start site would then be downstream of the tag.
  • verification can be conduct by sequencing using e.g., T7 promoter primer, T7 terminator primer and standard ABI BigDye Term v3.1 protocols as known in the art.
  • Sequence information can be obtained from e.g., an ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer and can be analyzed using Vector NTI v.10 software (Invitrogen). Expression constructs can be designed in a modular manner such that linker sequences can be easily cut out and changed, as known in the art.
  • Protease recognition sites known in the art or described herein, can be incorporated into constructs useful for the design, construction, manipulation and production of recombinant engineering polypeptides described herein.
  • the engineered polypeptides described herein may be prepared using biological, chemical, and/or recombinant DNA techniques that are known in the art. Exemplary methods are described herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,700; WO 2007/139941; WO 2007/140284; WO 2008/082274; WO 2009/011544; and US Publication No. 2007/0238669, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and for all purposes. Other methods for preparing the compounds are set forth herein.
  • the engineered polypeptides described herein may be prepared using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques, such as an automated or semiautomated peptide synthesizer.
  • an alpha-N-carbamoyl protected amino acid and an amino acid attached to the growing peptide chain on a resin are coupled at RT in an inert solvent (e.g., dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, methylene chloride, and the like) in the presence of coupling agents (e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1-hydroxybenzo-triazole, and the like) in the presence of a base (e.g., diisopropylethylamine, and the like).
  • an inert solvent e.g., dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, methylene chloride, and the like
  • coupling agents e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1-hydroxybenzo-triazole, and the
  • the alpha-N-carbamoyl protecting group is removed from the resulting peptide-resin using a reagent (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid, piperidine, and the like) and the coupling reaction repeated with the next desired N-protected amino acid to be added to the peptide chain.
  • a reagent e.g., trifluoroacetic acid, piperidine, and the like
  • Suitable N-protecting groups are well known in the art, such as t-butyloxycarbonyl (tBoc) fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), and the like.
  • tBoc t-butyloxycarbonyl
  • Fmoc fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
  • the solvents, amino acid derivatives and 4-methylbenzhydryl-amine resin used in the peptide synthesizer may be purchased from Applied Biosystems Inc. (Foster City, Calif.).
  • Solid phase peptide synthesis can be used for the engineered polypeptides, since in general solid phase synthesis is a straightforward approach with excellent scalability to commercial scale, and is generally compatible with relatively long engineered polypeptides.
  • Solid phase peptide synthesis may be carried out with an automatic peptide synthesizer (Model 430A, Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.) using the NMP/HOBt (Option 1) system and tBoc or Fmoc chemistry (See Applied Biosystems User's Manual for the ABI 430A Peptide Synthesizer, Version 1.3B Jul. 1, 1988, section 6, pp. 49-70, Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.) with capping.
  • an automatic peptide synthesizer Model 430A, Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.
  • NMP/HOBt Option 1
  • tBoc or Fmoc chemistry See Applied Biosystems User's Manual for the
  • Boc-peptide-resins may be cleaved with HF ( ⁇ 5° C. to 0° C., 1 hour).
  • the peptide may be extracted from the resin with alternating water and acetic acid, and the filtrates lyophilized.
  • the Fmoc-peptide resins may be cleaved according to standard methods (e.g., Introduction to Cleavage Techniques, Applied Biosystems, Inc., 1990, pp. 6-12).
  • Peptides may also be assembled using an Advanced Chem Tech Synthesizer (Model MPS 350, Louisville, Ky.).
  • Non-peptide compounds may be prepared by art-known methods.
  • phosphate-containing amino acids and peptides containing such amino acids may be prepared using methods known in the art, such as described in Bartlett et al, 1986 , Biorg. Chem. 14:356-377.
  • the engineered polypeptides may alternatively be produced by recombinant techniques well known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989 (Id.). These engineered polypeptides produced by recombinant technologies may be expressed from a polynucleotide.
  • the polynucleotides, including DNA and RNA, that encode such engineered polypeptides may be obtained from the wild-type cDNA, e.g. human leptin, taking into consideration the degeneracy of codon usage, and may further engineered as desired to incorporate the indicated substitutions.
  • These polynucleotide sequences may incorporate codons facilitating transcription and translation of mRNA in microbial hosts.
  • Non-peptide compounds useful in the present invention may be prepared by art-known methods. For example, phosphate-containing amino acids and peptides containing such amino acids may be prepared using methods known in the art. See, e.g., Bartlett and Landen, 1986 , Bioorg. Chem. 14: 356-77.
  • a variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized to contain and express a engineered polypeptide coding sequence. These include but are not limited to microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transfected with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., T 1 or pBR322 plasmid); or animal cell systems.
  • microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transfected with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic
  • Mammalian cells that are useful in recombinant protein productions include but are not limited to VERO cells, HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, COS cells (such as COS-7), WI 38, BHK, HepG2, 3T3, RIN, MDCK, A549, PC12, K562 and 293 cells. Exemplary protocols for the recombinant expression of the protein are described herein and/or are known in the art.
  • polynucleotide sequences are useful in generating new and useful viral and plasmid DNA vectors, new and useful transformed and transfected prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells (including bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells grown in culture), and new and useful methods for cultured growth of such host cells capable of expression of the present engineered polypeptides.
  • the polynucleotide sequences encoding engineered polypeptides herein may be useful for gene therapy in instances where underproduction of engineered polypeptides would be alleviated, or the need for increased levels of such would be met.
  • the present invention also provides for processes for recombinant DNA production of the present engineered polypeptides.
  • a process for producing the engineered polypeptides from a host cell containing nucleic acids encoding the engineered polypeptide comprising: (a) culturing the host cell containing polynucleotides encoding the engineered polypeptide under conditions facilitating the expression of the DNA molecule; and (b) obtaining the engineered polypeptide.
  • Host cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic and include bacteria, mammalian cells (such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, monkey cells, baby hamster kidney cells, cancer cells or other cells), yeast cells, and insect cells.
  • mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, monkey cells, baby hamster kidney cells, cancer cells or other cells
  • yeast cells such as yeast cells, and insect cells.
  • Mammalian host systems for the expression of the recombinant protein also are well known to those of skill in the art. Host cell strains may be chosen for a particular ability to process the expressed protein or produce certain post-translation modifications that will be useful in providing protein activity. Such modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation. Post-translational processing, which cleaves a “prepro” form of the protein, may also be important for correct insertion, folding and/or function. Different host cells, such as CHO, HeLa, MDCK, 293, W138, and the like, have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for such post-translational activities, and may be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the introduced foreign protein.
  • a yeast system may be employed to generate the engineered polypeptides of the present invention.
  • the coding region of the engineered polypeptides DNA is amplified by PCR.
  • a DNA encoding the yeast pre-pro-alpha leader sequence is amplified from yeast genomic DNA in a PCR reaction using one primer containing nucleotides 1-20 of the alpha mating factor gene and another primer complementary to nucleotides 255-235 of this gene (Kurjan and Herskowitz, 1982 , Cell, 30:933-43).
  • the pre-pro-alpha leader coding sequence and engineered polypeptide coding sequence fragments are ligated into a plasmid containing the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) promoter, such that the promoter directs expression of a fusion protein consisting of the pre-pro-alpha factor fused to the mature engineered polypeptide.
  • ADH2 yeast alcohol dehydrogenase
  • the vector further includes an ADH2 transcription terminator downstream of the cloning site, the yeast “2-micron” replication origin, the yeast leu-2d gene, the yeast REP1 and REP2 genes, the E.
  • the coli beta-lactamase gene and an E. coli origin of replication.
  • the beta-lactamase and leu-2d genes provide for selection in bacteria and yeast, respectively.
  • the leu-2d gene also facilitates increased copy number of the plasmid in yeast to induce higher levels of expression.
  • the REP1 and REP2 genes encode proteins involved in regulation of the plasmid copy number.
  • the DNA construct described in the preceding paragraph is transformed into yeast cells using a known method, e.g., lithium acetate treatment (Steams et al., 1990 ,. Meth. Enz. 185: 280-297).
  • the ADH2 promoter is induced upon exhaustion of glucose in the growth media (Price et al., 1987 , Gene 55:287).
  • the pre-pro-alpha sequence effects secretion of the fusion protein from the cells.
  • the yeast KEX2 protein cleaves the pre-pro sequence from the mature engineered polypeptides (Bitter et al., 1984 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5330-5334).
  • Engineered polypeptides of the invention may also be recombinantly expressed in yeast, e.g., Pichia , using a commercially available expression system, e.g., the Pichia Expression System (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), following the manufacturer's instructions. This system also relies on the pre-pro-alpha sequence to direct secretion, but transcription of the insert is driven by the alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter upon induction by methanol.
  • AOX1 alcohol oxidase
  • the secreted engineered polypeptide is purified from the yeast growth medium by, e.g., the methods used to purify said engineered polypeptide from bacterial and mammalian cell supernatants.
  • the DNA encoding a engineered polypeptide may be cloned into a baculovirus expression vector, e.g. pVL1393 (PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.).
  • This engineered-polypeptide-encoding vector is then used according to the manufacturer's directions (PharMingen) or known techniques to infect Spodoptera frugiperda cells, grown for example in sF9 protein-free media, and to produce recombinant protein.
  • the protein is purified and concentrated from the media using methods known in the art, e.g.
  • heparin-Sepharose column Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.
  • sequential molecular sizing columns Amicon, Beverly, Mass.
  • resuspended in appropriate solution e.g. PBS.
  • SDS-PAGE analysis can be used to characterize the protein, for example by showing a single band that confirms the size of the desired engineered polypeptide, as can full amino acid amino acid sequence analysis, e.g. Edman sequencing on a Proton 2090 Peptide Sequencer, or confirmation of its N-terminal sequence.
  • the DNA sequence encoding the predicted mature engineered polypeptide may be cloned into a plasmid containing a desired promoter and, optionally, a leader sequence (see, e.g., Better et al., 1988 , Science 240:1041-1043). The sequence of this construct may be confirmed by automated sequencing.
  • the plasmid is then transformed into E. coli , strain MC1061, using standard procedures employing CaCl 2 incubation and heat shock treatment of the bacteria (Sambrook et al., Id.).
  • the transformed bacteria are grown in LB medium supplemented with carbenicillin, and production of the expressed protein is induced by growth in a suitable medium.
  • the leader sequence will affect secretion of the mature engineered polypeptide and be cleaved during secretion.
  • the secreted recombinant engineered polypeptide is purified from the bacterial culture media by the method described herein.
  • the engineered polypeptides may be expressed in an insect system.
  • Insect systems for protein expression are well known to those of skill in the art.
  • Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae.
  • the engineered polypeptide coding sequence is cloned into a nonessential region of the virus, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter.
  • Successful insertion of a engineered polypeptide will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein coat.
  • the recombinant viruses are then used to infect S.
  • frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which engineered polypeptide of the present invention is expressed Smith et al., 1983 , J. Virol. 46:584; Engelhard et al., 1994 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3224-3227).
  • the DNA sequence encoding the engineered polypeptides may be amplified by PCR and cloned into an appropriate vector, for example, pGEX-3X (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.).
  • the pGEX vector is designed to produce a fusion protein comprising glutathione-S-transferase (GST), encoded by the vector, and a protein encoded by a DNA fragment inserted into the vector's cloning site.
  • the primers for the PCR may be generated to include, for example, an appropriate cleavage site.
  • the recombinant fusion protein may then be cleaved from the GST portion of the fusion protein.
  • the pGEX-3X/engineered polypeptide construct is transformed into E. coli XL-1 Blue cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), and individual transformants are isolated and grown at 37° C. in LB medium (supplemented with carbenicillin) to an optical density at wavelength 600 nm of 0.4, followed by further incubation for 4 hours in the presence of 0.5 mM Isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Plasmid DNA from individual transformants is purified and partially sequenced using an automated sequencer to confirm the presence of the desired engineered polypeptide-encoding gene insert in the proper orientation.
  • the fusion protein when expected to be produced as an insoluble inclusion body in the bacteria, may be purified as described above or as follows. Cells are harvested by centrifugation; washed in 0.15 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8, 1 mM EDTA; and treated with 0.1 mg/mL lysozyme (Sigma Chemical Co.) for 15 min. at RT. The lysate is cleared by sonication, and cell debris is pelleted by centrifugation for 10 min. at 12,000 ⁇ g. The fusion protein-containing pellet is resuspended in 50 mM Tris, pH 8, and 10 mM EDTA, layered over 50% glycerol, and centrifuged for 30 min. at 6000 ⁇ g.
  • the pellet is resuspended in standard phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS) free of Mg++ and Ca++.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline solution
  • the fusion protein is further purified by fractionating the resuspended pellet in a denaturing SDS polyacrylamide gel (Sambrook et al., supra). The gel is soaked in 0.4 M KCl to visualize the protein, which is excised and electroeluted in gel-running buffer lacking SDS. If the GST/engineered polypeptide fusion protein is produced in bacteria as a soluble protein, it may be purified using the GST Purification Module (Pharmacia Biotech).
  • the fusion protein may be subjected to digestion to cleave the GST from the mature engineered polypeptide.
  • the digestion reaction (20-40 ⁇ g fusion protein, 20-30 units human thrombin (4000 U/mg (Sigma) in 0.5 mL PBS) is incubated 16-48 hrs. at RT and loaded on a denaturing SDS-PAGE gel to fractionate the reaction products. The gel is soaked in 0.4 M KCl to visualize the protein bands.
  • the identity of the protein band corresponding to the expected molecular weight of the engineered polypeptide may be confirmed by partial amino acid sequence analysis using an automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems Model 473A, Foster City, Calif.).
  • 293 cells may be co-transfected with plasmids containing the engineered polypeptides cDNA in the pCMV vector (5′ CMV promoter, 3′ HGH poly A sequence) and pSV2neo (containing the neo resistance gene) by the calcium phosphate method.
  • pCMV vector 5′ CMV promoter, 3′ HGH poly A sequence
  • pSV2neo containing the neo resistance gene
  • the vectors should be linearized with ScaI prior to transfection.
  • an alternative construct using a similar pCMV vector with the neo gene incorporated can be used.
