US20070020299A1 - Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid - Google Patents

Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070020299A1
US20070020299A1 US11/479,979 US47997906A US2007020299A1 US 20070020299 A1 US20070020299 A1 US 20070020299A1 US 47997906 A US47997906 A US 47997906A US 2007020299 A1 US2007020299 A1 US 2007020299A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
corticosteroid
formulation
sae
nebulizer
budesonide
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US11/479,979
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English (en)
Inventor
James Pipkin
Rupert Zimmerer
Diane Thompson
Gerold Mosher
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Cydex Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Individual
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2005/000082 external-priority patent/WO2005065435A2/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US11/479,979 priority Critical patent/US20070020299A1/en
Assigned to CYDEX, INC. reassignment CYDEX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: THOMPSON, DIANE O, MOSHER, GEROLD L, ZIMMERER, RUPERT O, PIPKIN, JAMES D
Priority to AU2006345712A priority patent/AU2006345712A1/en
Priority to KR20157009220A priority patent/KR20150043563A/ko
Priority to PCT/US2006/062346 priority patent/WO2008005053A1/en
Priority to US11/613,187 priority patent/US20070202054A1/en
Priority to KR1020167016536A priority patent/KR101807726B1/ko
Priority to RU2009102994/15A priority patent/RU2009102994A/ru
Priority to NZ597354A priority patent/NZ597354A/xx
Priority to CA002656318A priority patent/CA2656318A1/en
Priority to EP06850326A priority patent/EP2043599A4/en
Priority to CN200680055726A priority patent/CN101636144A/zh
Priority to KR1020087031723A priority patent/KR101691222B1/ko
Priority to CN2011102267579A priority patent/CN102319231A/zh
Priority to MX2009000065A priority patent/MX2009000065A/es
Priority to BRPI0621773-7A priority patent/BRPI0621773A2/pt
Priority to JP2009518094A priority patent/JP2009542649A/ja
Publication of US20070020299A1 publication Critical patent/US20070020299A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2007/072387 priority patent/WO2008005802A2/en
Priority to PCT/US2007/072442 priority patent/WO2008005819A2/en
Priority to CA2728386A priority patent/CA2728386C/en
Assigned to CYDEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment CYDEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CYDEX, INC.
Priority to IL196185A priority patent/IL196185A0/en
Priority to US12/904,897 priority patent/US20110123518A1/en
Priority to US13/015,959 priority patent/US20110251157A1/en
Priority to RU2011104059/15A priority patent/RU2011104059A/ru
Priority to US13/586,380 priority patent/US9827324B2/en
Priority to US13/676,744 priority patent/US10159752B2/en
Priority to JP2014096717A priority patent/JP2014159467A/ja
Priority to JP2017088045A priority patent/JP6409090B2/ja
Priority to US15/817,056 priority patent/US10207008B2/en
Priority to JP2018175728A priority patent/JP2019006818A/ja
Priority to US16/210,561 priority patent/US10799599B2/en
Priority to US16/224,189 priority patent/US20190192684A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
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    • A61K9/0078—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a nebulizer such as a jet nebulizer, ultrasonic nebulizer, e.g. in the form of aqueous drug solutions or dispersions
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of administering, and a formulation for administering, sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and a corticosteroid, such as budesonide, by inhalation.
  • the invention also relates to methods of treating diseases and disorders of the lung.
  • nebulizers metered dose inhalers, or dry powder inhalers.
  • the principle advantages of nebulizers over other methods of pulmonary installation are that patient cooperation is not required and the delivery of higher doses of medication is easier.
  • the main concerns about nebulizers, however, are their increased cost, reduced portability and the inconvenience of needing to prepare medication beforehand and the increased time requirement for administering a treatment.
  • a method of improving the administration of drugs, such as corticosteroids by nebulization would be desired.
  • Budesonide ((R,S)-11 ⁇ , 16 ⁇ , 17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione cyclic 16, 17-acetal with butyraldehyde; C 25 H 34 O 6 ; Mw: 430.5) is well known. It is provided commercially as a mixture of two isomers (22R and 22S). Budesonide is an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid that exhibits potent glucocorticoid activity. Administration of budesonide is indicated for maintenance treatment of asthma and as prophylactic therapy in children.
  • budesonide Commercial formulations of budesonide are sold by AstraZeneca LP (Wilmington, Dele.) under the trademarks ENTOCORTM EC, PULMICORT RESPULES®, Rhinocort Aqua®, Rhinocort® Nasal Inhaler and Pulmicort Turbuhaler®, and under its generic name.
  • PULMICORT RESPULES® suspension which is a sterile aqueous suspension of micronized budesonide, is administered by inhalation using a nebulizer, in particular a compressed air driven jet nebulizer that delivers from 2 to 18% of the drug mass contained in the nominal charge.
  • the general formulation for a unit dose of the PULMICORT RESPULES is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,598,603, and it is an aqueous suspension in which budesonide is suspended in an aqueous medium comprising about 0.05 to 1.0 mg of budesonide, 0.05 to 0.15 mg of NAEDTA, 8.0 to 9.0 mg of NaCl, 0.15 to 0.25 mg of polysorbate, 0.25 to 0.30 mg of anhydrous citric acid, and 0.45 to 0.55 mg of sodium citrate per one ml of water.
  • RHINOCORT® NASAL INHALERTM is a metered-dose pressurized aerosol unit containing a suspension of micronized budesonide in a mixture of propellants.
  • RHINOCORT AQUATM is an unscented metered-dose manual-pump spray formulation containing a suspension of micronized budesonide in an aqueous medium. The suspensions should not be administered with an ultrasonic n
  • the desired properties of a liquid for nebulization generally include: 1) reduced viscosity; 2) sterile medium; 3) reduced surface tension; 4) stability toward the mechanism of the nebulizer; 5) moderate pH of about 4-10; 6) ability to form droplets with an MMAD of ⁇ 5 ⁇ m or preferably ⁇ 3 ⁇ m; 7) absence of irritating preservatives and stabilizing agents; 8) suitable tonicity.
  • suspensions possess some advantages but on the other hand solutions possess other advantages.
  • Inhaled corticosteroids are utilized in the treatment of asthma and are of significant benefit because they are delivered directly to the site of action, the lung.
  • the goal of an inhaled corticosteroid is to provide localized therapy with immediate drug activity in the lungs.
  • Inhaled corticosteroids are well absorbed from the lungs. In fact, it can be assumed that all of the drug available at the receptor site in the lungs will be absorbed systemically. However, it is well known that using current methods and formulations the greater part of an inhaled corticosteroid dose is swallowed and becomes available for oral absorption, resulting in unwanted systemic effects.
  • inhaled corticosteroids For inhaled corticosteroids, high pulmonary availability is more important than high oral bioavailability because the lung is the target organ. A product with high pulmonary availability has greater potential to exert positive effects in the lung. The ideal inhaled corticosteroid formulation would provide minimum oral delivery thereby reducing the likelihood of systemic adverse effects.
  • corticosteroid dose delivered to the lung is absorbed and available systemically.
  • bioavailability depends upon absorption from the GI tract and the extent of first pass metabolism in the liver. Since this oral component of corticosteroid drug delivery does not provide any beneficial therapeutic effect but can increase systemic side effects, it is desirable for the oral bioavailability of inhaled corticosteroid to be relatively low.
  • an inhaler with particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter of 1 mcm should have a greater respirable fraction than an inhaler with particles that have an average diameter of 3.5 to 4 mcm.
  • all particles should ideally be no greater than 2 to 3 mcm.
  • a particle that is small (less than 5 mcm) is more likely to be inhaled into the smaller airways of the lungs, thus improving efficacy.
  • particles that are larger than 5 mcm can be deposited in the mouth and throat, both reducing the proportion of particles that reach the lungs and potentially causing local adverse effects such as oral candidiasis and hoarseness (dysphonia).
  • Particles having a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of close to 1 mcm are considered to have a greater respirable fraction per dose than those with a diameter of 3.5 mcm or greater.
  • a further disadvantage to the nebulization of budesonide suspensions is the need to generate very small droplets, MMAD of about ⁇ 3 ⁇ m. Since the nebulized droplets are so small, then the micronized budesonide must be even smaller or in the range of 0.5-2.0 ⁇ m and the particles should have a narrow particle size distribution. Generation of such particles is difficult.
  • UDB unit dose budesonide
  • O'Riordan Respiratory Care (2002 Nov), 47(11), 1305-1313) states that drugs can be delivered by nebulization of either solutions or suspensions, but that in general, nebulization of a solution is preferred over that of a suspension. He states that ultrasonic nebulizers should not be used on suspensions and should be used only on solutions.
  • the PULMICORT® suspension unit dose formulation is widely available and accepted in the field of inhalation therapy. It would be of great benefit to this field of therapy to provide a method of improving the administration of the PULMICORT® suspension unit dose formulation, or more generally, of a suspension unit dose formulation containing a corticosteroid.
  • nebulizer therapy is to administer higher concentrations of drug, use solution, preferably predominantly aqueous-based solutions in preference to non-aqueous or alcoholic or non-aqueous alcoholic solutions or suspensions if possible, minimize treatment time, synchronize nebulization with inhalation, and administer smaller droplets for deeper lung deposition of drug.
  • Corticosteroid-containing solutions for nebulization are known. There are a number of different ways to prepare solutions for nebulization. These generally have been prepared by the addition of a cosolvent, surfactant, or buffer. However, cosolvents, such as ethanol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol are only tolerated in low amounts when administered by inhalation due to irritation of the respiratory tract. There are limits to acceptable levels of these cosolvents in inhaled products. Typically, the cosolvents make up less than about 35% by weight of the nebulized composition, although it is the total dose of cosolvent as well as its concentration that determines these limits.
  • Lintz et al. (AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition, 2004) disclose the preparation of liquid formulations containing budesonide, water, citrate salt, sodium chloride and alcohol, propylene glycol and/or surfactant, such as Tween, Pluronic, or phospholipids with HLB-values between 10 and 20.
  • Cyclodextrins are cyclic carbohydrates derived from starch.
  • the unmodified cyclodextrins differ by the number of glucopyranose units joined together in the cylindrical structure.
  • the parent cyclodextrins contain 6, 7, or 8 glucopyranose units and are referred to as ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrin respectively.
  • Each cyclodextrin subunit has secondary hydroxyl groups at the 2 and 3 positions and a primary hydroxyl group at the 6-position.
  • the cyclodextrins may be pictured as hollow truncated cones with hydrophilic exterior surfaces and hydrophobic interior cavities.
  • these hydrophobic cavities provide a haven for hydrophobic organic compounds that can fit all or part of their structure into these cavities. This process, known as inclusion complexation, may result in increased apparent aqueous solubility and stability for the complexed drug.
  • the complex is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and does not involve the formation of any covalent bonds.
  • Binding constants of cyclodextrin and an active agent can be determined by the equilibrium solubility technique (T. Higuchi et al. in “Advances in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation Vol. 4”; C. N. Reilly ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1965, pp. 117-212). Generally, the higher the concentration of cyclodextrin, the more the equilibrium process of Equations 1 and 2 is shifted to the formation of more complex, meaning that the concentration of free drug is generally decreased by increasing the concentration of cyclodextrin in solution.
  • the underivatized parent cyclodextrins are known to interact with human tissues and extract cholesterol and other membrane components, particularly upon accumulation in the kidney tubule cells, leading to toxic and sometimes fatal renal effects.
  • ⁇ -cyclodextrin often exhibit a differing affinity for any given substrate.
  • ⁇ -cyclodextrin often forms complexes with limited solubility, resulting in solubility curves of the type Bs. This behavior is known for a large number of steroids which imposes serious limitations towards the use of ⁇ -CD in liquid preparations.
  • ⁇ -CD does not complex well with a host of different classes of compounds. It has been shown for ⁇ -CD and ⁇ -CD that derivatization, e.g.
  • Stella discloses that the molar ratio of sulfoalkyl ether derivatized cyclodextrin to active ingredient suitable for solubilization of the active ingredient, even a corticosteroid, in water ranges from 10:1 to 1:10.
  • the anionic sulfobutyl ether substituent dramatically improves the aqueous solubility of the parent cyclodextrin.
  • the presence of the charges decreases the ability of the molecule to complex with cholesterol as compared to the hydroxypropyl derivative.
  • Reversible, non-covalent, complexation of drugs with CAPTISOL® cyclodextrin generally allows for increased solubility and stability of drugs in aqueous solutions. While CAPTISOL® is a relatively new but known cyclodextrin, its use in the preparation of corticosteroid-containing solutions for nebulization has not previously been evaluated.
  • Hemolytic assays are generally used in the field of parenteral formulations to predict whether or not a particular formulation is likely to be unsuitable for injection into the bloodstream of a subject. If the formulation being tested induces a significant amount of hemolysis, that formulation will generally be considered unsuitable for administration to a subject. It is generally expected that a higher osmolality is associated with a higher hemolytic potential. As depicted in FIG. 1 (Thompson, D.
  • the hemolytic behavior of the CAPTISOL® is compared to the same for the parent ⁇ -cyclodextrin, the commercially available hydroxypropyl derivatives, ENCAPSINTM cyclodextrin (degree of substitution ⁇ 3-4) and MOLECUSOL® cyclodextrin (degree of substitution ⁇ 7-8), and two other sulfobutyl ether derivatives, SBE1- ⁇ -CD and SBE4- ⁇ -CD.
  • SAE-CD sulfoalkyl ether
  • CAPTISOL® degree of substitution ⁇ 7
  • SBE4- ⁇ -CD degree of substitution ⁇ 4
  • the osmolality of a formulation is generally associated with its hemolytic potential: the higher the osmolality (or the more hypertonic), the greater the hemolytic potential.
  • Zannou et al. (“Osmotic properties of sulfobutyl ether and hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins”, Pharma. Res . (2001), 18(8), 1226-1231) compared the osmolality of solutions containing SBE-CD and HP-CD.
  • the SBE-CD containing solutions have a greater osmolality than HP-CD containing solutions comprising similar concentrations of cyclodextrin derivative.
  • SAE-CD exhibits lower hemolysis than does HP-CD at equivalent concentrations, even though HP-CD has a lower osmolality.
  • Methylated cyclodextrins have been prepared and their hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes has been evaluated. These cyclodextrins were found to cause moderate to severe hemolysis (Jodal et al., Proc. 4 th Int. Symp. Cyclodextrins , (1988), 421-425; Yoshida et al., Int. J. Pharm. , (1988), 46(3), 217-222).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,122 to Otterbeck et al. discloses the preparation of stable budesonide-containing solutions for nebulization. They demonstrate the use of cyclodextrin, such as ⁇ -CD, ⁇ -CD or HP- ⁇ -CD, and/or EDTA as a stabilizer. Cyclodextrin is also suggested as a solubilizer for increasing the concentration of budesonide in solution. In each case, the greatest shelf-life they report for any of their formulations is, in terms of acceptable retention of the active ingredient, only three to six months.
  • U.S. Pregrant Publication Pat. No. 20020055496 to McCoy et al. discloses essentially non-aqueous intra-oral formulations containing HP- ⁇ -CD.
  • the formulations may be administered with an aerosol, spray pump or propellant.
  • Russian Patent No. 2180217 to Chuchalin discloses a stable budesonide-containing solution for inhalation.
  • the solution comprises budesonide, propylene glycol, poly(ethylene oxide), succinic acid, Trilon B, nipazole, thiourea, water, and optionally HP- ⁇ -CD.
  • Müller et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,079 discloses pharmaceutical compositions containing HP- ⁇ -CD. They suggest that nasal administration of a solution containing the cyclodextrin is possible.
  • HP- ⁇ -CD 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin
  • PMDI metered-dose inhaler
  • HFA hydrofluoroalkane
  • Aspirin in the lyophilized inclusion complex exhibited the most significant degree of degradation during the 6-months storage, while aspirin alone in the pMDI demonstrated a moderate degree of degradation.
  • Aspirin formulated in the physical mixture displayed the least degree of degradation.
  • HP- ⁇ -CD may be used to enhance the stability of a chemically labile drug, but the drug stability may be affected by the method of preparation of the formulation.
  • Gudmundsdottir et al. disclose the results of a study in which midazolam was formulated in aqueous sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin buffer solution.
  • the nasal spray was tested in healthy volunteers and compared to intravenous midazolam in an open crossover trial.
  • the nasal formulation reportedly approaches the intravenous form in speed of absorption, serum concentration and clinical sedation effect. No serious side effects were observed.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,942,251 and 5,756,483 to Merkus cover pharmaceutical compositions for the intranasal administration of dihydroergotamine, apomorphine and morphine comprising one of these pharmacologically active ingredients in combination with a cyclodextrin and/or a disaccharide and/or a polysaccharide and/or a sugar alcohol.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,454 discloses a pharmaceutical preparation suitable for nasal administration containing a progestogen and a methylated ⁇ -cyclodextrin having a degree of substitution of between 0.5 and 3.0.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,070 to Piazza et al. discloses a pharmaceutical composition for the nasal delivery of compounds useful for treating osteoporosis, comprising an effective amount of a physiologically active truncated analog of PTH or PTHrp, or salt thereof and an absorption enhancer selected from the group consisting of dimethyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,902 to Backstrom et al. discloses compositions and methods for the pulmonary administration of a parathyroid hormone in the form of a dry powder suitable for inhalation in which at least 50% of the dry powder consists of (a) particles having a diameter of up to 10 microns; or (b) agglomerates of such particles.
  • a dry powder inhaler device contains a preparation consisting of a dry powder comprising (i) a parathyroid hormone (PTH), and (ii) a substance that enhances the absorption of PTH in the lower respiratory tract, wherein at least 50% of (i) and (ii) consists of primary particles having a diameter of up to 10 microns, and wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of a salt of a fatty acid, a bile salt or derivative thereof, a phospholipid, and a cyclodextrin or derivative thereof.
  • PTH parathyroid hormone
  • a substance that enhances the absorption of PTH in the lower respiratory tract wherein at least 50% of (i) and (ii) consists of primary particles having a diameter of up to 10 microns, and wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of a salt of a fatty acid, a bile salt or derivative thereof, a phospholipid, and a cyclodextrin or derivative thereof.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,239 to Kuo et al. discloses a dispersible aerosol formulation comprising an active agent and a dipeptide or tripeptide for aerosolized administration to the lung.
  • the compositions reportedly may also include polymeric excipients/additives, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidones, derivatized celluloses such as hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Ficolls (a polymeric sugar), hydroxyethylstarch, dextrates (e.g., cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether- ⁇ -cyclodextrin), polyethylene glycols, and pectin.
  • polymeric excipients/additives e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidones, derivatized celluloses such as hydroxymethylcellulose,
  • Nakate et al. disclose the results of a study to determine the improvement of pulmonary absorption of the cyclopeptide FK224 (low aqueous solubility) in rats by co-formulating it with beta-cyclodextrin.
