US20080171079A1 - Vaccine - Google Patents

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US20080171079A1
US20080171079A1 US11/817,175 US81717506A US2008171079A1 US 20080171079 A1 US20080171079 A1 US 20080171079A1 US 81717506 A US81717506 A US 81717506A US 2008171079 A1 US2008171079 A1 US 2008171079A1
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vzv
antigen
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immunogenic
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Emmanuel Jules Hanon
Jean Stephenne
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GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A61K39/245—Herpetoviridae, e.g. herpes simplex virus
    • A61K39/25—Varicella-zoster virus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/525—Virus
    • A61K2039/5252—Virus inactivated (killed)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/525—Virus
    • A61K2039/5254—Virus avirulent or attenuated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55555—Liposomes; Vesicles, e.g. nanoparticles; Spheres, e.g. nanospheres; Polymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55572—Lipopolysaccharides; Lipid A; Monophosphoryl lipid A
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55577—Saponins; Quil A; QS21; ISCOMS
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
    • C12N2710/16711—Varicellovirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 3, Varicella Zoster, pseudorabies
    • C12N2710/16722—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
    • C12N2710/16711—Varicellovirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 3, Varicella Zoster, pseudorabies
    • C12N2710/16734—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein

Definitions

  • This invention relates to compositions capable of inducing an immune response against Varicella-Zoster Virus.
  • VZV Varicella-Zoster Virus
  • variants Humida-Zoster Virus
  • shingles zoster
  • VZV is a human herpes virus which is the etiological agent of chicken pox (varicella) and shingles (zoster).
  • Varicella results from an initial, or primary infection, usually contracted during childhood which is relatively benign. However, for adults who were not exposed to varicella during childhood, and occasionally to individuals who are immunocomprised, VZV can be life-threatening. Similarly, a VZV infection can be life-threatening to neonates, for the virus is capable of crossing the placenta. With direct contact, varicella is known to be a highly transmissible infectious disease.
  • VZV has a tendency to infect some cells in which its development is arrested. After a variable latent period, the Varicella-Zoster (VZ) virus can be released to initiate infection in other cells. This reactivation of the VZ virus causes an estimated 5 million cases of zoster annually (Plotkin et al., Postgrad Med J 61: 155-63 (1985)). Zoster is characterized by inflammation of the cerebral ganglia and peripheral nerves, and it is associated with acute pain.
  • the present invention provides in a first aspect an immunogenic composition
  • an immunogenic composition comprising a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof in combination with a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • the invention further relates to a vaccine composition
  • a vaccine composition comprising a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof in combination with a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • the invention further relates to a method of preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia (PHN) comprising delivering to an individual an immunogenic composition comprising a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof in combination with a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • PPN post herpetic neuralgia
  • the invention relates to a method of preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia, the method comprising sequential or concomitant delivery to an individual of a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof and a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • the invention relates to a kit comprising a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV and, separately, a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof, the components suitable for concomitant or sequential delivery, or for mixing as a single composition prior to delivery.
  • the invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of an immunogenic composition, the method comprising combining a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV with a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof.
  • the invention further relates to use of a live attenuated VZV strain or whole inactivated VZV and a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof in the preparation of an immunogenic composition for preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia.
  • the invention in a second aspect relates to an immunogenic composition and/or vaccine comprising gE or an immunogenic derivative or immunogenic fragment thereof in combination with a TH1-adjuvant.
  • the invention also relates to use of a composition comprising gE or an immunogenic derivative or immunogenic fragment thereof in combination with a TH1-adjuvant, in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or amelioration of herpes zoster reactivation and/or post herpetic neuralgia.
  • the invention also relates to a method for the prevention or amelioration of herpes zoster reactivation and/or post herpetic neuralgia, the method comprising delivering to an individual in need thereof an immunogenic composition or vaccine comprising gE or an immunogenic derivative or immunogenic fragment thereof in combination with a TH1-adjuvant.
  • FIG. 1 discloses the sequence of a truncated VZV gE.
  • FIGS. 2-4 disclose humoral responses obtained in human clinical trials using compositions of the invention.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 disclose cell mediated immunity obtained in human clinical trials using compositions of the invention.
  • the present invention relates to compositions and regimes as described herein for provoking an immune response to VZV.
  • the immune response generated by exposure to such compositions is suitably reproducibly higher and statistically significant when compared to that obtained in individuals who have received no exposure to the compositions of the invention.
  • the immune response may be assessed by analysis of any one or more aspects of CMI response and/or antibody responses using any of the techniques outlined below.
  • the invention relates to approaches for preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia (PHN).
  • the invention relates in one aspect to use in the prevention of the incidence of zoster. Where zoster does occur then the severity of the reactivation of zoster is suitably reduced compared with an unvaccinated control (amelioration of zoster). In a further aspect, where zoster does occur, the invention relates to use in the prevention of the incidence of PHN. In a further aspect where PHN does occur then the severity of the PHN is suitably reduced compared with an unvaccinated control (amelioration of PHN).
  • Reduction in severity can suitably be assessed by a reduction in the pain caused by zoster or PHN, for example, using known measures of burden of pain (e.g. Coplan et al J Pain 2004; 5 (6) 344-56). Reduction in severity can also be assessed by other criteria such as duration of zoster or PHN, proportion of body area affected by zoster or PHN; or the site of zoster/PHN.