  • Stable cell lines are selected from single cell clones by limiting dilution in growth media containing 0.5 mg/mL G418 (neomycin-like antibiotic) for 10-14 days. Cell lines are screened for engineered polypeptides expression by ELISA or Western blot, and high-expressing cell lines are expanded for large scale growth.
  • the transformed cells are used for long-term, high-yield protein production and as such stable expression is desirable.
  • the cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media before they are switched to selective media.
  • the selectable marker is designed to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells that successfully express the introduced sequences. Resistant clumps of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell.
  • selection systems may be used to recover the cells that have been transformed for recombinant protein production.
  • selection systems include, but are not limited to, HSV thymidine kinase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase genes, in tk-, hgprt- or aprt-cells, respectively.
  • anti-metabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for dhfr, that confers resistance to methotrexate; gpt, that confers resistance to mycophenolic acid; neo, that confers resistance to the aminoglycoside, G418; also, that confers resistance to chlorsulfuron; and hygro, that confers resistance to hygromycin.
  • Additional selectable genes that may be useful include trpB, which allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine.
  • Markers that give a visual indication for identification of transformants include anthocyanins, beta-glucuronidase and its substrate, GUS, and luciferase and its substrate, luciferin.
  • the engineered polypeptides of the present invention may be produced using a combination of both automated peptide synthesis and recombinant techniques.
  • the leptin; a leptin analog, a active leptin fragment, or leptin derivative; and an ABD; and optionally a linker; employed in the preparation of the engineered polypeptides as disclosed herein can be made synthetically or recombinantly and then ligated together using methods known in the art, such as “native chemical ligation” and known variations thereof in which an amide bond is formed joining the parent compounds. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,468, which is incorporated herein by reference for al purposes.
  • an engineered polypeptide of the present invention may contain a combination of modifications including deletion, substitution, insertion and derivatization by PEGylation (or other moiety, e.g. polymer, fatty acyl chain, C-terminal amidation).
  • PEGylation or other moiety, e.g. polymer, fatty acyl chain, C-terminal amidation.
  • Such a engineered polypeptide may be produced in stages. In the first stage, an intermediate engineered polypeptide containing the modifications of deletion, substitution, insertion, and any combination thereof, may be produced by recombinant techniques as described.
  • the intermediate engineered polypeptide is PEGylated (or subjected to other chemical derivatization, e.g., acylation, C-terminal amidation) through chemical modification with an appropriate PEGylating reagent (e.g., from NeKtar Transforming Therapeutics, San Carlos, Calif.) to yield the desired engineered polypeptide derivative.
  • an appropriate PEGylating reagent e.g., from NeKtar Transforming Therapeutics, San Carlos, Calif.
  • C-terminal amidation can be achieved by use of a glycine amino acid-C-terminally extended precursor, synthesized for example in yeast (e.g. Pichia ) as alpha-factor fusion protein that will be secreted into culture medium.
  • yeast e.g. Pichia
  • the C-terminal glycine of the engineered polypeptide precursor can be converted to amide by enzymatic amidation, e.g. peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM).
  • PAM monooxygenase
  • Peptides may be purified by any number of methods known in the art, including as described herein
  • peptides are purified by RP-HPLC (preparative and analytical) using a Waters Delta Prep 3000 system.
  • a C4, C8 or C18 preparative column (10 ⁇ , 2.2 ⁇ 25 cm; Vydac, Hesperia, Calif.) may be used to isolate peptides, and purity may be determined using a C4, C8 or C18 analytical column (5 ⁇ , 0.46 ⁇ 25 cm; Vydac).
  • Amino acid analyses may be performed on the Waters Pico Tag system and processed using the Maxima program.
  • Peptides may be hydrolyzed by vapor-phase acid hydrolysis (115° C., 20-24 h). Hydrolysates may be derivatized and analyzed by standard methods (Cohen et al, T HE P ICO T AG M ETHOD : A M ANUAL OF A DVANCED T ECHNIQUES FOR A MINO A CID A NALYSIS , pp. 11-52, Millipore Corporation, Milford, Mass. (1989)).
  • Fast atom bombardment analysis may be carried out by M-Scan, Incorporated (West Chester, Pa.). Mass calibration may be performed using cesium iodide or cesium iodide/glycerol. Plasma desorption ionization analysis using time of flight detection may be carried out on an Applied Biosystems Bio-Ion 20 mass spectrometer.
  • Methods are available for assaying the level of protein expression by a host cell. Procedures useful for assaying the level of protein expression by a host cell are exemplified in the following typical protocol. About 25 ⁇ l BL21 E. coli cells are transformed with 2 ul plasmid DNA (expression vector for the engineered polynucleotide). Cells can be plated and incubated overnight at 37 degrees C. or at room temperature (RT) over a 48-hr period. A single colony can be selected and used to grow starter culture in 4 ml LB media with appropriate antibiotic for ⁇ 6 hrs.
  • RT room temperature
  • Glycerol stocks can be prepared by adding 100 ul 80% sterile glycerol to 900 ul stock, which can then be mixed gently and stored at ⁇ 80 C. A 250 ⁇ l sample can be removed for TCP uninduced sample. An aliquot, for example, 2 ml of Magic media containing appropriate antibiotic can be inoculated with 5 ⁇ l starter culture, which can then be incubated overnight (up to 24 hrs) at 37 C, 300 rpm. As known in the art, Magic Media is autoinducing.
  • 60 ml Magic Media containing appropriate antibiotic can be inoculated with 60 ⁇ l starter culture in a 250 ml or 125 ml Thompson flask, which can then be incubated overnight (up to 24 hrs) at 30 C, 300 rpm. After incubation, 250 ⁇ l culture can be removed from each tube and the cells pelleted. The cell can be resuspended in 1 ml 50 mM Tris pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, to which can be added 0.1 volumes (100 ul) POP culture reagent and 1 ⁇ l r-lysozyme (1:750 dilution in r-lysozyme buffer). The mixture can be mixed well and incubated at least 10 min at RT.
  • the preparation can then be centrifuge 10 min at 14000 ⁇ G.
  • the supernatant (soluble fraction) can be removed and retained, and samples can be prepared for gel analysis (15 ⁇ l+5 ⁇ l LDS).
  • the remaining inclusion body pellet can be resuspended in 1 ml 1% SDS with sonication.
  • the sample can be prepared for gel analysis (15 ul+5 ⁇ l LDS).
  • 1.0 volumes POP culture reagent and 1 ⁇ l r-lysozyme (1:750 dilution in r-lysozyme buffer) can be added.
  • the mixture can be mixed well and incubated at least 10 min at RT. These samples may not need to be centrifuged.
  • the sample can then be prepared for gel analysis (15 ⁇ l+5 ⁇ l LDS).
  • NU-PAGE gels (4-12%) non-reduced in 1 ⁇ MES buffer can be run and stained with SimplyBlue microwave protocol. Destaining can be conducted overnight, as known in the art. A gel image can be retained, and analyzed to determine protein expression levels.
  • the cell pellet can be resuspended in a minimum of 100 ml Lysis buffer for each 50 ml culture. Upon the addition of 30 ml, a 10 ml pipette can be used to resuspend, then the tube can be washed out with an additional 70 ml.
  • the resuspended cell solution can be multiply run, e.g., 4 passes, through a microfluidizer at 100 PSI (min) taking care to keep chamber in ice water through the entire process.
  • the fluidized slurry can be centrifuged at 14000 ⁇ g, 20 min (e.g., JLA 10.5, 10,000 rpm, using 250 ml Nalgene® bottles).
  • the inclusion body pellet can be resuspended on ice in chilled lysis buffer with stir bar and stir plate for 1 hour at 4 C after disruption with pipette tip.
  • the pellet can be resuspended a second time in distilled H 2 O with stir bar and stir plate for 1 hour at 4 C after disruption with pipette tip, followed by centrifugation at 14000 ⁇ g, 15 min.
  • the supernatant can be removed and discarded.
  • the resultant can be stored at ⁇ 80 C.
  • Inclusion body pellets can be solubilized in appropriate volume of solubilization buffer (8M urea or 8M guanidine, 50 mM Tris, 10 mM DTT, pH 7.75) for 1 hour at RT.
  • solubilized pellets can be centrifuged for 20 min at 27 000 g.
  • Filtered (e.g., 0.4 um) supernatant can be transferred drop by drop into appropriate volume of refolding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 M urea, 0.8 M arginine, 4 mM cysteine, 1 mM cystamine; pH 8) at RT.
  • Samples can be concentrated and run on a gel filtration column (SuperdexTM 75 26/60) at 1-2 ml/min in 4 C environment using a GE Healthsciences AKTAFPLCTM. Appropriate protein containing fractions can be identified via SDS-PAGE, pooled and run through a second gel filtration column. Pooled protein can then be concentrated in Amicon filter to appropriate concentration and assayed for endotoxin levels using, e.g., Endosafe® PTS Reader (Charles River), as known in the art.
  • a protein sample Once a protein sample has passed the endotoxin criteria, it can be sterile filtered, dispensed into aliquots and run through quality control assays.
  • Quality control assays can include analytical HPLC-SEC, non reducing SDS PAGE and RP HPLC-MS to obtain approximate mass. Proteins can be obtained in 1 ⁇ PBS (137 mM sodium chloride, 2.7 mM potassium chloride, 4.3 mM disodium phosphate, 1.4 mM monopotassium phosphate, pH7.2), distributed into aliquots and flash frozen for storage at ⁇ 70 to ⁇ 80° C.
  • Obesity and its associated disorders including overweight are common and serious public health problems in the United States and throughout the world.
  • Upper body obesity is the strongest risk factor known for type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  • Obesity is a recognized risk factor for hypertension, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon, and increased incidence of complications of general anesthesia. See, e.g., Kopelman, 2000 , Nature 404:635-43.
  • Obesity reduces life-span and carries a serious risk of the co-morbidities listed above, as well disorders such as infections, varicose veins, acanthosis nigricans, eczema, exercise intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension hypercholesterolemia, cholelithiasis, orthopedic injury, and thromboembolic disease. See e.g., Rissanen et al, 1990 , Br. Med. J., 301:835-7. Obesity is also a risk factor for the group of conditions called insulin resistance syndrome, or “Syndrome X” and metabolic syndrome. The worldwide medical cost of obesity and associated disorders is enormous.
  • the pathogenesis of obesity is believed to be multi-factoral.
  • a problem is that, in obese subjects, nutrient availability and energy expenditure do not come into balance until there is excess adipose tissue.
  • the central nervous system (CNS) controls energy balance and coordinates a variety of behavioral, autonomic and endocrine activities appropriate to the metabolic status of the animal.
  • the mechanisms or systems that control these activities are broadly distributed across the forebrain (e.g., hypothalamus), hindbrain (e.g., brainstem), and spinal cord.
  • metabolic (i.e., fuel availability) and cognitive (i.e., learned preferences) information from these systems is integrated and the decision to engage in appetitive (food seeking) and consummatory (ingestion) behaviors is either turned on (meal procurement and initiation) or turned off (meal termination).
  • the hypothalamus is thought to be principally responsible for integrating these signals and then issuing commands to the brainstem.
  • Brainstem nuclei that control the elements of the consummatory motor control system e.g., muscles responsible for chewing and swallowing.
  • these CNS nuclei have literally been referred to as constituting the “final common pathway” for ingestive behavior.
  • CNS-directed anti-obesity therapeutics e.g., small molecules and peptides
  • Obesity remains a poorly treatable, chronic, essentially intractable metabolic disorder. Accordingly, a need exists for new therapies useful in weight reduction and/or weight maintenance in a subject. Such therapies would lead to a profound beneficial effect on the subject's health. Methods and therapies employing the engineered peptides disclosed herein, either alone or in combination with other anti-obesity agents (see, e.g., WO 2009064298 and US 20080207512 may provide such beneficial effects.
  • Leptin deficiency has been shown to result in obesity.
  • leptin deficiency is congenital leptin deficiency, a rare genetic disorder. See Montague et al., 1997 , Nature 387: 903-908.
  • Severe leptin deficiency can be a result of uncontrolled insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus that results from destruction of insulin-secreting ⁇ -cells. It is theorized that the lack of insulin leads to synthesis and storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue, which prevents weight gain and in turn dramatically reduces plasma leptin levels since leptin is synthesized in adipose tissue.
  • Leptin deficiencies can be treated with leptin replacement therapy, such as via daily leptin or leptin agonist injections.
  • leptin replacement therapy such as via daily leptin or leptin agonist injections.
  • the engineered polypeptides described herein can provide a more convenient and advantageous therapeutic treatment of such diseases and disorders.
  • Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a complex, chronic disease in which 60% to 70% of all case fatalities among diabetic patients are a result of cardiovascular complications. Diabetes is not only considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent but is also identified as an independent predictor of adverse events, including recurrent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and death following a cardiovascular incident. The adoption of tighter glucose control and aggressive treatment for cardiovascular risk factors would be expected to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease complications and improve overall survival among diabetic patients. Yet, diabetic patients are two to three times more likely to experience an acute myocardial infarction than non-diabetic patients, and diabetic patients live eight to thirteen years less than non-diabetic patients.
  • ACC/AHA American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
  • ACS American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
  • ACS glucose-lowering therapy for hospitalized diabetic/ACS patients should be targeted to achieve preprandial glucose less than 10 mg/dL, a maximum daily target than 180 mg/dL, and a post-discharge hemoglobin A1c less than 7%.
  • leptin can have direct benefit to treating diabetes, particularly in type I diabetes and type II diabetes, with or without the presence of obesity, and more particularly in conditions of low serum leptin. It has been reported that leptin replenishment reduced or prevented hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in various animal models of diabetes type 1 and 2 with or without attendant obesity. For example, high leptin plasma levels generated either by pharmacological administration of leptin or with adenoviral gene therapy reduced hyperglycemia and associated increases of plasma glucagon levels in STZ-induced diabetes, despite persistently low insulin levels.
  • lipodystrophy is characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's adipose tissue.
  • Dyslipidemia is a disruption in the normal lipid component in the blood. It is believed that prolonged elevation of insulin levels can lead to dyslipidemia.