  • the purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of pulmonary delivery on the systemic absorption of FK224 in comparison with other administration routes, and to determine the bioavailability (BA) of FK224 following pulmonary administration in rats using various dosage forms. After administration of an aqueous suspension, the bioavailability was reduced to 2.7% compared with 16.8% for the solution.
  • ⁇ -cyclodextrin was found to be an effective additive as far as improving the solubility of FK224 was concerned.
  • the bioavailability of the aqueous suspension containing ⁇ -CD was increased to 19.2%. It was observed that both the C(max) and AUC of FK224 were increased as the amount of ⁇ -CD increased.
  • the plasma profiles showed sustained absorption. They suggest that ⁇ -CD is an extremely effective additive as far as improving the pulmonary absorption of FK224 is concerned. They also suggest that ⁇ -CD or derivatives with various degrees of aqueous solubility are potential drug carriers for controlling pulmonary absorption.
  • Adjei et al. disclose the results of a study on the bioavailability of leuprolide acetate following nasal and inhalation delivery to rats and healthy humans.
  • LHRH luteinizing hormone releasing hormone
  • the i.n. bioavailability in rats was significantly increased by ⁇ -cyclodextrin (CD), EDTA, and solution volume. Absorption ranged from 8 to 46% compared to i.v. controls.
  • CyDex ( Cyclopedia (2002), 5(1), 3) discloses that SBE-CD is non-toxic to rats in an inhaled aerosol composition when present alone. They do not disclose a nebulizable composition comprising a drug, in particular a corticosteroid, and SBE-CD.
  • nebulizer In deciding whether to administer a suspension versus solution, one must also consider the type of nebulizer to be used.
  • the two most common types of nebulizers are the ultrasonic nebulizer and the air driven jet nebulizer. There are significant differences between the two. For example, jet nebulizers cool rather than heat the liquid in the reservoir, whereas ultrasonic nebulizers heat the liquid. While heating of the solution in reservoir can reduce the viscosity of the solution and enhance formation of droplets, excessive heating could lead to drug degradation.
  • the ultrasonic nebulizer is quieter and provides faster delivery than the jet nebulizer, but ultrasonic nebulizers are more expensive and are not advised for the administration of the currently available steroid for nebulization. Most importantly, however, ultrasonic nebulizers generally provide a significantly higher rate of administration than do jet nebulizers.
  • inhaled corticosteroids Patients with asthma are often treated with inhaled short acting or long acting ⁇ 2-agonists, inhaled anticholinergics, and inhaled corticosteroids alone, sequentially or in combination.
  • Combinations of inhaled corticosteroids and long acting ⁇ 2-agonists are known, for example budesonide plus formoterol or fluticasone plus salmeterol are available in a dry powder inhaler.
  • budesonide plus formoterol or fluticasone plus salmeterol are available in a dry powder inhaler.
  • budesonide plus formoterol or fluticasone plus salmeterol are available in a dry powder inhaler.
  • inhaled corticosteroids Although extremely effective in the treatment of asthma, inhaled corticosteroids can have a number of adverse side effects such as oral candidiasis, hoarseness (dysphonia), and pharyngitis. Therefore, inhaled corticosteroids are best delivered by a method that minimizes the oral and/or pharyngeal deposition of the corticosteroid and instead maximizes pulmonary delivery.
  • Some corticosteroids posses a hydroxyl group at position 21 of the corticosteroid.
  • Those compounds include budesonide, flunisolide, triamcinolone acetonide, beclomethasone monopropionate, and the active form of ciclesonide (desisobutyryl-ciclesonide).
  • ciclesonide is inhaled as an inactive compound and converted by esterases in the lung to its active form, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide (des-CIC).
  • Budesonide forms conjugates with 5 fatty acids: oleate, palmitate, linoleate, palmitoleate, and arachidonate.
  • nebulization of solutions may be preferred over that of suspensions and that, in some cases, an ultrasonic nebulizer, vibrating mesh, electronic or other mechanism of aerosolization may be preferred over an air driven jet nebulizer depending upon the nebulization liquid formulations being compared.
  • an ultrasonic nebulizer, vibrating mesh, electronic or other mechanism of aerosolization may be preferred over an air driven jet nebulizer depending upon the nebulization liquid formulations being compared.
  • the art discloses inhalable solution formulations containing a corticosteroid and cyclodextrin, the results of the art are unpredictable. In other words, the combination of one cyclodextrin with one drug does not suggest that another cyclodextrin may be suitable. Neither does the art suggest that one cyclodextrin-corticosteroid inhalable formulation will possess advantages over another cyclodextrin-corticosteroid inhalable formulation.
  • a need remains in the art for a stabilized aqueous solution budesonide-containing inhalable formulation that does not require the addition of preservatives and that provides significant advantages over other stabilized aqueous solution budesonide-containing inhalable formulations.
  • a need also remains for a method of improving the administration of budesonide-containing suspension formulations by nebulization by converting the suspension to a solution.
  • a method of improving the administration, by nebulization, of a suspension-based unit dose formulation would reduce the overall time of administration, increase the overall amount of drug administered, reduce the amount of drug left in the reservoir of the nebulizer, increase the portion of pulmonary deposition relative to oropharyngeal deposition of corticosteroid, and/or enhance deep lung penetration of the corticosteroid as compared to such administration, absent the improvement, of the suspension-based unit dose formulation.
  • the present invention seeks to overcome the disadvantages present in known formulations.
  • a derivatized cyclodextrin-based, e.g., sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE-CD)-based, inhalable formulation is provided.
  • the present formulation includes a corticosteroid as a principle active agent.
  • the present formulation may provide enhanced solubility and/or enhanced chemical, thermochemical, hydrolytic and/or photochemical stability of the active agent or other ingredients in the formulation.
  • the present formulation may possess other advantages, e.g.
  • SAE-CD is systemically absorbed following administration via inhalation. It is also eliminated from the lungs.
  • SAE-CD also complexes with corticosteroids in aqueous inhalable liquid formulations. Coadministration of the corticosteroid with SAE-CD may result in increased output rate and total drug delivery as compared to a control excluding SAE-CD.
  • An SAE-CD-containing formulation can be prepared with sufficient active agent solubility and stability for a commercial product. If needed, the SAE-CD-containing formulation can be prepared as a clear aqueous solution that can be sterile filtered through a filter having a pore size of 0.45 ⁇ m or less and that is stable and preserved under a variety of storage conditions.
  • corticosteroid suitable for administration via inhalation can be used according to the invention.
  • exemplary suitable corticosteroids are listed herein.
  • Some embodiments of the invention comprise a corticosteroid having a lipophilicity approximating or exceeding that of flunisolide.
  • Some embodiments of the invention exclude a corticosteroid having a lipophilicity less than flunisolide, i.e, embodiments excluding hydrocortisone, prednisolone, prednisone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, fluocortolone.
  • One aspect of the invention provides a liquid formulation comprising an effective amount of corticosteroid, such as budesonide, and an SAE-CD, wherein the SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to dissolve and stabilize the corticosteroid during storage.
  • corticosteroid such as budesonide
  • SAE-CD an effective amount of corticosteroid
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of improving the administration of corticosteroid to a subject by nebulization, the method comprising the steps of:
  • an aqueous suspension formulation comprising water and corticosteroid suspended therein;
  • the amount of time required to administer a therapeutic dose of corticosteroid with the solution is less than the amount of time required to administer the same therapeutic dose of corticosteroid with the suspension under similar, or otherwise comparable, nebulization conditions.
  • a suspension for nebulization When administered with a nebulizer, a suspension for nebulization will provide a first corticosteroid output rate under a first set of nebulization conditions.
  • SAE-CD when SAE-CD is added to the suspension and mixed therein, a sufficient amount of the corticosteroid is dissolved to form a liquid formulation for nebulization that provides a greater corticosteroid output rate as compared to the formulation excluding the SAE-CD when administered under substantially the same conditions.
  • the drug output rate of the formulation is increased over that of the suspension even though the total volume of nebulized composition, i.e., the total volume of solution emitted by the nebulizer, has not increased.
  • SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to solubilize at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, at least 95% or substantially all of the corticosteroid.
  • SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to decrease the amount of unsolubilized corticosteroid in the suspension formulation and to improve the administration of the suspension formulation via nebulization.
  • SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to solubilize enough corticosteroid such that the suspension formulation to which the SAE-CD was added is converted to a solution, substantially clear solution (containing less than 5% precipitated solid), or a clear solution. It is possible that other components of the suspension formulation will not completely dissolve in, or may separate out from, the solution formulation containing SAE-CD.
  • a nebulizer charged with a corticosteroid/SAE-CD-containing solution generates smaller droplets than does the same nebulizer charged with a corticosteroid/HP- ⁇ -CD-containing solution operated under otherwise similar conditions.
  • the system comprising SAE-CD is improved over an otherwise similar system comprising HP- ⁇ -CD, since the SAE-CD based system will generate a greater proportion of respirable droplets and permit deeper lung penetration.
  • One aspect of the invention provides for the use of SAE-CD in a nebulizable unit dose liquid formulation.
  • the invention provides use of SAE-CD for converting a nebulizable corticosteroid-containing suspension-based unit dose formulation to a nebulizable corticosteroid-containing liquid unit dose formulation.
  • the corticosteroid to SAE-CD molar ratio is 0.5 to 0.0001 (1:2 to 1:10,000), 1:1 to 1:100, 1:1 to 1:10,000, or 0.1 (1:10) to 0.03 (1:33.33).
  • the molar ratio of SAE-CD to corticosteroid is generally greater than 10:1, greater than about 11:1, greater than 13:1, or greater than 14:1.
  • the molar ratio of corticosteroid to SAE-CD can vary in order to obtain a solution suitable for administration via inhalation for the treatment of a respiratory disease or disorder.
  • the nebulization composition comprises at least 4.8 ⁇ 0.5% wt./vol of SAE-CD to provide a self-preserved formulation for a period predetermined period of time. In some embodiments, the nebulization composition comprises less than or about 21.5 ⁇ 2% wt./wt. of SAE-CD. In some embodiments, the SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to provide a clear solution. For example, the nebulization composition can be visibly clear as viewed by the unaided eye.
  • SAE-CD's include, for example, sulfobutyl ether 4- ⁇ -CD or sulfobutyl ether 7- ⁇ -CD, sulfobutyl ether 6- ⁇ -CD, sulfobutyl ether 4- ⁇ -CD, sulfobutyl ether 3 to 8- ⁇ -CD, or a sulfobutyl ether 5- ⁇ -CD, or a compound of the formula 1 or a mixture thereof.
  • a composition of the invention can further comprise a conventional preservative, an antioxidant, a buffering agent, an acidifying agent, a solubilizing agent, a complexation enhancing agent, saline, an electrolyte, another therapeutic agent, an alkalizing agent, a tonicity modifier, surface tension modifier, viscosity modifier, surfactant, density modifier, volatility modifier, or a combination thereof.
  • the composition further comprises a liquid carrier other than water.
  • the corticosteroid such as budesonide, may have a greater binding with the SAE-CD than does a conventional preservative.
  • a composition can be purged with an inert gas prior to storage to remove substantially all of the oxygen contained in the formulation.
  • the formulation or composition of the invention has a shelf-life of at least 6 months depending upon the intended use.
  • the formulation can be prepared at a temperature at or above 5° C., at or above 25° C., at or above 35° C., at or above 45° C. or at or above 50° C.
  • Specific embodiments of the methods of preparing a liquid formulation include those wherein: 1) the method further comprises the step of sterile filtering the formulation through a filtration medium having a pore size of 0.1 microns or larger; 2) the liquid formulation is sterilized by irradiation or autoclaving; 3) the nebulization solution is purged with nitrogen or argon or other inert pharmaceutically acceptable gas prior to storage such that a substantial portion of the oxygen dissolved in, and/or in surface contact with the solution is removed.
  • the invention provides a method of stabilizing corticosteroid in an aqueous corticosteroid-containing formulation comprising the step of adding SAE-CD to an aqueous corticosteroid-containing suspension or solution formulation in an amount sufficient to reduce the rate of degradation of corticosteroid as compared to a control sample excluding SAE-CD.
  • the invention also provides a method of improving the administration of an inhalable aqueous corticosteroid-containing suspension unit dose formulation by nebulization, the method comprising the step of adding SAE-CD to an aqueous corticosteroid-containing suspension unit dose formulation in an amount sufficient to solubilize the corticosteroid to form an inhalable aqueous corticosteroid-containing solution unit dose formulation, the improvement comprising increasing the output rate and/or extent of nebulized corticosteroid.
  • the invention provides a method of reducing the amount of time required to provide a therapeutically effective amount of corticosteroid to a subject by inhalation of an corticosteroid-containing composition with a nebulizer, the method comprising the steps of: including SAE-CD in the composition in an amount sufficient to solubilize the corticosteroid to form an inhalable aqueous corticosteroid-containing solution; and administering the solution to the subject by inhalation with a nebulizer, wherein the amount of time required to provide a therapeutically effective amount of corticosteroid to the subject with the solution is reduced as compared to the amount of time required to provide a therapeutically effective amount of corticosteroid to the subject with a corticosteroid-containing suspension comprising the same amount or concentration of corticosteroid when the suspension and solution are administered under otherwise similar nebulization conditions.
  • the invention also provides an inhalable composition comprising a water soluble ⁇ -CD derivative, a corticosteroid (either esterified or unesterified) and an aqueous liquid medium.
  • Another embodiment of the invention also provides an inhalable composition comprising a water soluble ⁇ -CD derivative, a corticosteroid (unesterified) and an aqueous liquid medium.
  • the invention provides an improved system for administering a corticosteroid-containing inhalable formulation by inhalation, the improvement comprising including SAE-CD in the inhalable formulation such that SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to provide an increased rate of inhaled corticosteroid as compared to administration of a control inhalable formulation excluding SAE-CD but otherwise being administered under approximately the same conditions.
  • the invention can be used to provide a system for administration of a corticosteroid by inhalation, the system comprising an inhalation device, such as a nebulizer, and a drug composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of corticosteroid, liquid carrier and SAE-CD present in an amount sufficient to solubilize the corticosteroid when presented to an aqueous environment, wherein the molar ratio of corticosteroid to SAE-CD is in the range of about 0.072 (1:13.89 or about 1:14) to 0.0001 (1:10,000)or 0.063 (1:15.873 or about 1:16) to 0.003 (1:333.33 or about 1:333), from >10:1 to about 1000:1, about from >10:1 to about 100:1, from >10:1 to about 50:1, from >10:1 to about 30:1, from >10:1 to about 500:1.
  • an inhalation device such as a nebulizer
  • a drug composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cor
  • the system forms droplets having a MMAD in the range of about 1-8 ⁇ or 3-8 ⁇ .
  • the corticosteroid is delivered at a rate of at least about 20-50 ⁇ g/min, wherein this range may increase or decrease according to the concentration of corticosteroid in the nebulization solution in the reservoir of the nebulizer.
  • the invention can be employed in a kit comprising SAE-CD, an aqueous carrier, and corticosteroid, wherein the kit is adapted for the preparation of a nebulization solution.
  • kit comprising SAE-CD, an aqueous carrier, and corticosteroid, wherein the kit is adapted for the preparation of a nebulization solution.
  • Embodiments of the kit are detailed below.
  • the invention provides the potential to accommodate combination products to overcome incompatibilities with suspension by other solution dosage forms.
  • the liquid formulation and composition of the invention provide an enhanced bioavailability/bioabsorption of the corticosteroid as compared to a suspension-based aqueous formulation containing approximately the same amount of corticosteroid and excluding SAE-CD.
  • the liquid formulation or composition provides a higher ratio of AUCi (or AUCt) to amount of budesonide delivered to a subject than does the suspension based formulation.
  • the liquid formulation and/or composition provides an improved clinical benefit or therapeutic benefit over the suspension-based formulation.
  • the invention also provides a method of administering a corticosteroid to a subject comprising the step of administering via inhalation to a subject an aqueous liquid composition comprising a unit dose of corticosteroid dissolved therein, wherein the composition provides a mean AUCt, normalized for dose of the corticosteroid, of at least 6 (pg*h/ml) per ⁇ g of corticosteroid administered.
  • the unit dose comprises at least 45 ⁇ g, at least 48 ⁇ g, 45-1000 ⁇ g of corticosteroid.
  • the AUCt is based upon the dose to subject, and in other embodiments, the AUCt is based upon the dose to lung of subject.
  • AUCt is the area under the plasma level versus time curve to the last time point t for which there is a quantifiable value.
  • the invention also provides a method of administering a corticosteroid to a subject comprising the step of administering via inhalation to a subject an aqueous liquid composition comprising a unit dose of corticosteroid dissolved therein, wherein the composition provides a mean AUCi, normalized for dose of the corticosteroid, of at least 8 (pg*h/ml) per ⁇ g of corticosteroid administered.
  • the unit dose comprises at least 45 ⁇ g, at least 48 ⁇ g, or 45-1000 ⁇ g of corticosteroid.
  • the AUCi is based upon the dose to subject, and in other embodiments, the AUCi is based upon the dose to lung of subject. As used herein, the AUCi is the AUC extrapolated to infinity.
  • the aqueous liquid solution formulation of the invention When the aqueous liquid solution formulation of the invention is administered via inhalation it can provide at least a two-fold increase in the AUCt or AUCi, normalized for dose of the corticosteroid, per microgram of corticosteroid administered as compared to administration via inhalation of an aqueous liquid suspension formulation comprising substantially the same amount of corticosteroid suspended therein.
  • the formulation provides at least a 1.6 to five-fold (range as determined on an individual subject basis or a mean of 3 with a standard deviation of +/ ⁇ 1 as determined from the individual subject data) or a two to four-fold increase (as determined using the geometric mean across a patient population) in the AUCt or AUCi, normalized for dose of the corticosteroid, per microgram of corticosteroid administered.
  • the basis for amount of “corticosteroid administered” can be “dose to subject” or “dose to lung” of subject.
  • the aqueous liquid formulation can be administered with any type of device suitable for administration of a liquid formulation to the lung.
  • the formulation can be administered with an air driven jet, ultrasonic, capillary, electromagnetic, pulsating membrane, pulsating plate (disc), or pulsating mesh nebulizer.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a graph of the hemolytic behavior of the CAPTISOL® as compared to the same for the parent ⁇ -cyclodextrin, the commercially available hydroxypropyl derivatives, ENCAPSINTM (degree of substitution ⁇ 3-4) and MOLECUSOL® (degree of substitution ⁇ 7-8), and two other sulfobutyl ether derivatives, SBE1- ⁇ -CD and SBE4- ⁇ -CD.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a graph of the osmolality of SBE-CD containing solutions of various degrees of substitution and HP- ⁇ -CD containing solutions comprising similar concentrations of cyclodextrin derivative.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a phase solubility graph of the concentration (molar) of cyclodextrin versus the concentration (molar) of budesonide for ⁇ -CD, HP- ⁇ -CD and SBE7- ⁇ -CD.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a chart of the estimated percentage of nebulization composition emitted from three different nebulizers (PARI LC PLUS, HUDSON UPDRAFT II NEB-U-MIST, and MYSTIQUE) for each of four different nebulization compositions (PULMICORT RESPULES suspension, 5% w/v SBE7- ⁇ -CD solution, 10% w/v SBE7- ⁇ -CD solution and 20% w/v SBE7- ⁇ -CD solution).