  • the live attenuated VZV strain is the OKA strain, a strain well known in the art, for example as disclosed in Arbeter et al. (Journal of Pediatrics, vol 100, No 6, p 886 ff), WO9402596, and references therein, such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,615, all incorporated herein by reference.
  • Any other suitable live attenuated strain may also be used in the invention.
  • the VarilrixTM and VarivaxTM strains are both appropriate and commercially available and could be employed in the invention.
  • inactivated VZV strains such as inactivated VZV OKA are also suitable for use in the present invention.
  • the VZV antigen for use in the invention may be any suitable VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof, suitably being a purified VZV antigen.
  • the antigen or derivative is one that is able to elicit, when delivered in combination, concomitantly or sequentially with a live attenuated VZV strain or whole inactivated VZV, an immune response which is improved over that elicited by the live attenuated strain/whole inactivated strain alone or by the VZV antigen alone.
  • a response may be, for example, improved in terms of one or more of the magnitude of immune response, duration of immune response, the number or % or responders, or the breadth of response (e.g. the range of antibody or T cell responses detected), or may provide an improvement at the clinical level in terms of incidence, reduction of pain or symptoms. Improvements in the immune response can be assessed by, for example, antibody levels or cell mediated immunity (CMI) activity using standard techniques in the art; improvements at the clinical level can be also assessed using known clinical criteria.
  • CMI cell mediated immunity
  • the immune response elicited by the composition or vaccine of present invention shows one or more of:
  • improvements in the immune response are assessed in the elderly population, suitably the populations over 50 years of age, for whom the risk of zoster or PHN is increased with respect to the population under 50 years of age.
  • Improved immune responses can also be examined in immuno-compromised populations.
  • populations are target populations for any embodiment of the present invention.
  • the population is over 50 years, suitably over 60 years, over 70 years, or even over 80 years and above. In one aspect the population is 50-70 years old.
  • the invention relates to use of the compositions and approaches of the invention in preventing and/or decreasing the severity of zoster or PHN in humans over 50 years of age.
  • the invention relates to use of the compositions and approaches of the invention in preventing and/or decreasing the severity of zoster or PHN in immunocompromised individuals, such as transplant patients or those who are HIV positive.
  • immunogenic derivative encompasses any molecule which retains the ability to induce an immune response to VZV following administration to man.
  • Immunogenic compounds herein are suitably capable of reacting detectably within an immunoassay (such as an ELISA or T-cell stimulation assay) with antisera and/or T-cells from a patient with VZV. Screening for immunogenic activity can be performed using techniques well known to the skilled artisan. For example, such screens can be performed using methods such as those described in Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988.
  • Suitable methods for the generation of derivatives are well known in the art and include standard molecular biology techniques as disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al [Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, third edition, 2000, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press], such as techniques for the addition, deletion, substitution or rearrangement of amino acids or chemical modifications thereof.
  • derivatives include, for example, truncations or other fragments.
  • derivatives in the context of this invention are amino acid sequences comprising epitopes, i.e., antigenic determinants substantially responsible for the immunogenic properties of a polypeptide and being capable of eliciting an immune response, in one aspect being T cell epitopes.
  • the level of immunogenic activity of the immunogenic derivative is at least about 50%, in one aspect at least about 70% and in one aspect at least or greater than about 90% of the immunogenicity for the polypeptide from which it is derived, suitably as assessed by immunoassay techniques described above.
  • immunogenic portions may be identified that have a level of immunogenic activity greater than that of the corresponding full-length polypeptide, e.g., having greater than about 100% or 150% or more immunogenic activity.
  • the VZV antigen is a glycoprotein, in one aspect the gE antigen (also known as gp1), or immunogenic derivative thereof.
  • EP192902 also discloses gE and production thereof.
  • gE is a truncated gE having the sequence of FIG. 1 herein, and as disclosed in Virus research, vol 40, 1996 p 199 ff, herein incorporated fully by reference. Reference to gE hereinafter includes reference to truncated gE, unless otherwise apparent from the context.
  • Suitable antigens include, by way of example, gB, gH, gC, gI, IE63 (e.g. see, Huang et al. J. Virol. 1992, 66: 2664, Sharp et al. J. Inf. Dis. 1992, 165:852, Debrus, J. Virol. 1995 May; 69(5):3240-5 and references therein), IE62 (e.g. see Arvin et al. J. Immunol. 1991 146:257, Sabella J Virol. 1993 December; 67(12):7673-6 and references therein) ORF4 or ORF 10 (Arvin et al. Viral Immunol. 2002 15: 507.)
  • the present invention herein also contemplates that antigen combinations may be used with the live attenuated or killed VZV, and in one aspect gE may be included in any such combination.
  • the invention relates to combinations of gE with IE63 and gE with IE62, for example.
  • VZV antigens and derivatives of VZV antigens can be tested for suitable immunogenic activity by use in the model systems as described in the Examples of the present application, or by clinical trials in humans.
  • One or more of the following indicators of activity are suitable for consideration in assessment of immunogenic activity:
  • Increases or reductions are suitably statistically significant with respect to appropriate controls, such as an age-matched non-vaccinated group.
  • live attenuated VZV or killed VZV and the VZV antigen or antigen derivatives do not significantly interfere with one another, such that when used in combination the 2 components are still able to provide an immunogenic response to VZV.
