US20110312916A1 - Novel prodrugs of steroidal cyp17 inhibitors/antiandrogens - Google Patents

Novel prodrugs of steroidal cyp17 inhibitors/antiandrogens Download PDF

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US20110312916A1
US20110312916A1 US13/146,004 US201013146004A US2011312916A1 US 20110312916 A1 US20110312916 A1 US 20110312916A1 US 201013146004 A US201013146004 A US 201013146004A US 2011312916 A1 US2011312916 A1 US 2011312916A1
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compound
alkyl
cancer
group
alkylaryl
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David Casebier
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Eledon Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Tokai Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J43/00—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • C07J43/003—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton not condensed
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/58—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
    • A61P5/28—Antiandrogens

Definitions

  • This invention provides novel prodrugs of steroidal CYP17 inhibitors for the treatment of urogenital and/or androgen-related cancers, diseases and/or conditions, including castrate-resistant prostrate cancer, the synthesis of these new chemical entities, and to methods of using the same in the treatment of urogenital and/or androgen-related cancers, diseases and/or conditions.
  • PCA Prostate cancer
  • Androgens play an important role in the development, growth, and progression of PCA (McConnell, J. D., Urol. Clin. North Am., 1991, 18: 1-13), with the two most important androgens in this regard being testosterone, 90% of which is synthesized in the testes and the remainder (10%) is synthesized by the adrenal glands, and the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to which testosterone is converted by the enzyme steroid, 5 ⁇ -reductase, that is localized primarily in the prostate (Bruchovsky, N. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1968, 243, 2012-2021).
  • DHT dihydrotestosterone
  • the last step in the biosynthesis of testosterone involves two key reactions that occur sequentially, both reactions being catalyzed by a single enzyme, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 17 ⁇ -hydroxylase/ 17,20 -lyase (CYP17) (Hall, P. F., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol., 1991, 40, 527-532).
  • CYP17 cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 17 ⁇ -hydroxylase/ 17,20 -lyase
  • Ketoconazole an antifungal agent that also inhibits P450 enzymes, is also a modest CYP17 inhibitor, and has been used clinically for the treatment of PCA (Trachtenberg, J. et al., J. Urol. 1983, 130, 152-153).
  • ketoconazole was found to retain activity in advanced PCA patients with progression, despite flutamide withdrawal (Small, E. J. et al., J. Urol., 1997, 157, 1204-1207), and although the drug has now been withdrawn from use because of liver toxicity and other side effects, the ketoconazole results suggest that more potent and selective inhibitors of CYP17 could provide useful agents for treating this disease, even in advanced stages, and in some patients who may appear to be hormone refractory.
  • Njar et al. disclosed a series of potent CYP17 inhibitors/antiandrogens, the 17-benzoazoles, 17-pyrimidinoazoles and 17-diazines in Published International Patent Application WO2006/093993 (University of Maryland). These compounds are potent inhibitors of human CYP17 enzyme, as well as potent antagonists of both wild type and mutant androgen receptors (AR).
  • Particularly-potent CYP17 inhibitors included 3- ⁇ -hydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (Compound 5), 17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-4,16-diene-3-one (Compound 6), and 3- ⁇ -hydroxy-17-(5′-pyrimidyl)androsta-5,16-diene (Compound 15), with IC 50 values of 300, 915 and 500 nM, respectively.
  • Compounds 5, 6, and 15 were effective at competing with the binding of 3 H—R1881 (methyltrienolone, a stable synthetic androgen) to both the mutant LNCaP AR and the wild-type AR, with a 2.2- to 5-fold higher binding efficiency to the latter.
  • Compounds 5 and 6 were also shown to be potent pure AR antagonists, with cell-growth studies showing that Compounds 5 and 6 inhibit the growth of DHT-stimulated LNCaP and LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with IC 50 values in the low micromolar range (i.e., ⁇ 10 ⁇ M). Their inhibitory potencies were comparable to that of casodex, but remarkably superior to that of flutamide.
  • compound 5 When tested in vivo, compound 5 proved to be very effective at inhibiting the growth of androgen-dependent LAPC4 human prostate tumor xenograft, while compound 6 proved to be ineffective.