  • FIGS. 5 a - 5 b depict droplet size data for nebulization of solutions with a PARI LC PLUS nebulizer.
  • FIG. 6 depicts droplet size data for nebulization of solutions with a HUDSON UPDRAFT II NEBUMIST nebulizer.
  • FIG. 7 depicts droplet size data for nebulization of solutions with a MYSTIQUE ultrasonic nebulizer.
  • FIG. 8 depicts comparative Dv 50 droplet size data for nebulization of composition with the three nebulizers PARI LC PLUS, HUDSON UPDRAFT II NEBUMIST, and MYSTIQUE.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the relationship between concentration of SAE-CD versus output rate of SAE-CD in various different nebulizers.
  • FIGS. 10 a - 10 b depict comparative droplet size data for nebulization solutions with the PARI LC PLUS and MYSTIQUE nebulizers of PULMICORT RESPULES suspension and a modified PULMICORT RESPULES-based SAE-CD solution.
  • FIG. 11 depicts a semi-log plot of the % of initial concentration of the R- and S-isomers of budesonide in solutions with and without CAPTISOL versus time at 60 C in solution.
  • FIG. 12 depicts a semi-log plot of the % of initial concentration of budesonide versus Lux hours when the samples are exposed to fluorescent lamps.
  • FIG. 13 depicts a phase solubility diagram for fluticasone propionate in the presence of several different cyclodextrins.
  • FIG. 14 depicts a phase solubility diagram for mometasone furoate in the presence of several different cyclodextrins.
  • FIG. 15 depicts a phase solubility diagram for esterified and non-esterified fluticasone in the presence of SAE(5-6)- ⁇ -CD.
  • FIG. 16 depicts a bar chart summarizing the aqueous solubility of beclomethasone dipropionate in the presence of various SAE-CD derivatives.
  • FIG. 17 depicts a plot of the geometric mean of dose (of corticosteroid, ⁇ g) to subject versus the geometric mean of AUC (pg*hr/ml) when budesonide is administered to subjects according to Example 17.
  • FIG. 18 depicts a plot of the geometric mean of dose (of corticosteroid, ⁇ g) to lung of subject versus the geometric mean of AUC (pg*hr/ml) when budesonide is administered to subjects according to Example 17.
  • FIG. 19 depicts a plot of dose (of corticosteroid, ⁇ g) to subject versus the AUC (pg*hr/ml) for each individual when budesonide is administered to subjects according to Example 17.
  • FIG. 20 depicts a plasma concentration profile for budesonide for individual subjects according to Example 17.
  • the presently claimed formulation overcomes many of the undesired properties of other known aqueous inhalable solution or suspension corticosteroid-containing formulations.
  • SAE-CD in an inhalable liquid formulation containing corticosteroid
  • the corticosteroid is dissolved.
  • the nebulization of corticosteroid is improved in both an air driven jet nebulizer and an ultrasonic nebulizer.
  • the corticosteroid exhibits greater stability in the presence of SAE-CD than it does in its absence.
  • the corticosteroid can be present in an amount sufficient for single dose or multi-dose administration.
  • SAE-CD can be present in an amount sufficient to solubilize the corticosteroid when the two are placed in the aqueous carrier.
  • the aqueous carrier can be present in an amount sufficient to aid in dissolution of the corticosteroid and form a nebulization solution of sufficient volume and sufficiently low viscosity to permit single dose or multi-dose administration with a nebulizer.
  • SAE-CD can be present in solid form or in solution in the aqueous carrier.
  • the corticosteroid can be present in dry powder/particle form or in suspension in the aqueous carrier.
  • AERONEBTM (Aerogen, San Francisco, Calif.), AERONEB GO (Aerogen) PARI LC PLUSTM, PARI BOYTM N and PARI DURANEBTM (PARI Respiratory Equipment, Inc., Monterey, Calif.), MICROAIRTM (Omron Healthcare, Inc, Vernon Hills, Ill.), HALOLITETM (Profile Therapeutics Inc, Boston, Mass.), RESPIMATTM (Boehringer Ingelheim Ingelheim, Germany) AERODOSETM (Aerogen, Inc, Mountain View, Calif.), OMRON ELITETM (Omron Healthcare, Inc, Vernon Hills, Ill.), OMRON MICROAIRTM (Onron Healthcare, Inc, Vernon Hills, Ill.), MABISMISTTM II (Mabis Healthcare, Inc, Lake Forest, Ill.), LUMISCOPETM 6610, (The Lumiscope Company, Inc, East Brunswick, N.
  • Nebulizers that nebulize liquid formulations containing no propellant are suitable for use with the compositions provided herein. Any of these and other known nebulizers can be used to deliver the formulation of the invention including but not limited to the following: nebulizers available from Pari GmbH (Starnberg, Germany), DeVilbiss Healthcare (Heston, Middlesex, UK), Healthdyne, Vital Signs, Baxter, Allied Health Care, Invacare, Hudson, Omron, Bremed, AirSep, Luminscope, Medisana, Siemens, Aerogen, Mountain Medical, Aerosol Medical Ltd. (Colchester, Essex, UK), AFP Medical (Rugby, Warwickshire, UK), Bard Ltd.
  • Nebulizers for use herein include, but are not limited to, jet nebulizers (optionally sold with compressors), ultrasonic nebulizers, vibrating membrane, vibrating mesh nebulizers, vibrating plate nebulizers and others.
  • Exemplary jet nebulizers for use herein include Pari LC plus/ProNeb, Pari LC plus/ProNeb Turbo, Pari LC Plus/Dura Neb 1000 & 2000 Pari LC plus/Walkhaler, Pari LC plus/Pari Master, Pari LC star, Omron CompAir XL Portable Nebulizer System (NE-C18 and JetAir Disposable nebulizer), Omron compare Elite Compressor Nebulizer System (NE-C21 and Elite Air Reusable Nebulizer, Pari LC Plus or Pari LC Star nebulizer with Proneb Ultra compressor, Pulomo-aide, Pulmo-aide LT, Pulmo-aide traveler, Invacare Passport, Inspiration Healthdyne 626, Pulmo-Neb Traverler, DeVilbiss 646, Whisper Jet, Acorn II, Misty-Neb, Allied aerosol, Schuco Home Care, Lexan Plasic Pocet Neb, SideStream Hand Held
  • Exemplary ultrasonic nebulizers for use herein include MicroAir, UltraAir, Siemens Ultra Nebulizer 145, CompAir, Pulmosonic, Scout, 5003 Ultrasonic Neb, 5110 Ultrasonic Neb, 5004 Desk Ultrasonic Nebulizer, Mystique Ultrasonic, Lumiscope's Ultrasonic Nebulizer, Medisana Ultrasonic Nebulizer, Microstat Ultrasonic Nebulizer, and Mabismist Hand Held Ultrasonic Nebulizer.
  • nebulizers for use herein include 5000 Electromagnetic Neb, 5001 Electromagnetic Neb 5002 Rotary Piston Neb, Lumineb I Piston Nebulizer 5500, Aeroneb Portable Nebulizer System, AerodoseTM Inhaler, and AeroEclipse Breath Actuated Nebulizer.
  • Exemplary vibrating membrane, mesh or plate nebulizers are described by R. Dhand ( Respiratory Care , (December 2002), 47(12), p. 1406-1418), the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the present invention provides SAE-CD based formulations, wherein the SAE-CD is a compound of the Formula 1: wherein:
  • SAE-CD derivative of the invention include derivatives of the Formula II (SAEx- ⁇ -CD), wherein “x” ranges from 1 to 18; of the Formula III (SAEy- ⁇ -CD), wherein“y” ranges from 1 to 21; and of the Formula IV (SAEz- ⁇ -CD), wherein“z” ranges from 1 to 24 such as: SAEx- ⁇ -CD SAEy- ⁇ -CD SAEz- ⁇ -CD Name SEEx- ⁇ -CD SEEy- ⁇ -CD SEEz- ⁇ -CD Sulfoethyl ether CD SPEx- ⁇ -CD SPEy- ⁇ -CD SPEz- ⁇ -CD Sulfopropyl ether CD SBEx- ⁇ -CD SBEy- ⁇ -CD SBEz- ⁇ -CD Sulfobutyl ether CD SPtEx- ⁇ -CD SPtEy- ⁇ -CD SPtEz- ⁇ -CD Sulfopentyl ether CD SHEx- ⁇ -CD SHEy- ⁇ -CD SHEz
  • SAE represents a sulfoalkyl ether substituent bound to a cyclodextrin.
  • the values “x”, “y” and “z” represent the average degree of substitution as defined herein in terms of the number of sulfoalkyl ether groups per CD molecule.
  • An SAE-CD can be made according to the disclosures of Stella et al., Parmerter et al., Lammers et al. or Qu et al., and if processed to remove the major portion (>50%) of the underivatized parent cyclodextrin, used according to the present invention.
  • the SAE-CD can contain from 0% to less than 50% wt. of underivatized parent cyclodextrin.
  • alkylene and alkyl include linear, cyclic, and branched, saturated and unsaturated (i.e., containing one double bond) divalent alkylene groups and monovalent alkyl groups, respectively.
  • alkanol in this text likewise includes both linear, cyclic and branched, saturated and unsaturated alkyl components of the alkanol groups, in which the hydroxyl groups may be situated at any position on the alkyl moiety.
  • cycloalkanol includes unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., by methyl or ethyl) cyclic alcohols.
  • compositions containing a mixture of cyclodextrin derivatives having the structure set out in formula (I), where the composition overall contains on the average at least 1 and up to 3n+6 alkylsulfonic acid moieties per cyclodextrin molecule.
  • the present invention also provides compositions containing a single type of cyclodextrin derivative, or at least 50% of a single type of cyclodextrin derivative.
  • the invention also includes formulations containing cyclodextrin derivatives having a narrow or wide and high or low degree of substitution. These combinations can be optimized as needed to provide cyclodextrins having particular properties.
  • the present invention also provides compositions containing a mixture of cyclodextrin derivatives wherein two or more different types of cyclodextrin derivatives are included in the composition.
  • cyclodextrins derivatized with different types of functional groups e.g., hydroxyalkyl and sulfoalkyl.
  • Each independent different type can contain one or more functional groups, e.g. SBE-CD where the cyclodextrin ring has only sulfobutyl functional groups, and hydroxypropyl-ethyl- ⁇ -CD where the cyclodextrin ring has both hydroxypropyl functional groups and ethyl functional groups.
  • the amount of each type of cyclodextrin derivative present can be varied as desired to provide a mixture having the desired properties.
  • SAE-CD derivatives increase the solubility of poorly water soluble active agents to varying degrees.
  • SAE-CD is a poly-anionic cyclodextrin, it can be provided in different salt forms.
  • Suitable counterions include cationic organic atoms or molecules and cationic inorganic atoms or molecules.
  • the SAE-CD can include a single type of counterion or a mixture of different counterions.
  • the properties of the SAE-CD can be modified by changing the identity of the counterion present. For example, a first salt form of SAE-CD can have a greater corticosteroid stabilizing and/or solubilizing power than a different second salt form of SAE-CD.
  • an SAE-CD having a first degree of substitution can have a greater corticosteroid stabilizing and/or solubilizing power than a second SAE-CD having a different degree of substitution.
  • the enhanced solubilization of a corticosteroid by one SAE-CD versus another is demonstrated by the data in the following tables which depict the molar solubility for fluticasone propionate with different SAE-CDs at about 0.03 to 0.12M concentrations such that the solubilizing power followed about this rank order over this concentration range of SAE-CD: SBE5.2- ⁇ -CD>SPE5.4- ⁇ -CD>SBE6.1- ⁇ -CD>SBE9.7- ⁇ -CD>>SBE7- ⁇ -CD>SBE6.7- ⁇ -CD >SPE7- ⁇ -CD.
  • a SAE- ⁇ -CD binds a corticosteroid better than a SAE- ⁇ -CD does. Also, a SAE- ⁇ -CD binds budesonide better than a SAE- ⁇ -CD does.
  • Solubility of selected steroids enhanced by alpha-cyclodextrins [Fluticasone] ⁇ [Mometasone] ⁇ 10 5 M 10 5 M [Triamcinolone as non as non [Budesonide] ⁇ acetonide] ⁇ -CD [CD] M propionate esterified furoate esterified 10 5 M 10 5 M H 2 O NA 0.39 0.16 1.82 0.00 6.59 3.56 ⁇ 0.04 0.00 8.4 0.08 0.27 28.5 (SBE) 7 0.04 8.37 30.1 55.0 348.1 ⁇ 0.08 11.4 35.5 116.9 597.9
  • SAE- ⁇ -CD is particularly suitable for use in complexing esterified and non-esterified corticosteroids as compared to complexation of the same corticosteroids with SAE- ⁇ -CD or SAE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the table above also summarizes the phase solubility data depicted in FIG. 15 for fluticasone and fluticasone propionate with various different SAE- ⁇ -CD species having a degree of substitution in the range of 5-10.
  • SAE- ⁇ -CD is also much more effective at binding with a particular regioisomer of esterified corticosteroids than is SAE- ⁇ -CD or SAE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the procedure set forth in Example 18 details the comparative evaluation of the binding of SAE- ⁇ -CD and SAE- ⁇ -CD with a series of structurally related corticosteroid derivatives.
  • the table below summarizes the results of a study comparing the binding of SBEx- ⁇ -CD, wherein x represents the average degree of substitution, derivatives and SBE- ⁇ -CD derivative with different forms of beclmethasone.
  • complexed is meant “being part of a clathrate or inclusion complex with”, i.e., a complexed therapeutic agent is part of a clathrate or inclusion complex with a cyclodextrin derivative.
  • major portion is meant at least about 50% by weight.
  • a formulation according to the present invention may contain an active agent of which more than about 50% by weight is complexed with a cyclodextrin. The actual percent of active agent that is complexed will vary according to the complexation equilibrium constant characterizing the complexation of a specific cyclodextrin to a specific active agent.
  • the invention also includes embodiments wherein the active agent is not complexed with the cyclodextrin or wherein a minor portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin.
  • an SAE-CD or any other anionic derivatized cyclodextrin, can form one or more ionic bonds with a positively charged compound. This ionic association can occur regardless of whether the positively charged compound is complexed with the cyclodextrin either by inclusion in the cavity or formation of a salt bridge.
  • the binding of a drug to the derivatized cyclodextrin can be improved by including an acid or base along with the drug and cyclodextrin.
  • the binding of a basic drug with the cyclodextrin might be improved by including an acid along with the basic drug and cyclodextrin.
  • the binding of an acidic drug with the cyclodextrin might be improved by including a base (alkaline material) along with the acidic drug and cyclodextrin.
  • the binding of a neutral drug might be improved by including a basic, acidic or other neutral compound along with the neutral drug and cyclodextrin.
  • Suitable acidic compounds include inorganic and organic acids.
  • inorganic acids are mineral acids, such as hydrochloric and hydrobromic acid.
  • suitable acids include sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, sulfenic acid, and phosphoric acid.
  • organic acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, ascorbic acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, butyric acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, glycolic acid, ⁇ -ketoglutaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, mevalonic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, pimelic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, or tartronic acid.
  • Aliphatic carboxylic acids bearing one or more oxygenated substituents in the aliphatic chain are also useful. A combination of acids can be used.
  • Suitable basic compounds include inorganic and organic bases.
  • Suitable inorganic bases include ammonia, metal oxide and metal hydroxide.
  • Suitable organic bases include primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, indole, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diethylamine, methylamine, tromethamine (TRIS), aromatic amine, unsaturated amine, primary thiol, and secondary thiol.
  • a combination of bases can be used.
  • An anionic derivatized cyclodextrin can complex or otherwise bind with an acid-ionizable agent.
  • the term acid-ionizable agent is taken to mean any compound that becomes or is ionized in the presence of an acid.
  • An acid-ionizable agent comprises at least one acid-ionizable functional group that becomes ionized when exposed to acid or when placed in an acidic medium.
  • Exemplary acid-ionizable functional groups include a primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, quaternary amine, aromatic amine, unsaturated amine, primary thiol, secondary thiol, sulfonium, hydroxyl, enol and others known to those of ordinary skill in the chemical arts.
  • the degree to which an acid-ionizable agent is bound by non-covalent ionic binding versus inclusion complexation formation can be determined spectrophotometrically using methods such as 1 HNMR, 13 CNMR, or circular dichroism, for example, and by analysis of the phase solubility data for the acid-ionizable agent and anionic derivatized cyclodextrin.
  • the artisan of ordinary skill in the art will be able to use these conventional methods to approximate the amount of each type of binding that is occurring in solution to determine whether or not binding between the species is occurring predominantly by non-covalent ionic binding or inclusion complex formation.
  • An acid-ionizable agent that binds to derivatized cyclodextrin by both means will generally exhibit a bi-phasic phase solubility curve. Under conditions where non-covalent ionic bonding predominates over inclusion complex formation, the amount of inclusion complex formation, measured by NMR or circular dichroism, will be reduced even though the phase solubility data indicates significant binding between the species under those conditions; moreover, the intrinsic solubility of the acid-ionizable agent, as determined from the phase solubility data, will generally be higher than expected under those conditions.
  • non-covalent ionic bond refers to a bond formed between an anionic species and a cationic species.
  • the bond is non-covalent such that the two species together form a salt or ion pair.
  • An anionic derivatized cyclodextrin provides the anionic species of the ion pair and the acid-ionizable agent provides the cationic species of the ion pair. Since an anionic derivatized cyclodextrin is multi-valent, an SAE-CD can form an ion pair with one or more acid-ionizable agents.
  • the parent cyclodextrins have limited water solubility as compared to SAE-CD and HPCD.
  • Underivatized ⁇ -CD has a water solubility of about 14.5% w/v at saturation.
  • Underivatized ⁇ -CD has a water solubility of about 1.85% w/v at saturation.
  • Underivatized ⁇ -CD has a water solubility of about 23.2% w/v at saturation.
  • Dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DMCD) forms a 43% w/w aqueous solution at saturation.
  • the SAE-CD can be combined with one or more other cyclodextrins or cyclodextrin derivatives in the inhalable solution to solubilize the corticosteroid.
  • water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives that can be used according to the invention include the hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl (including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl) and dihydroxypropyl ethers, their corresponding mixed ethers and further mixed ethers with methyl or ethyl groups, such as methylhydroxyethyl, ethyl-hydroxyethyl and ethyl-hydroxypropyl ethers of alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin; and the maltosyl, glucosyl and maltotriosyl derivatives of alpha, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin, which may contain one or more sugar residues, e.g.