  • the response is a protective immunogenic response, whether the 2 components are used as a composition or used in sequential administration or coadministration. It will be appreciated that some interference is tolerated, however, provided that the overall protective immune response is improved in some way (increased in magnitude, increased % responders or broadened antigenic responses, for example) over that of either of the original components used individually.
  • the invention relates to the combination of the gE antigen and the OKA strain, used for concomitant or sequential administration, in either order.
  • delivery is concomitant then the 2 components are delivered into different injection sites but during the same day, for example.
  • different delivery routes are used for the 2 components, in particular subcutaneous delivery for the virus strain such as OKA and intramuscular delivery for the antigen such as gE
  • the present invention also extends to cover, in all embodiments described, the use of combinations of VZV antigens or derivatives with a live attenuated VZV strain or killed VZV.
  • Suitable combinations of antigens include in one aspect gE or immunogenic derivative thereof.
  • the combined composition, or either or both of the individual components may additionally comprise an adjuvant or immunostimulant such as but not limited to detoxified lipid A from any source and non-toxic derivatives of lipid A, saponins and other reagents, suitably capable of stimulating a TH1 type response.
  • an adjuvant or immunostimulant such as but not limited to detoxified lipid A from any source and non-toxic derivatives of lipid A, saponins and other reagents, suitably capable of stimulating a TH1 type response.
  • composition comprises an adjuvant capable of stimulating a TH1 type response.
  • Th1-type cytokines tend to favour the induction of cell mediated immune responses to a given antigen, whilst high levels of Th2-type cytokines tend to favour the induction of humoral immune responses to the antigen.
  • Th1 and Th2-type immune response are not absolute. In reality an individual will support an immune response which is described as being predominantly Th1 or predominantly Th2.
  • Th1 and Th2-type immune response are often convenient to consider the families of cytokines in terms of that described in murine CD4+ ve T cell clones by Mosmann and Coffman (Mosmann, T. R. and Coffman, R. L. (1989) TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annual Review of Immunology, 7, p 145-173).
  • Th1-type responses are associated with the production of the INF- ⁇ and IL-2 cytokines by T-lymphocytes.
  • Th1-type immune responses are not produced by T-cells, such as IL-12.
  • Th2-type responses are associated with the secretion of 11-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10.
  • Suitable adjuvant systems which promote a predominantly Th1 response include, Monophosphoryl lipid A or a derivative thereof, particularly 3-de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A.
  • LPS enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide
  • MPL monophosphoryl lipid A
  • a further detoxified version of MPL results from the removal of the acyl chain from the 3-position of the disaccharide backbone, and is called 3-O-Deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MPL). It can be purified and prepared by the methods taught in GB 2122204B, which reference also discloses the preparation of diphosphoryl lipid A, and 3-O-deacylated variants thereof.
  • 3D-MPL is in the form of an emulsion having a small particle size less than 0.2 ⁇ m in diameter, and its method of manufacture is disclosed in WO 94/21292.
  • Aqueous formulations comprising monophosphoryl lipid A and a surfactant have been described in WO9843670A2.
  • the bacterial lipopolysaccharide derived adjuvants to be formulated in the compositions of the present invention may be purified and processed from bacterial sources, or alternatively they may be synthetic.
  • purified monophosphoryl lipid A is described in Ribi et al 1986 (supra)
  • 3-O-Deacylated monophosphoryl or diphosphoryl lipid A derived from Salmonella sp. is described in GB 2220211 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,094.
  • Other purified and synthetic lipopolysaccharides have been described (Hilgers et al., 1986, Int. Arch. Allergy.
  • the bacterial lipopolysaccharide adjuvant is 3D-MPL.
  • the LPS derivatives that may be used in the present invention are those immunostimulants that are similar in structure to that of LPS or MPL or 3D-MPL.
  • the LPS derivatives may be an acylated monosaccharide, which is a sub-portion to the above structure of MPL.
  • Saponins are taught in: Lacaille-Dubois, M and Wagner H. (1996. A review of the biological and pharmacological activities of saponins. Phytomedicine vol 2 pp 363-386). Saponins are steroid or triterpene glycosides widely distributed in the plant and marine animal kingdoms. Saponins are noted for forming colloidal solutions in water which foam on shaking, and for precipitating cholesterol. When saponins are near cell membranes they create pore-like structures in the membrane which cause the membrane to burst. Haemolysis of erythrocytes is an example of this phenomenon, which is a property of certain, but not all, saponins.
  • Saponins are known as adjuvants in vaccines for systemic administration.
  • the adjuvant and haemolytic activity of individual saponins has been extensively studied in the art (Lacaille-Dubois and Wagner, supra).
  • Quil A derived from the bark of the South American tree Quillaja Saponaria Molina
  • fractions thereof are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540 and “Saponins as vaccine adjuvants”, Kensil, C. R., Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, 1996, 12 (1-2):1-55; and EP 0 362 279 B1.
  • IDS Immune Stimulating Complexes
  • Quil A fractions of Quil A are haemolytic and have been used in the manufacture of vaccines (Morein, B., EP 0 109 942 B1; WO 96/11711; WO 96/33739).
  • the haemolytic saponins QS21 and QS17 HPLC purified fractions of Quil A have been described as potent systemic adjuvants, and the method of their production is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540 and EP 0 362 279 B1.