  • Hyperlipidemia is the presence of raised or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.
  • Hypothalamic amenorrhea is a condition in which menstruation stops for several months due to a problem involving the hypothalamus. It has been found that leptin replacement therapy in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea improves reproductive, thyroid, and growth hormone axes and markers of bone formation without causing adverse effects.
  • Fatty liver disease e.g., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis), to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to cirrhosis (irreversible, advanced scarring of the liver). All of the stages of NAFLD have in common the accumulation of fat (fatty infiltration) in the liver cells (hepatocytes). It is believed that leptin is one of the key regulators for inflammation and progression of fibrosis in various chronic liver diseases including NASH. See e.g., Ikejima et al., Hepatology Res. 33:151-154.
  • a leptin, leptin analog e.g., metreleptin, or an active fragment thereof
  • engineered polypeptides described herein which include a leptin, leptin analog or an active fragment thereof, can be useful in the treatment of fatty liver disorders.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • brain lipids are intricately involved in A-beta-related pathogenic pathways, and that an important modulator of lipid homeostasis is leptin.
  • leptin can modulate bidirectional A-beta kinesis, reducing its levels extracellularly.
  • chronic administration of leptin to AD-transgenic animals reduced the brain A-beta load, underlying its therapeutic potential. See Fewlass et al., 2004 , FASEB J., 18:1870-1878.
  • type 2 diabetes mellitus and AD share epidemiological and biochemical features in that both are characterized by insoluble protein aggregates with a fibrillar conformation-amylin in type 2 DM pancreatic islets, and A ⁇ in AD brain. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that similar toxic mechanisms may characterize type-2 DM and AD. See Lim et al., FEBS Lett., 582:2188-2194.
  • Metabolic Syndrome X is characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and visceral distribution of adipose tissue, and plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. It has also been found to be strongly correlated with NASH, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver. Accordingly, engineered polypeptides described herein can be useful in the treatment of metabolic syndrome X.
  • Huntington's Disease is an autosomal dominant, neurogenerative disease.
  • Features of the disease include motor disturbances, dementia, psychiatric problems, and unintended weight loss.
  • Chimeric polypeptides described herein can be useful in the treatment of Huntington's Disease.
  • a method for treating a disease or disorder in a subject is in need of treatment for the disease or disorder.
  • the disease or disorder can be lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, overweight, obesity, hypothalamic amenorrhea, Alzheimer's disease, leptin deficiency, fatty liver disease or diabetes (including type I and type II).
  • Additional diseases and disorders which can be treated by the compounds and methods described herein include nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), metabolic syndrome X and Huntington's Disease.
  • the method of treatment includes administration to the subject of a engineered polypeptide as described herein in an amount effective to treatment the disease or disorder.
  • the engineered polypeptide will include as HD1a leptin, a leptin fragment or a leptin analog. Accordingly, the engineered polypeptide can have one of the following structures: ABD-HD1, HD1-ABD, ABD-L1-HD1 or HD1-L1-ABD.
  • the leptin can be human leptin or metreleptin.
  • the leptin analog has at least 50%, for example, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, identity with human leptin.
  • the leptin analog has at least 50%, for example, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, identity with mouse leptin.
  • the leptin analog has at least 50%, for example, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, identity with rat leptin. In some embodiments, the leptin analog has at least 50%, for example, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, identity with platypus leptin. In some embodiments, the leptin analog has at least 50%, for example, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even higher, identity with seal leptin. In some embodiments, the leptin analog is leptin A100, A300 or A500.
  • a variety of food intake assays are available to one of skill in the art.
  • home cage model of food intake
  • subjects e.g., rats
  • food intake along with total weight of the subject is measured following injection of test compound.
  • feeding patterns model of food intake assay
  • subjects e.g., rats
  • food intake is automatically determined as a function of time (e.g., 1-min intervals).
  • the food is standard chow or any of a variety of chows (e.g., high fat) known in the art.
  • a test compound may be tested for appetite suppression, or for an effect on body weight gain in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice.
  • DIO diet-induced obesity
  • test means are compared to the control mean using Dunnett's test (Prism v. 2.01, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, Calif.).
  • administration of test compound can be by any means, including injection (e.g., subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and the like), oral, or other methods of administration known in the art.
  • in vitro assays e.g., receptor assays
  • in vitro assays are useful as a screening strategy for potential metabolic agents, such as described herein.
  • a variety of in vitro assays are known in the art, including those described as follows.
  • Leptin binding can be measured by the potency of a test compound in displacing 125 I-recombinant-Leptin (murine) from the surface membrane expressing chimeric Leptin (Hu)-EPO (Mu) receptor presented by the 32D OBECA cell line ( J Biol Chem 1998; 273(29): 18365-18373).
  • Purified cell membranes can be prepared by homogenization from harvested confluent cell cultures of 32D OBECA cells. Membranes can be incubated with 125 I-rec-Murine-Leptin and increasing concentrations of test compound for 3 hours at ambient temperature in 96-well polystyrene plates.
  • Bound and unbound ligand fractions can then be separated by rapid filtration onto 96-well GF/B plates pre-blocked for at least 60′ in 0.5% PEI (polyethyleneimine). Glass fiber plates can then be dried, scintillant added, and CPM determined by reading on a multiwell scintillation counter capable of reading radiolabeled iodine.
  • PEI polyethyleneimine
  • Increased levels of phosphorylated STAT5 can be measured following treatment of 32D-Keptin cells ectopically expressing chimeric Hu-Leptin/Mu-EPO receptor with a test compound.
  • the 32D-Keptin cells (identical to 32D-OBECA cells but maintained in culture with leptin) can be leptin weaned overnight and then treated with test compounds in 96-well plates for 30 minutes at 37° C. followed by cell extraction.
  • the pSTAT5 levels in the cell lysates can be determined using the Perkin Elmer AlphaScreen® SureFire® pSTAT5 assay kit in a 384-well format (ProxiplateTM 384 Plus).
  • the efficacy of test compounds can be determined relative to the maximal signal in cell lysates from cells treated with Human leptin.
  • compositions comprising compounds described herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (e.g., carrier).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to pharmaceutical excipients, for example, pharmaceutically, physiologically, acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for enteral or parenteral application that do not deleteriously react with the active agent.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include water, salt solutions (e.g., Ringer's solution and the like), alcohols, oils, gelatins, and carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acid esters, hydroxymethycellulose, and polyvinyl pyrrolidine.
  • Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds of the invention.
  • auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds of the invention.
  • a pharmaceutical composition which includes a engineered polypeptide as described herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is an oral pharmaceutical composition, as described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is a long lasting pharmaceutical composition.
  • the term “long lasting” in the context of administration of a pharmaceutical composition refers to duration of action. Accordingly, a long lasting pharmaceutical composition may be administered at intervals of, for example, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month or even longer.
  • administration is once a day (i.e., “once daily”).
  • administration is once a week (i.e., “once weekly”).
  • the engineered polypeptides described herein can be administered alone or can be co-administered to a subject. Co-administration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compounds individually or in combination (more than one compound). For example, it has been found that obesity can be beneficially treated with a combination therapy including a leptin (e.g., metreleptin) and certain other anti-obesity compounds. See e.g., U.S. Published Appl. No. 2008/0207512. Accordingly, an engineered polypeptide described herein comprising an ABD and a leptin could be useful for treatment of obesity. Alternatively, the individual engineered polypeptides having can be co-administered with other anti-obesity agents, such as exenatide or liraglutide.
  • other anti-obesity agents such as exenatide or liraglutide.
  • the preparations can also be co-administered, when desired, with other active substances (e.g. to reduce metabolic degradation) as known in the art or other therapeutically active agents.
  • other active substances e.g. to reduce metabolic degradation
  • Amylin is a peptide hormone synthesized by pancreatic ⁇ -cells that is co-secreted with insulin in response to nutrient intake.
  • the sequence of amylin is highly preserved across mammalian species, with structural similarities to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the calcitonins, the intermedins, and adrenomedullin, as known in the art.
  • CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide
  • the glucoregulatory actions of amylin complement those of insulin by regulating the rate of glucose appearance in the circulation via suppression of nutrient-stimulated glucagon secretion and slowing gastric emptying.
  • pramlintide a synthetic and equipotent analogue of human amylin, reduces postprandial glucose excursions by suppressing inappropriately elevated postprandial glucagon secretion and slowing gastric emptying.
  • sequences of rat amylin, human amylin and pramlintide follow:
  • rat amylin (SEQ ID NO: 108) KCNTATCATQRLANFLVRSSNNLGPVLPPTNVGSNTY; human amylin: (SEQ ID NO: 109) KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY; Pramlintide: (SEQ ID NO: 110) KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGPILPPTNVGSNTY.
  • Davalintide also known as “AC-2307” is a potent amylin agonist useful in the treatment of a variety of disease indications. See WO 2006/083254 and WO 2007/114838, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes.
  • Davalintide is a chimeric peptide, having an N-terminal loop region of amylin or calcitonin and analogs thereof, an alpha-helical region of at least a portion of an alpha-helical region of calcitonin or analogs thereof or an alpha-helical region having a portion of an amylin alpha-helical region and a calcitonin alpha-helical region or analog thereof, and a C-terminal tail region of amylin or calcitonin.
  • the sequences of human calcitonin, salmon calcitonin and davalintide follow:
  • human calcitonin (SEQ ID NO: 111) CGNLSTCMLGTYTQDFNKFHTFPQTAIGVGAP; salmon calcitonin: (SEQ ID NO: 112) CSNLSTCVLGKLSQELHKLQTYPRTNTGSGTP; davalintide: (SEQ ID NO: 113) KCNTATCVLGRLSQELHRLQTYPRTNTGSNTY.
  • amylins and davalintide, and fragments and analogs thereof can require C-terminal amidation to elicit a full biological response. It is understood that amylin compounds such as those described herein which include amylins and/or davalintide, and fragment and analogs thereof, can be amidated at the C-terminal.
  • Amylin agonist compounds include native amylin peptides, amylin analog peptides, and other compounds (e.g., small molecules) that have amylin agonist activity.
  • the “amylin agonist compounds” can be derived from natural sources, can be synthetic, or can be derived from recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Amylin agonist compounds have amylin agonist receptor binding activity and may comprise amino acids (e.g., natural, unnatural, or a combination thereof), peptide mimetics, chemical moieties, and the like. The skilled artisan will recognize amylin agonist compounds using amylin receptor binding assays or by measuring amylin agonist activity in soleus muscle assays.
  • amylin agonist compounds will have an IC 50 of about 200 nM or less, about 100 nM or less, or about 50 nM or less, in an amylin receptor binding assay, such as that described herein, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,411, and US Publication No. 2008/0176804, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and for all purposes.
  • amylin agonist compounds will have an EC 50 of about 20 nM or less, about nM 15 or less, about nM 10 or less, or about nM 5 or less in a soleus muscle assay, such as that described herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,411.
  • the amylin agonist compound has at least 90% or 100% sequence identity to 25,28,29 Pro-human-amylin.
  • the amylin agonist compound is a peptide chimera of amylin (e.g., human amylin, rat amylin, and the like) and calcitonin (e.g., human calcitonin, salmon calcitonin, and the like).
  • calcitonin e.g., human calcitonin, salmon calcitonin, and the like.
  • Suitable and exemplary amylin agonist compounds are also described in US Publication No. 2008/0274952, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes.
  • amylin analog as used herein is meant an amylin agonist that has at least 50% sequence identity, preferably at least 70% sequence identity, to a naturally-occurring form of amylin, either rat or human or from any other species, and is derived from them by modifications including insertions, substitutions, extensions, and/or deletions of the reference amino acid sequence.
  • the amylin analog sequence can have at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 95% amino acid sequence identity with the reference amylin.
  • the analog has 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or even 16 amino acid substitutions, insertions, extensions, and/or deletions relative to the reference compound.
  • the amylin analog may comprise conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions (including non-natural amino acids and L and D forms). These analogs are preferably peptides, peptide derivatives or peptide mimics.
  • Typical amylin analogs will be peptides, especially of 32-37 amino acids, e.g. 27 to 45, especially 28 to 38, and even 31-36.
  • Amylin analogs with identity to rat and human amylin include 25,28,29 Pro-h-amylin (pramlintide) (SEQ ID NO: 110); des- 1 Lys-h-amylin (SEQ ID NO: 161); 25 Pro, 26 Val, 28,29 Pro-h-amylin (SEQ ID NO: 162); 18 Arg, 25,28 Pro-h-amylin (SEQ ID NO: 163); des- 1 L-h amylin (SEQ ID NO: 164); 18 Arg, 25,28,29 Pro-h-amylin (SEQ ID NO: 165); des- 1 Lys, 18 Arg, 25,28,29 Pro-h-amylin (SEQ ID NO: 166); des- 1 ,Lys 25,28,29 Pro-h-amylin (SEQ ID NO: 167); 25 Pro, 26 Val, 28,29 Pro-h-amylin (SEQ ID NO: 168); 28 Pro-h-amylin, 2,
  • Suitable and exemplary amylin agonist compounds are also described in PCT Patent Publication WO2010/085700.
  • Amylin analogs include amino acid sequences of residues 1-37 of Formula (I) following, wherein up to 25% of the amino acids set forth in Formula (I) may be deleted or substituted with a different amino acid:
  • X′ is hydrogen, an N-terminal capping group, or a linker to a duration enhancing moiety.
  • Xaa 1 is Lys or a bond
  • Xaa 21 is Lys, Cys, or Asn
  • Xaa 24 is Lys, Cys, or Gly
  • Xaa 25 is Lys, Cys, or Pro
  • Xaa 26 is Lys, Cys, or Ile
  • Xaa 27 is Lys, Cys, or Leu
  • Xaa 28 is Lys, Cys, or Pro
  • Xaa 29 is Lys, Cys, or Pro
  • Xaa 31 is Lys, Cys, or Asn.
  • variable X represents a C-terminal functionality (e.g., a C-terminal cap).
  • X is substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted arylamino, substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyloxy, or hydroxyl.
  • X is preferably amine thereby forming a C-terminal amide.