  • Specific cyclodextrin derivatives for use herein include hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, dihydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, glucosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin, glucosyl-beta-cyclodextrin, diglucosyl-beta-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-gamma-cyclodextrin
  • cyclodextrin derivatives suitable for use in the present invention include the carboxyalkyl thioether derivatives such as ORG 26054 and ORG 25969 made by ORGANON (AKZO-NOBEL), hydroxybutenyl ether derivatives made by EASTMAN, sulfoalkyl-hydroxyalkyl ether derivatives, sulfoalkyl-alkyl ether derivatives, and other derivatives as described in U.S. Pregrant Patent Application Publications No. 2002/0128468, No. 2004/0106575, No. 2004/0109888, and No. 2004/0063663, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,671, No. 6,479,467, No. 6,660,804, or No. 6,509,323.
  • HP- ⁇ -CD can be obtained from Research Diagnostics Inc. (Flanders, N.J.).
  • HP- ⁇ -CD is available with different degrees of substitution.
  • Exemplary products include ENCAPSINTM (degree of substitution ⁇ 4; HP4- ⁇ -CD) and MOLECUSOLTM (degree of substitution ⁇ 8; HP8- ⁇ -CD); however, embodiments including other degrees of substitution are also available. Since HPCD is non-ionic, it is not available in salt form.
  • Dimethyl cyclodextrin is available from FLUKA Chemie (Buchs, CH) or Wacker (Iowa).
  • Other derivatized cyclodextrins suitable in the invention include water soluble derivatized cyclodextrins.
  • Exemplary water-soluble derivatized cyclodextrins include carboxylated derivatives; sulfated derivatives; alkylated derivatives; hydroxyalkylated derivatives; methylated derivatives; and carboxy- ⁇ -cyclodextrins, e.g.
  • succinyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin SCD
  • 6 A 6 A -amino-6 A -deoxy-N-(3-carboxypropyl)- ⁇ -cyclodextrin. All of these materials can be made according to methods known in the prior art. Suitable derivatized cyclodextrins are disclosed in Modified Cyclodextrins: Scaffolds and Templates for Supramolecular Chemistry (Eds. Christopher J. Easton, Stephen F. Lincoln, Imperial College Press, London, UK, 1999) and New Trends in Cyclodextrins and Derivatives (Ed. Dominique Duchene, Editions de Santé, Paris, France, 1991).
  • the amount of derivatized cyclodextrin required to provide the desired effect will vary according to the materials comprising the formulation.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a molar phase solubility curve for budesonide with HP- ⁇ -CD, SBE7- ⁇ -CD, and ⁇ -CD as compared to water.
  • SAE-CD is superior to other cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives at solubilizing budesonide.
  • SBE- ⁇ -CD is a better solubilizer of budesonide than HP- ⁇ -CD.
  • solubilizing power among the SAE-CD derivatives followed about this rank order for budesonide over a SAE-CD concentration range of 0.04 to 0.1 M SBE5.2- ⁇ -CD ⁇ SPE5.4- ⁇ -CD>SBE6.1- ⁇ -CD>SBE7- ⁇ -CD>SBE9.7- ⁇ -CD ⁇ SBE6.7- ⁇ -CD>SPE7- ⁇ -CD.
  • a 0.1 M concentration of SBE7- ⁇ -CD was able to solubilize a greater amount of budesonide than either ⁇ -CD or HP- ⁇ -CD.
  • SAE-CD-containing nebulizable formulations provide a greater output rate for corticosteroid by nebulization as compared to ⁇ -CD or HP- ⁇ -CD administered under otherwise similar conditions.
  • Captisol solutions provides several advantages with respect to other cyclodextrins.
  • the droplets leaving the nebulizer are of a more advantageous size and the Captisol solutions are nebulized faster than similar solutions of other Cyclodextrins.
  • the table below shows that the average particle size (Dv50) of Captisol solutions is smaller than that of HP- ⁇ -CD or ⁇ -CD. More importantly, as seen in the table below, the Dv90 shows that the other cyclodextrins had significant number of very large droplets.
  • the data (Malvern particle size) was obtained for each formulation as emitted from a PARI LC PLUS nebulizer equipped with a PARI PRONEB ULTRA air compressor.
  • the smaller droplet size is favored for an inhalable composition as it permits deeper lung delivery of active agents such as a corticosteroid.
  • Percent Sputter Output Rate Formulation Emitted Time (min) mg/min 5% Captisol 56.42 3.81 296 10% Captisol 55.13 3.84 287 20% Captisol 50.56 4.06 249 5% Hydroxypropyl ⁇ - 43.32 4.14 209 Cyclodextrin 10% Hydroxypropyl ⁇ - 46.22 4.27 216 Cyclodextrin 20% Hydroxypropyl ⁇ - 46.90 4.01 234 Cyclodextrin 5% ⁇ -Cyclodextrin 52.74 5.41 195 10% ⁇ -Cyclodextrin 53.75 4.98 216 20% ⁇ -Cyclodextrin 51.91 4.81 216 Nebulization is stopped when the sound changes (time to sputter) or visible particles are no longer produced. Sputter occurs at substantial completion of delivery of solution in the reservoir of the nebulizer.
  • Captisol was further demonstrated by preparing solutions containing budesonide dissolved in various cyclodextrins and comparing their performance in nebulization to the performance of commercial PULMICORT® RESPULES®, a commercially available suspension-based unit dose formulation.
  • the suspension obtained from several unit dose ampoules of PULMICORTTM was pooled to form a multi-use suspension based unit dose formulation, and and SAE-CD (specifically, CAPTISOL), HP- ⁇ - or ⁇ -cyclodextrin powder was added to achieve a 0.25 mg/ml budesonide solution concentration.
  • budesonide-containing solutions contained 5% w/v Captisol (P5C), 1% w/v gamma-CD (P1 ⁇ CD) and 5% w/v hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (P5HP ⁇ CD). Each was prepared at least 30 minutes prior to all testing. All three formulations were clear, colorless solutions.
  • the output rate is highest for the Captisol solution indicating that an equivalent amount of drug can be delivered in a shorter period of time.
  • ⁇ -CD is unable to solubilize an equivalent amount of corticosteroid due to the limited solubility of ⁇ -CD in water.
  • suspension-based aqueous formulations include the UDB formulation (Sheffield Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), VANCENASETM AQ (beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous suspension; Schering Corporation, Kenilworth, N.J.), ATOMASETM (beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous suspension; Douglas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Aukland, Australia), BECONASETM (beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous suspension; Glaxo Wellcome, NASACORT AQTM (triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray, Aventis Pharmaceuticals), TRI-NASALTM (triamcinolone acetonide aqueous suspension; Muro Pharmacaceuticals Inc.) and AEROBID-MTM, (flunisolide inhalation aerosol, Forest Pharmaceuticals), NASALIDETM and NASARELTM (flunisolide nasal spray
  • the suspension formulation can comprise corticosteroid present in particulate, microparticulate, nanoparticulate or nanocrystalline form. Accordingly, an SAE-CD can be used to improve the administration of a corticosteroid suspension-based unit dose formulation. Moreover, the SAE-CD outperforms other cyclodextrin derivatives.
  • SAE-CD in solid or liquid form
  • a suspension-based unit dose formulation comprising corticosteroid are mixed.
  • the SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to increase the amount of solubilized corticosteroid, i.e. decrease the amount of unsolubilized corticosteroid, therein.
  • the liquid Prior to administration, the liquid may be optionally aseptically filtered or terminally sterilized. The liquid is then administered to a subject by inhalation using a nebulizer. As a result, the amount of drug that the subject receives is higher than the subject would have received had the unaltered suspension formulation been administered.
  • SAE-CD in liquid form, as ready-to-use liquid or as a concentrate
  • a solid unit dose formulation comprising corticosteroid
  • the SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to solubilize a substantial portion of the corticosteroid.
  • the liquid is then administered via inhalation using a nebulizer.
  • SAE-CD in solid form
  • a solid unit dose formulation comprising corticosteroid
  • SAE-CD in solid form
  • a solid unit dose formulation comprising corticosteroid
  • SAE-CD in solid form
  • a solid unit dose formulation comprising corticosteroid
  • SAE-CD in solid form
  • a solid unit dose formulation comprising corticosteroid
  • a solid mixture to which is added an aqueous liquid carrier in an amount sufficient to form a nebulizable formulation.
  • Mixing and/or heating are optionally employed upon addition of the liquid carrier to form the formulation.
  • the SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to solubilize a substantial portion of the corticosteroid.
  • the formulation is then administered via inhalation using a nebulizer.
  • the size of the reservoir varies from one type of nebulizer to another.
  • the volume of the liquid formulation may be adjusted as needed to provide the required volume for loading into the reservoir of a particular type or brand of nebulizer.
  • the volume can be adjusted by adding additional liquid carrier or additional solution containing SAE-CD.
  • a single-use suspension-based unit dose formulation of corticosteroid contains about 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or about 0.125 to about 2 mg of corticosteroid suspended in about 50 ⁇ l to 10 ml of liquid carrier.
  • the corticosteroid is present at a concentration of about 20 mcg to about 30 mg of corticosteroid per ml of suspension.
  • SAE-CD about 10 to 500 mg of SAE-CD, or 10 to 250 mg of SAE-CD, or 10 to 300 mg of SAE-CD, be it in solid form or dissolved in a liquid carrier, is added to each ml the suspension in order to dissolve a substantial portion of the corticosteroid and form a nebulizable unit dose liquid formulation that is then administered to a subject.
  • a multi-use suspension-based unit dose formulation of corticosteroid contains approximately 0.125 to 2 mg of corticosteroid suspended in 1 to 100 ml of liquid carrier.
  • a multi-use formulation actually contains two or more unit doses of corticosteroid.
  • Single unit dose aliquots are taken from a multi-use unit dose formulation, and the single unit dose are typically administered one-at-a-time to a subject.
  • about 10 to 500 mg of SAE-CD be it in solid form or dissolved in a liquid carrier, is added to each ml the suspension in order to dissolve a substantial portion of the corticosteroid and form a multi-use unit dose liquid formulation that is then administered to a subject in single unit dose aliquots.
  • a suspension-based unit dose formulation is converted to a liquid unit dose formulation prior to pulmonary administration via inhalation (of a nebulized mist) to a subject.
  • the conversion can take place in the same container in which the suspension is provided, in a different container, or in the reservoir of a nebulizer.
  • a substantial portion of the corticosteroid must be dissolved.
  • a “substantial portion” is at least 20% wt., at least 30% wt., at least 40% wt., or at least 20% wt and less than 50% wt. of the corticosteroid.
  • a “major portion” is at least 50% wt. of the corticosteroid.
  • a suspension-based unit dose formulation comprising corticosteroid.
  • Such pharmacists will now be able to prepare a single use or multi-use liquid unit dose formulation by employing a method described herein.
  • a subject (patient) undergoing corticosteroid treatment may convert the suspension-based formulation to a liquid formulation of the invention by employing a method described herein.
  • a kit containing the suspension formulation and SAE-CD can be prepared.
  • the concentration of SAE-CD in solution can be expressed on a weight to weight or weight to volume basis; however, these two units are interconvertible.
  • the % w/w cyclodextrin concentration is determined by dividing the cyclodextrin weight in grams by the total weight (cyclodextrin+water weight) in like units and multiplying by 100.
  • the % w/v cyclodextrin concentration is determined by dividing the cyclodextrin weight in grams by the total volume in milliliters and multiplying by 100.
  • the performance of an inhalable solution of the invention in a nebulizer may depend upon the viscosity of the solution in its reservoir, the nebulization solution.
  • the viscosity of an aqueous solution of SBE7- ⁇ -CD changes with respect to concentration approximately as indicated in the table above. Viscosity of the inhalable composition can have an impact on percentage of nebulization composition emitted from a nebulizer, output rate of nebulized corticosteroid and droplet size distribution.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a chart of the estimated percentage of nebulization composition emitted from three different nebulizers (PARI LC PLUS, HUDSON UPDRAFT II NEB-U-MIST, and MYSTIQUE) for each of four different nebulization compositions (PULMICORT RESPULES suspension, 5% w/w SBE7- ⁇ -CD solution, 10% w/w SBE7- ⁇ -CD solution and 20% w/w SBE7- ⁇ -CD solution).
  • the PULMICORT RESPULES suspension was used as the control.
  • the PARI LC PLUS, MYSTIQUE and HUDSON nebulizers were used for the comparison.
  • the MYSTIQUE nebulizer was unable to nebulize the suspension and concentrated SAE-CD solution (20% w/w) efficiently so they were not evaluated with that nebulizer.
  • the results suggest that, under the conditions tested, nebulization of PULMICORT RESPULES suspension results in a greater percentage of nebulized composition, meaning that, with the suspension, less nebulization composition is left in the reservoir of the nebulizer upon completion of nebulization as compared to with the solution.
  • nebulization of the suspension resulted in the greatest percentage by weight of total composition emitted by a nebulizer.
  • the PARI LC PLUS and HUDSON nebulizers more efficiently reduced the volume of nebulization suspension than of nebulization solution; however, this did not correspond with the total amount of drug emitted by the nebulizer.
  • All of the above formulations contain approximately 250 ⁇ g/mL of budesonide.
  • the samples identified as “P5C” contain 50 mg/mL (or about 5%) SBE7- ⁇ -CD.
  • Nebulizer % Emitted Volume (By Weight Nebulization Time Output Sample ID Viscosity (Cp) (ml) Difference) (Minutes:Seconds) Rate 21.5% w/w 3.06 3 47.47 10:51 4.52 SBE7- ⁇ -CD 10.75% w/w 1.84 3 51.36 8:53 6.02 SBE7- ⁇ -CD 5.15% w/w 1.23 3 55.47 9:59 5.78 SBE7- ⁇ -CD H 2 O 3 50.36 9:21 5.47
  • nebulization of the SAE-CD-containing solution provided a higher budesonide output rate than nebulization of the PULMICORT RESPULES suspension even though the nebulizer emitted a greater total amount of the suspension.
  • the nebulizer preferentially nebulizes the water of the suspension rather than the particles of the suspension thereby causing an increase in the molar concentration of budesonide in the suspension in the reservoir.
  • Higher SAE-CD concentrations, above 25% w/v led to slightly longer nebulization times and lower output rates once the viscosity exceeded an approximate upper limit.
  • SBE7- ⁇ -CD concentration 21.5 ⁇ 5% w/w SBE7- ⁇ -CD concentration was identified as the approximate upper acceptable level for the nebulizer tested, “acceptable” being defined as the upper concentration of SBE7- ⁇ -CD that can be used without building up excessive viscosity, which may adversely affect the nebulization time and output rate.
  • concentration of SAE-CD will vary among the nebulizer formats.
  • the upper acceptable concentration of SAE-CD in a liquid formulation for use in a nebulizer may vary according to the DS of the derivative, the alkyl chain length of the sulfoalkyl functional group, and/or the CD ring size of the SAE-CD.
  • a nebulizer is used to produce appropriately sized droplets.
  • the particle size of the droplet produced by a nebulizer for inhalation is in the range between about 0.5 to about 5 microns. If it is desired that the droplets reach the lower regions of the respiratory tract, i.e., the alveoli and terminal bronchi, the preferred particle size range is between about 0.5 and about 2.5 microns. If it is desired that the droplets reach the upper respiratory tract, the preferred particle size range is between 2.5 microns and 5 microns.
  • FIGS. 5 a - 5 b depict droplet size data for nebulization of inhalable compositions with a PARI LC PLUS nebulizer.
  • a MALVERN laser light scattering device Mastersizer S, Malvern Instruments Ltd. Malvern, Worcs, U.K.
  • 5 a depicts the results obtained using ⁇ -CD solutions of varying concentrations (5% w/v, 10% w/v and 20% w/v) in the absence of budesonide.
  • the results indicate that ⁇ -CD on its own would not behave acceptably in a nebulizer, since almost all of the mass of the solution is of an unacceptable droplet size range.
  • a ⁇ -CD based nebulization solution containing corticosteroid would require an extremely long dosing period due to the low percentage of mass that is of the appropriate droplet size range, especially since ⁇ -CD is not an effective solubilizer of budesonide at the concentrations tested.
  • FIG. 5 b depicts the results obtained using the same nebulizer with PULMICORT RESPULES suspension or a modified PULMICORT RESPULES solution containing SAE-CD of different concentrations (5% w/v, 10% w/v and 20% w/v).
  • SAE-CD of different concentrations
  • FIG. 6 depicts droplet size data for nebulization of inhalable compositions with a HUDSON UPDRAFT II NEBUMIST nebulizer charged with PULMICORT RESPULES suspension or a solution containing SAE-CD at different concentrations. (5% w/v, 10% w/v and 20% w/v).
  • the NEB-U-MIST forms a slightly larger particle size distribution, a significant portion of the nebulized mass is still in the appropriate size range. Accordingly, the nebulization solution made from the suspension and containing SAE-CD is suitable for use in a variety of different air driven jet nebulizers.
  • FIG. 7 depicts droplet size data for nebulization of inhalable compositions with a MYSTIQUE ultrasonic nebulizer.
  • the compositions include three different SAE-CD containing solutions. Unlike the suspension, the SAE-CD containing solution can be nebulized with an ultrasonic nebulizer.
  • the invention provides a method of improving the pulmonary delivery of corticosteroid in a suspension-based unit dose formulation from an ultrasonic nebulizer, the method comprising the step of including SAE-CD in the formulation in an amount sufficient to decrease the amount of undissolved corticosteroid in the suspension-based unit dose formulation.
  • FIG. 8 depicts comparative Dv50 droplet size data for nebulization of an inhalable composition with the three above-mentioned nebulizers.
  • the SAE-CD containing solutions are suitable for administration by nebulization across a range of concentrations.
  • the droplet size distribution can be partially controlled by adjusting the concentration of SAE-CD.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the relationship between concentration of SAE-CD versus output rate of SAE-CD in various different nebulizers with different sources of compressed air required for the specific setup: the RAINDROP-Rat, RAINDROP-Dog, PARI LC STAR-UNC, PARI LC STAR-Rat PARI LC PLUS and DEVILBISS PULMO AIDE air jet driven nebulizers.
  • the nebulizers were used in a variety of setups including free standing as well as animal exposure chambers and/or individual exposure masks. In general, the data demonstrate that output of SAE-CD increases with increasing SAE-CD concentration.
  • the maximum output rate in the Raindrop-Dog setup is from a 250 mg/mL CAPTISOL concentration.
  • FIGS. 10 a - 10 b depict comparative droplet size data for nebulization solutions with the PARI LC PLUS and MYSTIQUE nebulizers of PULMICORT RESPULES suspension and a modified PULMICORT RESPULES-based SAE-CD solution.
  • PULMICORT RESPULES suspension with and without 5% w/v SBE7- ⁇ -CD were used as the test samples.