  • Other saponins which have been used in systemic vaccination studies include those derived from other plant species such as Gypsophila and Saponaria (Bomford et al., Vaccine, 10(9):572-577, 1992).
  • An enhanced system involves the combination of a non-toxic lipid A derivative and a saponin derivative particularly the combination of QS21 and 3D-MPL as disclosed in WO 94/00153, or a less reactogenic composition where the QS21 is quenched with cholesterol as disclosed in WO 96/33739.
  • the combination of QS21 with 3D MPL is used in the present invention.
  • the adjuvant for use in the invention comprises QS21 and a liposomal formulation comprising cholesterol and 3D MPL.
  • a particularly potent adjuvant formulation involving QS21 and 3D-MPL in an oil in water emulsion is described in WO 95/17210 and is also suitable for use in the present invention.
  • composition comprising a VZV antigen or derivative of the present invention adjuvanted with detoxified lipid A or a non-toxic derivative of lipid A.
  • the composition is adjuvanted with a monophosphoryl lipid A or derivative thereof.
  • composition additionally comprises a saponin, which in one aspect is QS21, and in another aspect is QS21 quenched with cholesterol as disclosed in WO 96/33739.
  • the immunogenic composition of the invention optionally comprises an oil in water emulsion, which may be used in combination with other adjuvants such as QS21 and/or 3D MPL as disclosed above.
  • adjuvants such as QS21 and/or 3D MPL as disclosed above.
  • Adjuvant formulations comprising an oil in water emulsion are disclosed in WO9911241 and WO9912565, incorporated herein by reference.
  • CpG CpG dinucleotides
  • CpG is an abbreviation for cytosine-guanosine dinucleotide motifs present in nucleic acid.
  • CpG oligonucleotides are disclosed in WO 96/02555 and EP 468520.
  • a combination of any of the adjuvants of the invention described herein (QS21 or QS21 quenched with cholesterol+3DMPL, optionally with an oil in water emulsion) is used with gE, or immunogenic derivative thereof, used in concomitant or sequential administration with a live attenuated VZV or inactivated whole VZV.
  • the present invention also provides a method for producing a kit suitable for inducing an immune response against zoster, the method comprising mixing a VZV antigen preparation of the present invention together with an adjuvant or adjuvant combination, and combining in a kit with a live attenuated VZV.
  • the amount of VZV antigen is selected as an amount which induces an immunoprotective response without significant, adverse side effects in typical vaccines. Such amount will vary depending upon which specific immunogen is employed and how it is presented. Generally, it is expected that each dose will comprise 1-1000 ⁇ g of protein, such as 2-100 ⁇ g, or 5-60 ⁇ g. Where gE is used then in one aspect 25-100 ⁇ g of gE may be used in humans, such as 40-100 ⁇ g of gE for human use, in one aspect about 25 ⁇ g, about 50 ⁇ g or about 100 ⁇ g of gE, suitably 25 ⁇ g, 50 ⁇ g or 100 ⁇ g gE.
  • a suitable dose is 500-50000 pfu/0.5 ml, such as 2000-6000 pfu/0.5 ml, with a suitable dose of the GSK Varilrix Oka strain for example being 6000-25,000 per dose, for example 10,000 pfu/dose.
  • Higher doses such as 30,000 pfu, 40000 pfu, 50,000 pfu 60,000 pfu, 70000 pfu, 80000 pfu, 90000 pfu or even 100000 pfu may be employed.
  • An optimal amount for a particular vaccine can be ascertained by standard studies involving observation of appropriate immune responses in subjects. Following an initial vaccination, subjects may receive one or several booster immunisation adequately spaced.
  • composition(s) of the present invention may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including for example, topical, oral, nasal, mucosal, intravenous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration. Delivery of the OKA strain is, in one aspect, by subcutaneous delivery.
  • the immunogenic composition of the present invention may be used in a vaccine composition, optionally in combination with an adjuvant and/or (other) suitable carrier.
  • the VZV antigen and attenuated VZV of the present invention may be used together in a composition to provoke an immune response to VZV, or separately—either concomitantly or sequentially in a prime boost regime.
  • the components of the vaccine may be used in either order.
  • delivery of a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV is followed by a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof.
  • delivery of a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof is followed by delivery of live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • the invention further relates to a method of preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia comprising delivering to an individual at risk of zoster an immunogenic composition comprising a live attenuated VZV and a VZV antigen.
  • the invention relates to a method of preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia comprising sequential or concomitant delivery to an individual at risk of zoster of a live attenuated VZV and a VZV antigen.
  • the invention relates to a prime boost regime wherein a VZV antigen, in one aspect an adjuvanted antigen, is delivered first, after which the immune system is boosted with delivery of an attenuated VZV.
  • a prime boost regime in humans comprises, in one aspect, priming with 25-100 ⁇ g gE, in one aspect 40-100 ⁇ g gE, such as 50 or about 50 ⁇ g gE, or an immunogenic derivative thereof, adjuvanted with QS21 (for example QS21 quenched with cholesterol as described above) and 3D-MPL, and boosting with the OKA strain of VZV.
  • priming with 25-100 ⁇ g gE in one aspect 40-100 ⁇ g gE, such as 50 or about 50 ⁇ g gE, or an immunogenic derivative thereof, adjuvanted with QS21 (for example QS21 quenched with cholesterol as described above) and 3D-MPL, and boosting with the OKA strain of VZV.