  • compound 5 and analogs may be used for the treatment of human prostate cancer, as well as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other urogenital cancers or other androgen-related conditions or diseases.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula I:
  • the ABC ring structure is optionally substituted independently at each position and wherein hydrogen substituents on adjacent carbon atoms of the ABC ring structure are optionally removed and replaced by a pi-bond between the adjacent carbon atoms;
  • Y is Z-L-C( ⁇ O)O—
  • the invention contemplates a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients, bulking agents, binders, flow agents, release agents, carriers or diluents.
  • the invention contemplates a method of treating a cancer or a urogenital disease in a subject in need or want thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention contemplates a method of treating a cancer or a urogenital disease in a subject in need or want thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention, in combination with a hormone therapy, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunotherapy, or surgery.
  • Alkyl is a C 1 -C 12 -straight, C 1 -C 12 -branched, or C 3 -C 12 -cyclic group, optionally substituted independently at each position with one or more of hydroxyl, methoxy, ethoxy, sulfhydryl, methylmercapto, ethylmercapto, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, aryl, and heteroaryl.
  • Aryl is a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic system.
  • aryl include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, phenathrenyl, and azulenyl.
  • Aryl is optionally substituted independently at each position with one or more of hydroxyl, methoxy, ethoxy, sulfhydryl, methylmercapto, ethylmercapto, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxo, and heteroaryl.
  • aryl groups contain from five to ten ring atoms.
  • Heteroaryl is a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic system comprising at least one aromatic ring with at least one ring heteroatom, wherein the heteroatom is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Heteroaryl is optionally substituted independently at each position with hydroxyl, methoxy, ethoxy, sulfhydryl, methylmercapto, ethylmercapto, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxo and aryl.
  • heteroaryl groups include furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrrazole, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, indole, carbazole, benzofuran, benzothiphene, benzthiazole, indazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, and phthalazine.
  • heteroaryl groups contain from five to twelve ring atoms.
  • Alkylaryl is an alkyl group that is distally attached via an aryl group, for example, tolyl.
  • Aralkyl is an aryl group that is distally attached via an alkyl group, for example, benzyl.
  • Polyalkoxyl is polypropylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol), wherein the monomers are repeated 2-100 times, wherein such polyalkoxy groups may be defined by the precise range of repeating units (e.g., 35-40), by the targeted peak of envelope distribution in the repeating units (e.g., 114 from PEG5000), or by a selection for solubility or physical properties, and wherein such groups are optionally “capped” by an alkyl group (MPEG5000 for methoxy-PEG5000) or an aryl group, such as phenyl (polyalkoxylaryl).
  • an alkyl group MPEG5000 for methoxy-PEG5000
  • aryl group such as phenyl (polyalkoxylaryl).
  • the instant invention contemplates the use of prodrugs, (modified versions or precursors of a parent compound, designed to enhance delivery properties and be converted to the parent compound in the body in a predictable, consistent manner) to improve oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of effective therapeutic agents.
  • the invention provides prodrugs of steroidal C-17 heterocycles, and methods of synthesizing and using the same to treat urogenital and/or androgen-related cancers, diseases and conditions.
  • a prodrug of the invention comprises a prodrug group at the 3-carbon on the “A” ring of the compound.
  • the prodrug group comprises an ester linkage.
  • the prodrug group is attached to the A-ring by the ester linkage.
  • the prodrug group comprises a charged group.
  • a charged group is a group that is charged under normal physiological conditions. Non-limiting examples of a charged group include trialkylammonium groups, quaternary ammonium groups, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, fluoroalkanols; or acidic hydroxyl groups.
  • an acidic hydroxyl group is made acidic by the resonance and/or inductive effect of a nearby electron-withdrawing group. In some embodiments, an acidic hydroxyl group is made acidic by the resonance and/or inductive effect of a nearby electron-withdrawing group, wherein the acidic hydroxyl group is more acidic than an analogous hydroxyl group lacking the nearby electron-withdrawing group. In some embodiments, the acidic hydroxyl group is more acidic than water. In some embodiments, the acidic hydroxyl group is phenolic. In some embodiments, the acidic hydroxyl group has a substantial negative charge in water. In some embodiments, the acidic hydroxyl group exists substantially as an alkoxide in water.