  • the procedure of Example 12 was followed.
  • FIG. 10 a depicts the Dv10 and Dv50 data for the solutions run on the PARI LC PLUS air driven jet nebulizer and FIG.
  • 10 b depicts the Dv10 and Dv50 data for the solutions run on the MYSTIQUE ultrasonic nebulizer.
  • the droplet size data for the two different solutions is comparable.
  • the budesonide output rate for the two solutions was significantly different.
  • Use of SAE-CD in a nebulization composition results in an increased output rate of budesonide regardless of the format of the nebulizer.
  • the invention thus, provides a method of increasing the output rate of a corticosteroid-containing suspension-based unit dose formulation being delivered by a nebulizer, the method comprising the step of including SAE-CD in the formulation in an amount sufficient to increase the amount of dissolved corticosteroid in the formulation to form an altered formulation, whereby the output rate of corticosteroid for the altered formulation is greater than the output rate of corticosteroid for the suspension formulation.
  • Two pulsating membrane nebulizers (AERONEB GO and the nebulizer of U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,151) were evaluated according to Examples 21 and 22, respectively, to determine the performance of the devices with a solution of the invention and to demonstrate the utility of using concentrated solutions of corticosteroids in an efficient electronic nebulizer.
  • Several in vitro parameters important for the clinical use of corticosteroids, were determined and compared to these parameters of the solution formulation described in Example 6 and the 2 mL commercial reference suspension both in an air jet nebulizer.
  • the total delivery/nebulization time time to sputter where production of aerosol is no longer visible
  • MMAD droplet size and fine particle fraction parameters were obtained for each device.
  • a cascade impactor was engaged with the output of each device to determine performance during nebulization and characterize the in vitro aerosol drug output.
  • the solution used in the AERONEB GO device was compared side-by-side with a RAINDROP air jet nebulizer employing a solution (0.5 ml) comprising budesonide (500 ⁇ g/0.5 ml), CAPTISOL (10% w/v), water, and Tween 80 (optional), wherein the solution was made by adding CAPTISOL to a suspension of budesonide particles (RESPULES) as detailed below.
  • the control suspension-based sample was the RESPULES suspension (2 ml containing 500 ⁇ g of budesonide).
  • the RAINDROP nebulizer was equipped with a PARI PRONEB ULTRA compressor.
  • the AERONEB GO micropump nebulizer was equipped with the OnQ Aerosol Generator.
  • the total output of budesonide at cessation of aerolization (at sputter) was quantified.
  • the emitted dose and fine particle dose were measured with the cascade impactor.
  • the solution in the nebulizer of the '151 Patent comprised budesonide, CAPTISOL, water, and technetium-99 radiolabel in the form of diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid as a surrogate marker for budesonide.
  • the data from the two studies is summarized in the table below.
  • AERONEB GO nebulizer and the nebulizer of the '151 Patent delivery of a unit dose of corticosteroid was completed within less than one minute.
  • the RAINDROP nebulizer completed delivery of a unit dose in just over 5.5 min with the RESPULES and just over 5 min with a solution of the invention.
  • the pulsating membrane nebulizers delivered a substantially greater percentage of corticosteroid in the FPF, which is generally defined as the fraction of particles less than 5 ⁇ or the fraction of particles on cascade impactor stages with a cut-off of less than 6 ⁇ .
  • the total nebulization time of the AERONEB GO is one fourth the time to sputter for the Pari LC+ air jet nebulizer.
  • treatment time would be reduced with the pulsating membrane nebulizer as compared to the air jet nebulizer, and the amount of budesonide emitted from the pulsating membrane nebulizer is 2 to 3 times more than from the air jet nebulizer.
  • the percent of drug exiting the nebulizer was 81% of the amount initially loaded into the reservoir. Hence, less drug would need to be loaded into the pulsating membrane nebulizer to treat the patient in need thereof to provide the same “dose to subject” as provided by an air jet nebulizer.
  • Aerosol droplet size was determined using a Malvern Spraytec instrument.
  • the Dv10, Dv50, and Dv90 from the pulsating membrane nebulizer are very similar to those for the reference product (PULMICORT RESPULES) and a CAPTISOL solution of the same concentration in an air jet nebulizer. This suggests that the formulation would be similarly distributed within the patient after inhalation.
  • a clinical study according to Example 17 was conducted to compare the pulmonary disposition of budesonide from a radiolabeled liquid formulation and the clearance of budesonide from the lung as determined by appearance of budesonide in the plasma.
  • a solution formulation of the invention was compared to a suspension-based formulation of budesonide.
  • plasma samples were collected and assayed for budesonide and various pharmacokinetic parameters determined.
  • the area under the plasma concentration—time curve (AUC) is a measure of the delivery of budesonide to the lung, since oral absorption of the corticosteroid was blocked by the administration of charcoal.
  • dose to subject dose to subject
  • dose to lung dose delivered to the lungs of each subject
  • dose to lung dose delivered to the lungs of each subject
  • the AUC data ( 0-t , and 0- ⁇ ) was normalized in terms of the budesonide ( ⁇ g) delivered to each subject by dividing the AUC data by the corresponding dose to subject.
  • dose to subject is taken to mean the amount of corticosteroid delivered to a subject following completion of a dosing cycle with a nebulizer and is calculated by subtracting the sum of drug remaining in the nebulizer, drug removed from the mouth of a subject, and the amount collected from the exhalation filter from the amount of drug initially present in the reservoir of the nebulizer.
  • Ds Dr init ⁇ (D mw +D dev ), wherein Dr init denotes the amount of drug initially present in the reservoir of the nebulizer, D mw denotes the amount of drug removed from the mouth of a subject by using a mouthwash, D dev denotes the amount of drug remaining in the device following completion of an administration dosing cycle.
  • D dev includes drug remaining in the reservoir after completion of dosing, and drug remaining in the remainder of the device after completion of dosing.
  • dose to lung is taken to mean the amount of drug delivered to the lungs of a subject, which amount is a subset of “dose to subject”.
  • the formulation of the invention provided a normalized AUCt of 3-15 (or about at least 6) (pg*h/ml)/ ⁇ g of budesonide when about 60-65 ⁇ g of budesonide were delivered, a normalized AUCt of 7-11 (or about at least 8) (pg*h/ml)/ ⁇ g of budesonide when about 105-110 ⁇ g of budesonide were delivered, and a normalized AUCt of 4-11 (or about at least 7) (pg*h/ml)/ ⁇ g of budesonide when 165-170 ⁇ g of budesonide were delivered, based upon the “dose to subject”.
  • the formulation of the invention provided a normalized AUCi of 4-16 (or about at least 8) (pg*h/ml)/ ⁇ g of budesonide when about 60-65 ⁇ g of budesonide were delivered, a normalized AUCi of 8-12 (or about at least 10) (pg*h/ml)/ ⁇ g of budesonide when about 105-110 ⁇ g of budesonide were delivered, and a normalized AUCi of 5-16 (or about at least 10) (pg*h/ml)/ ⁇ g of budesonide when 165-170 ⁇ g of budesonide were delivered, based upon the “dose to subject”.
  • the data is also summarized in FIG.
  • FIG. 17 which is a plot of the geometric mean of “dose to subject” ( ⁇ g budesonide) versus the geometric mean of AUC (pg*h/ml)
  • FIG. 18 which is a plot of the geometric mean of “dose to lung” ( ⁇ g budesonide) versus the geometric mean of AUC (pg*h/ml).
  • the invention includes a method of providing in a subject a mean plasma AUCt, normalized for dose of corticosteroid to subject, of at least 6 (pg*h/ml)/ ⁇ g of corticosteroid delivered, as dose to subject, comprising: administering to the subject via nebulization a unit dose comprising at least 45 ⁇ g, at least 48 ⁇ g, or 45 ⁇ g to 1000 ⁇ g of corticosteroid dissolved in an aqueous liquid carrier comprising sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin.
  • FIG. 19 is a plot of the “dose to subject” ( ⁇ g budesonide) versus the corresponding AUC (pg*h/ml) for each individual subject of the study.
  • the slope of the substantially linear solid line taken from data across three different doses delivered, defines a dose response curve for a patient receiving the corticosteroid.
  • the slope can be used to predict the dose a patient would need to provide a target plasma level at a second dose if the patient has received a first dose and the patient's AUC per ⁇ g of corticosteroid has been determined.
  • the slope ranges from 5.7 to 16, or more specifically from 9 to 10, when the data is viewed on an individual subject basis
  • the plasma concentration profile for budesonide for the subjects of the clinical study is depicted in FIG. 20 .
  • This normalized AUC data and associated radiolabel distribution data show that more of the dose delivered to the subject made it into the lung and from there into systemic circulation when budesonide was administered as a solution than when the budesonide was administered as a suspension. Assuming that an equivalent dose deposited in the lung results in a similar efficacy and systemic absorption, these results suggest that 1.6 to 5 times or 2 to 4 times less dose to subject is required when administered in solution to be as effective as the reference suspension product.
  • administration of a solution of the invention provides a 1.6-fold increase, 2.2-fold increase, a 2.5-fold increase, a five-fold increase, a 1.6 to five fold increase, a two to four-fold increase, a two to 3.5-fold increase, a two to 3.3-fold increase or at least a two-fold increase in the AUCt or AUCi per ⁇ g of budesonide delivered as compared to administration of the PULMICORT RESPULES suspension-based aqueous formulation.
  • the AUCt or AUCi per ⁇ g of budesonide delivered was observed as varying per individual, with the value being higher than the above-noted values for some individuals and lower than the above-noted values for other individuals.
  • composition or formulation of the invention will provide an improved therapeutic benefit or improved clinical benefit over an equivalent dose of corticosteroid administered as an aqueous suspension.
  • corticosteroids that are useful in the present invention generally include any steroid produced by the adrenocortex, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and synthetic analogs and derivatives of naturally occurring corticosteroids having anti-inflammatory activity.
  • Suitable synthetic analogs include prodrugs, ester derivatives
  • corticosteroids that can be used in the compositions of the invention include aldosterone, beclomethasone, betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide (Altana Pharma AG), cloprednol, cortisone, cortivazol, deoxycortone, desonide, desoximetasone, dexamethasone, difluorocortolone, fluclorolone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone, fluocinonide, fluocortin butyl, fluorocortisone, fluorocortolone, fluorometholone, flurandrenolone, fluticasone, halcinonide, hydrocortisone, icomethasone, meprednisone, methylprednisolone, mometasone, paramethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, rof
  • Other corticosteroids not yet commercialized, but that are commercialized subsequent to the filing of this application, are considered useful in the present invention unless it is otherwise established experimentally that they are not suitable.
  • Corticosteroids can be grouped according to their relative lipophilicity as described by Barnes et al. ( Am. J. Respir. Care Med . (1998), 157, p. S1-S53), Miller-Larsson et al. ( Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med . (2003), 167, A773), D. E. Mager et al. ( J. Pharm. Sci . (November 2002), 91(11), 2441-2451) or S. Edsbacker (Uptake, retention, and biotransformation of corticosteroids in the lung and airways. In: Schleimer RP, O'Byme PMO, Szefler SJ, Brattsand R, editor(s).
  • corticosteroids of this group include hydrocortisone, prednisolone, prednisone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, and fluocortolone.
  • Some embodiments of the invention exclude corticosteroids that are less lipophilic than flunisolide.
  • Corticosteroids that are at least as lipophilic as or more lipophilic than flunisolide generally require a SAE-CD to corticosteroid molar ratio of more than 10:1 to dissolve the corticosteroid in an aqueous medium.
  • the corticosteroid used in the invention is at least as lipophilic as or more lipophilic than flunisolide.
  • corticosteroids of this group include beclomethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, beclomethasone monopropionate, budesonide, ciclesonide, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, fluticasone propionate, mometasone, mometasone furoate, triamcinolone acetonide.
  • phase solubility binding data is used to determine the saturated solubility of a corticosteroid in the presence of varying amounts of SAE-CD in an aqueous liquid carrier.
  • the phase solubility binding curve depicted in FIG. 3 demonstrates the saturated solubility of budesonide in an aqueous liquid carrier comprising ⁇ -CD, HP- ⁇ -CD or SBE7- ⁇ -CD.
  • a phase solubility curve in the graph defines the boundary for the saturated solubility the corticosteroid in solutions containing various different concentrations of cyclodextrin.
  • a molar phase solubility curve can be used to determine the molar ratio of SAE-CD to corticosteroid or of corticosteroid to SAE-CD at various concentrations of corticosteroid.
  • the area below the phase solubility curve e.g. of FIG. 3 , denotes the region where the corticosteroid is solubilized in an aqueous liquid medium to provide a substantially clear aqueous solution.
  • the SAE-CD is present in molar excess of the corticosteroid and in an amount sufficient to solubilize the corticosteroid present in the liquid carrier.
  • the boundary defined by the phase solubility curve will vary according to the corticosteroid and SAE-CD within a composition or formulation of the invention.
  • the saturated solubility of a corticosteroid in the presence of a fixed amount of SAE-CD will vary according to the identity of the corticosteroid and the SAE-CD.
  • the table below summarizes some solubility data for the listed corticosteroids in the absence (intrinsic solubility of corticosteroid in the aqueous test medium) and in the presence of two different SAE-CD's as determined herein.
  • some embodiments of the invention comprise a corticosteroid having an intrinsic solubility in water that approximates or is less than the intrinsic solubility of flunisolide (less than about 11 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 M or less than about 11.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 M) in water as determined herein.
  • compositions or formulation of the invention can comprise the corticosteroid present in an aqueous medium at a concentration up to its saturated solubility in the presence of a particular concentration of SAE-CD
  • some embodiments of the invention include those wherein the corticosteroid is present at a concentration that is less than its saturated solubility in the presence of that concentration of SAE-CD.
  • the corticosteroid can be present at a concentration that is 95% or less, 90% or less, 85% or less, 80% or less, or 50% or less of its saturated solubility as determined in the presence of SAE-CD. It is generally easier to prepare solutions that comprise the corticosteroid at a concentration that is less than its saturated solubility in the presence of SAE-CD.
  • the molar ratio of SAE-CD to corticosteroid in a formulation or composition of the invention can exceed the molar ratio obtained at the saturated solubility of the corticosteroid in the presence of SAE-CD, such as defined by the phase solubility binding curve for the corticosteroid.
  • the molar ratio of SAE-CD to corticosteroid in the composition or formulation will be at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% , or at least 200% greater than the molar ratio at the saturated solubility of the corticosteroid in the presence of SAE-CD.
  • the molar ratio in the composition or formulation can be at least 14.1:1 (for at least 1% higher), at least 14.3:1 (for at least 2% higher), at least 14.7:1 (for at least 5% higher), at least 15.4:1 (for at least 10% higher), at least 16.1:1 (for at least 15% higher), at least 16.8:1 (for at least 20% higher), at least 17.5:1 (for at least 25% higher), at least 21:1 (for at least 50% higher), at least 24.5:1 (for at least 75% higher), at least 28:1 (for at least 100% higher), or at least 42:1 (for at least 100% higher).
  • the corticosteroid compound is present in the final, diluted corticosteroid composition designed for inhalation in an amount from about 1 ⁇ g/ml to about 10 mg/ml, about 10 ⁇ g/ml to 5 about 1 mg/ml, or about 20 ⁇ g/ml to about 500 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the drug concentration can be between about 30 and 1000 ⁇ g/ml for triamcinolone acetonide, and between about 50 and 2000 ⁇ g/ml for budesonide, depending on the volume to be administered.
  • relatively high concentrations of the corticosteroid can be achieved in an aqueous-based composition.
  • the corticosteroid compound is present in the final, diluted corticosteroid composition designed for nasal administration in an amount from about 50 ⁇ g/ml to about 10 mg/ml, about 100 ⁇ g/ml to about 2 mg/ml, or about 300 ⁇ g/ml to about 1 mg/ml.
  • the drug concentration is between about 250 ⁇ g/ml and 1 mg/ml for triamcinolone acetonide, and between about 400 ⁇ g/ml and 1.6 mg/ml for budesonide, depending on the volume to be administered.
  • the diluted corticosteroid composition is prepared as described herein.
  • the corticosteroid for such treatment is preferably, beclomethasone dipropionate, beclomethasone monopropionate, betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, fluticasone propionate, mometasone, mometasone furoate, or triamcinolone acetonide, and is formulated in the concentrations set forth herein.
  • the daily dose of the corticosteroid is generally about 0.05 to 10 mg, depending on the drug and the disease, in accordance with the Physician's Desk Reference ( PDR ).
  • PDR Physician's Desk Reference
  • the dose required to achieve a desired clinical endpoint, clinical benefit or therapeutic benefit may be lower than the corresponding dose indicated in the PDR.
  • a unit dose of budesonide may also be administered once daily, once every two days, once every week, once every month, or even less frequently as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,598,603 and No. 6,899,099, wherein a unit dose comprises 0.05 to 2.0 mg or 0.25 to 1.0 mg of budesonide. Administration can be during the daytime and/or nighttime.
  • the corticosteroid can be present in its neutral, ionic, salt, basic, acidic, natural, synthetic, diastereomeric, isomeric, isomeric, enantiomerically pure, racemic, solvate, anhydrous, hydrate, chelate, derivative, analog, esterified, non-esterfied, or other common form.
  • active agent is named herein, all such forms available are included.
  • all known forms of budesonide are considered within the scope of the invention.
  • the formulation of the invention can be used to deliver two or more different active agents (active ingredients, therapeutic agents, etc.).
  • active agents active ingredients, therapeutic agents, etc.
  • Particular combinations of active agents can be provided by the present formulation.
  • Some combinations of active agents include: 1) a first drug from a first therapeutic class and a different second drug from the same therapeutic class; 2) a first drug from a first therapeutic class and a different second drug from a different therapeutic class; 3) a first drug having a first type of biological activity and a different second drug having about the same biological activity; 4) a first drug having a first type of biological activity and a different second drug having a different second type of biological activity.
  • Exemplary combinations of active agents are described herein.
  • a corticosteroid such as budesonide
  • other drugs include: B 2 adrenoreceptor agonist, topical anesthetic, D 2 receptor agonist, anticholinergic agent.
  • B 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonists for use in combination with the compositions provided herein include, but are not limited to, Albuterol (alpha 1 -(((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedimethanol); Bambuterol (dimethylcarbamic acid 5-(2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-phenylene ester); Bitolterol (4-methylbenzoic acid 4-(2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-phenyleneester); Broxaterol (3-bromo-alpha -(((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)methyl)-5-isoxazolemethanol); Isoproterenol (4-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl-)amino)ethyl
  • Dopamine (D 2 ) receptor agonists include, but are not limited to, Apomorphine ((r) -5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-6-methyl-4H-dibenzo[de,glquinoline-10,11-diol); Bromocriptine ((5′.alpha.) -2-bromo-12′-hydroxy-2′-(1-methylethyl)-5′-(2-methylpropyl)ergotaman-3′,6′,18-trione); Cabergoline ((8.beta.)-N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N-((ethylamino)carbony-1)-6-(2-propenyl)ergoline-8-carboxamide); Lisuride (N′-((8-alpha-)-9,10-didehydro-6-methylergolin-8-yl)-N,N-diethylurea); Pergolide ((8-beta-)-8-
  • Anticholinergic agents for use herein include, but are not limited to, ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, atropine methyl nitrate, atropine sulfate, ipratropium, belladonna extract, scopolamine, scopolamine methobromide, homatropine methobromide, hyoscyamine, isopriopramide, orphenadrine, benzalkonium chloride, tiotropium bromide and glycopyrronium bromide.