  • prime boost regimes are used, or where multiple vaccination regimes are used, then 2, 3, 4 or more immunisations may be employed.
  • Suitable regimes for prime boost include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 months between individual immunisations.
  • a prime boost schedule comprises, in one aspect, delivery of a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof, suitably an adjuvanted VZV antigen or derivative, at 0 months and boosting with a live attenuated VZV at 2M.
  • the invention relates to a kit comprising a live attenuated VZV or inactivated whole VZV and a VZV antigen.
  • the invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of an immunogenic composition, the method comprising combining a live attenuated VZV/whole inactivated and a VZV antigen.
  • the invention further relates to use of a live attenuated VZV strain in the preparation of a combination vaccine with a VZV antigen for the prevention of herpes zoster, and to use of a VZV antigen in the preparation of a combination vaccine with a live attenuated VZV strain for the prevention of herpes zoster.
  • a gE antigen, or immunogenic derivative or immunogenic fragment thereof may be used with an adjuvant to provide an immunogenic composition or vaccine. That is, the gE antigen or immunogenic derivative or immunogenic fragment thereof may be used in a vaccination schedule in the absence of a live attenuated strain or whole inactivated strain.
  • the second aspect of the invention relates to an immunogenic composition or vaccine comprising gE or immunogenic derivative or immunogenic fragment thereof in combination with a TH1-adjuvant.
  • the invention also particularly relates to use of a composition comprising gE or an immunogenic derivative or immunogenic fragment thereof in combination with a TH-1 adjuvant, in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or amelioration of herpes zoster reactivation and/or post herpetic neuralgia.
  • immunogenic derivative in respect of gE is as described above, along with methods to obtain such derivatives such as fragments of gE.
  • Immunogenic fragments as described herein are immunogenic derivatives which retain the ability to induce an immune response to VZV following administration to man.
  • a gE truncate is used in which gE has a C terminal truncation.
  • the truncation removes from 4 to 20 percent of the total amino acid residues at the carboxy terminal end.
  • the gE is lacking the carboxy terminal anchor region (suitably approximately amino acids 547-623 of the wild type sequence).
  • gE is a truncated gE having the sequence of FIG. 1 herein, and as disclosed in Virus research, (Haumont et al Vol 40, 1996 p 199-204), herein incorporated fully by reference.
  • gE hereinafter includes reference to truncated gE, or other fragments or derivative of gE, unless otherwise apparent from the context.
  • composition comprises full length gE.
  • the gE or derivative or fragment thereof is lyophilised. In another aspect the gE or derivative or fragment thereof is reconstituted in a solution containing an adjuvant (such as an adjuvant containing QS21, cholesterol and 3D MPL) before delivery.
  • an adjuvant such as an adjuvant containing QS21, cholesterol and 3D MPL
  • composition or vaccine comprises gE and a TH-1 adjuvant and does not comprise an IE63 antigen or portion thereof. In one embodiment the composition or vaccine comprises gE and a TH-1 adjuvant and does not comprise any other VZV antigen. In one embodiment the composition or vaccine comprises gE and a TH-1 adjuvant and does not comprise any other viral antigen.
  • the gE or immunogenic fragment thereof is not in the form of a fusion protein.
  • composition or vaccine consists essentially of QS21, a truncated VZV gE antigen and liposomes comprising cholesterol and 3D-MPL.
  • composition or vaccine consists of 3D-MPL, QS21, a truncated VZV gE antigen, liposomes comprising cholesterol and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • composition may be used in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or amelioration of herpes zoster reactivation and/or post herpetic neuralgia.
  • composition or vaccine is suitably used in the population of people 50 or older than 50.
  • the population is the population of those older than 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, or older than 80.
  • the population is 50-70 years.
  • the population of individuals are those who have had varicella or who have had a live varicella vaccine.
  • the invention relates to use of a composition as described above in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or amelioration of herpes zoster reactivation and/or post herpetic neuralgia in a population of people 50 or above.
  • the invention thus also relates to a method for the prevention or amelioration of herpes zoster reactivation and/or post herpetic neuralgia, the method comprising delivering to an individual in need thereof a composition of the invention.
  • composition of the first and second aspects of the invention are used in those individuals in whom the varicella zoster virus has not reactivated.
  • the composition may be used at doses and delivery routes as outlined above for the first aspect of the invention.
  • the amount of gE antigen is selected as an amount which induces an immunoprotective response without significant, adverse side effects in typical vaccines. Such amount will vary depending upon which specific immunogen is employed and how it is presented. Generally, it is expected that each dose will comprise 1-1000 ⁇ g of protein, such as 2-100 ⁇ g, or 5-60 ⁇ g. Where gE is used then suitably 25-100 ⁇ g gE is used, in one aspect 40-100 ⁇ g of gE, such as about 25 ⁇ g, 50 ⁇ g or about 100 ⁇ g of gE, suitably 25 ⁇ g, 50 ⁇ g or 100 ⁇ g gE.
  • An optimal amount for a particular vaccine can be ascertained by standard studies involving observation of appropriate immune responses in subjects. Following an initial vaccination, subjects may receive one or several booster immunisation adequately spaced.
  • the gE and adjuvant composition or vaccine is used in a one dose delivery regime. In one aspect the gE and adjuvant composition or vaccine is used in a two dose delivery regime.
