US20060222955A1 - Battery - Google Patents

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Publication number
US20060222955A1
US20060222955A1 US11/278,571 US27857106A US2006222955A1 US 20060222955 A1 US20060222955 A1 US 20060222955A1 US 27857106 A US27857106 A US 27857106A US 2006222955 A1 US2006222955 A1 US 2006222955A1
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Prior art keywords
anode
cathode
battery
lithium
separator
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Abandoned
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US11/278,571
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English (en)
Inventor
Kenichi Ogawa
Hiroyuki Akashi
Kumiko Takagi
Tomitaro Hara
Yoshiaki Obana
Yosuke Hosoya
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Sony Corp
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Sony Corp
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Assigned to SONY CORPORATION reassignment SONY CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TAKAGI, KUMIKO, AKASHI, HIROYUKI, HOSOYA, YOSUKE, OBANA, YOSHIAKI, HARA, TOMITARO, OGAWA, KENICHI
Publication of US20060222955A1 publication Critical patent/US20060222955A1/en
Priority to US14/796,399 priority Critical patent/US9985262B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
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    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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    • H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
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    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
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    • H01M50/423—Polyamide resins
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    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
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    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
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    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
    • H01M2200/106—PTC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M2200/20—Pressure-sensitive devices
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
    • H01M50/491—Porosity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention contains subject matter related to Japanese Patent Application JP 2005-107782 filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Apr. 4, 2005, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.
  • the present invention relates to a battery using a separator made of polyolefin and the like.
  • lithium ion secondary batteries In view of the occupied volume and the weight of the battery built in the electronic devices, a higher battery energy density is more desirable. In these days, since lithium ion secondary batteries have a superior energy density, the lithium ion secondary battery is built in most devices.
  • lithium cobaltate is used for the cathode
  • a carbon material is used for the anode
  • the operating voltage is used in the range from 4.2 V to 2.5 V.
  • ability to increase the terminal voltage up to 4.2 V highly depends on superior chemical stability of the nonaqueous electrolyte material, the separator and the like.
  • the present invention it is desirable to provide a battery setting the charging voltage over 4.2 V, which is capable of improving battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics and high temperature storage characteristics.
  • a battery in which a cathode and an anode are oppositely arranged with a separator in between, wherein an open circuit voltage in a full charge state per a pair of the cathode and the anode is in the range from 4.25 V to 6.00 V, and at least part of the cathode side of the separator is made of at least one from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and aramid.
  • the open circuit voltage in full charge is in the range from 4.25 V to 6.00 V
  • a high energy density can be obtained.
  • at least part of the cathode side of the separator is made of at least one from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and aramid
  • chemical stability of the separator can be improved, and occurrence of micro short circuit can be inhibited. Therefore, the energy density can be improved, and the battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics and high temperature storage characteristics can be improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross section showing a structure of a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section showing an enlarged part of a spirally wound electrode body in the secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing a structure of a secondary battery according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross section taken along line I-I of a spirally wound electrode body shown in FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a characteristics diagram showing float characteristics in secondary batteries fabricated in examples.
  • FIG. 6 is a characteristics diagram showing cycle characteristics in a secondary battery fabricated in an example.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross sectional structure of a secondary battery according to a first embodiment.
  • the secondary battery is a so-called lithium ion secondary battery, in which lithium (Li) is used as an electrode reactant, and the anode capacity is expressed by the capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium.
  • the secondary battery is a so-called cylinder type battery, and has a spirally wound electrode body 20 , in which a pair of a strip-shaped cathode 21 and a strip-shaped anode 22 is wound with a separator 23 in between, inside a battery can 11 in the shape of approximately hollow cylinder.
  • the battery can 11 is made of, for example, iron (Fe) plated by nickel (Ni) and one end thereof is closed, and the other end thereof is opened.
  • a pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 is respectively arranged perpendicular to the spirally wound periphery face, so that the spirally wound electrode body 20 is sandwiched between the insulating plates 12 and 13 .
  • a battery cover 14 At the open end of the battery can 11 , a battery cover 14 , and a safety valve mechanism 15 and a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) device 16 provided inside the battery cover 14 are attached by being caulked through a gasket 17 . Inside of the battery can 11 is thereby hermetically sealed.