  • the compositions contain an anticholinergic agent, such as ipratropium bromide or tiotropium bromide, at a concentration of about 5 g ⁇ /mL to about 5 mg/mL, or about 50 ⁇ g/mL to about 200 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the compositions for use in the methods herein contain an anticholinergic agent, including ipratropium bromide and tiotropium bromide, at a concentration of about 83 ⁇ g/mL or about 167 ⁇ g/mL.
  • IL-5 inhibitors such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,110, No. 5,683,983, No. 5,677,280, No. 6,071,910 and No. 5,654,276, the relevant disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference; antisense modulators of IL-5 such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,603, the relevant disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference; milrinone (1,6-dihydro-2-methyl-6-oxo-[3,4′-bipyridine]-5-carbonitrile); milrinone lactate; tryptase inhibitors such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • tachykinin receptor antagonists such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,336, No. 5,877,191, No. 5,929,094, No. 5,750,549 and No.
  • leukotriene receptor antagonists such as montelukast sodium (SingularTM., R-(E)]-1-[[[1-[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl-]phenyl]-3-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]-propyl]thio]methyl]cyclopro-paneacetic acid, monosodium salt), 5-lypoxygenase inhibitors such as zileuton (ZyfloTM, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.), and anti-IgE antibodies such as XolairTM (recombinant humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (CGP 51901; IGE 025A; rhuMAb-E25), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif.), and topical anesthetics such as lidocaine, N
  • Exemplary combination formulations of the invention comprise the following components.
  • Corticosteroid A
  • Other Active Ingredient B
  • I Budesonide Formoterol II Budesonide Salmeterol III
  • Budesonide Albuterol IV Fluticasone Salmeterol propionate
  • a formulation comprising a corticosteroid and another active ingredient can be prepared according to the examples below.
  • the SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to solubilize the corticosteroid and the other active ingredient.
  • the SAE-CD is present in an amount sufficient to solubilize the corticosteroid or the other active ingredient.
  • the SAE-CD has a higher equilibrium binding constant for the other active ingredient than it has for the corticosteroid. In some embodiments, the SAE-CD has a higher equilibrium binding constant for the corticosteroid than it has for the other active ingredient. In some embodiments, the SAE-CD has approximately the same equilibrium binding constant for the other active ingredient as it has for the corticosteroid. Alternatively, the other active ingredient does not bind with the SAE-CD even though the corticosteroid does.
  • the invention provides embodiments wherein, the SAE-CD solubilizes the corticosteroid, the other active ingredient, or a combination thereof.
  • the invention also provides embodiments wherein, the SAE-CD solubilizes at least a major portion of the corticosteroid, the other active ingredient, or of each.
  • the SAE-CD does not solubilize the other active ingredient.
  • the molar ratio of SAE-CD to corticosteroid and SAE-CD to other active ingredient can vary as needed to provide a combination formulation as described herein.
  • the SAE-CD is generally present in molar excess over the corticosteroid, the other active ingredient, or both.
  • phase solubility binding curve for Salmeterol xinafoate and budesonide was determined as described herein, and the approximate equilibrium binding constant (Ki) of each with CAPTISOL was determined.
  • Ki the approximate equilibrium binding constant
  • the approximate Ki for Salmeterol xinafoate was approximately 3,500, and the approximate Ki for budesonide was 600 under the test conditions used.
  • the molar ratio of CAPTISOL to Salmeterol xinafoate at saturated solubility was about 3.2 under the test conditions used.
  • a formulation comprising budesonide, albuterol and SAE-CD was prepared according to Example 25.
  • the formulation was clear after preparation.
  • the combination of budesonide and albuterol has been shown to be physically and chemically stable and would be expected to provide the same improved aerosol performance and AUC per ⁇ g budesonide dosed as the solution of budesonide alone. Furthermore, the patient would benefit from the simultaneous administration of the two drugs
  • the invention includes methods for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of one or more symptoms of a corticosteroid-responsive disorder, e.g. pulmonary disorders such as bronchoconstrictive disorders; sinus disorders such as sinusitis.
  • the method further includes administering one or more of (a), (b), (c) or (d) as follows: (a) a b 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist; (b) a dopamine (D 2 ) receptor agonist; (c) a prophylactic therapeutic, such as a steroid; or (d) an anticholinergic agent; simultaneously with, prior to or subsequent to the composition provided herein.
  • the materials used herein can be used in micronized or non-micronized form and crystalline, polymorphic or amorphous form. This is particularly true of the corticosteroids and other active ingredients.
  • solutions or powders may optionally contain other ingredients such as buffers and/or tonicity adjusters and/or antimicrobials and/or additives or other such excipients as set forth herein or as presently used in inhalable liquid formulations to improve the output of the nebulizer.
  • the bronchoconstrictive disorder to be treated, prevented, or whose one or more symptoms are to be ameliorated is associated with asthma, including, but not limited to, bronchial asthma, allergic asthma and intrinsic asthma, e.g., late asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness; and, particularly in embodiments where an anticholinergic agent is used, other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), including, but not limited to, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and associated cor pulmonale (heart disease secondary to disease of the lungs and respiratory system) with pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
  • a formulation according to the invention will generally have a storage shelf life of no less than 6 months.
  • shelf life is determined only as regards the increase in the amount of corticosteroid degradation by-products or a reduction in the amount of corticosteroid remaining in the formulation.
  • the formulation will not demonstrate an unacceptable and substantial increase in the amount of degradants during the storage period of at least six months.
  • the criteria for acceptable shelf-life are set as needed according to a given product and its storage stability requirements. In other words, the amount of degradants in a formulation having an acceptable shelf-life will not increase beyond a predetermined value during the intended period of storage. On the other hand, the amount of degradants of a formulation having an unacceptable shelf-life will increase beyond the predetermined value during the intended period of storage.
  • Example 3 The method of Example 3 was followed to determine the stability of budesonide in solution.
  • the shelf-life was defined as the time to loss of 10% potency. Under the conditions tested, the loss of potency was first order.
  • the shelf life of a Captisol-Enabled® Budesonide Inhalation Solution is greater than about 3 years at a pH between 4 and 5, i.e. about 90 months at pH 4.0 and about 108 months at pH 5.0 without the need to add any other stabilizers, such as EDTA, in water in the presence of about 5% wt./vol. SAE-CD.
  • This shelf-life is greater than that reported by Otterbeck (U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,122; up to six weeks at pH 4.0-6.0 in water in the presence of EDTA, HP- ⁇ -CD and other additives.)
  • FIG. 11 is a semi-log plot of the % of initial concentration at each time point for the samples stored at 60° C. Loss of budesonide was first order at each temperature. The table below shows the pseudo-first order rate constants calculated for each isomer at 60° C. and 80° C.
  • CAPTISOL 4 w/ 0.002250 0.607 0.000644 0.491 3.49 CAPTISOL 4 no 0.003704 0.00131 2.83 CAPTISOL 6 w/ 0.00732 0.529 0.00254 0.384 2.88 CAPTISOL 6 no 0.0138 0.00661 2.09 CAPTISOL
  • SBE7- ⁇ -CD stabilized both R- and S-isomers of budesonide in solutions at both pH 4 and 6.
  • the with/without CAPTISOL ratio of rate constants was much less than 1 at all temperatures.
  • SBE7- ⁇ -CD had a greater effect on the stability of both the R and S-isomer at pH 6 than at pH 4.
  • the ratio of rate constants with/without SBE7- ⁇ -CD was less at pH 6 than at pH 4.
  • SBE7- ⁇ -CD stabilized both isomers, the S-isomer appears to be stabilized to an even greater extent than the R.
  • the ratio of rate constants with/without SBE7- ⁇ -CD was lower for the S isomer.
  • the degree of stabilization affected by SBE7- ⁇ -CD at 60° C. is greater than at 80° C. An even greater degree of stabilization would be expected at 40° C. and/or room temperature (20-30 C).
  • FIG. 12 shows the semi-log plot of the % of initial value remaining as a function of light exposure (light intensity * time).
  • SBE7- ⁇ -CD significantly reduced the photodecomposition of budesonide.
  • the loss of budesonide was first order and independent of pH.
  • Light Stability of Budesonide Pseudo 1st Order Rate constant (hour ⁇ 1 ) pH 4 pH 6 Captisol 0.0585 0.0562 No Captisol 0.0812 0.0822
  • the formulation of the invention can be provided as a kit adapted to form an inhalable solution for nebulization.
  • the kit can comprise a corticosteroid, SAE-CD, an aqueous carrier, and optionally one or more other components.
  • the corticosteroid and SAE-CD can be provided together or separately in solid, suspended or dissolved form. After mixing SAE-CD with corticosteroid in the presence of an aqueous carrier, the solids will dissolve to form an inhalable solution rather than suspension for nebulization.
  • Each component can be provided in an individual container or together with another component.
  • SAE-CD can be provided in an aqueous solution while budesonide is provided in dry solid form or wet suspended form.
  • SAE-CD is provided in dry form and budesonide is provided as an aqueous suspension, e.g., PULMICORT RESPULESTM.
  • the kit can instead comprise an admixture of a solid derivatized cyclodextrin and solid corticosteroid and, optionally, at least one solid pharmaceutical excipient, such that a major portion of the active agent is not complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin prior to reconstitution of the admixture with an aqueous carrier.
  • the composition can comprise a solid mixture comprising the inclusion complex of a derivatized cyclodextrin and an active agent, wherein a major portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin prior to reconstitution of the solid mixture with an aqueous carrier.
  • the aqueous carrier may be a liquid or frozen solid.
  • the kit excludes the aqueous carrier during storage, but the aqueous carrier is added to the SAE-CD and corticosteroid prior to use to form the nebulization solution.
  • the corticosteroid and SAE-CD can be complexed and present in aqueous concentrated form prior to addition of the aqueous carrier, which is later added to bring the solution to volume and proper viscosity and concentration for nebulization.
  • a reconstitutable formulation can be prepared according to any of the following processes. A liquid formulation of the invention is first prepared, then a solid is formed by lyophilization (freeze-drying), spray-drying, spray freeze-drying, antisolvent precipitation, various processes utilizing supercritical or near supercritical fluids, or other methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art to make a solid for reconstitution.
  • Example 29 details a method for the preparation of a lyophilized solid composition comprising corticosteroid and SAE-CD by lyophilization of a liquid composition or formulation of the invention.
  • the lyophilized solid can be dissolved in an aqueous liquid carrier prior to administration via nebulization.
  • the dried powder would provide a stable form for long-term storage and would also be useful to rapidly prepare inhalation compositions on a larger scale, or as an additive to another inhalation solution medication to prepare combination products.
  • liquid composition or formulation of the invention can be administered to the lung, it would also be suitable for nasal, oral, ophthalmic, otic or topical administration.
  • the liquid composition or formulation may also be administered via inhalation using a device such as a pump spray, metered dose inhaler, or pressurized metered dose inhaler. Accordingly, the invention provides a method of treating a corticosteroid-responsive disease or disorder by administration of the liquid to a subject in need of such treatment.
  • a liquid vehicle (carrier) included in a formulation of the invention comprises an aqueous liquid carrier, such as water, aqueous alcohol, propylene glycol, or aqueous organic solvent.
  • aqueous liquid carrier such as water, aqueous alcohol, propylene glycol, or aqueous organic solvent.
  • Example 30 details the preparation of a liquid formulation comprising 20% w/v SAE-CD, corticosteroid, water and ethanol (0-5%). Increasing the concentration of the ethanol in the liquid resulted in a decrease in the maximum saturated solubility of the corticosteroid.
  • the formulation of the present invention may include a conventional preservative, antioxidant, buffering agent, acidifying agent, alkalizing agent, colorant, solubility-enhancing agent, complexation-enhancing agent, electrolyte, glucose, stabilizer, tonicity modifier, bulking agent, antifoaming agent, oil, emulsifying agent, cryoprotectant, plasticizer, flavors, sweeteners, a tonicity modifier, surface tension modifier, viscosity modifier, density modifier, volatility modifier, other excipients known by those of ordinary skill in the art for use in preserved formulations, or a combination thereof.
  • a conventional preservative antioxidant, buffering agent, acidifying agent, alkalizing agent, colorant, solubility-enhancing agent, complexation-enhancing agent, electrolyte, glucose, stabilizer, tonicity modifier, bulking agent, antifoaming agent, oil, emulsifying agent, cryoprotectant, plasticizer, flavors, sweeteners, a tonicity modifier, surface tension modifier, viscosity modifier, density modifier, volatility
  • alkalizing agent is intended to mean a compound used to provide alkaline medium, such as for product stability.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, organic amine base, alkaline amino acids and trolamine and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term “acidifying agent” is intended to mean a compound used to provide an acidic medium for product stability.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetic acid, acidic amino acids, citric acid, fumaric acid and other alpha hydroxy acids, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid and nitric acid and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a conventional preservative in the inhalable solution formulation is optional, since the formulation is self-preserved by SAE-CD depending upon its concentration in solution. Nonetheless, a conventional preservative can be further included in the formulation if desired.
  • Preservatives can be used to inhibit microbial growth in the compositions.
  • the amount of preservative is generally that which is necessary to prevent microbial growth in the composition for a storage period of at least six months.
  • a conventional preservative is a compound used to at least reduce the rate at which bioburden increases, but preferably maintains bioburden steady or reduces bioburden after contamination has occurred.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorobutanol, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric acetate, thimerosal, metacresol, myristylgamma picolinium chloride, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, sorbic acid, thymol, and methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl parabens and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • antioxidant is intended to mean an agent that inhibits oxidation and thus is used to prevent the deterioration of preparations by the oxidative process.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetone, potassium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, hypophophorous acid, monothioglycerol, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium citrate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, thioglycolic acid, EDTA, pentetate, and sodium metabisulfite and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • buffering agent is intended to mean a compound used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali. Buffers are used in the present compositions to adjust the pH to a range of between about 2 and about 8, about 3 to about 7, or about 4 to about 5.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetic acid, sodium acetate, adipic acid, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, boric acid, sodium borate, citric acid, glycine, maleic acid, monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, HEPES, lactic acid, tartaric acid, potassium metaphosphate, potassium phosphate, monobasic sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, tris, sodium tartrate and sodium citrate anhydrous and dihydrate and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • buffers include citric acid/phosphate mixture, acetate, barbital, borate, Britton-Robinson, cacodylate, citrate, collidine, formate, maleate, Mcllvaine, phosphate, Prideaux-Ward, succinate, citrate-phosphate-borate (Teorell-Stanhagen), veronal acetate, MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid), BIS-TRIS (bis(2-hydroxyethyl)imino-tris(hydroxymethyl)methane), ADA (N-(2-acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid), ACES (N-(carbamoylmethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonaic acid), PIPES (piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)), MOPSO (3-(N-morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid), BIS-TRIS PROPANE (1,3-bis(
  • a complexation-enhancing agent can be added to a formulation of the invention. When such an agent is present, the ratio of cyclodextrin/active agent can be changed.
  • a complexation-enhancing agent is a compound, or compounds, that enhance(s) the complexation of the active agent with the cyclodextrin. Suitable complexation enhancing agents include one or more pharmacologically inert water soluble polymers, hydroxy acids, and other organic compounds typically used in liquid formulations to enhance the complexation of a particular agent with cyclodextrins.
  • Hydrophilic polymers can be used as complexation-enhancing, solubility-enhancing and/or water activity reducing agents to improve the performance of formulations containing a cyclodextrin.
  • Loftsson has disclosed a number of polymers suitable for combined use with a cyclodextrin (underivatized or derivatized) to enhance the performance and/or properties of the cyclodextrin.
  • Suitable polymers are disclosed in Pharmazie (2001), 56(9), 746-747 ; International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2001), 212(1), 29-40; Cyclodextrin: From Basic Research to Market, International Cyclodextrin Symposium, 10th, Ann Arbor, Mich., United States, May 21-24, 2000 (2000), 10-15 (Wacker Biochem Corp.: Adrian, Mich.); PCT International Publication No. WO 9942111 ; Pharmazie, 53(11), 733-740 (1998); Pharm. TechnoL Eur., 9(5), 26-34 (1997); J. Pharm. Sci.
  • Suitable polymers are well-known excipients commonly used in the field of pharmaceutical formulations and are included in, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18 th Edition , Alfonso R. Gennaro (editor), Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990, pp. 291-294; Alfred Martin, James Swarbrick and Arthur Commarata, Physical Pharmacy. Physical Chemical Principles in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3 rd edition (Lea & Febinger, Philadelphia, Pa., 1983, pp. 592-638); A. T. Florence and D. Altwood, ( Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 2 nd Edition , MacMillan Press, London, 1988, pp. 281-334.
  • Still other suitable polymers include water-soluble natural polymers, water-soluble semi-synthetic polymers (such as the water-soluble derivatives of cellulose) and water-soluble synthetic polymers.
  • the natural polymers include polysaccharides such as inulin, pectin, algin derivatives (e.g. sodium alginate) and agar, and polypeptides such as casein and gelatin.
  • the semi-synthetic polymers include cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, their mixed ethers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other mixed ethers such as hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and carboxymethylcellulose and its salts, especially sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
  • the synthetic polymers include polyoxyethylene derivatives (polyethylene glycols) and polyvinyl derivatives (polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polystyrene sulfonate) and various copolymers of acrylic acid (e.g. carbomer).
  • Other natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers not named here which meet the criteria of water solubility, pharmaceutical acceptability and pharmacological inactivity are likewise considered to be within the ambit of the present invention.
  • An emulsifying agent is intended to mean a compound that aids the formation of an emulsion.
  • An emulsifier can be used to wet the corticorsteroid and make it more amenable to dissolution.
  • Emulsifiers for use herein include, but are not limited to, polyoxyetheylene sorbitan fatty esters or polysorbates, including, but not limited to, polyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Polysorbate 80), polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), polysorbate 65 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate; lecithins; alginic acid; sodium alginate; potassium alginate; ammonium alginate; calcium alginate; propane-1,2-diol alginate; agar; carrageenan
  • stabilizer is intended to mean a compound used to stabilize the therapeutic agent against physical, chemical, or biochemical process that would reduce the therapeutic activity of the agent.