  • composition or vaccine of the invention is used in a 2 dose regime with a 2 month spacing between doses.
  • the TH-1 adjuvant is any adjuvant identified above for the first aspect of the invention.
  • a combination of 3D MPL and QS21 may be used, for example as disclosed in WO94/00153, or a less reactogenic composition where the QS21 is quenched with cholesterol as disclosed in WO 96/33739 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,846,489.
  • An alternative adjuvant comprises QS21 and 3D-MPL in an oil in water emulsion as described in WO 95/17210.
  • a formulation comprises a C terminal truncation of the VZV gE antigen, for example that given in FIG. 1 , in combination with 3D MPL and QS21.
  • the invention in another aspect relates to a kit comprising, as separate components, a TH-1 adjuvant and a gE antigen or immunogenic fragment thereof, as described above, suitable for extemporaneous preparation of a vaccine composition.
  • both components are liquids.
  • one component is lyophilised and is suitable for reconstitution with the other component.
  • the kit comprises a gE antigen having the sequence of FIG. 1 and an adjuvant comprising QS21 and liposomes comprising cholesterol and 3D MPL.
  • Vaccine preparation is generally described in New Trends and Developments in Vaccines, Voller et al. (eds), University Park Press, Baltimore, Md., 1978.
  • An immunogenic composition comprising a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof in combination with a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • B A method of preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia (PHN) comprising delivering to an individual an immunogenic composition comprising a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof in combination with a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • PPN post herpetic neuralgia
  • a method of preventing and/or decreasing the severity of herpes zoster and/or post herpetic neuralgia comprising sequential or concomitant delivery to an individual of a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof and a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV.
  • D A method according to paragraph C wherein a VZV antigen is delivered before live attenuated VZV.
  • E A method according to paragraph C wherein a VZV antigen is delivered after live attenuated VZV.
  • G A kit comprising a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV and, separately, a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof, the components suitable for concomitant or sequential delivery, or for mixing as a single composition prior to delivery.
  • H A method for the manufacture of an immunogenic composition, the method comprising combining a live attenuated VZV or whole inactivated VZV with a VZV antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof.
  • M Use according to any of paragraphs I-K wherein the antigen or derivative thereof is delivered in a prime boost approach after the VZV strain.
  • N Use according to any of paragraphs I-K wherein the antigen or derivative thereof is delivered concomitantly with the VZV strain.
  • O Use according to any of paragraphs I-K wherein the antigen or derivative thereof is delivered in admixture with the VZV strain.
  • P A use, method, kit, or composition according to any preceding paragraph wherein the live attenuated VZV strain is the OKA strain
  • Q A use method, kit, composition according to any preceding paragraph wherein the VZV antigen the gE antigen or immunogenic derivative thereof.
  • R A use, method, kit, composition or vaccine according to any preceding claim wherein the VZV antigen is delivered with an adjuvant capable of stimulating a TH1 type response.
  • the present invention is illustrated by the following, non limiting Examples.
  • the gE used can be truncated gE, as disclosed in FIG. 1 .
  • VarilrixTM is a commercially available OKA strain.
  • Human volunteers for example, 50 per group—healthy, aged 50-70 years
  • results may be assessed by measuring both cell mediated immunity and antibody responses, for example by intracellular staining (ICS, Roederer et al. 2004 Clin. Immunol. 110: 199) or ELISA techniques respectively, these being well known in the art.
  • Specific cell-mediated immunity may be evaluated by, for example, in vitro incubation of patient PBMC with varicella-zoster virus extracts as well as specific VZV antigens or peptides gE, IE63 and IE62. Analysis may be made at the level of, for example:
  • Efficacy can be assessed by looking for a significant increase in the CMI and/or antibody response in comparison with pre-vaccination levels.
  • Efficacy of other antigens or approaches can be assessed using these or similar techniques, and comparing pre-vaccination levels with post vaccination levels.
  • Example 1 The experiment of Example 1 was carried out in human volunteers of different ages, as follows:
  • Group C Varilrix OKA strain alone in adults 50-70 years
  • the vaccination schedule was as follows:
  • the adjuvant AS1 comprises 3D MPL and QS21 in a quenched form with cholesterol, and was made as described in WO9633739, incorporated herein by reference.
  • AS1 adjuvant was prepared essentially as Example 1.1 of WO9633739.
  • the adjuvant comprises: liposomes, which in turn comprise dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), cholesterol and 3D MPL [in an amount of 1000 ⁇ g DOPC, 250 ⁇ g cholesterol and 50 ⁇ g 3D MPL, each value given approx per vaccine dose], QS21 [50 ⁇ g/dose], PBS and water to a volume of 0.5 ml.
  • DOPC dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine
  • 3D MPL in an amount of 1000 ⁇ g DOPC, 250 ⁇ g cholesterol and 50 ⁇ g 3D MPL, each value given approx per vaccine dose
  • QS21 50 ⁇ g/dose
  • PBS water to a volume of 0.5 ml.
  • the truncated gE of FIG. 1 was expressed in CHO K1 cells using standard techniques and purified using, in order, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, diafiltration, and nanofiltration followed by sterilisation through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter.
  • the culture supernatant containing the gE (approx. 30 mg/l) is purified, either directly after clarification of the cell suspension or after defrosting at 4° C. After transfer into a 20-litre carboy, the pH of the supernatant is adjusted to 6.