  • the battery cover 14 is made of, for example, a material similar to that of the battery can 11 .
  • the safety valve mechanism 15 is electrically connected to the battery cover 14 through the PTC device 16 .
  • a disk plate 15 A flips to cut the electrical connection between the battery cover 14 and the spirally wound electrode body 20 .
  • the PTC device 16 limits a current by increasing the resistance value to prevent abnormal heat generation by a large current.
  • the gasket 17 is made of, for example, an insulating material and its surface is coated with asphalt.
  • the spirally wound electrode body 20 is wound centering on a center pin 24 .
  • a cathode lead 25 made of aluminum (Al) or the like is connected to the cathode 21 of the spirally wound electrode body 20 .
  • An anode lead 26 made of nickel or the like is connected to the anode 22 .
  • the cathode lead 25 is electrically connected to the battery cover 14 by being welded to the safety valve mechanism 15 .
  • the anode lead 26 is welded and electrically connected to the battery can 11 .
  • FIG. 2 shows an enlarged part of the spirally wound electrode body 20 shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the cathode 21 has a structure in which, for example, a cathode active material layer 21 B is provided on the both faces of a cathode current collector 21 A having a pair of opposed faces. Though not shown, the cathode active material layer 21 B may be provided on only one face of the cathode current collector 21 A.
  • the cathode current collector 21 A is made of a metal foil such as an aluminum foil.
  • the cathode active material layer 21 B contains, for example, as a cathode active material, one or more cathode materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium. If necessary, the cathode active material layer 21 B contains an electrical conductor such as graphite and a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • a lithium-containing compound such as a lithium oxide, a lithium phosphorous oxide, a lithium sulfide, and an intercalation compound containing lithium is appropriate. Two or more thereof may be used by mixing.
  • a lithium-containing compound which contains lithium, transition metal elements, and oxygen (O) is preferable.
  • a lithium-containing compound which contains at least one from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), nickel, manganese (Mn), and iron as a transition metal element is more preferable.
  • lithium-containing compound examples include a lithium complex oxide having a bedded salt structure shown in Chemical formula 1, Chemical formula 2, or Chemical formula 3; a lithium complex oxide having a spinel structure shown in Chemical formula 4; a lithium complex phosphate having an olivine structure shown in Chemical formula 5 or the like.
  • LiNi 0.50 CO 0.20 Mn 0.30 O 2 Li a CoO 2 (a ⁇ 1), Li b NiO 2 (b ⁇ 1), Li c1 Ni c2 Co 1-c2 O 2 (c1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ c2 ⁇ 1), Li d Mn 2 O 4 (d ⁇ 1), Li e FePO 4 (e ⁇ 1) or the like can be cited.
  • M1 represents at least one from the group consisting of cobalt, magnesium (Mg), aluminum, boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and tungsten (W).
  • f, g, h, j, and k are values in the range of 0.8 ⁇ f ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ h ⁇ 0.5, g+h ⁇ 1, ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ j ⁇ 0.2, and 0 ⁇ k ⁇ 0.1.
  • the composition of lithium varies according to charge and discharge states.
  • a value of f represents the value in a full discharge state.
  • M2 represents at least one from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium, and tungsten.
  • m, n, p, and q are values in the range of 0.8 ⁇ m ⁇ 1.2, 0.005 ⁇ n ⁇ 0.5, ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.2, and 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.1.
  • the composition of lithium varies according to charge and discharge states.
  • a value of m represents the value in a full discharge state.
  • M3 represents at least one from the group consisting of nickel, manganese, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium, and tungsten.
  • r, s, t, and u are values in the range of 0.8 ⁇ r ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.5, ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ t ⁇ 0.2, and 0 ⁇ u ⁇ 0.1.
  • the composition of lithium varies according to charge and discharge states.
  • a value of r represents the value in a full discharge state.
  • M4 represents at least one from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium, and tungsten.
  • v, w, x, and y are values in the range of 0.9 ⁇ v ⁇ 1.1, 0 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.6, 3.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 4.1, and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.1.
  • the composition of lithium varies according to charge and discharge states.
  • a value of v represents the value in a full discharge state.