  • the acidic hydroxyl group has a substantial negative charge in physiological fluids. In some embodiments, the acidic hydroxyl group has a substantial negative charge under normal physiological conditions. In some embodiments, the acidic hydroxyl group exists substantially as an alkoxide under normal physiological conditions. In some embodiments, normal physiological conditions are conditions inherent in a living organism.
  • the charged group is connected to the ester linkage by a linking group.
  • the linking group is C 1 -C 12 -alkyl, fluoro-C 2 -C 6 -alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxyalkyl, or heteroaryl.
  • the linking group is cyclic.
  • the linking group together with the charged group forms a ring.
  • the linking group is optionally substituted with one or more of alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, and mercaptan.
  • the prodrug group is a quaternary ammonium species, for example, betaine, carnitine, and cocamidopropylbetaine (CAPB).
  • the prodrug group is an oxycarbonylalkylphosphonate; an oxycarbonylalkylsulfonate; or a phenolic carboxylate, such as syringic acid or gallic acid, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of any such compound.
  • the invention also contemplates synthetic analogs of these compounds.
  • the synthetic analog has improved bioavailability.
  • the synthetic analog has improved pharmacokinetics.
  • the prodrug group fragments in vivo to provide a drug.
  • a prodrug fragments under a set of physiological conditions In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions that fragment a prodrug is general. In some embodiments, the set physiological conditions that fragment a prodrug is specific to the identity of the prodrug. In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions comprises pH. In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions comprises temperature. In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions comprises metabolism. In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions comprises hydrolysis. In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions comprises catalysis. In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions comprises enzyme activity. In some embodiments, the set of physiological conditions comprises oxidation or reduction.
  • the optional substitution for the ABC ring structure includes one or more of: C 1 -C 6 -alkyl; halogenated C 1 -C 6 -alkyl; C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl; halogenated C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl; halogen; amino; aminoalkylene; hydroxyimino; and hydroxy.
  • an alkenyl group is bonded to the ABC ring structure by an sp 3 carbon of the alkenyl group.
  • an alkenyl group is bonded to the ABC ring structure by an sp 2 carbon of the alkenyl group.
  • hydrogen substituents on adjacent carbon atoms of the ABC ring structure are removed and replaced by a pi-bond between the adjacent carbon atoms.
  • the pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, pyrimidinoimidazole, or pyrimidinotriazole functionalities attached to the D ring are optionally substituted with one or more of halogen, amino, aminoalkylene, hydroxy, —SH, —S—C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl and halogenated C 1 -C 6 -alkyl.
  • the pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, pyrimidinoimidazole, and pyrimidinotriazole groups are, respectively:
  • the C ring substitution consists of the C13 methyl group.
  • the compound is one of the following:
  • the prodrug of this invention includes a pharmaceutically-acceptable prodrug group.
  • the prodrug group is attached to the drug via one or more bonds that are labile under normal physiological conditions.
  • the prodrug group provides improved oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics over the drug.
  • the prodrug group is incorporated at the Y position of a compound of Formula I.
  • the compound of Formula I is:
  • R 1 is H, alkyl, alkylaryl, mercaptoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylcarboxyl, carboxyalkyl, alkylamido, amidoalkyl, or other group derived from natural or unnatural amino acids;
  • R is independently at each occurrence C 1 -C 5 -alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, phenyl, pyridyl, benzyl or alkoxyalkyl, wherein each R group may or may not be joined to another R group to form a ring; and n is from 1-50, or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, a value for n is selected for improved pharmacokinetic properties.
  • the compound of Formula I is:
  • the substitution of the prodrug group is modified to adjust the pKa of the prodrug. In some embodiments, the substitution of the prodrug group is modified to adjust the pKa of the prodrug such that the prodrug exists in a charged state at the desired point of adsorption, distribution, metabolism and/or excretion.