  • the capture stage takes place at ambient temperature on a chromatography column containing a Q Sepharose XL resin.
  • the column After sanitisation with sodium hydroxide, the column is conditioned in the capture buffer (piperazine 20 mM pH 6). The supernatant is then loaded on the column and the column is washed with equilibration buffer and a solution of piperazine 20 mM+NaCl 150 mM pH 6.
  • the fraction containing the gE is then eluted with a solution of piperazine 20 mM+NaCl 250 mM at pH 6.
  • This chromatography stage takes place at ambient temperature on a Toyopearl butyl-650 M resin (Tosoh Biosep).
  • the fraction eluted with 20 mM piperazine+250 mM NaCl in the Q Sepharose XL stage is made up to 1M in ammonium sulphate and adjusted to pH 7.5.
  • the column After sanitisation with sodium hydroxide and before loading of this fraction, the column is conditioned in the capture buffer (50 mM KH 2 PO 4 +1M ammonium sulphate pH 7.5). After loading, the column is washed with buffer 50 mM KH 2 PO 4 +100 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 pH 7.5. The gE is eluted with buffer 50 mM KH 2 PO 4 +25 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 pH 7.5.
  • This chromatography stage takes place at ambient temperature on a Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow resin.
  • This resin is saturated in metal ion (Ni) by application of a nickel sulphate solution (1%) and excess unbound ions (Ni), removed by washing.
  • the gE fraction eluted at 50 mM KH 2 PO 4 +25 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 pH 7.5 in the hydrophobic phase is made up to 0.5 M NaCl and adjusted to pH 7.5.
  • the column is equilibrated in the capture buffer (50 mM KH 2 PO 4 +0.5 M NaCl pH 7.5).
  • the gE solution is loaded on the column, which is then washed with a solution of 50 mM KH 2 PO 4 +0.5 M NaCl pH 5.6.
  • the gE is then eluted with a buffer of 50 mM sodium acetate+0.5 M NaCl pH 5, and neutralised with a Tris 1M solution pH 9.5.
  • the buffer exchange and the elimination of salts from the gE fraction eluted at pH 5 in the previous stage are carried out by tangential ultrafiltration. This stage is carried out entirely at +4° C.
  • the ultrafiltration is run by the Millipore Proflux M12 system, fitted with a 10 kDa Pellicon2 Mini membrane of regenerated cellulose (cat: P2C010C01) of limit nominal molecular weight and a surface area of 0.1 m 2 placed in a Pellicon2 mini-cassette housing (cat.XX42PMINI).
  • modified PBS buffer 8 mM Na 2 HPO 4 2H 2 O, 1.47 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 137 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KCL pH 7.2
  • the measurement of the permeability of the membrane is verified.
  • the integrity test on the membrane is carried out by putting the system under pressure up to 1 bar before and at the end of the diafiltration stage. If this membrane is used twice with an interval of one week, the integrity will be tested 3 times (once before each ultrafiltration and once after the second filtration). The membrane is considered to be intact if the loss of pressure recorded over 5 minutes is less than 0.1 bar.
  • the pressure conditions are set such that the diafiltration period is about 11 ⁇ 2-2 hours (permeate flow approx. 60 ml/min).
  • the diafiltration residue is then recovered and on the basis of the baseline OD 280 the membrane is rinsed with modified PBS to give an approximate final concentration of 0.4 mg/ml.
  • This next stage makes it possible to eliminate viruses with a diameter of more than 15 nm by retention.
  • the stage is carried out entirely at +4° C.
  • the nanofiltration is carried out on a PLANOVA 15N filter (mean pore size 15 nm; filtration surface area 0.12 m 2 (ASAHI cat: 15NZ-120)). Under a constant pressure of 0.45 bar, the gE solution is filtered on the membrane and recovered on the other side with viruses removed.
  • the pipes and housing (column XK50) are sanitised for 2 hours with a solution of NaOH 0.5M. The whole is then rinsed and neutralised with the modified PBS buffer (same buffer as for the diafiltration) until a pH value of 7.2 is achieved.
  • the filter is rinsed and equilibrated with a modified PBS solution.
  • the diafiltration residue containing the gE solution is first pre-filtered through 0.22 ⁇ m (mini kleenpak OU Acropak20, depending on the volume to be filtered) before being nano-filtered at a constant pressure of 0.45 bar on the PLANOVA 15N.
  • the filter is rinsed with a sufficient volume of modified PBS to give a final concentration of the bulk of approx. 0.3 mg/ml.
  • the membrane is washed with 50 ml modified PBS.
  • the solution is recovered through the residue outlet.
  • the gE component of the vaccine comprises 50 ⁇ g gE and the excipients sodium chloride, potassium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, disodium phosphate and water for injection as well as the AS1 adjuvant.
  • the function of the inorganic salts is to ensure isotonicity and physiological pH.
  • the solution is mixed for 30 to 40 minutes.
  • the pH is checked and adjusted at 7.2 ⁇ 0.1 with HCl or NaCl or appropriate and stir for an additional 10 minutes.
  • the final bulk was stored in polypropylene bottles at ⁇ 20° C. and transferred to GSK Bio for filling.
  • the vaccine is filled into 3 ml, sterile, siliconised glass vials (0.25 ml/vial) which are closed with grey chlorobutyl rubber stoppers and sealed with central tear-off aluminium cap.