  • up to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or even 50% of the amino acids of residues 1-37 of Formula (I) are deleted or substituted in a polypeptide component according to Formula (I).
  • the amylin analog component has 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or even 16 amino acid substitutions relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in Formula (I).
  • the amylin analog has a sequence which has a defined sequence identity with respect to the residues 1-37 of the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I).
  • the sequence identity between an amylin analgo described herein and residues 1-37 of Formula (I) is 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or even higher.
  • up to 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or even less of the amino acids set forth in residues 1-37 of Formula (I) may be deleted or substituted with a different amino acid.
  • the sequence identity is within the range 75%-100%.
  • sequence identity is within the range 75%-90%. In some embodiments, the sequence identity is within the range 80%-90%. In some embodiments, the sequence identity is at least 75%. In some embodiments, the amylin analog has the sequence of residues 1-37 of Formula (I).
  • amylin analogs including those of Formula (I), form the basis of a polypeptide component to which one or more duration enhancing moieties are linked, optionally through a linker, to form an amylin polypeptide conjugate.
  • the polypeptide component serves as a template (“polypeptide template”) to which is attached, preferably by covalent attachment, one or more duration enhancing moieties.
  • Linkage of the duration enhancing moiety to the polypeptide component can be through a linker as described herein.
  • linkage of the duration enhancing moiety to the polypeptide component can be via a direct covalent bond.
  • the duration enhancing moiety can be a water soluble polymer as described herein.
  • a plurality of duration enhancing moieties are attached to the polypeptide component, in which case each linker to each duration enhancing moiety is independently selected from the linkers described herein.
  • Amylin analogs useful as polypeptide components described herein include, but are not limited to, the compounds set forth in residues 1-37 of Formula (I) provided in Table 3 below. Unless indicated to the contrary, all peptides described herein, including peptides having an expressly provided sequence, are contemplated in both free carboxylate and amidated forms.
  • linker in the context of attachment of duration enhancing moieties to a polypeptide component in an amylin polypeptide conjugate described herein, means a divalent species (-L-) covalently bonded in turn to a polypeptide component having a valency available for bonding and to a duration enhancing moiety having a valency available for bonding.
  • the available bonding site on the polypeptide component is conveniently a side chain residue (e.g., lysine, cysteine, aspartic acid, and homologs thereof).
  • the available bonding site on the polypeptide component is the side chain of a lysine or a cysteine residue.
  • the available bonding site on the polypeptide component is the N-terminal amine. In some embodiments, the available bonding site on the polypeptide component is the C-terminal carboxyl. In some embodiments, the available bonding site on the polypeptide component is a backbone atom thereof.
  • linking amino acid residue means an amino acid within residues 1-37 of Formula (I) to which a duration enhancing moiety is attached, optionally through a linker.
  • compounds are provided having a linker covalently linking a polypeptide component with a duration enhancing moiety.
  • the linker is optional; i.e., any linker may simply be a bond.
  • the linker is attached at a side chain of the polypeptide component.
  • the linker is attached to a backbone atom of the polypeptide component.
  • an amylin polypeptide conjugate which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and an amino acid residue in position 2 to 37 has been substituted with a lysine residue or cysteine residue and wherein said lysine residue or cysteine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker, wherein the amino acid numbering conforms with the amino acid number in SEQ ID NO:110.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in any one of position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, or 37 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • an amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in any one of position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, or 37 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lys
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in any one of position 21, 24-29, or 31 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • an amylin polypeptide conjugate which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in any one of position 21, 24-29, or 31 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 21 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 24 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 25 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 26 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 27 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 28 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 29 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the invention relates to an amylin polypeptide conjugate, which is a derivative of pramlintide with SEQ ID NO:110 or an analog thereof, wherein the amino acid residue in position 1 is absent (i.e., des-Lys) and wherein an amino acid residue in position 31 is substituted with a lysine residue and wherein said lysine residue is linked to a polyethylene glycol polymer, optionally via a linker.
  • the duration enhancing moiety is a water-soluble polymer.
  • a “water soluble polymer” means a polymer which is sufficiently soluble in water under physiologic conditions of e.g., temperature, ionic concentration and the like, as known in the art, to be useful for the methods described herein.
  • a water soluble polymer can increase the solubility of a peptide or other biomolecule to which such water soluble polymer is attached. Indeed, such attachment has been proposed as a means for improving the circulating life, water solubility and/or antigenicity of administered proteins, in vivo. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337; U.S. Published Appl. No. 2008/0032408.
  • water-soluble polymers and attachment chemistries have been used towards this goal, such as polyethylene glycol, copolymers of ethylene glycol/propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly-1,3-dioxolane, poly-1,3,6-trioxane, ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, polyaminoacids (either homopolymers or random copolymers), and the like.
  • the linked duration enhancing moiety includes a polyethylene glycol.
  • Polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) has been used in efforts to obtain therapeutically usable polypeptides. See e.g., Zalipsky, S., 1995 , Bioconjugate Chemistry, 6:150-165; Mehvar, R., 2000 , J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 3:125-136.
  • PEG backbone [(CH 2 CH 2 —O—) n , n: number of repeating monomers] is flexible and amphiphilic.
  • the long, chain-like PEG molecule or moiety is believed to be heavily hydrated and in rapid motion when in an aqueous medium. This rapid motion is believed to cause the PEG to sweep out a large volume and prevents the approach and interference of other molecules.
  • PEG polymer chains can protect such chemical entity from immune response and other clearance mechanisms.
  • pegylation can lead to improved drug efficacy and safety by optimizing pharmacokinetics, increasing bioavailability, and decreasing immunogenicity and dosing frequency.
  • “Pegylation” refers in the customary sense to conjugation of a PEG moiety with another compound.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol polymer
  • mPEG methoxy-PEG
  • attachment sites in proteins include primary amino groups, such as those on lysine residues or at the N-terminus, thiol groups, such as those on cysteine side-chains, and carboxyl groups, such as those on glutamate or aspartate residues or at the C-terminus. Common sites of attachment are to the sugar residues of glycoproteins, cysteines or to the N-terminus and lysines of the target polypeptide.
  • pegylated and the like refer to covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol to a polypeptide or other biomolecule, optionally through a linker as described herein and/or as known in the art.
  • a PEG moiety in an amylin polypeptide conjugate described herein has a nominal molecular weight within a specified range.
  • the size of a PEG moiety is indicated by reference to the nominal molecular weight, typically provided in kilodaltons (kD).
  • the molecular weight is calculated in a variety of ways known in the art, including number, weight, viscosity and “Z” average molecular weight. It is understood that polymers, such as PEG and the like, exist as a distribution of molecule weights about a nominal average value.
  • the term “mPEG40KD” refers to a methoxy polyethylene glycol polymer having a nominal molecular weight of 40 kilodaltons. Reference to PEGs of other molecular weights follows this convention.
  • the PEG moiety has a nominal molecular weight in the range 10-100 KD, 20-80 KD, 20-60 KD, or 20-40 KD.
  • the PEG moiety has a nominal molecular weight of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or even 100 KD.
  • the PEG moiety has a molecular weight of 20, 25, 30, 40, 60 or 80 KD.
  • PEG molecules useful for derivatization of polypeptides are typically classified into linear, branched and Warwick (i.e., PolyPEG®) classes of PEGs, as known in the art.
  • the PEG moieties described herein are linear PEGs.
  • the terms “two arm branched,” “Y-shaped” and the like refer to branched PEG moieties, as known in the art.
  • the term “Warwick” in the context of PEGs, also known as “comb” or “comb-type” PEGs refers to a variety of multi-arm PEGs attached to a backbone, typically poly(methacrylate), as known in the art.
  • Cmpd 119 is the result of the conjugation of mPEG40KD to the N-terminal nitrogen of Cmpd 101.
  • Cmpd 120 is the result of conjugation of mPEG40KD to the N-terminal nitrogen of Cmpd 102.
  • Standard single letter abbreviations for amino acids can be used, as can standard three-letter abbreviations.
  • Cmpd 124 is an analog of Cmpd 110 wherein the residue at position 26 of Cmpd 109 is substituted for lysine, and the pendant amine functionality of lysine 26 (i.e., K 26 ) is conjugated with a PEG40KD moiety.
  • exemplary compounds are provided in Table 4 below.
  • Amylins and amylin analogs to which a chemical moiety is attached are amylin derivatives.
  • Amylin derivatives may constitute amylins to which a chemical modification has been made of one or more of its amino acid side groups, ⁇ -carbon atoms, terminal amino group, or terminal carboxylic acid group.
  • a chemical modification includes, but is not limited to, attaching one or more chemical moieties, creating new bonds, and removing one or more chemical moieties.
  • Modifications at amino acid side groups include, without limitation, alkylation, acylation, ester formation, amide formation, maleimide coupling, acylation of lysine 8-amino groups, N-alkylation of arginine, histidine, or lysine, alkylation of glutamic or aspartic carboxylic acid groups, and deamidation of glutamine or asparagine.
  • Modifications of the terminal amino include, without limitation, the desamino, N-lower alkyl, N-di-lower alkyl, and N-acyl modifications.
  • Modifications of the terminal amino include, without limitation, the desamino, N-lower alkyl, N-di-lower alkyl, and N-acyl modifications, such as alkylacyls, branched alkylacyls, alkylaryl-acyls.
  • Modifications of the terminal carboxy group include, without limitation, the amide, lower alkyl amide, dialkyl amide, arylamide, alkylarylamide and lower alkyl ester modifications.
  • Lower alkyl is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • one or more side groups, or terminal groups may be protected by protective groups known to the ordinarily-skilled synthetic chemist.
  • the ⁇ -carbon of an amino acid may be mono- or dimethylated.
  • Amylin derivatives include amylins and amylin analogs conjugated to one or more water soluble polymer molecules, such as polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), as described above, or fatty acid chains of various lengths (e.g., stearyl, palmitoyl, octanoyl), by the addition of polyamino acids, such as poly-his, poly-arg, poly-lys, and poly-ala, or by addition of small molecule substituents include short alkyls and constrained alkyls (e.g., branched, cyclic, fused, adamantyl), and aromatic groups.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • fatty acid chains of various lengths
  • polyamino acids such as poly-his, poly-arg, poly-lys, and poly-ala
  • small molecule substituents include short alkyls and constrained alkyls (e.g., branched, cyclic, fused, adamantyl), and
  • the water soluble polymer molecules will have a molecular weight ranging from about 500 Daltons to about 60,000 Daltons. See, e.g., PCT Patent Publications WO 2007/104789, WO 2009/034119, and WO 2010/046357 for amylin derivatives suitable for use as anti-obesity agents in combination with the engineered polypeptides of the invention.
  • Such polymer-conjugations may occur singularly at the N- or C-terminus or at the side chains of amino acid residues within the sequence of an amylin or amylin analog as disclosed herein. Alternatively, there may be multiple sites of derivatization along the amino acid sequence of such an amylin or amylin analog. Substitution of one or more amino acids with lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine may provide additional sites for derivatization. In some embodiments, an amylin or amylin analog may be conjugated to one, two, or three polymer molecules.
  • the water soluble polymer molecules are linked to an amino, carboxyl, or thiol group, and may be linked by N or C termini, or at the side chains of lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine.
  • the water soluble polymer molecules may be linked with diamine and dicarboxylic groups.
  • an amylin or amylin analog is conjugated to one, two, or three PEG molecules through an epsilon amino group on a lysine amino acid.
  • the engineered polypeptides of the invention provide beneficial synergistic anti-obesity effects to both moderately obese (BMI equal to or greater than 30) and severely obese (BMI equal to or greater than 35) subjects when administered in combination with certain other anti-obesity compounds.
  • BMI moderately obese
  • BMI severely obese
  • a state of leptin resistance exists in obese subjects. See also, e.g., Tenenbaum, D., HHMI Bulletin, pp. 25-27 (March 2003); Chicurel, M., Nature, Vol. 404, pp.
  • the invention are methods of treating obesity and obesity related conditions, disorders, and diseases in subjects, including high BMI subjects, by the administration of at least two different anti-obesity agents, wherein one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide of the invention and another anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative (i.e. an amylin agent).
  • one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide of the invention and another anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative (i.e. an amylin agent).
  • the invention provides methods of treating obesity in subjects in need thereof comprising administration of a first anti-obesity agent selected from an engineered polypeptide of the invention in combination with a second anti-obesity agent selected from an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative wherein the administration of the agents result in a synergistic effect as compared to administration of either agent alone.
  • methods of the invention provide a synergistic anti-obesity effect among the administered agents. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, administration of a combination of anti-obesity agents results in an effect, e.g., a reduction in nutrient availability, reduction in body weight, reduction in food intake, increase in metabolism, which is greater than the combination of the results of administration of the anti-obesity agent alone (monotherapy).
  • Reduced nutrient availability is meant to include any means by which the body reduces the nutrients available to the body to store as fat.
  • reducing nutrient availability may be by means that include, but are not limited to, reducing appetite, increasing satiety, affecting food choice/taste aversion, increasing metabolism, and/or decreasing or inhibiting food absorption.
  • Exemplary mechanisms that may be affected include delayed gastric emptying or decreased absorption of food in the intestines.
  • a “subject in need thereof” includes subjects who are overweight, obese, or desirous of losing weight.
  • Obese subjects include both the moderately obese, low BMI population and the severely obese, high BMI population.
  • subjects who are insulin resistant, glucose intolerant, or have any form of diabetes mellitus e.g., type 1, 2 or gestational diabetes
  • metabolic rate is meant the amount of energy liberated/expended per unit of time. Metabolism per unit time can be estimated by food consumption, energy released as heat, or oxygen used in metabolic processes. It is generally desirable to have a higher metabolic rate when one wants to lose weight. For example, a person with a high metabolic rate may be able to expend more energy (e.g., the body burns more calories) to perform an activity than a person with a low metabolic rate for that activity.
  • lean mass refers to muscle and bone. Lean body mass does not necessarily indicate fat free mass. Lean body mass contains a small percentage of fat (roughly 3%) within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), marrow of bones, and internal organs. Lean body mass is measured in terms of density. Methods of measuring fat mass and lean mass include, but are not limited to, underwater weighing, air displacement plethysmograph, x-ray, DEXA scans, MRIs and CT scans. In certain embodiments, fat mass and lean mass is measured using underwater weighing as known in the art.