  • Suitable stabilizers include, by way of example and without limitation, albumin, sialic acid, creatinine, glycine and other amino acids, niacinamide, sodium acetyltryptophonate, zinc oxide, sucrose, glucose, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, polyethylene glycols, sodium caprylate and sodium saccharin and other known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term “tonicity modifier” is intended to mean a compound or compounds that can be used to adjust the tonicity of the liquid formulation.
  • Suitable tonicity modifiers include glycerin, lactose, mannitol, dextrose, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sorbitol, trehalose and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Other tonicity modifiers include both inorganic and organic tonicity adjusting agents.
  • Tonicity modifiers include, but are not limited to, ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium lactate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ascorbic acid, bismuth sodium tartrate, boric acid, calcium chloride, calcium disodium edetate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, citric acid, dextrose, diethanolamine, dimethylsulfoxide, edetate disodium, edetate trisodium monohydrate, fluorescein sodium, fructose, galactose, glycerin, lactic acid, lactose, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, potassium acetate, potassium chlorate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, potassium sulfate, proplyene glycol, silver nitrate, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium biphosphate, sodium
  • An osmotic agent can be used in the compositions to enhance the overall comfort to the patient upon delivery of the corticosteroid composition.
  • Osmotic agents can be added to adjust the tonicity of SAE-CD containing solutions.
  • Osmolality is related to concentration of SAE-CD in water.
  • the solutions are hypotonic or hypoosmotic with respect to blood and at SBE7- ⁇ -CD concentrations above about 11-13% w/v the SBE7- ⁇ -CD containing solutions are hypertonic or hyperosmotic with respect to blood.
  • red blood cells When red blood cells are exposed to solutions that are hypo- or hypertonic, they can shrink or swell in size, which can lead to hemolysis.
  • Suitable osmotic agents include any low molecular weight water-soluble species pharmaceutically approved for pulmonary and nasal delivery such as sodium chloride, lactose and glucose.
  • the formulation of the invention can also include biological salt(s), potassium chloride, or other electrolyte(s).
  • antifoaming agent is intended to mean a compound or compounds that prevents or reduces the amount of foaming that forms on the surface of the liquid formulation.
  • Suitable antifoaming agents include dimethicone, simethicone, octoxynol, ethanol and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term “bulking agent” is intended to mean a compound used to add bulk to the lyophilized product and/or assist in the control of the properties of the formulation during lyophilization.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dextran, trehalose, sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, lactose, inositol, sorbitol, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol, albumin, calcium lactobionate, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • cryoprotectant is intended to mean a compound used to protect an active therapeutic agent from physical or chemical degradation during lyophilization.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, trehalose, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a solubility-enhancing agent can be added to the formulation of the invention.
  • a solubility-enhancing agent is a compound, or compounds, that enhance(s) the solubility of the active agent when in a liquid formulation. When such an agent is present, the ratio of cyclodextrin/active agent can be changed.
  • Suitable solubility enhancing agents include one or more organic solvents, detergents, soaps, surfactant and other organic compounds typically used in parenteral formulations to enhance the solubility of a particular agent.
  • Suitable organic solvents that can be used in the formulation include, for example, ethanol, glycerin, poly(ethylene glycol), propylene glycol, poloxamer, aqueous forms thereof and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • an active agent contained within the present formulation can be present as its pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the active agent is modified by reacting it with an acid or base as needed to form an ionically bound pair.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Suitable non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfonic, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the salts prepared from organic acids such as amino acids, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent active agent which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Lists of other suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17 th . ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, the relevant disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • the term “patient” or “subject” are taken to mean warm blooded animals such as mammals, for example, cats, dogs, mice, guinea pigs, horses, bovine cows, sheep and humans.
  • a formulation of the invention will comprise an active agent present in an effective amount.
  • effective amount is meant the amount or quantity of active agent that is sufficient to elicit the required or desired response, or in other words, the amount that is sufficient to elicit an appreciable biological response when administered to a subject.
  • Cyclodextrin is dissolved in water (or buffer) to form a solution containing a known concentration of cyclodextrin.
  • This solution is mixed with an active agent in solid, suspension, gel, liquid, paste, powder or other form while mixing, optionally while heating to form an inhalable solution.
  • a known amount of substantially dry cyclodextrin is mixed with a known amount of substantially dry active agent.
  • a liquid is added to the mixture to form a suspension, gel, solution, syrup or paste while mixing, optionally while heating and optionally in the presence of one or more other excipients, to form an inhalable solution.
  • a known amount of substantially dry cyclodextrin is added to a suspension, gel, solution, syrup or paste comprising a known amount of active agent while mixing, optionally while heating and optionally in the presence of one or more other excipients, to form an inhalable solution.
  • the methods of this example may be modified by the inclusion of a wetting agent in the composition in order to facilitate dissolution and subsequent inclusion complexation of the corticosteroid.
  • a wetting agent in the composition in order to facilitate dissolution and subsequent inclusion complexation of the corticosteroid.
  • a surfactant, soap, detergent or emulsifying agent can be used as a wetting agent.
  • a solution comprising a known concentration or amount of SAE-CD, aqueous liquid carrier, and optionally one or more other excipients, is added a molar excess of the corticosteroid based upon the molar ratio of SAE-CD to corticosteroid at the point of saturated solubility of the corticosteroid, in the presence of the SAE-CD, as determined herein.
  • corticosteroid would be added at a 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or greater molar excess.
  • the components are mixed until equilibration, the point at which there is only a minor change in the concentration of budesonide over a one-hour period of time. Then, the excess corticosteroid is removed leaving behind the target solution of the invention.
  • the budesonide is added to the SAE-CD-containing solution as either a solid or suspension in an aqueous liquid carrier, which can be water, buffer, aqueous alcohol, aqueous organic solvent or a combination thereof.
  • aqueous liquid carrier can be water, buffer, aqueous alcohol, aqueous organic solvent or a combination thereof.
  • the alcohol and organic solvent are of a pharmaceutically acceptable grade, such as ethanol, propylene glycol, and others as described herein.
  • the SAE-CD and corticosteroid are triturated to form a mixture. Then, an aqueous liquid carrier is added to the mixture form the target solution of the invention.
  • the trituration can be conducted dry or in the presence of moisture, water, buffer, alcohol, surfactant, organic solvent, glycerin, poly(ethylene glycol), poloxamer, or a combination thereof.
  • Any of the methods herein are conducted in the presence of heat, e.g. at a temperature of least 40° C.
  • Any of the methods herein are conducted with cooling, e.g. at a temperature of less than 20° C. or less than 10° C. or less than 5° C.
  • any of the methods herein are conducted in the presence of high shear mixing such as with a sonicator, narrow gauge syringe(s), mixer/homogenizer (POLYTRON from KINEMATICA, Europe; FLUKO, Shanghai, China; ULTIMAGRAL from GEA Niro, Inc., Columbia, Md.), rotor-stator mixer, or saw tooth mixer.
  • high shear mixing such as with a sonicator, narrow gauge syringe(s), mixer/homogenizer (POLYTRON from KINEMATICA, Europe; FLUKO, Shanghai, China; ULTIMAGRAL from GEA Niro, Inc., Columbia, Md.), rotor-stator mixer, or saw tooth mixer.
  • the MMD of nebulized solutions containing SBE7- ⁇ -CD and budesonide was determined as follows.
  • Placebo solutions of three different cyclodextrins were prepared at different concentrations. Two ml of the solutions were added to the cup of a Pari LC Plus nebulizer supplied with air from a Pari Proneb Ultra compressor. The particle size of the emitted droplets was determined using a Malvern Mastersizer S laser light scattering instrument.
  • the stability of liquid formulations containing SAE-CD was determined by HPLC chromatography of aliquots periodically drawn from the liquid in storage.
  • Citrate-phosphate (Mcllvaines) buffer solutions at a pH of 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 were prepared by mixing various portions of 0.01M citric acid with 0.02 M Na 2 HPO 4 . These stock solutions contained 5% w/w Captisol. Approximately 250 ⁇ g/mL of budesonide was dissolved in each buffer solution. Aliquots of the solutions were stored at 40° C., 50° C. and 60° C. Control samples were stored at 5° C. but are not reported here. HPLC analysis of the samples was performed initially and after 1, 2, and 3 months storage.
  • HPLC conditions included: Instrument: PE Series 200 Column: Phenomenex Luna C18(2) 4.6 ⁇ 150 mm 3 um Mobile Phase: 58% Phosphate Buffer pH 3.4/39.5% ACN/2.5% MeOH Mobile Phase Program: 100% A (isocratic) Wavelength 240 Flow Rate: 0.6 mL/min Standard Range: Seven standards - 1 to 500 ⁇ g/mL
  • the viscosity of aqueous solutions containing SAE-CD were measured using a cone and plate viscometer.
  • a Brookfield Programmable DV-III+ Rheometer, CPE-40 cone and CPE 40Y plate (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Middleboro, Mass.) was used to make measurements on 0.5 ml samples at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 rpm. Samples were sheered for approximately 5 revolutions prior to each measurement. This allowed accurate rheological characterization of the samples. The temperature of all samples was equilibrated to 25+/ ⁇ 1 degree centigrade using a double wall viscometer cone supplied with water from an electronically controlled thermostatic circulating water bath (Model, 8001, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.). The viscometer was calibrated using 5 and 50 centipoise using silicon oil calibration standards. Viscosity measurements were made at 5 or more rotation speeds to look for sheer thinning behavior (viscosities that decrease as the rate of sheer increases). Higher rotation speeds result in increased rates of sheer.
  • Nebulizer output rate as a function of SAE-CD concentration was measured according to the following general procedure.
  • a buffer solution containing 3 mM Citrate Buffer and 82 mM NaCl at pH 4.45 is prepared. ⁇ 12.5 grams of CAPTISOL was placed into a 250 ml volumetric flask. ⁇ 62.5 mg of budesonide was placed into the same flask. Flask was made to volume with the 3 mM citrate buffer/82 mM NaCl solution. The flask was well-mixed on a vortexer for 10 minutes and sonicated for 10 minutes. The flask was stirred over weekend with magnetic stirrer. Stirring was stopped after ⁇ 62 hours and flask was revortexed and resonicated again for 10 minutes each.
  • the solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m Durapore Millex-GV Millipore syringe filter unit. The first few drops were discarded before filter rest of solution into an amber glass jar with a Teflon-lined screw cap. Sample concentration was ⁇ 237 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Example 7 The procedure of Example 7 was followed except that 12.5 g of CAPTISOL, 62.5 mg of budesonide and about 250 ml of buffer were used. Sufficient disodium EDTA was added to prepare a solution having an EDTA concentration of about 0.01 or 0.05% wt/v EDTA.
  • the Pulmicort Respules (nominally 2 mL of the suspension)
  • about 50 mg (corrected for water content) of CAPTISOL was added per mL of Respule and mixed or shaken well for several minutes. After standing from about 30 minutes to several hours, the solution was used as is for in vitro characterization.
  • the PULMICORT RESPULE (suspension) also contains the following inactive ingredients per the label: citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, disodium EDTA and polysorbate 80.
  • the inhalable liquid composition prepared according to any of these methods can be used in any known nebulizer.
  • a corticosteroid By converting the suspension to a liquid, an improvement in delivery of budesonide (a corticosteroid) is observed.
  • Clarity of solutions was determined by visual inspection or instrumentally. A clear solution is at least clear by visual inspection with the unaided eye.
  • the following method was used to determine the performance of nebulization compositions emitted from a nebulizer according to FIGS. 10 a - 10 b.
  • test nebulizer Two ml of the test CD solution or Pulmicort suspension was accurately pipetted by volumetric pipettes into a clean nebulizer cup prior to starting each experiment.
  • the test nebulizer was assembled and charged with the test inhalation solution or suspension according to the manufacturer instructions.
  • the end of the mouthpiece was placed at a height of approximately 18 cm from the platform of the MALVERN MASTERSIZER to the middle point of tip of the nebulizer mouthpiece.
  • a vacuum source was positioned opposite the mouthpiece approximately 6 cm away to scavenge aerosol after sizing.
  • the distance between the mouthpiece and the detector was approximately 8 cm.
  • the center of the mouthpiece was level with the laser beam (or adjusted as appropriate, depending on the individual design of each nebulizer).
  • the laser passed through the center of the emitted cloud when the nebulizer was running. Measurements were manually started 15 seconds into nebulization. Data collection started when beam obscuration reached 10% and was averaged over 15,000 sweeps (30 seconds). Scattered light intensity data on the detector rings was modeled using the “Standard-Wet” model. Channels 1 and 2 were killed due to low relative humidity during measurement to prevent beam steering. The volume diameter of droplets defining 10 , 50 (volume median), and 90% of the cumulative volume undersize was determined. (Dv10 is the size below which 10% of the volume of material exists, Dv50 is the size below which 50% of the volume of material exists and Dv90 is the size below which 90% of the volume of material exists.
  • the procedure above may be practiced with slight modification on a MALVERN SPRAYTEC to determine the particle size of droplets emitted by a nebulizer.
  • Solutions of budesonide with and without SBE7- ⁇ -CD were prepared at two different pHs (4 and 6) and stored at 2 different temperatures (60° C. and 80° C.).
  • Citrate buffers (50 mM) at each pH value were prepared by mixing differing portions of 50 mM citric acid and 50 mM sodium citrate (tribasic, dihydrate) solutions.
  • the budesonide was dissolved first in 100% ethyl alcohol. An aliquot of the ethanol/budesonide solution was then added drop-wise with stirring to each buffer solution.
  • the theoretical budesonide concentration was 100 ⁇ g/mL with a final ethanolic content of 5% in each buffer. All solution preps and procedures involving budesonide were done in a darkened room under red light. After shaking solutions for 24 hours, both buffer solutions were filtered through Millipore Millex-GV 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filters to remove any solid that had precipitated (no significant amounts observed) from the solutions. The final budesonide concentration was about 50 ⁇ g/mL. Both the pH 4 and 6 solutions were split in two, and solid SBE7- ⁇ -CD was added to one of the portions to create solutions with and without 1% w/v SBE7- ⁇ -CD at each pH. Each solution was aliquoted into individual amber vials. They were then placed in ovens at 60° C. and 80° C. Sample vials were removed from the ovens and analyzed by HPLC at 0, 96, 164, and 288 hours. The HPLC assay conditions are summarized below.
  • a budesonide solution is prepared per EXAMPLE 9 (mixing SAE-CD with the PULMICORT RESPULES suspension) and added to 3 ml of a solution containing 2.5 mg albuterol (The World Health Organization recommended name for albuterol base is salbutamol) provided as albuterol sulfate.
  • the albuterol solution is commercially available prediluted and sold under the name PROVENTIL® Inhalation Solution, 0.083%, or prepared from a commercially available concentrate 0.5% (sold under the names: PROVENTIL® Solution for inhalation and VENTOLIN® Inhalation Solution).
  • the initial dosing should be based upon body weight (0.1 to 0.15 mg/kg per dose), with subsequent dosing titrated to achieve the desired clinical response. Dosing should not exceed 2.5 mg three to four times daily by nebulization.
  • the appropriate volume of the 0.5% inhalation solution should be diluted in sterile normal saline solution to a total volume of 3 mL prior to administration via nebulization. To provide 2.5 mg, 0.5 mL of the concentrate is diluted to 3 mL with sterile normal saline.
  • the albuterol aqueous solutions also contain benzalkonium chloride; and sulfuric acid is used to adjust the pH to between 3 and 5.
  • an aqueous solution of an appropriate strength of albuterol may be prepared from albuterol sulfate, USP with or without the added preservative benzalkonium chloride and pH adjustment using sulfuric acid may also be unnecessary when combining with the corticosteroid solution.
  • the volume containing the appropriate dose of corticosteroid may be decreased four-fold as described in the following example allowing the total volume to be less and the time of administration to diminish accordingly.
  • a citrate buffer (3 mM pH 4.5) was prepared as follows. Approximately 62.5 mg of citric acid was dissolved in and brought to volume with water in one 100 ml volumetric flask. Approximately 87.7 mg of sodium citrate was dissolved in and brought to volume with water in another 100 mL volumetric flask. In a beaker the sodium citrate solution was added to the citric acid solution until the pH was approximately 4.5.
  • budesonide and 1247.4 mg of Captisol were ground together with a mortar and pestle and transferred to a 10 mL flask. Buffer solution was added, and the mixture was vortexed, sonicated and an additional 1.4 mg budesonide added. After shaking overnight, the solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m Durapore Millex-GV Millipore syringe filter unit. The resulting budesonide concentration was ⁇ 1 mg/ml.
  • budesonide solution Approximately 0.5 ml of the budesonide solution was added to a unit dose of either Proventil (2.5 mg/3 mL) or Xopenex (1.25 mg/3 mL) thereby forming the combination clear liquid dosage form of the invention.
  • the resulting mixture remained essentially clear for a period of at least 17 days at ambient room conditions protected from light.
  • Clinical evaluation of a dosage form according to the invention was conducted by performing gamma scintigraphy analyses on subjects before and after administration of the dosage form by nebulization.
  • a single centre, four-way crossover gamma scintigraphy study to compare pulmonary delivery of budesonide via Pulmicort Respules®, and Captisol-Enabled® budesonide formulations using a Pari LC air-jet nebulizer was conducted.
  • the purpose of the study was to determine, by gamma scintigraphy, the intra-pulmonary deposition of radiolabeled budesonide following nebulization of a budesonide suspension (Pulmicort Respules®, Astra Zeneca, reference formulation) and a Captisol®-Enabled budesonide solution (test formulation) in healthy male volunteers.
  • Dosing was conducted using a Pari LC Plus air-jet nebulizer.
  • the use of gamma scintigraphy in conjunction with radiolabeled study drug and/or vehicle is the standard technique for the quantitative assessment of pulmonary deposition and clearance of inhaled drugs and/or vehicle.
  • the study dosage forms consisted of: 1) 1 mg Budesonide as 2 mL ⁇ 0.5 mg/mL Pulmicort Respules®; or 2) 1 mg Budesonide as 2 mL ⁇ 0.5 mg/mL Pulmicort Respules to which 7.5% w/v Captisol® has been added.
  • a non-randomized design was utilized for this study since the reference formulation (Pulmicort Respule®) must be administered first to all subjects in order to determine the time to sputter (TTS).
  • TTS time to sputter
  • the TTS differed between subjects.
  • the dose administered was controlled by the length of administration, expressed as a fraction of the time to sputter determined following administration of the reference formulation (i.e. 25% TTS, 50% TTS and 75% TTS). It was expected that even though the same concentration of budesonide would be nebulized for a shorter time, the amount of drug reaching the volunteers lungs would be essentially the same as the reference suspension for one of the legs of the study. Scintigraphic images were acquired using a gamma camera immediately after completion of dosing the volunteers.
  • One aspect of the method and dosage form of the invention thus provides an improved method of administering a corticosteroid suspension-based unit dose, the method comprising the step of adding a sufficient amount of SAE-CD to convert the suspension to a clear solution and then administering the clear solution to a subject.