  • the inspected, approved vials are then stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • the gE-AS1 vaccine for administration was obtained by mixing the liquid antigen preparation with the liquid AS1 adjuvant immediately prior to injection (a maximum of one hour before injection).
  • the OKA (VarilrixTM) was a commercially available lot prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • Vaccine formulations were as follows:
  • Vaccine Varilrix with diluent Formulation Approximately 10 4.0 pfu/dose 0/5 ml volume Presentation Glass vial containing containing lyophilized vaccine for reconstitution Total Dose Volume* 0.5 ml
  • the gE AS1 component was administered by intramuscular injection.
  • the Varilrix component was administered by subcutaneous injection.
  • Peripheral blood antigen-specific lymphocytes can be restimulated in vitro to proliferate if incubated with their corresponding antigen. Consequently, the amount of antigen specific lymphocytes can be estimated by counting tritiated thymidine incorporation assay.
  • VZV antigen or peptide derived from VZV proteins will be used as antigen to restimulate VZV-specific lymphocytes. Results will be expressed as a stimulation index (SI) which corresponds to the ratio between antigen-specific and background lymphoproliferation.
  • SI stimulation index
  • Peripheral blood antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells can be restimulated in vitro to express CD40L, IL-2, TNF alpha and IFN gamma if incubated with their corresponding antigen. Consequently, antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells can be enumerated by flow cytometry following conventional immunofluorescence labelling of cellular phenotype as well as intracellular cytokines production.
  • VZV antigen or peptide derived from VZV proteins will be used as antigen to restimulate VZV-specific T cells. Results will be expressed as a frequency of cytokine(s)-positive CD4 or CD8 T cell within the CD4 or CD8 T cell sub-population.
  • Anti-VZV and Anti-gE Specific Antibody
  • Antibody levels against VZV and gE will be measured using classical ELISA assays.
  • FIGS. 2-6 present results in a graphical form for antibody ( FIGS. 2-4 , see tables 1.1 a-c) and CMI responses (FIGS. 5 and 6 —see table C1/“CD4 all doubles” test with gE antigen or Varilirix, median values).
  • Table I.3b Vaccine response for gE antibody titer at each post- vaccination time point (ATP cohort for immunogenicity) . . .
  • Table I.3c Vaccine response for IFA antibody titer at each post- vaccination time point (ATP cohort for immunogenicity) . . .
  • Intracellular Cytokine Staining Descriptive Statistics on CD4 T cells at each time point (Total vaccinated Cohort) . . . Supplementary Table C.1
  • Intracellular Cytokine Staining ICS: Descriptive Statistics on CD8 T cells at each time point (Total vaccinated Cohort) . . . Table C.2
  • Intracellular Cytokine Staining ICS: Inferential statistics: P-values from Kruskal-Wallis Tests for CD4 T cells at each time point (Total Vaccinated Cohort) . . .
  • Intracellular Cytokine Staining Inferential statistics: P- values from Kruskal-Wallis Tests for CD8 T cells at each time point (Total Vaccinated Cohort) . . . Table C.3 Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS): Descriptive Statistics on CD4 T cells at POST-PRE (Total vaccinated Cohort) . . . Supplementary Table C.3 Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS): Descriptive Statistics on CD8 T cells at POST-PRE (Total vaccinated Cohort) . . .
  • Intracellular Cytokine Staining Inferential statistics: P- values from Kruskal-Wallis Tests for CD4 T cells at each time point (Total Vaccinated Cohort) Groups P_value at P_value at P_value at T cells compared Antigen Test day 0 Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 CD4 VAR ⁇ E and Pool gE ALL DOUBLES 0.5025 0.0000 0.0015 0.0000 gEVAR ⁇ E CD40L 0.4448 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 IFN ⁇ 0.5900 0.0001 0.0956 0.0000 IL2 0.6415 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 TNF ⁇ 0.2634 0.0000 0.0019 0.0000 Varilrix ALL DOUBLES 0.7118 0.1489 0.3148 0.0000 CD40L 0.6488 0.1664 0.2609 0.0000 IFN ⁇ 0.3602 0.2905 0.2277 0.0000 IL2 0.4880 0.1442 0.2406 0.0000 TNF ⁇ 0.8631 0.
  • ICS Intracellular Cytokine Staining: Inferential statistics: P-values from Kruskal-Wallis Tests for CD8 T cells at each time point (Total Vaccinated Cohort) Groups P_value at P_value at P_value at T cells compared Antigen Test day 0 Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 CD8 VAR ⁇ E and Pool gE ALL DOUBLES 0.1477 0.4418 0.8141 0.2762 gEVAR ⁇ E CD40L 0.2897 0.2513 0.0126 0.3511 IFN ⁇ 0.1695 0.4069 0.0478 0.0478 IL2 0.2705 0.1316 0.2008 0.5872 TNF ⁇ 0.2968 0.7017 0.6470 0.0947 Varilrix ALL DOUBLES 0.9267 0.7605 0.9651 0.1197 CD40L 0.6260 0.9111 0.6512 0.8826 IFN ⁇ 0.9846 0.9611 0.9225 0.1009 IL2 0.7027 0.6963 0.4626 0.1181 TNF ⁇
  • the gE AS1 vaccine and the concomitant delivery of gE AS1 with the OKA strain both provoke a good immune response in comparison to the response obtained by the OKA strain alone.

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