  • fat distribution is meant the location of fat deposits in the body. Such locations of fat deposition include, for example, subcutaneous, visceral and ectopic fat depots.
  • subcutaneous fat is meant the deposit of lipids just below the skin's surface.
  • the amount of subcutaneous fat in a subject can be measured using any method available for the measurement of subcutaneous fat. Methods of measuring subcutaneous fat are known in the art, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,886, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • visceral fat is meant the deposit of fat as intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Visceral fat surrounds vital organs and can be metabolized by the liver to produce blood cholesterol. Visceral fat has been associated with increased risks of conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.
  • ectopic fat storage is meant lipid deposits within and around tissues and organs that constitute the lean body mass (e.g., skeletal muscle, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, blood vessels). Generally, ectopic fat storage is an accumulation of lipids outside classical adipose tissue depots in the body.
  • treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinical results.
  • Treating” or “palliating” a disease, disorder, or condition means that the extent and/or undesirable clinical manifestations of a condition, disorder, or a disease state are lessened and/or time course of the progression is slowed or lengthened, as compared to not treating the disorder.
  • a decrease in body weight e.g., at least a 5% decrease in body weight, is an example of a desirable treatment result.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable.
  • Treatment can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Further, treating does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, but often occurs upon administration of a series of doses. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount, an amount sufficient to palliate, or an amount sufficient to treat a disease, disorder, or condition may be administered in one or more administrations.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of the active compounds in the composition that will elicit the biological or medical response in a tissue, system, subject, or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disorder being treated.
  • the novel methods of treatment of this invention are for disorders known to those skilled in the art.
  • prophylactically effective amount means the amount of the active compounds in the composition that will elicit the biological or medical response in a tissue, system, subject, or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, to prevent the onset of obesity or an obesity-related disorder, condition or disease in subjects as risk for obesity or the obesity-related disorder, condition or disease.
  • methods for reducing the risk of developing metabolic disorders comprising administering to the subject a combination of anti-obesity agents in effective amounts to reduce the weight of a subject.
  • methods of the invention are used to increase the metabolic rate in a subject, decrease a reduction in the metabolic rate in a subject, or preserve the metabolic rate in a subject.
  • the metabolic rate may involve the preferential use of the body's fat as an energy source over lean body tissue.
  • lean body mass is not decreased following administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • a reduction in the lean body mass is lessened or prevented following administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • lean body mass is increased following administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • Such preference for fat as the energy source may be determined by comparing the amount of fatty tissue to lean body tissue, ascertained by measuring total body weight and fat content at the beginning and end of the treatment period.
  • An increase in metabolic rate is a higher level of the use of calories or another energy source by a subject over a period of time compared with the level of use of calories or other energy source by the subject over another period of time under substantially similar or identical conditions without administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • the metabolic rate is increased at least about 5% in a subject, in other embodiments, the metabolic rate is increased at least about 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%, or 35% in a subject compared with the level of use of calories or other energy source by the subject over another period of time under substantially similar or identical conditions without administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • the increase in metabolic rate can be measured using a respiratory calorimeter, for example.
  • An effective amount of the anti-obesity agents as used in these embodiments is an amount of each agent effective to increase the metabolic rate in a subject when administered in combination compared to a subject not receiving the agents or only one of the agents.
  • a method is provided to reduce a decrease in metabolic rate in a subject.
  • a decrease in metabolic rate can be the result of any condition or nutritional or physical regimen that leads to a reduction in metabolic rate, for example, due to a reduced calorie diet, a restricted diet, or weight loss.
  • a restricted diet includes allowances or prohibitions, or both on the types of food or the amounts of food or both permitted in a diet, not necessarily based on calories.
  • the body compensates with a reduced metabolic rate based on the lower caloric intake. In essence, the body down-regulates the requirement for food, thereby subsisting on less food. As dieting continues, the threshold for caloric intake is reduced.
  • a method is provided to reduce the loss of metabolic rate in a subject, where the loss of metabolic rate is the result of a reduced calorie diet or weight loss.
  • the subject's reduction in metabolic rate is decreased by at least about 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% in a subject.
  • an effective amount of the anti-obesity agents of as used in this embodiment is an amount of each agent effective to decrease the reduction of the metabolic rate in a subject when administered in combination.
  • a method comprises administering effective amounts of anti-obesity agents in combination to a subject.
  • the subject is losing weight, or has lost weight, for example, due to a reduced calorie diet, increased exercise or a combination thereof.
  • metabolic plateau is meant time intervals of steady metabolic rate while the body adjusts to changes in caloric or energy input. Changes in caloric input or expenditure can be the result of, for example, reduced calorie diets or increased physical activity. Such plateaus can be observed, for example, during a weight loss regimen when weight loss slows or stops.
  • a method of the present invention reduces the duration of a metabolic plateau in a subject compared with the duration of metabolic plateaus in an otherwise identical subject over the same period of time under substantially similar or identical conditions without administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • a method of the present invention reduces the frequency of metabolic plateaus compared with the frequency of metabolic plateaus in an otherwise identical subject over the same period of time under substantially similar or identical conditions without administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • a method of the present invention delays the onset of a metabolic plateau compared with the onset of a metabolic plateau in an otherwise identical subject over the same period of time under substantially similar or identical conditions without administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • metabolic plateaus are identified by charting periods of reduced or no weight loss. In certain embodiments, at least one metabolic plateau is reduced. In other embodiments, at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten metabolic plateaus are reduced. In another aspect, metabolic plateaus are delayed one day as compared to a subject not administered the combination of anti-obesity agents under identical or similar conditions. In other aspects, metabolic plateaus are delayed 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 10 days, 2 weeks or 3 weeks in a subject.
  • a method is provided to preserve the metabolic rate in a subject.
  • the subject may be at risk of losing metabolic rate, for example, due to the initiation of a reduced calorie diet, restricted diet, or anticipated weight loss.
  • a preservation of metabolic rate is a maintenance of the level of the use of calories or another energy source by a subject over a period of time compared with the level of use of calories or other energy source by an otherwise identical subject over the same period of time under substantially similar or identical conditions without administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • the metabolic rate is maintained within 15% of the subject's metabolic rate prior to the initiation of the event that results in the decrease in metabolic rate.
  • the metabolic rate is maintained within 10%, within 7%, within 5%, within 3% or less of the subject's metabolic rate.
  • the combination of anti-obesity agents is administered at the initiation of a reduced calorie diet, restricted diet, or exercise regimen.
  • Metabolic rates can be assessed using any method available for determining such rates, for example by using a respiratory calorimeter. Such methods and devices for assaying metabolic rates are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,572,208, 4,856,531, 6,468,222, 6,616,615, 6,013,009, and 6,475,158.
  • the metabolic rate of an animal can be assessed by measuring the amount of lean tissue versus fatty tissue catabolized by the animal following the diet period. Thus, total body weight and fat content can be measured at the end of the dietary period.
  • a frequently used method to determine total body fat is to surgically remove and weigh the retroperitoneal fat pad, a body of fat located in the retroperitoneum, the area between the posterior abdominal wall and the posterior parietal peritoneum.
  • the pad weight is considered to be directly related to percent body fat of the animal. Since the relationship between body weight and body fat in rats is linear, obese animals have a correspondingly higher percent of body fat and retroperitoneal fat pad weight.
  • methods for reducing fat mass by increasing the metabolic rate in a subject comprising administering a combination of anti-obesity agents in amounts effective to reduce fat mass by increasing the subject's metabolic rate.
  • Fat mass can be expressed as a percentage of the total body mass.
  • the fat mass is reduced by at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25% over the course of treatment.
  • the subject's lean mass is not decreased over the course of the treatment.
  • the subject's lean mass is maintained or increased over the course of the treatment.
  • the subject is on a reduced calorie diet or restricted diet.
  • reduced calorie diet is meant that the subject is ingesting fewer calories per day than compared to the same subject's normal diet. In one instance, the subject is consuming at least 50 fewer calories per day. In other instances, the subject is consuming at least 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 fewer calories per day.
  • a method for altering the fat distribution in a subject comprising administering a combination of anti-obesity agents in amounts effective to alter fat distribution in the subject.
  • the alteration results from an increased metabolism of visceral or ectopic fat, or both in the subject.
  • the method involves the metabolism of visceral or ectopic fat or both at a rate of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, or 50% greater than for subcutaneous fat.
  • the methods result in a favorable fat distribution.
  • favorable fat distribution is an increased ratio of subcutaneous fat to visceral fat, ectopic fat, or both.
  • the method involves an increase in lean body mass, for example, as a result of an increase in muscle cell mass.
  • methods for reducing the amount of subcutaneous fat in a subject comprising administering, to a subject in need thereof, a combination of anti-obesity agents in amounts effective to reduce the amount of subcutaneous fat in the subject.
  • the amount of subcutaneous fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 5%.
  • the amount of subcutaneous fat is reduced by at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% 40%, or 50% compared to the subject prior to administration of the anti-obesity agents.
  • the methods described herein can be used to reduce the amount of visceral fat in a subject.
  • the visceral fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 5%.
  • the visceral fat is reduced in the subject by at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% 40%, or 50% compared to the subject prior to administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • Visceral fat can be measured through any means available to determine the amount of visceral fat in a subject. Such methods include, for example, abdominal tomography by means of CT scanning and MRI. Other methods for determining visceral fat are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,864,415, 6,850,797, and 6,487,445.
  • a method for preventing the accumulation of ectopic fat or reducing the amount of ectopic fat in a subject comprises administering, to a subject in need thereof, a combination of anti-obesity agents in amounts effective to prevent accumulation of ectopic fat or to reduce the amount of ectopic fat in the subject.
  • the amount of ectopic fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 5% compared to the subject prior to administration of the combination of anti-obesity agents.
  • the amount of ectopic fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 10%, or by at least about 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% 40%, or 50%.
  • the amount of ectopic fat is proportionally reduced 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% in comparison to subcutaneous fat in a subject.
  • Ectopic fat can be measured in a subject using any method available for measuring ectopic fat.
  • methods for producing a more favorable fat distribution in a subject, where the method comprises administering to a subject a combination of anti-obesity agents in amounts effective to produce a favorable fat distribution.
  • administration of a combination of anti-obesity agents reduces the amount of visceral fat or ectopic fat, or both, in a subject.
  • administration of a combination of anti-obesity agents where at least one anti-obesity agent that acts upon forebrain structures involved in food intake or body weight modulation or both in combination with administration of at least one anti-obesity agent that acts upon hindbrain structures involved in food intake or body weight modulation or both.
  • the methods preferentially reduce the amount of visceral or ectopic fat, or a combination of both, over the reduction in subcutaneous fat. Such methods result in a higher ratio of subcutaneous fat to visceral fat or ectopic fat. Such improved ratios may result in a reduced risk of the development of cardiovascular diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic syndrome, or any combinations thereof.
  • ectopic or visceral fat is metabolized at a rate 5% greater than subcutaneous fat. In other embodiments, ectopic or visceral fat is metabolized at a rate at least 10% 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% greater than subcutaneous fat.
  • methods of the invention include the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of anti-obesity agents administered in combination with glucocortico steroids.
  • Glucocortico steroids have the adverse effect of increasing fat mass and decreasing lean mass. Accordingly, it is contemplated that the anti-obesity agent combination can be used in conjunction with glucocortico steroids under conditions where glucocortico steroid use is beneficial.
  • methods of the invention include the use of a therapeutically effective amount of one anti-obesity agent or a combination of anti-obesity agents administered in combination with a therapeutic agent selected from orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, CONTRAVE, and QNEXA.
  • the methods of the invention include the use of a therapeutically effective amount of an engineered polypeptide of the invention in combination with a therapeutic agent selected from orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, CONTRAVE, and QNEXA.
  • the methods of the invention include the use of a therapeutically effective amount of an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative in combination with a therapeutic agent selected from orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, CONTRAVE, and QNEXA.
  • the methods of the invention include the use of a therapeutically effective amount of an engineered compound of the invention in combination with an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative and a therapeutic agent selected from orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, CONTRAVE, and QNEXA.
  • Methods for reducing a subject's weight to below that of morbid obesity include reducing caloric intake, increasing physical activity, drug therapy, bariatric surgery, such as gastric bypass surgery, or any combinations of the preceeding methods.
  • administering the combination of anti-obesity agents further reduces the weight of the subject.
  • methods are provided for reducing the body mass index in a subject having a body mass index of 40 or less by administering a combination of anti-obesity agents in effective amounts to further reduce the subject's weight.
  • reducing weight it is meant that the subject loses a portion of his/her total body weight over the course of treatment, whether the course of treatment be days, weeks, months or years.
  • reducing weight can be defined as a decrease in proportion of fat mass to lean mass (in other words, the subject has lost fat mass, but maintained or gained lean mass, without necessarily a corresponding loss in total body weight).
  • An effective amount of the anti-obesity agents administered in combination in these embodiments is an amount effective to reduce a subject's body weight over the course of the treatment, or alternatively an amount effective to reduce the subject's percentage of fat mass over the course of the treatment.
  • the subject's body weight is reduced, over the course of treatment, by at least about 1%, by at least about 5%, by at least about 10%, by at least about 15%, or by at least about 20%.
  • the subject's percentage of fat mass is reduced, over the course of treatment, by at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25%.
  • methods of reducing weight include improved adherence to weight maintenance.
  • the restoration of leptin responsiveness achieved by the administration of anti-obesity agents as described herein overcomes a critical challenge for obese subjects.
  • leptin levels may still be higher than normal even at a reduced body weight, making it difficult for subjects to maintain the weight loss.
  • the methods described herein include not only methods of reducing weight, but also the component of improved adherence to weight maintenance.
  • methods of reducing nutrient availability, e.g., reducing weight, in a subject comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of the anti-obesity agents in a bolus dose one or more times a day.
  • a bolus dose is an intermittent dosage of medicine (as opposed to a continuous infusion).