  • the compound of Formula I is:
  • the substitution of the prodrug group is modified to adjust the pKa of the prodrug. In some embodiments, the substitution of the prodrug group is modified to adjust the pKa of the prodrug such that the prodrug exists in a charged state at the desired point of adsorption, distribution, metabolism and/or excretion.
  • the compound of Formula I is:
  • n is from 0 to 50.
  • a value of n is chosen such that the pKa of the fluoroalkanol is within physiological range.
  • the compound of Formula I is:
  • n is from 0 to 50.
  • a value of n is chosen such that the pKa of the fluoroalkanol is within physiological range.
  • compositions of the invention are generated, for example, by treating the compounds of the invention with an acid, a hemi-acid, or a salt to afford the corresponding salt form.
  • Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include chlorides, bromides, iodides, phosphates, sulfates, carbonates, bicarbonates, formates, acetates, propionates, benzoates, picolinates, fumarates, maleates, malates, succinates, methanesulfonates, toluenesulfonates, mesitylenesulfonates, trifluoromethanesulfonates, tetrafluoroborates, tetraphenylborates, and hexafluorophosphates.
  • the 17-diazine groups of Compounds 14 and 15 exhibit different influences on the chemical shifts of the corresponding 16-olefinic protons with respect to that of the precursor ⁇ 16 -17-iodide 13: the 16-H in Compound 14 appearing as a singlet at ⁇ 6.77, being significantly deshielded compared to the 16-H in Compound 13 ( ⁇ 6.14); and the 16-H in Compound 15 appearing at ⁇ 6.11, similar to Compound 13.
  • Compound 15 has been reported previously by Haidar et at (Haidar, S. et al., Arch. Pharm. Med. Chem., 2001, 334, 373-374) and its biological and pharmacological activities have also been described (Haidar, S. et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol., 2003, 84, 555-562).
  • Abiraterone may be prepared as described in the literature (Potter, G. A. et al., J. Med. Chem ., op. cit.).
  • compositions comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and one or more of the compounds disclosed herein.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include, for example, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, and diluents.
  • the present invention also provides methods of treating urogenital and/or androgen-related cancers, diseases and/or conditions, including, without limitation, breast cancer, prostate cancer (e.g., prostatic adenocarcinoma), other urogenital cancers, prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and/or other androgen-related diseases and/or conditions, by administering to a subject in need or want thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
  • breast cancer e.g., prostatic adenocarcinoma
  • BPH prostate hyperplasia
  • the treatment may be prophylactic (referring to any degree of inhibition of the onset of a cellular disorder, including complete inhibition, such as in a subject expected to soon exhibit the cellular disorder) or therapeutic (referring to any degree of inhibition or any degree of beneficial effects on the disorder or condition in the subject (e.g., human), (e.g., inhibition of the growth or metastasis of a tumor or circulating tumor cells).
  • Maintenance therapy in which continued suppression of symptoms or progression of disease is achieved by continued administration of the compound, is also contemplated by this invention.
  • prostate diseases that can be treated include, e.g., prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (e.g., prostatic adenocarcinoma).
  • Non-limiting examples of cancer symptoms include: tumors, persistent cough, bloody saliva, changes in bowel habits, bloody stool, anemia, lumps including lumps of the breast or testicle, bodily discharges, changes in urinary habits, pain or burning upon urination, prostate enlargement, bloody urine, swollen glands, warts, moles, genital bleeding, involuntary weight gain or loss, persistent itching, persistent skin discoloration, non-healing sores, headaches, pain or discomfort such as in the back or pelvis, cramps such as abdominal cramps, weakness, and loss of appetite.
  • a mammal such as a rat, rabbit, dog or human
  • Methods of administering a compound of the present invention to a subject are known in the art.
  • a mammal such as a rat, rabbit, dog or human
  • a particular route can provide a more immediate and more effective result than another route.
  • a pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral administration.
  • the composition comprises a suspension of a compound in a suitable vehicle.
  • vehicles for oral administration include phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 5% dextrose in water (D5W), 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and a syrup.
  • a composition is formulated to stabilize the consistency of a dose over a period of storage and administration.
  • the composition comprises a solution.
  • a solution comprises an effective amount of one or more compounds dissolved in a diluent.
  • diluents include water, saline, and buffers.