  • M5 represents at least one from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, iron, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, niobium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, calcium, strontium, tungsten, and zirconium.
  • z is a value in the range of 0.9 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.1. The composition of lithium varies according to charge and discharge states. A value of z represents the value in a full discharge state.
  • an inorganic compound not containing lithium such as MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , NiS, and MoS can be cited.
  • the anode 22 has a structure in which an anode active material layer 22 B is provided on the both faces of an anode current collector 22 A having a pair of opposed faces. Though not shown, the anode active material layer 22 B may be provided only on one face of the anode current collector 22 A.
  • the anode current collector 22 A is made of, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil
  • the anode active material layer 22 B contains, as an anode active material, one or more anode materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium. If necessary, the anode active material layer 22 B contains a binder similar to of the cathode active material layer 21 B.
  • the electrochemical equivalent of the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is larger than the electrochemical equivalent of the cathode 21 .
  • lithium metal is not precipitated on the anode 22 .
  • the open circuit voltage when fully charged (that is, battery voltage) is designed to fall within the range from 4.25 V to 6.00 V. Therefore, the lithium extraction amount per unit weight is larger than in the battery in which the open circuit voltage when fully charged is 4.20 V even though the same cathode active material is used. Accordingly, the amounts of the cathode active material and the anode active material are adjusted. Thereby, a higher energy density can be obtained.
  • anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium for example, a carbon material such as non-graphitizable carbon, graphitizable carbon, graphite, pyrolytic carbons, cokes, glassy carbons, an organic high molecular weight compound fired body, carbon fiber, and activated carbon can be cited.
  • cokes include pitch cokes, needle cokes, petroleum cokes and the like.
  • the organic high molecular weight compound fired body is obtained by firing and carbonizing a high molecular weight material such as a phenol resin and a furan resin at an appropriate temperature, and some of them are categorized as non-graphitizable carbon or graphitizable carbon.
  • polyacetylene, polypyrrole or the like can be cited.
  • These carbon materials are preferable, since a change in the crystal structure occurred in charge and discharge is very small, a high charge and discharge capacity can be obtained, and favorable cycle characteristics can be obtained.
  • graphite is preferable, since the electrochemical equivalent is large, and a high energy density can be obtained.
  • non-graphitizable carbon is preferable since superior characteristics can be obtained.
  • a material with a low charge and discharge potential, specifically a material with the charge and discharge potential close to of lithium metal is preferable, since a high energy density of the battery can be easily realized.
  • anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium a material which is capable of inserting and extracting lithium, and contains at least one of metal elements and metalloid elements as an element can be also cited.
  • a high energy density can be obtained.
  • such a material is more preferably used together with a carbon material, since a high energy density can be obtained, and superior cycle characteristics can be obtained.
  • Such an anode material may be a simple substance, an alloy, or a compound of a metal element or a metalloid element, or may have one or more phases thereof at least in part.
  • alloys include an alloy containing one or more metal elements and one or more metalloid elements, in addition to an alloy including two or more metal elements. Further, an alloy may contain nonmetallic elements. The texture thereof includes a solid solution, a eutectic crystal (eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, and a tecture in which two or more thereof coexist.
  • a metal element or a metalloid element composing the anode material for example, magnesium, boron, aluminum, gallium (Ga), indium (In), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin, lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), silver (Ag), zinc, hafnium (Hf), zirconium, yttrium (Y), palladium (Pd), or platinum (Pt) can be cited. They may be crystalline or amorphous.
  • anode material a material containing a metal element or a metalloid element of Group 4B in the short period periodic table as an element is preferable.
  • a material containing at least one of silicon and tin as an element is particularly preferable. Silicon and tin have a high ability to insert and extract lithium, and can obtain a high energy density.
  • an alloy of tin for example, an alloy containing at least one from the group consisting of silicon, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, indium, silver, titanium (Ti), germanium, bismuth, antimony (Sb), and chromium as a second element other than tin can be cited.
  • an alloy of silicon for example, an alloy containing at least one from the group consisting of tin, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, indium, silver, titanium, germanium, bismuth, antimony, and chromium as a second element other than silicon can be cited.
  • a compound of tin or a compound of silicon for example, a compound containing oxygen (O) or carbon (C) can be cited.
  • the compound may contain the foregoing second element.
  • anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium other metal compound or a high molecular weight material can be further cited.
  • an oxide such as MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , and V 6 O 13 ; a sulfide such as NiS and MoS; or a lithium nitride such as LiN 3 can be cited.
  • a high molecular weight material polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole or the like can be cited.
  • the separator 23 has a base material layer 23 A and a surface layer 23 B provided on the face of the base material layer 23 A, which is opposed to the cathode 21 , or the both faces of the base material layer 23 A.
  • the surface layer 23 B may be provided on the entire surface or on part of the surface of the base material layer 23 A. In FIG. 2 , the surface layer 23 B is provided only on the face of the base material layer 23 A, which is opposed to the cathode 21 .
  • the base material layer 23 A is made of, for example, a porous film made of a synthetic resin such as polypropylene and polyethylene.
  • the base material layer 23 A may have a structure in which two or more porous films as the foregoing porous films are layered.
  • the polyolefin porous film is preferable since the polyolefin porous film has a superior short circuit prevention effect and is capable of improving safety of the battery by shut down effect.
  • polyethylene is preferable, since polyethylene obtains shutdown effects in the range from 100 deg C. to 160 deg C. and has superior chemical stability.
  • polypropylene is also preferable.
  • such a resin may be used by being copolymerized with polyethylene or polypropylene, or by being blended with polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • the surface layer 23 B contains at least one from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and aramid. Thereby, chemical stability is improved, and occurrence of micro short circuit is inhibited.
  • the base material layer 23 A may be formed from polypropylene, and is structured as a monolayer.
  • the thickness of the surface layer 23 B on the side opposed to the cathode 21 is preferably in the range from 0.1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m. When the thickness is small, the effect of inhibiting occurrence of micro short circuit is small. Meanwhile, when the thickness is large, the ion conductivity is lowered, and the volume capacity is lowered.
  • the thickness of the separator 23 is preferably in the range from 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m. When the thickness is small, short circuit may occur. Meanwhile, when the thickness is large, the ion conductivity is lowered, and the volume capacity is lowered.
  • the air permeability of the separator 23 is preferably in the range from 200 sec/100 cm 3 to 600 sec/100 cm 3 as a value converting to the thickness of 20 ⁇ m. When the air permeability is low, short circuit may occur. Meanwhile, when the air permeability is high, the ion conductivity is lowered.
  • the porosity of the separator 23 is preferably in the range from 30% to 60%. When the porosity is low, the ion conductivity is lowered.
  • the piercing strength of the separator 23 is preferably in the range from 0.020 N/cm 2 to 0.061 N/cm 2 as a value converting to the thickness of 20 ⁇ m.
  • the piercing strength is low, short circuit may occur.
  • the piercing strength is high, the ion conductivity is lowered.
  • the electrolytic solution as a liquid electrolyte is impregnated in the separator 23 .
  • the electrolytic solution contains, for example, a solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the solvent.
  • a cyclic ester carbonate such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate
  • ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are preferably used.
  • the mixture of the both is more preferably used. Thereby, cycle characteristics can be improved.
  • a chain ester carbonate such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and methyl propyl carbonate is preferably mixed with the foregoing cyclic ester carbonate.
  • 2,4-difluoro anisole or vinylene carbonate is preferably contained.
  • 2,4-difluoro anisole can improve the discharge capacity, and vinylene carbonate can improve the cycle characteristics. Therefore, a mixture of 2,4-difluoro anisole and vinylene carbonate is preferably used, since the discharge capacity and the cycle characteristics can be improved.
  • butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolan, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, methoxy acetonitrile, 3-methoxy propylonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrolidinone, N-methyl oxazolidinone, N,N-dimethyl imidazolidinone, nitromethane, nitroethane, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, and trimethyl phosphate can be cited.
  • a compound obtained by substituting at least part of hydrogen of the foregoing solvent with fluorine is preferable, since such a compound may improve reversibility of electrode reaction depending on the electrode type to be combined.
  • a lithium salt can be cited.
  • One lithium salt may be used singly, or two or more lithium salts may be used by mixing.
  • LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 LiCH 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSiF 6 , LiCl, lithium difluoro[oxalato-O,O′] borate, lithium bis oxalate borate, LiBr or the like can be cited.