  • a subject can be administered one or more bolus doses per day.
  • the bolus dose can be the same no matter when it is administered to the subject, or can be adjusted such that the subject is administered a larger bolus dose at certain times of the day as compared to others.
  • a bolus dose can be administered less frequently, for example, once every three days, once per week, twice a month, once every month. Furthermore, the time between bolus doses is preferably long enough to allow the drug administered in the previous bolus dose to clear the subject's blood stream.
  • methods of reducing nutrient availability, e.g., reducing weight, in a subject comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of the anti-obesity agents in continuous doses.
  • continuous dose it is intended to mean the continuous infusion of the drug by, for example, intravenous injection or a transdermal patch.
  • a continuous dose can be administered orally in the form of a controlled release capsule or tablet which releases the drug into the subject's system over a period of time.
  • the drug is released over a period of about 1 hour, in some cases the drug is released over a period of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, or 24 hours.
  • administered in combination is meant that the anti-obesity agents are administered as a single administration, simultaneously as separate doses, or as sequentially administered.
  • Sequential administration refers to administering one of the anti-obesity agents either before or after an anti-obesity agent.
  • the first anti-obesity agent is administered about 30 minutes before or after the at least one other anti-obesity agent, in other embodiments about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 hours before or after the at least one other anti-obesity agents.
  • Any of the administered anti-obesity agents can be administered as a bolus dose or as a continuous dose.
  • administration of the weight-inducing agents in combination results in a synergistic effect in any of the aspects of the invention.
  • administration of the weight-inducing agents in combination results in a lower dosage requirement for at least one of the agents, with the same effect.
  • a method of treating obesity or reducing body weight in a subject in need thereof comprising peripherally administering therapeutically effective amounts of at least two different anti-obesity agents, wherein at least one anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative and at least one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide comprising: an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD); and a first peptide hormone domain (HD1) selected from a leptin, a leptin analog or an active fragment thereof, and the subject reduces body weight by least 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% or even 50%.
  • at least one anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative
  • at least one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide comprising: an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD); and a first
  • a method of treating obesity in a subject comprising peripherally administering therapeutically effective amounts of at least two different anti-obesity agents, wherein at least one anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative (i.e. an amylin agent) and at least one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide comprising: an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD); and a first peptide hormone domain (HD1) selected from a leptin, a leptin analog or an active fragment thereof.
  • at least one anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative (i.e. an amylin agent)
  • at least one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide comprising: an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD); and a first peptide hormone domain (HD1) selected from
  • a method of reducing body weight in a subject comprising peripherally administering therapeutically effective amounts of at least two different anti-obesity agents, wherein at least one anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative (i.e. an amylin agent) and at least one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide comprising: an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD); and a first peptide hormone domain (HD1) selected from a leptin, a leptin analog or an active fragment thereof.
  • at least one anti-obesity agent is an amylin, an amylin analog, an amylin agonist, or an amylin derivative (i.e. an amylin agent)
  • at least one anti-obesity agent is an engineered polypeptide comprising: an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD); and a first peptide hormone domain (HD1) selected
  • amylin agonist comprises an amylin analog or derivative.
  • amylin analog or derivative comprises pramlintide
  • amylin analog or derivative comprises a compound disclosed in Table 4.
  • amylin analog or derivative comprises Des-Lys1-[Lys26(mPEG40K)]-Pramlintide (SEQ ID NO: 214).
  • ABD comprises any one of the peptides selected from the group consisting of:
  • the HD1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, S
  • the engineered polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:55, SEQ ID NO:56, SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:61, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:67, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:69, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:71, SEQ ID NO:72, SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:74, SEQ ID NO:75, SEQ ID NO:76, SEQ ID NO:77, SEQ ID NO:78, SEQ ID NO:79, SEQ ID NO:80, SEQ ID NO:81, SEQ ID NO:82, SEQ ID NO:83, SEQ ID NO:
  • the effective amount of the amylin agent and the effective amount of the engineered polypeptide comprises an amount such that a greater amount of weight loss is achieved when the amylin agent is administered in combination with the engineered polypeptide to said subject than the amount of weight loss achieved when either agent is administered alone.
  • the pharmaceutical compounds of the invention may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants and excipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as those disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin. See also Wang et al. (1988) J. of Parenteral Sci. and Tech., Technical Report No. 10, Supp. 42:2 S.
  • the engineered polypeptides may be formulated into a stable, safe pharmaceutical composition for administration to a patient.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations contemplated for use in the methods of the invention may comprise approximately 0.01 to 1.0% (w/v), in certain cases 0.05 to 1.0%, of the engineered polypeptide, approximately 0.02 to 0.5% (w/v) of an acetate, phosphate, citrate or glutamate buffer allowing a pH of the final composition of from about 3.0 to about 7.0; approximately 1.0 to 10% (w/v) of a carbohydrate or polyhydric alcohol tonicifier and, optionally, approximately 0.005 to 1.0% (w/v) of a preservative selected from the group consisting of m-cresol, benzyl alcohol, methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl parabens and phenol. Such a preservative is generally included if the formulated peptide is to be included in a multiple use product.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the present engineered polypeptides may contain a range of concentrations of the compound(s), e.g., between about 0.01% to about 98% w/w, or between about 1 to about 98% w/w, or preferably between 80% and 90% w/w, or preferably between about 0.01% to about 50% w/w, or more preferably between about 10% to about 25% w/w in these embodiments.
  • a sufficient amount of water for injection may be used to obtain the desired concentration of solution.
  • Additional tonicifying agents such as sodium chloride, as well as other known excipients, may also be present, if desired. In some cases, such excipients are useful in maintenance of the overall tonicity of the compound.
  • An excipient may be included in the presently described formulations at various concentrations. For example, an excipient may be included in the concentration range from about 0.02% to about 20% w/w, preferably between about 0.02% and 0.5% w/w, about 0.02% to about 10% w/v, or about 1% to about 20% w/w.
  • an excipient may be included in solid (including powdered), liquid, semi-solid or gel form.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations may be composed in various forms, e.g., solid, liquid, semisolid or liquid.
  • solid as used herein, is meant to encompass all normal uses of this term including, for example, powders and lyophilized formulations.
  • the presently described formulations may be lyophilized.
  • buffer when used with reference to hydrogen-ion concentration or pH, refer to the ability of a system, particularly an aqueous solution, to resist a change of pH on adding acid or alkali, or on dilution with a solvent.
  • An example of the former system is acetic acid and sodium acetate.
  • the change of pH is slight as long as the amount of hydronium or hydroxyl ion added does not exceed the capacity of the buffer system to neutralize it.
  • liquid vehicles are suitable for use in the formulations of engineered polypeptides, for example, water or an aqueous/organic solvent mixture or suspension.
  • the stability of a engineered polypeptide formulation for use as described herein is enhanced by maintaining the pH of the formulation in a range determined by methods known in the art.
  • the pH of the formulation is maintained in the range of about 3.5 to 5.0, or about 3.5 to 6.5, in some embodiments from about 3.7 to 4.3, or about 3.8 to 4.2.
  • pH may be about 4.0, about 5.0, about 6.0, about 7.0, about 8.0, about 9.0, or even higher.
  • pH may be in the physiological range, pH 6-8, preferably pH 7-7.6.
  • the buffer with the engineered polypeptide is an acetate buffer (preferably at a final formulation concentration of from about 1-5 to about 60 mM), phosphate buffer (preferably at a final formulation concentration of from about 1-5 to about to about 30 mM) or glutamate buffer (preferably at a final formulation concentration of from about 1-5 to about to about 60 mM).
  • the buffer is acetate (preferably at a final formulation concentration of from about 5 to about 30 mM).
  • a stabilizer may be included in the formulations but is not necessarily needed. If included, however, a stabilizer useful in the practice of the present invention is a carbohydrate or a polyhydric alcohol.
  • a suitable stabilizer useful in the practice of the present invention is approximately 1.0 to 10% (w/v) of a carbohydrate or polyhydric alcohol.
  • the polyhydric alcohols and carbohydrates share the same feature in their backbones, i.e., —CHOH—CHOH—, which is responsible for stabilizing the proteins.
  • the polyhydric alcohols include such compounds as sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, and polyethylene glycols (PEGs). These compounds are straight-chain molecules.
  • the carbohydrates such as mannose, ribose, sucrose, fructose, trehalose, maltose, inositol, and lactose, on the other hand, are cyclic molecules that may contain a keto or aldehyde group. These two classes of compounds have been demonstrated to be effective in stabilizing protein against denaturation caused by elevated temperature and by freeze-thaw or freeze-drying processes.
  • Suitable carbohydrates include: galactose, arabinose, lactose or any other carbohydrate which does not have an adverse affect on a diabetic patient, i.e., the carbohydrate is not metabolized to form unacceptably large concentrations of glucose in the blood.
  • Such carbohydrates are well known in the art as suitable for diabetics.
  • Sucrose and fructose are suitable for use with the compound in non-diabetic applications (e.g. treating obesity).
  • the compound is stabilized with a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol, mannitol, inositol, glycerol, xylitol, and polypropylene/ethylene glycol copolymer, as well as various polyethylene glycols (PEG) of molecular weight 200, 400, 1450, 3350, 4000, 6000, 8000 and even higher).
  • a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol, mannitol, inositol, glycerol, xylitol, and polypropylene/ethylene glycol copolymer, as well as various polyethylene glycols (PEG) of molecular weight 200, 400, 1450, 3350, 4000, 6000, 8000 and even higher).
  • PEG polyethylene glycols
  • Another useful feature of the lyophilized formulations of the present invention is the maintenance of the tonicity of the lyophilized formulations described herein with the same formulation component that serves to maintain their stability.
  • USP United States Pharmacopeia
  • anti-microbial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations must be added to preparations contained in multiple dose containers. They must be present in adequate concentration at the time of use to prevent the multiplication of microorganisms inadvertently introduced into the preparation while withdrawing a portion of the contents with a hypodermic needle and syringe, or using other invasive means for delivery, such as pen injectors.
  • Antimicrobial agents should be evaluated to ensure compatibility with all other components of the formula, and their activity should be evaluated in the total formula to ensure that a particular agent that is effective in one formulation is not ineffective in another. It is not uncommon to find that a particular antimicrobial agent will be effective in one formulation but not effective in another formulation.
  • a preservative is, in the common pharmaceutical sense, a substance that prevents or inhibits microbial growth and may be added to pharmaceutical formulations for this purpose to avoid consequent spoilage of the formulation by microorganisms. While the amount of the preservative is not great, it may nevertheless affect the overall stability of the peptide.
  • preservative for use in the pharmaceutical compositions can range from 0.005 to 1.0% (w/v), in some embodiments range for each preservative, alone or in combination with others, is: benzyl alcohol (0.1-1.0%), or m-cresol (0.1-0.6%), or phenol (0.1-0.8%) or combination of methyl (0.05-0.25%) and ethyl or propyl or butyl (0.005%-0.03%) parabens.
  • the parabens are lower alkyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid.
  • Engineered polypeptides may not have a tendency to adsorb onto the glass in a glass container when in a liquid form, therefore, a surfactant may not be required to further stabilize the pharmaceutical formulation.
  • a surfactant should be used in their formulation. These formulations may then be lyophilized. Surfactants frequently cause denaturation of protein, both of hydrophobic disruption and by salt bridge separation. Relatively low concentrations of surfactant may exert a potent denaturing activity, because of the strong interactions between surfactant moieties and the reactive sites on proteins. However, judicious use of this interaction can stabilize proteins against interfacial or surface denaturation.
  • Surfactants which could further stabilize the engineered polypeptide may optionally be present in the range of about 0.001 to 0.3% (w/v) of the total formulation and include polysorbate 80 (i.e., polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate), CHAPS® (i.e., 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]1-propanesulfonate), Brij® (e.g., Brij® 35, which is (polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether), poloxamer, or another non-ionic surfactant.
  • polysorbate 80 i.e., polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate
  • CHAPS® i.e., 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]1-propanesulfonate
  • Brij® e.g., Brij® 35, which is (polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether), poloxamer, or another non-ionic
  • parenteral formulations preferably may be isotonic or substantially isotonic.
  • a preferred vehicle for parenteral products is water.
  • Water of suitable quality for parenteral administration can be prepared either by distillation or by reverse osmosis.
  • Water for injection is the preferred aqueous vehicle for use in the pharmaceutical formulations.
  • Such additional ingredients may include, e.g., wetting agents, emulsifiers, oils, antioxidants, bulking agents, tonicity modifiers, chelating agents, metal ions, oleaginous vehicles, proteins (e.g., human serum albumin, gelatin or proteins) and a zwitterion (e.g., an amino acid such as betaine, taurine, arginine, glycine, lysine and histidine).
  • proteins e.g., human serum albumin, gelatin or proteins
  • a zwitterion e.g., an amino acid such as betaine, taurine, arginine, glycine, lysine and histidine.
  • polymer solutions, or mixtures with polymers provide the opportunity for controlled release of the peptide.
  • Such additional ingredients should not adversely affect the overall stability of the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention.
  • Containers are also an integral part of the formulation of an injection and may be considered a component, for there is no container that is totally inert, or does not in some way affect the liquid it contains, particularly if the liquid is aqueous. Therefore, the selection of a container for a particular injection must be based on a consideration of the composition of the container, as well as of the solution, and the treatment to which it will be subjected. Adsorption of the peptide to the glass surface of the vial can also be minimized, if necessary, by use of borosilicate glass, for example, Wheaton Type I borosilicate glass #33 (Wheaton Type 1-33) or its equivalent (Wheaton Glass Co.).
  • borosilicate glass for example, Wheaton Type I borosilicate glass #33 (Wheaton Type 1-33) or its equivalent (Wheaton Glass Co.).
  • borosilicate glass vials and cartridges acceptable for manufacture include Kimbel Glass Co., West Co., Bunder Glas GMBH and Form a Vitrum.
  • the biological and chemical properties of the compound may be stabilized by formulation and lyophilization in a Wheaton Type 1-33 borosilicate serum vial to a final concentration of 0.1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml of the compound in the presence of 5% mannitol, and 0.02% Tween 80.