  • the composition comprises a solid dosage form.
  • the solid dosage form comprises a capsule, a caplet, a lozenge, a sachet, or a tablet.
  • the solid dosage form is a liquid-filled dosage form.
  • the solid dosage form is a solid-filled dosage form.
  • the solid dosage form is a solid-filled tablet, capsule, or caplet.
  • the solid-filled dosage form is a powder-filled dosage form.
  • the solid dosage form comprises a compound in the form of micronized particles, solids or granules.
  • the composition comprises an emulsion.
  • the emulsion comprises a compound of the invention characterized by surfactant properties.
  • the solid dosage form comprises one or more of lactose, sorbitol, maltitol, mannitol, cornstarch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, carriers, and binders.
  • the solid dosage form comprises one or more materials that facilitate manufacturing, processing or stability of the solid dosage form.
  • a lozenge comprises a flavoring agent.
  • Non-limiting examples of excipients useful in the present invention include sucrose, gum acacia, gum tragacanth, a pastille, an inert base, a gelatin, glycerin, a sucrose emulsion, an acacia emulsion, and a gel.
  • a solid dosage form is coated.
  • the coating improves absorption of the compound in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Non-limiting examples of coatings include cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (CVAP), and modified coatings thereof.
  • the composition is formulated as an aerosol.
  • the aerosol is administered via inhalation.
  • the aerosol comprises one or more propellants.
  • propellants include dichlorodifluoromethane, hydrofluorocarbon (such as HFC 134a and/or 227), and nitrogen.
  • a compound is administered by a route that is oral, parenteral, enteral, intraperitoneal, topical, transdermal, ophthalmic, nasal, local, non-oral, aerosol, spray, inhalation, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, intra-arterial, or intrathecal.
  • a dose is administered by a route that is oral, parenteral, enteral, intraperitoneal, topical, transdermal, ophthalmic, nasal, local, non-oral, aerosol, spray, inhalation, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, intra-arterial, or intrathecal.
  • the compound is administered as a suspension in PBS, D5W, or a carbohydrate-based syrup.
  • the dose is administered as a suspension in PBS, D5W, or a carbohydrate-based syrup.
  • a dose administered to a subject is an effective dose.
  • the effective dose provides a therapeutic response in the subject within a therapeutically-useful time frame.
  • the effective dose comprises a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound.
  • the therapeutically-effective amount provides a therapeutic response in the subject within a therapeutically-useful time frame.
  • the specific dose level and frequency of dosage are influenced by a variety of factors, including the activity, metabolic stability, bioavailability, rate of excretion, biological half-life, and mode and time of administration of the compound; the age, body weight, health condition, gender, diet, and physical and health characteristics of the subject; and the severity of the cancer or other disease or condition.
  • a dose comprises an effective amount of a compound.
  • a dose is administered once a day. In some embodiments, a dose is administered more than once a day. In some embodiments, a dose is greater than about 1 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is greater than about 5 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is greater than about 10 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is greater than about 25 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is greater than about 50 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is greater than about 100 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is less than about 5000 mg/day.
  • a dose is less than about 4000 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is less than about 3000 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is less than about 2500 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is less than about 2000 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is less than about 1500 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is less than about 1000 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is less than about 500 mg/day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 500 mg to about 1200 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 500 mg to about 1500 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 1 mg to about 5000 mg per day.
  • a dose is from about 5 mg to about 4000 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 10 mg to about 3000 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 25 mg to about 2000 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 50 mg to about 2500 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 100 mg to about 2000 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 100 mg to about 1000 mg per day. In some embodiments, a dose is from about 100 mg to about 500 mg per day.
  • a dose is about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg of subject body mass per day. In some embodiments, a dose is about 0.05 to about 50 mg/kg of subject body mass per day. In some embodiments, a dose is about 0.1 to about 40 mg/kg of subject body mass per day. In some embodiments, a dose is about 0.25 to about 30 mg/kg of subject body mass per day. In some embodiments, a dose is about 0.5 to about 20 mg/kg of subject body mass per day. In some embodiments, a dose is about 0.75 to about 15 mg/kg of subject body mass per day. In some embodiments, a dose is about 1 to about 10 mg/kg of subject body mass per day. In some embodiments, a dose is about 2 to about 5 mg/kg of subject body mass per day.