  • LiPF 6 is preferable since high ion conductivity can be obtained, and the cycle characteristics can be improved.
  • the secondary battery can be manufactured, for example, as follows.
  • a cathode active material, an electrical conductor, and a binder are mixed to prepare a cathode mixture, which is dispersed in a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain a paste cathode mixture slurry.
  • a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
  • the cathode current collector 21 A is coated with the cathode mixture slurry, the solvent is dried, and the resultant is compression-molded by a rolling press machine or the like to form the cathode active material layer 21 B and thereby forming the cathode 21 .
  • an anode active material and a binder are mixed to prepare an anode mixture, which is dispersed in a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain paste anode mixture slurry.
  • a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
  • the anode current collector 22 A is coated with the anode mixture slurry, the solvent is dried, and the resultant is compression-molded by a rolling press machine or the like to form the anode active material layer 22 B and thereby forming the anode 22 .
  • the cathode lead 25 is attached to the cathode current collector 21 A by welding or the like, and the anode lead 26 is attached to the anode current collector 22 A by welding or the like.
  • the cathode 21 and the anode 22 are wound with the separator 23 in between.
  • the end of the cathode lead 25 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 15 , and the end of the anode lead 26 is welded to the battery can 11 .
  • the wound cathode 21 and the wound anode 22 are sandwiched between the pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 , and contained inside the battery can 11 .
  • lithium ions are extracted from the cathode active material layer 21 B and inserted in the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium contained in the anode active material layer 22 B through the electrolytic solution.
  • the lithium ions inserted in the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium in the anode active material layer 22 B is extracted, and inserted in the cathode active material layer 21 B through the electrolytic solution.
  • the separator 23 since the separator 23 has the foregoing structure, the chemical stability is improved. Even when the open circuit voltage when fully charged is increased, occurrence of micro short circuit is inhibited, and the battery characteristics are improved.
  • the open circuit voltage when fully charged is in the range from 4.25 V to 6.00 V. Therefore, a high energy density can be obtained.
  • the layer made of at least one from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and aramid is provided on at least the side of the separator, which is opposed to the cathode 21 . Therefore, chemical stability of the separator 23 can be improved, and occurrence of micro short circuit can be inhibited. Consequently, the energy density can be improved, and the battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics and high temperature storage characteristics can be improved.
  • a secondary battery according to a second embodiment of the present invention is a so-called lithium metal secondary battery, in which the anode capacity is expressed by the capacity component due to precipitation and dissolution of lithium as an electrode reactant.
  • the secondary battery has a structure and effects similar to of the secondary battery according to the first embodiment, except that the anode active material layer 22 B has a different structure. Therefore, descriptions will be given by using the same symbols for the corresponding components with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 . Descriptions of the same components will be omitted.
  • the anode active material layer 22 B is formed from lithium metal as an anode active material, and can obtain a high energy density.
  • the anode active material layer 22 B may already exist when the battery is assembled. Otherwise, it is possible that the anode active material layer 22 B does not exist when assembling the battery, and is made of lithium metal precipitated when the battery is charged. Otherwise, it is possible that the anode active material layer 22 B is utilized as a current collector and the anode current collector 22 A is omitted.
  • the secondary battery can be manufactured in the same manner as the secondary battery according to the first embodiment, except that the anode 22 is made of only the anode current collector 22 A, made of only lithium metal, or made by forming the anode active material layer 22 B by bonding lithium metal to the anode current collector 22 A.
  • the secondary battery when charged, for example, lithium ions are extracted from the cathode 21 and precipitated as lithium metal on the surface of the anode current collector 22 A through the electrolytic solution.
  • the anode active material layer 22 B is formed as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • lithium metal is eluted as lithium ions from the anode active material layer 22 B, and inserted in the cathode 21 through the electrolytic solution.
  • the separator 23 since the separator 23 has the foregoing structure, the chemical stability is improved. Even when the open circuit voltage in full charge is increased, occurrence of micro short circuit is inhibited, and the battery characteristics are improved.
  • a secondary battery according to a third embodiment of the present invention is a secondary battery, in which the anode capacity includes the capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium as an electrode reactant and the capacity component due to precipitation and dissolution of lithium, and is expressed by the sum thereof.