  • each vial is preferably sealed with a rubber stopper closure held in place by an aluminum band.
  • Stoppers for glass vials such as, West 4416/50, 4416/50 (Teflon faced) and 4406/40, Abbott 5139 or any equivalent stopper can be used as the closure for pharmaceutical for injection.
  • these stoppers are compatible with the peptide as well as the other components of the formulation.
  • the inventors have also discovered that these stoppers pass the stopper integrity test when tested using patient use patterns, e.g., the stopper can withstand at least about 100 injections.
  • the peptide can be lyophilized in to vials, syringes or cartridges for subsequent reconstitution. Liquid formulations of the present invention can be filled into one or two chambered cartridges, or one or two chamber syringes.
  • the manufacturing process for the above liquid formulations generally involves compounding, sterile filtration and filling steps.
  • the compounding procedure involves dissolution of ingredients in a specific order (preservative followed by stabilizer/tonicity agents, buffers and peptide) or dissolving at the same time.
  • Typical sterilization processes include filtration, steam (moist heat), dry heat, gases (e.g., ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, chlorine dioxide, propylene oxide, beta-propiolacctone, ozone, chloropicrin, peracetic acid methyl bromide and the like), exposure to a radiation source, and aseptic handling. Filtration is the preferred method of sterilization for liquid formulations of the present invention.
  • the sterile filtration involves filtration through 0.45 um and 0.22 um (1 or 2) which may be connected in series. After filtration, the solution is filled into appropriate vials or containers.
  • the engineered polypeptides described herein are administered peripherally to the subjects.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention are intended for parenteral administration. Suitable routes of administration include intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraarticular, intrathecal and the like.
  • the subcutaneous route of administration is preferred.
  • mucosal delivery is also preferred. These routes include, but are not limited to, oral, nasal, sublingual, pulmonary and buccal routes which may include administration of the peptide in liquid, semi-solid or solid form.
  • administration via these routes can require substantially more compound to obtain the desired biological effects due to decreased bioavailability compared to parenteral delivery.
  • parenteral controlled release delivery can be achieved by forming polymeric microcapsules, matrices, solutions, implants and devices and administering them parenterally or by surgical means.
  • controlled release formulations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,368,630, 6,379,704, and 5,766,627, which are incorporated herein by reference. These dosage forms may have a lower bioavailability due to entrapment of some of the peptide in the polymer matrix or device. See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,379,704, 6,379,703, and 6,296,842, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.
  • the compounds may be provided in dosage unit form containing an amount of the engineered polypeptide that will be effective in one or multiple doses.
  • an effective amount of the engineered polypeptide will vary with many factors including the age and weight of the subject, the subject's physical condition, the condition to be treated, and other factors known in the art.
  • An effective amount of the engineered polypeptides will also vary with the particular combination administered. As described herein, administration of the engineered polypeptides in combination may allow for a reduced amount of any of the administered engineered polypeptides to be an effective amount.
  • the long-duration of action of the engineered polypeptide can provide the extended duration of action desired, such as once daily or once weekly administration.
  • the duration of action can be selected, for example, by choice of ABD and its affinity for albumin. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that higher affinity to albumin will yield longer circulation times providing longer duration of action.
  • Either or both pharmacodynamic (therapeutic effects) and pharmacokinetic (drug properties) can be measured over time after delivery, such as drug plasma levels, acute or chronic glucose and/or HbA1c lowering, insulin plasma levels, food intake inhibition or weight loss.
  • compositions provided herein include compositions wherein the active ingredient is contained in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose.
  • the actual amount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition being treated.
  • such compositions when administered in methods to treat diabetes, such compositions will contain an amount of active ingredient effective to achieve the desired result (e.g. decreasing fasting blood glucose in a subject).
  • an amount of active ingredient effective to achieve the desired result e.g. decrease the body mass.
  • the dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) of compound administered can vary depending upon a variety of factors, including route of administration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the disease being treated (e.g., the disease responsive to compounds described herein); presence of other diseases or other health-related problems; kind of concurrent treatment; and complications from any disease or treatment regimen.
  • Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds of the invention.
  • Therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans may be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals.
  • the dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring one or more physiological parameters, including but not limited to blood sugar and body mass, and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above and known in the art.
  • Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed.
  • the dose administered to a patient should be sufficient to affect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time.
  • the size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects.
  • treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached.
  • the dosage range is 0.001% to 10% w/v. In another embodiment, the dosage range is 0.1% to 5% w/v.
  • typical doses may contain from a lower limit of about 0.1 mg to an upper limit of about 200 mg of the pharmaceutical compound per day. Also contemplated are other dose ranges such as 1 mg to 100 mg of the compound per dose, and 3 mg to 70 mg per dose.
  • the dose of engineered polypeptides with long duration of action is administered, for example, daily and even once weekly.
  • the doses per day may be delivered in discrete unit doses, provided continuously in a 24 hour period or any portion of that the 24 hours.
  • Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.
  • an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity and yet is entirely effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient.
  • This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration, and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.
  • the surprising dose-sparing property of the engineered polypeptides described herein, along with their surprisingly long plasma half-life and duration of pharmacological action, provides for a superior pharmaceutical agent.
  • the superior properties including dose-sparing allow for lower dosing, thus less or less severe side-effects and improved cost of goods, and/or more cost-effective and simpler formulations for once daily or once weekly administration not currently achieved by the parent compounds alone.
  • the ratio between toxicity and therapeutic effect for a particular compound is its therapeutic index and can be expressed as the ratio between LD 50 (the amount of compound lethal in 50% of the population) and ED 50 (the amount of compound effective in 50% of the population).
  • LD 50 the amount of compound lethal in 50% of the population
  • ED 50 the amount of compound effective in 50% of the population.
  • Compounds that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • Therapeutic index data obtained from cell culture assays and/or animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosages for use in humans.
  • the dosage of such compounds preferably lies within a range of plasma concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. See, e.g.
  • conjugation of an ABD albumin binding domain with a hormone domain as described herein can provide decreased immunogenicity as judged by a reduction in immune response relative to the hormone domain without ABD conjugation. See e.g., WO 2009/016043, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.
  • Protein sequences were designed and back translated using commercial software to DNA sequence for cloning into an E. coli expression vector. Sequences were either obtained as oligonucleotides and stitched together using standard PCR amplification techniques, or they were digested from existing expression constructs using standard restriction enzymes and then ligated back together. Sequences expressing the protein of interest were placed in pET45 with a T7 promoter for inducible expression. After constructs were verified by sequencing, the vector DNA was purified and transformed into an expression host, typically BL21(DE3). A single colony was selected to grow a starter culture in 4 ml LB media for ⁇ 6 hrs.
  • Glycerol stocks were prepared by adding 100 ul 80% glycerol to 900 ul stock and store at ⁇ 80 C. Optionally, 500 ul uninduced sample was retained for gel analysis. A 60 ml culture (magic media) was inoculated using 60 ul starter culture in a 125 ml Thompson flask and incubated @ 30 C overnight. Remove 250 ul sample for analysis. Spin down and freeze cell pellet for later processing.
  • Bacterial cells were harvested and subsequently lysed to isolate inclusion bodies. Since the protein was present in the inclusion bodies, these were solubilized and the protein refolded at 4 C. Proteins were then separated using size exclusion chromatography until only a single band remained and endotoxin levels were acceptable for in vivo testing. Analytical HPLC, RP-LC-MS and SDS-PAGE gel were run as quality control measures on the final protein. Protein was distributed to predetermined aliquots and stored at ⁇ 80 C.
  • Typical recoveries of engineered polypeptide for the methods described herein are provided in Table 5 following. Surprisingly, the recoveries observed for the compounds and production methods described above can be significantly higher than recoveries observed with previously reported conjugated species, e.g., Fc-leptin and the like. Furthermore, the foreign ABD domain did not adversely affect expression, recovery, re-folding, yield or solubility of the recovered engineered polypeptides, particularly for the leptin conjugates despite the generally recognized difficulties in recovering and handling leptin.
  • This assay measures receptor signaling following treatment of cells expressing a modified Leptin receptor.
  • Test samples were assumed at 100% purity and re-solvated to 10 ⁇ assay concentration in stimulation buffer.
  • a total of 90 ul of each 10 ⁇ compound was transferred into a deep well pp plate and serially diluted (3-fold series) with Stimulation buffer using the Perkin Elmer Multiprobe® II and program “MSV_Lep_Func — 3-Fold_Dil-Deepwell — 96.MPT.”
  • the serially diluted plate was compounded into the 96-well stimulation plate containing 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 cell pellets of 18 hour leptin-weaned Keptin cells, as known in the art, using MultiMek test program “MSV_Lep_Func — 200 ul_Transfer” that transfers 200 ul of each of the diluted compounds and mixes the cells.
  • the plate was sealed with an adhesive plate cover and placed at 37 C for 30 minutes to allow for stimulation of pSTAT5. See e.g., Crouse et al., 1998 , J. Biol. Chem., 273:18365-18373. After incubation, the stimulation plate was centrifuged to re-pellet the cells, the supernatant was removed and the remaining cell pellets were frozen at ⁇ 80 C (>30 minutes). Cell lysates were made by the addition of 100 ul of 1 ⁇ lysate to the thawed cell pellets (Perkin Elmer pSTAT5 Assay kit) with rotation at ambient RT for 20 minutes.
  • the lysates were clarified at 2500 rpm for 20 minutes and examined in the pSTAT5 Assay kit as 4 ul/well in a 384-well ProxiplateTM according to manufacturer instructions.
  • Cmpds C1-C6 are exemplary leptins, leptin analogs and leptin derivatives, as described herein.
  • Cmpd C1 is SEQ ID NO:20 as described herein.
  • Cmpd C2 is SEQ ID NO:30 (i.e., A200).
  • Cmpd C3 is SEQ ID NO:32, to which a single 20 kDa polyethyleneglycol (PEG) moiety has been attached via the cysteine residue at position 78.
  • PEG polyethyleneglycol
  • Cmpd C4 is a PEGylated derivative of SEQ ID NO:20, in which a single 20 kDa PEG has been attached via the N-terminus of SEQ ID NO:20.
  • Cmpd C5 is a dual PEGylated PEG derivative of SEQ ID NO:32, in which a single 20 kDa PEG moiety has been attached via the cysteine residue at position 78 and a single 20 kDa PEG moiety has been attached via the N-terminus.
  • Cmpd C6 is a PEGylated derivative in which a single 40 kDa PEG has been attached via the N-terminus.
  • engineered polypeptides described herein e.g., Cmpds 1-4
  • Administered compounds Vehicle (box); Cmpd 1 at 2.6 mg/kg (triangle tip up); Cmpd 2 at 2.7 mg/kg (triangle tip down); Cmpd 4 at 2.7 mg/kg (diamond); Cmpd C2 at 10 mg/kg (circle).
  • Cmpd 1 i.e., 2.6 mg/kg
  • Cmpd 2 and Cmpd 4 at 2.7 mg/kg
  • Cmpd C2 10 mg/kg
  • Cmpd C2 i.e., A200
  • A200 is a dimer of two moieties, each moiety consisting of the FC region of IgG1 fused to human leptin.
  • Cmpd 1 and Cmpd 2 have an activity similar to Cmpd C2 which, because it is a dimer, actually has two leptins per molecule. While the efficacy (lowest body weight) appears similar, it is clear that the trend favors both engineered polypeptides over Cmpd C2. When viewed on a per mole of leptin basis, the engineered polypeptides are superior for both inhibition of food intake and body weight, as Cmpd C2 has 2 moles of leptin for in each Fc-leptin dimeric complex, whereas each mole of ABD-leptin moiety has only 1 mole of leptin.
  • the test compound was SEQ ID NO:54 given at 1.3 mg/kg/week in vehicle. Body weight and food intake were measured at multiple points (days 0, 4, 7, 12 and 14 d) during the study period.
  • Administered compounds Vehicle (box); SEQ ID NO:54 at 1.3 mg/kg in vehicle (triangle tip up).
  • One of the two groups with osmotic pumps received a continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSI) of vehicle alone; the other received a CSI of SEQ ID NO:33 (i.e., A500) in vehicle at a dose of 250 ⁇ g/kg/day.
  • CSI subcutaneous infusion
  • the other three groups were treated as follows: one group received once-weekly subcutaneous injections of vehicle alone on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the study; another group received once-weekly subcutaneous injections of SEQ ID NO:54 (an ABD-A500 engineered polypeptide) at a dose of 1.3 mg/kg in vehicle on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the study; the remaining group received once-weekly subcutaneous injections of SEQ ID NO:54 at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg in vehicle on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the study. Blood samples were taken from each animal on Day 27, which was the day the study was terminated.
  • FIGS. 6A-6B demonstrate that the once weekly injections of SEQ ID NO:54 at 1.3 mg/kg resulted in plasma levels that were slightly lower to that achieved by continuous infusion of SEQ ID NO:33, and once weekly injections of SEQ ID NO:54 at 3.0 mg/kg resulted in plasma levels that were significantly greater than that achieved with continuous infusion of SEQ ID NO:33 (compare FIG. 6A with FIG. 6B ; note difference in scales of the Y-axis of each panel).
  • each group of animals that received a single injection of one of the SEQ ID NOS tested exhibited significant and sustained weight loss across the 14-day length of the study relative to the group that received vehicle alone.
  • each group of animals that received a single injection of one of the SEQ ID NOS tested exhibited significant and sustained reduction in body weight relative to the group that received vehicle alone.
  • each group of animals that received a single injection of one of the SEQ ID NOS tested exhibited significant and sustained reduction in food intake ( FIG. 9A ) and body weight ( FIG. 9B ) relative to vehicle alone.
  • each group of animals that received a single injection of one of the SEQ ID NOS tested exhibited significant and sustained reduction in body weight relative to the group that received vehicle alone.
  • each group of animals that received a single injection of one of the SEQ ID NOS tested exhibited significant and sustained reduction in food intake ( FIG. 11A ) and body weight ( FIG. 11B and FIG. 11C ) relative to vehicle alone.
  • Compound 2 and Compound 15 were characterized for affinity to different variants of albumin.