  • a composition has a concentration of greater than about 0.01% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of greater than about 0.025% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of greater than about 0.05% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of greater than about 0.075% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of greater than about 0.1% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of less than about 25% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of less than about 20% of the compound by mass.
  • a composition has a concentration of less than about 15% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of less than about 10% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of less than about 7.5% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of less than about 5% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of less than about 3% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of about 0.01% to about 25% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of about 0.025% to about 20% of the compound by mass.
  • a composition has a concentration of about 0.05% to about 15% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of about 0.02% to about 5% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of about 0.1% to about 3% of the compound by mass. In some embodiments, a composition has a concentration of about 10% to about 80% of the compound by mass.
  • a compound of the invention is administered alone.
  • a compound is administered with one or more other ingredient(s), for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
  • a compound is used in combination with other cancer treatments.
  • the compounds of this invention are used as a part of or in combination with known cancer treatments, for example, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and/or surgery.
  • one or more compounds are used in combination with one or more additional agents.
  • the additional agent is a drug.
  • the additional agent is a hormone.
  • Non-limiting examples of drugs and/or hormones for use in combination with the prodrugs of this invention include anti-androgens such as flutamide and nilutamide; another CYP17 inhibitor, such as abiraterone; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, such as leuprolide, goserelin and buserelin; and drugs that prevent the adrenal glands from making androgens, such as ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide; and estrogens.
  • anti-androgens such as flutamide and nilutamide
  • another CYP17 inhibitor such as abiraterone
  • luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists such as leuprolide, goserelin and buserelin
  • drugs that prevent the adrenal glands from making androgens such as ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide
  • estrogens such as ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide
  • Non-limiting examples of cancer drugs include cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamin, melphalan, procarbazine, bleomycin, doxorubicin, idarubicin mitoxantrone, chlorodeoxyadenosine, cytarabine, fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, 6-thioguanine, pentostatin, etoposide, gemcitabine, steroid creams, corticosteroids, prednisone, and dexamethasone.
  • 5-FU 5-fluorouracil
  • doxorubicin carboplatin
  • carmustine chlorambucil
  • cisplatin cyclopho
  • Compounds of this invention may be administered to a subject at any time, as determined by the treating physician.
  • the compound is administered during one or more of Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV of the cancer.
  • the compound is administered during an advanced stage of a urogenital and/or androgen-related disease or condition.
  • the invention provides compound of Formula I:
  • the ABC ring structure is optionally substituted independently at each position and wherein hydrogen substituents on adjacent carbon atoms of the ABC ring structure are optionally removed and replaced by a pi-bond between the adjacent carbon atoms;
  • Y is Z-L-C( ⁇ O)O—
  • X is optionally substituted with one or more of halogen, amino, aminoalkylene, hydroxy, —SH, —S—C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl and halogenated C 1 -C 6 -alkyl.
  • the pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, pyrimidinoimidazole, and pyrimidinotriazole groups are, respectively:
  • each * indicates a point of attachment to the C17 position.
  • the ABC ring structure is optionally substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, halogenated C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl, halogenated C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl, halogen, amino, aminoalkylene, hydroxyimino, and hydroxyl.
  • Z is a quaternary ammonium group, wherein the quaternary ammonium group is trimethyl ammonium, triethyl ammonium, triphenyl ammonium, benzyldimethyl ammonium, benzyldiethyl ammonium, N-methylpiperidinium, N-ethylpiperidinium, or tribenzyl ammonium.
  • Z is a sulfonic acid
  • L is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl
  • Z is a phosphonic acid
  • L is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl
  • the compound is:
  • the compound is:
  • R is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl;
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylheteroaryl; and
  • n is from 1 to 49.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients, bulking agents, binders, flow agents, release agents, carriers or diluents.
  • the composition is an oral dosage form.
  • the oral dosage form is a tablet, a caplet, a capsule or a liquid suspension.
  • the amount of the compound is less than about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of the compound is less than about 2000 mg.