  • the secondary battery has a structure and effects similar to of the secondary battery of the first or the second embodiment, except that the structure of the anode active material layer is different, and can be similarly manufactured. Therefore, here, descriptions will be given by using the same symbols with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 . Detailed descriptions for the same components will be omitted.
  • the anode active material layer 22 B for example, by setting the charging capacity of the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium to the value smaller than the charging capacity of the cathode 21 , lithium metal begins to be precipitated on the anode 22 when the open circuit voltage (that is, battery voltage) is lower than the overcharge voltage in the charging process. Therefore, in the secondary battery, both the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium and lithium metal function as an anode active material, and the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is a base material when the lithium metal is precipitated.
  • the overcharge voltage means the open circuit voltage when the battery overcharged.
  • the overcharge voltage means a higher voltage than the open circuit voltage of the battery, which is “fully charged,” described in and defined by “Guideline for Safety Assessment of lithium secondary batteries” (SBA G1101), which is one of the guidelines specified by Japan Storage Battery Industries Incorporated (Battery association of Japan).
  • the overcharge voltage means a higher voltage than the open circuit voltage after charge by using charging method used in obtaining nominal capacities of each battery, a standard charging method, or a recommended charging method.
  • the secondary battery is similar to traditional lithium ion secondary batteries in view of using the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium for the anode 22 . Further, the secondary battery is similar to traditional lithium metal secondary batteries in view that lithium metal is precipitated on the anode 22 . However, in the secondary battery, lithium metal is precipitated on the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium. Thereby, a high energy density can be obtained, and cycle characteristics and rapid charge characteristics can be improved.
  • lithium ions are extracted from the cathode 21 , and firstly inserted in the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium contained in the anode 22 through the electrolytic solution.
  • lithium metal begins to be precipitated on the surface of the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium.
  • lithium metal continues to be precipitated on the anode 22 .
  • lithium metal precipitated on the anode 22 is eluted as ions, which are inserted in the cathode 21 through the electrolytic solution.
  • lithium ions inserted in the anode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium in the anode 22 are extracted, and inserted in the cathode 21 through the electrolytic solution.
  • the separator 23 since the separator 23 has the foregoing structure, the chemical stability is improved. Even when the open circuit voltage in full charge is increased, occurrence of micro short circuit is inhibited, and the battery characteristics are improved.
  • FIG. 3 shows a structure of a secondary battery according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • a spirally wound electrode body 30 on which a cathode lead 31 and an anode lead 32 are attached is contained inside a film package member 40 . Therefore, the size, the weight, and the thickness thereof can be reduced.
  • the cathode lead 31 and the anode lead 32 are respectively directed from inside to outside of the package member 40 in the same direction, for example.
  • the cathode lead 31 and the anode lead 32 are respectively made of, for example, a metal material such as aluminum, copper, nickel, and stainless, and are in the shape of thin plate or mesh.
  • the package member 40 is made of a rectangular aluminum laminated film, in which, for example, a nylon film, an aluminum foil, and a polyethylene film are bonded together in this order.
  • the package member 40 is, for example, arranged so that the polyethylene film side and the spirally wound electrode body 30 are opposed, and the respective outer edges are contacted to each other by fusion bonding or an adhesive.
  • Adhesive films 41 to protect from outside air intrusion are inserted between the package member 40 and the cathode lead 31 , the anode lead 32 .
  • the adhesive film 41 is made of a material having contact characteristics to the cathode lead 31 and the anode lead 32 , for example, is made of a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, modified polyethylene, and modified polypropylene.
  • the exterior member 40 may be made of a laminated film having other structure, a high molecular weight film such as polypropylene, or a metal film, instead of the foregoing aluminum laminated film.
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross sectional structure taken along line I-I of the spirally wound electrode body 30 shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a pair of cathode 33 and anode 34 are layered with a separator 35 and an electrolyte layer 36 in between and wound.
  • the outermost periphery thereof is protected by a protective tape 37 .
  • the cathode 33 has a structure in which a cathode active material layer 33 B is provided on one face or both faces of a cathode current collector 33 A.