  • the binding of an engineered polypeptide was tested using 5 nM as the highest concentration in a three-fold dilution series.
  • the running buffer contained 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA and 0.005% tween-20. All samples were tested using a 3-fold dilution series. Each concentration series was tested in duplicate. The dissociation phase for the highest concentration was monitored for 3 hours.
  • Example 2 In this assay, the method described in Example 2 was used, except albumin was added to the stimulation buffer to test leptin function of Compound 2 in the presence of albumin.
  • the albumins tested included 0.1% or 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1% rat serum albumin (RSA), or 1% human serum albumin (HSA).
  • the control sample was A100 leptin with 0.1% BSA.
  • Rats were placed into treatment groups. Compound 2 was administered subcutaneously at 30 nmol/kg, 60 nmol/kg, or 120 nmol/kg. Blood samples were taken at pre, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 144 hr post-administration from the lateral tail vein. The concentration of Compound 2 in plasma was measured by an immunoenzymetric assay method.
  • Compound 15 was administered subcutaneously at 120 nmol/kg. Blood samples were taken at pre, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hr post-administration from the lateral tail vein. The concentration of Compound 15 in plasma was measured by an immunoenzymetric assay method.
  • ZDF rats Lean Sprague Dawley rats and ZDF rats were used for this study. ZDF rats have a mutation (fa) which results in a shortened leptin receptor which does not effectively interact with leptin.
  • Compound 2 is not efficacious in ZDF rats, indicating its effects are mediated via leptin receptors.
  • This study compared doses of A500 (SEQ ID NO:33) and Compound 2 (SEQ ID NO:54) required to achieve a similar amount of weight loss in lean leptin-sensitive rats.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 16 .
  • Compound 2 dosed at 120 nmol/kg/week achieves ⁇ 18% vehicle corrected weight loss.
  • this “dose sparing” may be at least partially attributable to the improved PK profile of Compound 2 over A-500.
  • engineered polypeptides described herein have surprisingly high solubility in neutral pH.
  • Solubility was measured with the following assay: 6-10 mg of purified proteins were concentrated at 4° C. with centrifugal filter units (Amicon Ultra-15 or Ultra-4, with 3KDa MW cutoff; Millipore) to a volume of less than 0.5 ml. They were centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4° C. to remove precipitates and the supernatant was transferred to a new tube. The proteins were allowed to equilibrate overnight at room temperature in the dark, then were filtered with 0.22 micron syringe filters (Milex GV; Millipore) to remove precipitates. The absorbance at OD280 was measured with a NanoDrop spectrophotometer and the concentration was calculated using the protein's theoretical molar extinction coefficient.
  • engineered polypeptides described herein are chemically stabile.
  • the compounds were formulated at 1 mg/mL in buffers of different pH.
  • the chimeric polypeptides have good potency (Table 9A) and purity (Table 9B) after two weeks at 40° C., as determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • engineered polypeptides described herein are chemically stabile.
  • Compound 15 was formulated at three different concentrations in the following buffer: 10 mM glutamic acid, 2% glycine, 1% sucrose, 0.01% Tween 20, pH 4.25 and stored at 5° C., 15° C., or 25° C. As shown in Table 10, Compound 15 is chemically stable at 10, 20, and 30 mg/mL for at least 1 month at 5-25° C., as determined by HPLC.
  • engineered polypeptides described herein are physically stabile.
  • Compound 15 was formulated at three different concentrations in the following buffer: 10 mM glutamic acid, 2% glycine, 1% sucrose, 0.01% Tween 20, pH 4.25 and stored at 37° C. As shown in Table 11, Compound 15 is physically stable at 10, 20, and 30 mg/mL for at least 1 month, as determined by visual analysis.
  • Engineered polypeptides described herein are physically stable.
  • Table 12 shows the results of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) performed on A100, ABD1-HuSeal, and ABD1-A500.
  • SEC size exclusion chromatography
  • the engineered polypeptides show little to no self-association to dimer/oligomer, compared to A100.
  • Amylin was administered at 50 ⁇ g/kg/d by SC osmotic minipump, PEG-rat amylin was administered at 125 nmol/kg once weekly, and ABD1-A500 was administered at 120 nmol/kg once weekly to male diet induced obese (DIO) Harlan Sprague Dawley (HSD) rats of 500 g average weight.
  • DIO diet induced obese
  • HSD Harlan Sprague Dawley
  • FIGS. 19A-19B show that the combination of the engineered polypeptide and infused amylin resulted in lower food intake ( FIG. 19A ) and more weight loss ( FIG. 19B ) than the results observed for each agent alone.
  • ABD1-HuSeal was administered at 120 nmol/kg and amylin was administered at 50 ⁇ g/kg/d by SC osmotic minipump to male DIO HSD rats of 500 g average weight.
  • FIG. 20 shows that the combination of the engineered polypeptide and PEG-rat amylin resulted in more weight loss than the results observed for each agent alone.
  • ABD1-HuSeal was administered at 120 nmol/kg and PEG-amylin was administered at 125 nmol/kg to male DIO HSD rats of 500 g average weight.
  • FIG. 21A shows the results of previous studies, describing amylin/leptin synergy in rats weighing 500-550 grams.
  • FIG. 21B shows that this synergy is not observed in a high BMI population of rats (average weight of 700 g).
  • FIG. 21C shows once weekly administration of ABD1-A500 (Compound 15) is sufficient for synergy when co-adminstered with a twice weekly administration of PEG-rat amylin (Des-Lys1-[Lys26(mPEG40K)]-Rat Amylin (SEQ ID NO: 148), Compound 124) in high BMI rats.
  • ABD1-A500 was administered at 120 nmol/kg and PEG-amylin was administered at 125 nmol/kg to male DIO HSD rats of 700 g average weight.
  • ABD1-HuSeal Compound 15
  • ABD1-A500 Compound 2
  • ABD1-HuSeal FIG. 22A
  • ABD1-A500 FIG. 22B
  • amylin was administered at 50 ⁇ g/kg/d by SC osmotic minipump to male DIO HSD rats of 700 g average weight.
  • T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus
  • C57 BL/6 male mice were given a single interperitoneal injection of STZ at 200 mg/kg to induce Type 1 diabetes.
  • Compounds were administered twice a week subcutaneously at 120 nmol/kg for two weeks.
  • Measured endpoints included HbA1c levels, glucose levels, body weight, and food intake.
  • FIGS. 23A-23B show that both Compound 15 and Compound 2 normalized blood glucose in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Both engineered polypeptides also reduced Hemoglobin A1c levels, as shown in FIGS. 24A-24B , and reduced body weight and cumulative food intake, as shown in FIGS. 25A-25B .
  • FIGS. 26A-26B show a glucose lowering effect potentiated with low dose of insulin in an additive fashion for Compound 15. It also reduced Hemoglobin A1c levels, as shown in FIGS. 27A-28B , and reduced body weight and cumulative food intake, as shown in FIGS. 28A-28B .
  • An engineered polypeptide comprising: an albumin binding domain polypeptide (ABD); and a first peptide hormone domain (HD1) selected from a leptin, a leptin analog or an active fragment thereof.
  • ABS1 albumin binding domain polypeptide
  • HD1 first peptide hormone domain
  • the engineered polypeptide according to Embodiment 1 further comprising a first linker (L1) covalently linked to said HD1.
  • engineered polypeptide according to Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises said ABD as an N-terminal moiety and said HD1 as a C-terminal moiety.
  • engineered polypeptide according to Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises said ABD as a C-terminal moiety and said HD1 as an N-terminal moiety.
  • HD1-ABD comprising the structure: HD1-ABD.
  • the engineered polypeptide according to Embodiment 4 comprising the structure: HD1-L1-ABD.
  • HD1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:
  • said HD1 comprises an amino acid sequence that is selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:
  • ABD albumin binding motif
  • X 5 is selected from Y and F;
  • X 8 is selected from N, R and S;
  • X 9 is selected from V, I, L, M, F and Y;
  • X 11 is selected from N, S, E and D;
  • X 12 is selected from R, K and N;
  • X 14 is selected from K and R;
  • X 20 is selected from D, N, Q, E, H, S, R and K;
  • X 23 is selected from K, I and T;
  • X 24 is selected from A, S, T, G, H, L and D; and X 25 is selected from H, E and D.
  • X 5 is Y
  • X 8 is N
  • X 23 is T or I
  • X 24 is S or L
  • albumin binding motif comprises an amino acid sequence that is selected from the group consisting of: GVSDYYKNLINKAKTVEGVEALTLHI (SEQ ID NO:114) and GVSDYYKNLINKAKTVEGVEALISEI (SEQ ID NO:115).
  • ABD comprises an albumin binding motif (ABM) that is not GVSDYYKNLINNAKTVEGVKALIDEI (SEQ ID NO:35).
  • [ABM] is an albumin binding motif, and, independently of each other, X a is selected from V and E;
  • X b is selected from L, E and D;
  • X c is selected from N, L and I;
  • X d is selected from R and K;
  • X e is selected from D and K;
  • the leucine at position 45 is present or absent; and the proline at position 46 is present or absent.
  • X b is D
  • X d is K.
  • albumin binding domain polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is selected from the group consisting of:
  • [ABM] is an albumin binding motif, and, independently of each other, X a is selected from V and E;
  • X b is selected from L, E and D;
  • X c is selected from N, L and I;
  • X d is selected from R and K;
  • X e is selected from D and K; the leucine at position 45 is present or absent;
  • the proline at position 46 is present or absent.
  • ABM consists of the amino acid sequence:
  • X 5 is selected from Y and F;
  • X 8 is selected from N, R and S;
  • X 9 is selected from V, I, L, M, F and Y;
  • X 11 is selected from N, S, E and D;
  • X 12 is selected from R, K and N;
  • X 14 is selected from K and R;
  • X 20 is selected from D, N, Q, E, H, S, R and K;
  • X 23 is selected from K, I and T;
  • X 24 is selected from A, S, T, G, H, L and D;
  • X 25 is selected from H, E and D.
  • ABD comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 85% identity with an amino acid sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:50, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52.
  • linker L1 is a peptide of from 1 to 30 amino acids or less than 30 amino acids.
  • linker L1 is a non-natural amino acids incorporated by chemical synthesis, post-translational chemical modification or by in vivo incorporation by recombinant expression in a host cell.
  • linker L1 amino acids are selected from serine, glycine, alanine, proline, asparagine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and lysine.
  • linker L1 comprises one or more of the following: an acidic linker, a basic linker, and a structural motif Embodiment 71.
  • linker L1 comprises polyglycine, polyalanines, poly(Gly-Ala), or poly(Gly-Ser).
  • linker L1 comprises a polyglycine of (Gly) 3 , (Gly) 4 (SEQ ID NO: 116), or (Gly) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 117).
  • linker L1 comprises (Gly) 3 Lys(Gly) 4 (SEQ ID NO: 118); (Gly) 3 AsnGlySer(Gly) 2 (SEQ ID NO: 119); (Gly) 3 Cys(Gly) 4 (SEQ ID NO: 120); and GlyProAsnGlyGly (SEQ ID NO: 121).
  • linker L1 comprises a sequence selected from group consisting of: [Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO: 122), [Gly-Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO: 123), [Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO: 124) and [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser] n (SEQ ID NO: 125); where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
  • linker L1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of: [Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO: 126); [Gly-Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO: 127); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO: 128); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Glu] n (SEQ ID NO: 129), [Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO: 130); [Gly-Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO: 131); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO: 132); [Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Asp] n (SEQ ID NO: 133) where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
  • linker L1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of:
  • linker L1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of:
  • linker L1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of: [Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys] n (SEQ ID NO: 142), where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
  • linker L1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of:
  • linker L1 comprises an N-terminal TG dipeptide and a C-terminal AS dipeptide.
  • linker L1 comprises an amino acids sequence that is selected from the group consisting of TG-(GGGS) 1 (SEQ ID NO: 215), TG-(GGGS) 2 (SEQ ID NO: 216), TG-(GGGS) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 217), TG-(GGGS) 4 (SEQ ID NO: 218), TG-(GGGS) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 219), (GGGS) 1 -AS (SEQ ID NO: 220), (GGGS) 2 -AS (SEQ ID NO: 221), (GGGS) 3 -AS (SEQ ID NO: 222), (GGGS) 4 -AS (SEQ ID NO: 223), (GGGS) 5 -AS (SEQ ID NO: 224), TG-(GGGS) 1 -AS (SEQ ID NO: 225), TG-(GGGS) 2 -AS (SEQ ID NO: 226), TG-(GGGS) 1 (SEQ ID NO: 215), TG-(GGGS) 2 (
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 89, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:55, SEQ ID NO:56, SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:61, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:67, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:69, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:71, SEQ ID NO:72, SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:74, SEQ ID NO:75, SEQ ID NO:76, SEQ ID NO:77, SEQ ID NO:78, SEQ ID NO:79, SEQ ID NO:80, SEQ ID NO:81, SEQ ID NO:82, SEQ ID NO
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:54.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:55.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:56.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:57.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:58.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:59.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:62.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:66.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:67.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:68.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:69.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:72.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:73.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:74.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:76.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:77.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:78.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:79.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:82.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:86.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:88.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:96.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:97.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:98.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:99.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:102.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:102.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:103.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:106.
  • engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 90, wherein said engineered polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected set out in SEQ ID NO:107.
  • the engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 145 having affinity for serum albumin with a dissociation constant less than about 10 ⁇ 6 mol/L.
  • the engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 146 having affinity for serum albumin with a dissociation constant less than about 10 ⁇ 9 mol/L.
  • a method for treating a disease or disorder in a subject comprising administering a engineered polypeptide according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 152 and 170 to 192 to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to treat said disease or disorder.
  • disease or disorder can be lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, overweight, obesity, hypothalamic amenorrhea, Alzheimer's disease, leptin deficiency, fatty liver disease, diabetes (including type I and type II), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome X.
  • Embodiment 153 or Embodiment 154 wherein said disease or disorder is lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, overweight, obesity, hypothalamic amenorrhea, Alzheimer's disease, leptin deficiency, fatty liver disease or diabetes.

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