  • the amount of the compound is from about 100 mg to about 500 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of the compound is from about 500 mg to about 1500 mg.
  • the compound is:
  • R is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl; and R 1 is C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylheteroaryl; and n is from 1 to 49.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a cancer or a urogenital disease in a subject in need or want thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the cancer is a urogenital and/or androgen-related cancer.
  • the cancer or urogenital disease is prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, other urogenital cancer, or prostate hyperplasia.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of an anti-androgen, a CYP17 inhibitor, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, a drug for preventing androgen production, an estrogen, and a chemotherapy drug.
  • the amount is less than about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, the amount is less than about 2000 mg.
  • the amount is from about 100 to about 500 mg. In some embodiments, the amount is from about 500 to about 1500 mg.
  • the compound is:
  • R is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl; and R 1 is C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylheteroaryl; and n is from 1 to 49.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a cancer or a urogenital disease in a subject in need or want thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention, in combination with a hormone therapy, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunotherapy, or surgery.
  • the cancer comprises a urogenital and/or androgen-related cancer.
  • the cancer or urogenital disease is prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, other urogenital cancer, or prostate hyperplasia.
  • the amount is less than about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, the amount is less than about 2000 mg.
  • the amount is from about 100 to about 500 mg. In some embodiments, the amount is from about 500 to about 1500 mg.
  • the compound is:
  • R is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl; and R 1 is C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylheteroaryl; and n is from 1 to 49.
  • the above prepared bromoester (1.5 mmol, 743 mg) is dissolved in acetone (10 mL) and trimethylamine (2.5 mmol, 148 mg, 2324) is added. The mixture is stirred until the steroid starting material is shown to be exhausted by TLC, then concentrated in vacuo, and the residue is purified by reversed-phase HPLC to afford pure trimethylammonium acetate of abiraterone.
  • the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo, and the residue is taken up into ethyl acetate (50 mL).
  • the organic layer is washed (1N, HCl, 5% sat'd aq NaHCO 3 ), dried (brine, MgSO 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo, with the residue being distilled in vacuo to afford purified methyl R-3,4-dihydroxybutyrate, or the residue may be used directly in the following step.
  • the protected acid is used in the preparation of an abiraterone prodrug.
  • the bis-silyl protected ester (0.5 mmol, 358 mg) is dissolved in THF (5 mL) and a solution of TBAF (1.0M in THF, 1.1 mL) is added. The solution is stirred for 2.5 hours, and is poured into water (10 mL). The aqueous phase is extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 20 mL) and the combined organics are dried (brine, MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo, with the residue being purified by flash column chromatography (silica, EtOAc/hexanes elution) to afford the desired dihydroxy ester.
  • the crude toluenesulfonate ester from the preceding step is dissolved in toluene (50 mL) and stirred, while trimethylamine (0.8 mmol, 47 mg, 744) is added.
  • the resultant mixture is heated for three hours, or until exhaustion of the toluenesulfonate ester is indicated by HPLC or TLC analysis.
  • the resultant mixture is filtered and the solids washed with toluene.
  • the R-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniumbutyrate ester of abiraterone is purified via reversed-phase HPLC.
  • the above prepared ester is dissolved in THF (8 mL) and TBAF is added as a THF solution (1M, 6 mL, 6 mmol) and the resultant solution is stirred for two hours at room temperature.
  • the mixture is poured into half-saturated aqueous sodium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane (2 ⁇ 100 mL).
  • the combined organics are washed (1 ⁇ 1N HCl, 1 ⁇ water), dried (brine, MgSO 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude gallic ester, which is purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, CHCl 3 —MeOH) to afford the pure desired material.
  • the above-prepared ester is dissolved in THF (8 mL) and TBAF is added as a THF solution (1M, 6 mL, 6 mmol) and the resultant solution is stirred for two hours at room temperature.
  • the mixture is poured into half-saturated aqueous sodium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane (2 ⁇ 100 mL).
  • the combined organics are washed (1 ⁇ 1N HCl, 1 ⁇ water), dried (brine, MgSO 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo to obtain the crude gallic ester, which is purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, CHCl 3 -MeOH) to afford the pure desired material.

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