  • the anode 34 has a structure, in which an anode active material layer 34 B is provided on one face or both faces of an anode current collector 34 A. Arrangement is made so that the anode active material layer 34 B side is opposed to the cathode active material layer 33 B.
  • the structures of the cathode current collector 33 A, the cathode active material layer 33 B, the anode current collector 34 A, the anode active material layer 34 B, and the separator 35 are similar to of the cathode current collector 21 A, the cathode active material layer 21 B, the anode current collector 22 A, the anode active material layer 22 B, and the separator 23 respectively described in the first to the third embodiments.
  • the electrolyte layer 36 is so-called gelatinous, containing an electrolytic solution and a high molecular weight compound to become a holding body, which holds the electrolytic solution.
  • the gelatinous electrolyte layer 36 is preferable, since high ion conductivity can be obtained and liquid leakage of the battery can be prevented.
  • the composition of the electrolytic solution (that is, a solvent, an electrolyte salt and the like) is similar to of the secondary batteries according to the first to the third embodiments.
  • polyacrylonitrile for example, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polysiloxane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, polystyrene, or polycarbonate can be cited.
  • polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, or polyethylene oxide is preferable.
  • the secondary battery can be manufactured, for example, as follows.
  • the cathode 33 and the anode 34 are respectively coated with a precursor solution containing a solvent, an electrolyte salt, a high molecular weight compound, and a mixed solvent.
  • the mixed solvent is volatilized to form the electrolyte layer 36 .
  • the cathode lead 31 is welded to the end of the cathode current collector 33 A, and the anode lead 32 is welded to the end of the anode current collector 34 A.
  • the cathode 33 and the anode 34 formed with the electrolyte layer 36 are layered with the separator 35 in between to obtain a lamination.
  • the lamination is wound in the longitudinal direction, the protective tape 37 is adhered to the outermost periphery thereof to form the spirally wound electrode body 30 .
  • the spirally wound electrode body 30 is sandwiched between the package members 40 , and outer edges of the exterior members 40 are contacted by thermal fusion bonding or the like to enclose the spirally wound electrode body 30 .
  • the adhesive films 41 are inserted between the cathode lead 31 , the anode lead 32 and the exterior member 40 . Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 is completed.
  • the secondary battery may be fabricated as follows. First, the cathode 33 and the anode 34 are formed as described above, and the cathode lead 31 and the anode lead 32 are attached on the cathode 33 and the anode 34 . After that, the cathode 33 and the anode 34 are layered with the separator 35 in between and wound.
  • the protective tape 37 is adhered to the outermost periphery thereof, and a spirally wound body as a precursor of the spirally wound electrode body 30 is formed. Next, the spirally wound body is sandwiched between the exterior members 40 , the peripheral edges except for one side are thermally fusion-bonded to obtain a pouched state, and the spirally wound body is contained inside the exterior member 40 .
  • an electrolytic composition containing a solvent, an electrolyte salt, a monomer as a raw material for the high molecular weight compound, a polymerization initiator, and if necessary other material such as a polymerization inhibitor is prepared, which is injected into the package member 40 .
  • the opening of the package member 40 is thermally fusion-bonded and hermetically sealed in the vacuum atmosphere.
  • the resultant is heated to polymerize the monomer to obtain a high molecular weight compound.
  • the gelatinous electrolyte layer 36 is formed, and the secondary battery shown in FIG. 3 is assembled.
  • the secondary battery provides action and effects similar to of the secondary batteries according to the first to the third embodiments.
  • Batteries, in which the capacity of the anode 22 was expressed by the capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium, that is, so-called lithium ion secondary batteries were fabricated. Then, the battery shown in FIG. 1 was fabricated.
  • a cathode active material was formed.
  • an aqueous solution commercially available nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and manganese nitrate were mixed so that the mol ratios of Ni, Co, Mn became 0.50, 0.20, and 0.30, respectively.
  • ammonia water was dropped into the mixed solution to obtain a complex hydroxide.
  • the complex hydroxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed, the mixture was fired for 10 hours at 900 deg C. by using an electric furnace, and pulverized to obtain lithium complex oxide powder as a cathode active material.