  • the method of the invention provides increased rate of administration as well as increased total pulmonary delivery of the corticosteroid as compared to the initial unit dose suspension formulation.
  • BDP beclomethasone dipropionate
  • B17P beclomethasone 17-monopropionate
  • B21P beclomethasone 21-monopropionate
  • beclomethasone unesterifed
  • BDP, B17P and B21P were obtained from Hovione.
  • Beclomethasone was obtained from Spectrum Chemicals.
  • CAPTISOL, SBE(3.4) ⁇ -CD, SBE(5.23) ⁇ -CD and SBE(6.1) ⁇ -CD were provided by CyDex, Inc. (Lenexa, Kans.).
  • ⁇ -CD was obtained from Wacker Chemical Co.
  • SBE(5.24) ⁇ -CD and SBE(7.5) ⁇ -CD were provided by the University of Kansas.
  • a 0.04M solution of each selected CD was prepared.
  • Beclomethasone forms were weighed in amounts in excess of the anticipated solubilities directly into 2-dram Teflon-lined screw-capped vials. These amounts typically provided approximately 6 mg/mL of solids. Each vial then received 2 ml of the appropriate CD solution. The vials were vortexed and sonicated for about 10 minutes to aid in wetting the solids with the fluid. The vials were then wrapped in aluminum foil to protect from light and placed on a lab quake for equilibration. The vials were visually inspected periodically to assure that the solids were adequately being wetted and in contact with the fluid. The time points for sampling were at 24 hrs for all samples and 72 hours for BDP only.
  • Solutions of SBE(6.1) ⁇ -CD were prepared at 0.04, 0.08, and 0.1M and solutions of SBE (5.23) ⁇ -CD were prepared at only 0.04 and 0.08M.
  • Beclomethasone dipropionate was weighed in amounts in excess of the anticipated solubilities directly into 2-dram teflon-lined screw-capped vials. These amounts typically provided approximately 2 mg/mL of solids.
  • the vials were vortexed and sonicated for about 10 minutes to aid in wetting the solids with the fluid.
  • the vials were then wrapped in aluminum foil to protect from light and placed on a lab quake for a five-day equilibration.
  • the vials were centrifuged and 1 ml of the supernatant removed.
  • the removed supernatant was then filtered using the Durapore PVDF 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter (discarded first few drops), and diluted with the mobile phase to an appropriate concentration within the standard curve.
  • the samples were then analyzed by HPLC to determine concentration of solubilized corticosteroid.
  • Formoterol fumarate dry powder is blended with Captisol dry powder which are both sized appropriately to provide for content uniformity at a weight ratio of 12 mcg formoterol fumarate/100 mg Captisol.
  • An amount of powder blend corresponding to a unit dose of formoterol fumarate is placed in a suitable unit dose container such as a HPMC capsule for later use or is added directly to a unit dose of Pulmicort Respules budesonide inhalation suspension (500 mcg/2 mL), then mixed to achieve dissolution of all solids (a clear solution) and placed in the nebulizer reservoir for administration.
  • a budesonide solution is prepared as per EXAMPLE 9 and added to a ipratropium bromide solution that is commercially available and sold under the name ATROVENT® Inhalation Solution Unit Dose.
  • ATROVENT® (ipratropium bromide) Inhalation Solution is 500 mcg (1 unit dose Vial) administered three to four times a day by oral nebulization, with doses 6 to 8 hours apart.
  • ATROVENT® inhalation solution unit dose Vials contain 500 mcg ipratropium bromide anhydrous in 2.5 ml sterile, preservative-free, isotonic saline solution, pH-adjusted to 3.4 (3 to 4) with hydrochloric acid.
  • the volume containing the appropriate dose of corticosteroid may be decreased four-fold as described in the above example (budesonide concentrate ⁇ 1 mg/mL) allowing the total volume to be less and the time of administration to diminish accordingly.
  • the AERONEB GO nebulizer (AEROGEN Inc., Mountainview, Calif.) is detailed in U.S. Pregrant Publication No. 2005-011514 to Power et al. (U.S. application Ser. No. 10/833,932 filed Apr. 27, 2004), PCT International Publication No. WO 2005/009323 to Aerogen, Inc. et al. (PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/021268 filed Jul. 6, 2004), and European Application No. EP 16426276, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the RAINDROP nebulizer is available from Nellcor (Tyco Healthcare).
  • Aerosol characterization was conducted by standard in vitro inertial impaction tests using an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI).
  • Technetium-99m 99m Tc
  • DTPA diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid
  • CEBUD Captisol-Enabled® Budesonide Inhalation Solution
  • the suitability of 99m Tc-DTPA to function as a surrogate for budesonide in CEBUD preparations was validated in the course of an earlier clinical trial (see Example 17).
  • Preparation of the budesonide solution formulation for testing was conducted as per the description below. It was calculated that approximately 10 MBq of 99m Tc should be added to the budesonide formulation (11.05 g) on the day of testing, in order to provide sufficient activity for in vitro imaging.
  • Two Pari electronic vibrating membrane nebulizers were used. At the core of this electronic nebulizer is a stainless steel membrane with thousands of laser drilled holes. Laser drilling allows flexibility to customize particle size, ensure reproducibility, and maintain a high output rate with smaller particles. The perforated membrane is vibrated at high frequencies in a resonant “bending” mode which yields high particle output rates.
  • the nebulizer provides rapid drug delivery, efficiency, ideal particle sizing, low residual volume, and optimal performance matched to the inhaled drug formulation (See Rajiv Dhand, Respiratory Care 2002;(12): 1406-1416). Approximately 0.5 mL of drug solution was loaded and subsequently delivered via each nebulizer on 3 separate occasions. Runs 1 , 3 and 5 were conducted with Device 1 and runs 2 , 4 and 6 were conducted with Device 2 .
  • the filled nebulizer was imaged for 60 seconds on Head I of the dual head gamma camera (Axis, Philips Medical Systems). Also, the nebulizers were weighed before and after addition of the budesonide formulation.
  • the nebulizer was positioned at the USP (United States Pharmacopoeia) inlet of the ACI and a flow rate of 28.3 L/min was drawn through the impactor using a vacuum pump. Flow through the impactor was started prior to activation of the electronic nebulizer. A stopwatch was used in order to measure the duration of dose delivery.
  • USP United States Pharmacopoeia
  • the ACI test conditions were the same as those used for Pari LC Plus air-jet nebulizer evaluation in the course of the earlier clinical study.
  • the nebulizer weight was recorded after delivery of the dose.
  • the nebulizer was imaged as described below.
  • a rectangular ROI was applied to image to the nebulizer pre-dose. This ROI was then re-applied to image the nebulizer after dose delivery.
  • a rectangular ROI was also applied to the USP Inlet image.
  • a circular ROI was drawn around collection plate 0, copied and placed around plate 1. This was repeated for plates 2-7 and the filter. A rectangular ROI was also drawn to assess the background counts. Raw counts were corrected for background activity and adjusted to counts per minute (cpm).
  • Aerosol performance is characterized in the table, in terms of the fine particle fraction (FPF) i.e. % emitted dose with a particle size ⁇ 5.8 ⁇ m, mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation (GSD) and the nebulization delivery time.
  • FPF fine particle fraction
  • MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter
  • GSD geometric standard deviation
  • the mixture was vortexed briefly to disperse and dissolve the Captisol®. Then placed on a roller-bed mixer and allowed to mix for two-four or several hours. Aliquots of the equilibrated mixture were used to recover any budesonide retained in the original Respule container, and the recombined together. The mixture was the further equilibrated overnight ( ⁇ 20 hours) on the roller-bed mixer. After visually checking that all the suspended solids had dissolved, the required volume of 99m Tc-D5PA/saline solution (provided by Medical Physical Department, UHW) was added. So about 180 ⁇ l of the Radiolabel solution was added to the Captisol-Enabled® Budesonide Inhalation Solution and vortexed briefly.
  • coritcosteroid solutions containing SAECD was determined by HPLC chromatography of aliquots from equilibrated filtered or centrifuged corticosteroid solutions as follows.
  • SAE-CD/steroid solutions were prepared by weighing dry solids of SAE-CD (to provide 0.04 molar) and excess steroid drug (6 mg/mL) together into a screw-capped vial. A volume of water was aliquoted to each vial (separate vial for each steroid). Intrinsic solubility was determined by weighing excess steroid (6 mg/mL) and adding a volume of water in the absence of CD. Vials were capped, initially vortexed and sonicated.
  • Vials were then placed on a roller-mixer (model: SRT2; Manufacturer: Stuart Scientific; Serial number: R000100052) or rocker/mixer (Model: LabQuake; Manufacturer: Barnstead/Thermolyne; Serial number: 1104010438202). Higher excesses of solid steroid (up to 10 mg/mL) were then added to any vial where the liquid contents clarified overnight (e.g. prednisolone, hydrocortisone, and prednisone). Samples were rolled and mixed on the roller or rocker for 72 hours. At various times during the equilibration, samples were additionally vortexed or sonicated briefly (up to 30 minutes).
  • samples were filtered (0.22 ⁇ m, 25 mm, Duropore-PVDF, manufacturer: Millipore) into clean vials except for the intrinsic solubility sample for Beclomethasone Dipropionate which was centrifuged and the supernatant transferred to a clean vial. Samples were analyzed by conventional HPLC methods.
  • a formulation of this kind can be prepared according to other examples herein containing a combination of corticosteroid, SAE-CD and a second therapeutic agent.
  • a stock solution containing CAPTISOL (40.0 g), water (1 L), citric acid (387.6 mg), sodium citrate (519.6 mg), EDTA (120 mg), and NaCl (6.36 mg) was prepared by mixing the components together.
  • Budesonide (37.5 mg) and albuterol sulfate (150 mg) were added to an aliquot (150 ml) of the stock solution and mixed on a roller mixer at ambient temperature until dissolution of all components. The final solution was clear, however, it could be filtered if needed.
  • the final concentration of components in the formulation was as follows: CAPTISOL (0.018 M); budesonide (5.9 mM or 254 ⁇ g/ml); and albuterol sulfate (1 mg/ml).
  • the droplet size distribution of an aerosolized solution of the invention was characterized using an NGI cascade impactor. Approximately 0.5 mL of the 1000 ⁇ g/mL was placed into a nebulizer, such as the AERONEB GO. The vacuum pump associated with the impactor was turn on. The nebulizer mouthpiece was positioned into the center of the USP induction port and sealed to it with parafilm. The nebulizer was turned on until no more vapors were visible. Collection continued for an additional 45 seconds to ensure complete collection of the sample. Vacuum was turned off and the impactor disassembled. The collection cups at each stage were extracted with known volumes of HPLC mobile phase and assayed for budesonide. The cumulative amount of budesonide on each stage was quantified. The percent of drug exiting the nebulizer was 81%, and the percent of drug in the fine particle fraction ( ⁇ 5 ⁇ m) was 66%.
  • a dose collection apparatus was constructed with a 300 ml glass filter unit of the type used to filter HPLC mobile phases.
  • a specially fabricated Plexiglas lid covered the reservoir and had an opening to admit aerosol into the reservoir.
  • the reservoir tapered towards a glass fiber filter supported by a metal mesh.
  • the mesh was contained in a conical glass housing that terminated in a glass tube, which was attached to a flow controller and vacuum pump.
  • the reservoir and filter support housing were clamped together. Two filters were sandwiched together in the apparatus to collect the emitted aerosol. This was necessary to avoid saturation of the filter, which can result in it tearing with subsequent drug loss into the vacuum, and changes in airflow rate over the course of aerosol collection.
  • nebulization was judged by intermittent aerosol output and/or a change in pitch of the nebulizer sound.
  • air was drawn into the filter faster than it was ejected from the nebulizers.
  • a flow rate of 15 ⁇ 5% l/min was deemed satisfactory. This was regulated by a TPK flow controller (Copley Instruments, 4312) and vacuum pump, and confirmed before each experiment using a calibrated flow meter.
  • a 3 mM citrate buffer at pH 4.5 was added to 2 grams of CAPTISOL and 25 mg of budesonide in a serum vial to make the final volume 10 mL.
  • the suspension was well mixed by vortexing and sonication.
  • a 20% stock solution of CAPTISOL without budesonide was also prepared in 3 mM citrate buffer. These mixtures, along with the buffer were sealed in separate vials and autoclaved using the 20-minute hold at 121° C. cycle.
  • HPLC analysis of the clear budesonide solution showed the concentration was 2100 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the 20% CAPTISOL stock solution was used to dilute the sample to 2000 ⁇ g/mL.
  • a portion of the above resulting solution was optionally diluted with an equal volume of the 3 mM citrate buffer.
  • HPLC analysis showed the final concentration was 990 ⁇ g of budesonide/mL.
  • the Tween could be added to the above solution as follows.
  • a solution of 0.02% Tween was prepared with the autoclaved buffer only solution to form a Tween stock solution for use as a diluent for the above solutions.
  • the dilutions for the 10% captisol/1 mg/mL budesonide were done by weight.
  • Approximately 9 grams of the 20% captsiol/2000 ⁇ g/mL was mixed with ⁇ 9 grams of either the autoclaved buffer only solution or the autoclaved buffer/0.02% Tween solution. These solutions were well-mixed, filtered and reassayed by HPLC.
  • the budesonide concentrations of the above formulations were found to be 986 ⁇ g/mL for the solution without Tween and 962 ⁇ g/mL for the solution with Tween.
  • the solutions can be nebulized with any nebulizer; however, with an AERx nebulizer, an initial sample volume of 50 ⁇ l can be used. Administration of this solution with the nebulizer makes it feasible for a therapeutic dose to be administered to a subject in a single puff (a single full inhalation by a subject) via nebulization.
  • budesonide 3.5 mg/mL
  • 3 mM citrate buffer containing 0.1 mg/mL EDTA 3 mM citrate buffer containing 0.1 mg/mL EDTA.
  • an additional 1 mg/mL budesonide was added and equilibrated an additional 4 days.
  • the preparation was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ Durapore filter and placed in three stainless steel trays in a freeze dryer. The solution was frozen at ⁇ 30° C. for one hour and lyophilized over 30 hours to remove essentially all the water. The lyophile was powdered, screened and the powder transferred to a plastic bottle.
  • the final composition contained 8.2 mg budesonide per gram of powder.
  • Captisol/Ethanol solutions were prepared by making a stock captisol solution at 22.2% ( ⁇ 0.1 M) w/v which was diluted with either ethanol or water in varying amounts to create four solutions of 0, 1, 2, 5% ethanol and about 20% w/v Captisol.
  • Captisol/Ethanol/Budesonide solutions were prepared by adding dry Budesonide (2.5 mg/mL) to a volume of the prepared Captisol/ethanol solutions and then these were equilibrated on a Labquake for 72 hours. These solutions were filtered (Duropore syringe filters) and analyzed by HPLC to determine the concentration ( ⁇ g/ml) of budesonide dissolved in the formulation.

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Priority Applications (31)

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US11/479,979 US20070020299A1 (en) 2003-12-31 2006-06-30 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
NZ597354A NZ597354A (en) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
KR1020087031723A KR101691222B1 (ko) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 술포알킬 에테르 시클로덱스트린 및 코르티코스테로이드를 함유한 흡입용 제형
CN2011102267579A CN102319231A (zh) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 含有磺基烷基醚环糊精以及皮质甾类的吸入制剂
CN200680055726A CN101636144A (zh) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 含有磺基烷基醚环糊精以及皮质甾类的吸入制剂
PCT/US2006/062346 WO2008005053A1 (en) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
US11/613,187 US20070202054A1 (en) 2003-12-31 2006-12-19 Inhalant Formulation Containing Sulfoalkyl Ether Cyclodextrin and Corticosteroid
KR1020167016536A KR101807726B1 (ko) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 술포알킬 에테르 시클로덱스트린 및 코르티코스테로이드를 함유한 흡입용 제형
RU2009102994/15A RU2009102994A (ru) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 Ингаляционная композиция, содержащая сульфоалкиловый эфир циклодекстрина и кортикостероид
AU2006345712A AU2006345712A1 (en) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
CA002656318A CA2656318A1 (en) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
EP06850326A EP2043599A4 (en) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 SULFOALKYL ETHERCYCLODEXTRIN AND CORTICOSTEROID CONTAINING INHALATION SUB-FORMULATION
KR20157009220A KR20150043563A (ko) 2006-06-30 2006-12-19 술포알킬 에테르 시클로덱스트린 및 코르티코스테로이드를 함유한 흡입용 제형
JP2009518094A JP2009542649A (ja) 2006-06-30 2006-12-20 スルホアルキルエーテルシクロデキストリンおよびコルチコステロイドを含む吸入製剤
BRPI0621773-7A BRPI0621773A2 (pt) 2006-06-30 2006-12-20 uso de uma formulação compreendendo ciclodextrina de éter de sulfoalquila e corticosteróide, e método para a preparação da referida formulação
MX2009000065A MX2009000065A (es) 2006-06-30 2006-12-20 Formulacion inhalante que contiene eter sulfoalquilico-ciclodextri na y un corticosteroide.
PCT/US2007/072387 WO2008005802A2 (en) 2006-06-30 2007-06-28 Nasal formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
PCT/US2007/072442 WO2008005819A2 (en) 2006-06-30 2007-06-29 Ophthalmic formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
CA2728386A CA2728386C (en) 2006-06-30 2008-06-30 Nasal and ophthalmic delivery of aqueous corticosteroid solutions
IL196185A IL196185A0 (en) 2006-06-30 2008-12-25 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
US12/904,897 US20110123518A1 (en) 2003-12-31 2010-10-14 Inhalant Formulation Containing Sulfoalkyl Ether Cyclodextrin and Corticosteroid
US13/015,959 US20110251157A1 (en) 2003-12-31 2011-01-28 Inhalant Formulation Containing Sulfoalkyl Ether Cyclodextrin and Corticosteroid
RU2011104059/15A RU2011104059A (ru) 2006-06-30 2011-02-04 Ингаляционная композиция, содержащая сульфоалкиловый эфир циклодекстрина и кортикостероид
US13/586,380 US9827324B2 (en) 2003-12-31 2012-08-15 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
US13/676,744 US10159752B2 (en) 2003-12-31 2012-11-14 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
JP2014096717A JP2014159467A (ja) 2006-06-30 2014-05-08 鼻および眼へのコルチコステロイド水溶液送達
JP2017088045A JP6409090B2 (ja) 2006-06-30 2017-04-27 鼻および眼へのコルチコステロイド水溶液送達
US15/817,056 US10207008B2 (en) 2003-12-31 2017-11-17 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
JP2018175728A JP2019006818A (ja) 2006-06-30 2018-09-20 鼻および眼へのコルチコステロイド水溶液送達
US16/210,561 US10799599B2 (en) 2003-12-31 2018-12-05 Inhalant formulation containing sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and corticosteroid
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