  • the composition of LiNi 0.50 Co 0.20 Mn 0.30 O 2 was verified. Further, when the particle diameter was measured by laser diffraction method, the average particle diameter was 13 ⁇ m. Further, when X-ray diffraction measurement was conducted, it was confirmed that the measurement result was similar to the pattern of LiNiO 2 listed in No. 09-0063 of the ICDD (International Center for Diffraction Data) card, and a layered sodium chloride structure similar to of LiNiO 2 was formed. Furthermore, when the obtained lithium complex oxide powder was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), spherical particles, in which primary particles being from 0.1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m in size were aggregated, were observed.
  • SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
  • the both faces of the cathode current collector 21 A made of a strip-shaped aluminum foil being 20 ⁇ m thick were uniformly coated with the cathode mixture slurry, which was dried and compress-molded by a rolling press machine to form the cathode active material layer 21 B and thereby forming the cathode 21 .
  • the thickness of the cathode 21 was 150 ⁇ m.
  • the cathode lead 25 made of aluminum was attached to one end of the cathode current collector 21 A.
  • the both faces of the anode current collector 22 A made of a strip-shaped copper foil being 15 ⁇ m thick were uniformly coated with the anode mixture slurry, which was provided with hot press molding to form the anode active material layer 22 B and thereby forming the anode 22 .
  • the thickness of the anode 22 was 160 ⁇ m.
  • the anode lead 26 made of nickel was attached to one end of the anode current collector 22 A.
  • the electrochemical equivalent ratio between the cathode 21 and the anode 22 was designed so that the capacity of the anode 22 was expressed by the capacity component due to insertion and extraction of lithium.
  • the separator 23 made of a microporous film was prepared. Then, the anode 22 , the separator 23 , the cathode 21 , and the separator 23 were layered in this order, and the resultant lamination was spirally wound many times. Thereby, the jelly roll type spirally wound electrode body 20 was formed. As shown in Table 1, in Example 1-1, the separator 23 in which the both faces of the base material were coated with polyvinylidene fluoride so that each thickness of the coat became 2 ⁇ m was used.
  • Example 1-2 the separator 23 in which the base material face on the side opposed to the cathode 21 was coated with polytetrafluoroethylene so that the thickness of the coat became 7 ⁇ m was used.
  • Example 1-3 the separator 23 in which the both faces of the base material were coated with polypropylene so that each thickness of the coat became 2 ⁇ m was used.
  • Example 1-4 the separator 23 in which the base material face on the side opposed to the cathode 21 was coated with aramid so that the thickness of the coat became 3 ⁇ m was used.
  • polyethylene being 16 ⁇ m thick was used.
  • Example 1-1 Polyethylene Polyvinylidene fluoride Polyvinylidene fluoride Example 1-2 Polytetrafluoroethylene — Example 1-3 Polypropylene Polypropylene Example 1-4 Aramid — Comparative Polyethylene — — example 1-1
  • the spirally wound electrode body 20 was sandwiched between the pair of insulating plates 12 and 13 .
  • the anode lead 26 was welded to the battery can 11
  • the cathode lead 25 was welded to the safety valve mechanism 15
  • the spirally wound electrode body 20 was contained inside the battery can 11 made of nickel-plated iron. After that, 4.0 g of an electrolytic solution was injected into the battery can 11 by depressurization method.
  • an electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 as an electrolyte salt in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and vinylene carbonate at a weight ratio of ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate:vinylene carbonate 35:60:1 so that LiPF 6 became 1.5 mol/kg was used.
  • the open circuit voltage in full charge was in the range from 4.25 V to 6.00 V
  • the cathode side of the separator 23 was made of at least one from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and aramid
  • battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics and high temperature storage characteristics could be improved.
  • the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments and the examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments and the foregoing examples, and various modifications may be made.
  • the present invention can be applied to the case using other Group 1A element such as sodium (Na) and potassium (K), a Group 2A element such as magnesium and calcium (Ca), other light metal such as aluminum, or an alloy of lithium or the foregoing as well, and similar effects can be thereby obtained.
  • the anode active material the anode material as described in the foregoing embodiments can be similarly used.
  • the present invention can be similarly applied to a secondary battery having a structure in which a cathode and an anode are folded or a secondary battery having a structure in which a cathode and an anode are layered.
  • the present invention can be applied to a secondary battery such as a so-called coin type battery, a button type battery, and a square type battery.
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