US20030235590A1 - Purification of hbv antigens for use in vaccines - Google Patents

Purification of hbv antigens for use in vaccines Download PDF

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US20030235590A1
US20030235590A1 US10/344,211 US34421103A US2003235590A1 US 20030235590 A1 US20030235590 A1 US 20030235590A1 US 34421103 A US34421103 A US 34421103A US 2003235590 A1 US2003235590 A1 US 2003235590A1
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antigen
hepatitis
vaccine
thiomersal
free
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Koen De-Heyder
Peter Schu
Michelle Serantoni
Omer Van-Opstal
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GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA
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GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA
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Priority claimed from GBGB0019728.5A external-priority patent/GB0019728D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0101334A external-priority patent/GB0101334D0/en
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Assigned to GLAXOSMITHKLINE BIOLOGICALS (FORMERLY KNOWN AS SMITHKLINE BEECHAM BIOLOGICALS) reassignment GLAXOSMITHKLINE BIOLOGICALS (FORMERLY KNOWN AS SMITHKLINE BEECHAM BIOLOGICALS) ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DE HEYDER, KOEN, SCHU, PETER, SERANTONI, MICHELLE, VAN OPSTEL, OMER
Publication of US20030235590A1 publication Critical patent/US20030235590A1/en
Priority to US11/266,565 priority Critical patent/US20060159705A1/en
Priority to US12/342,220 priority patent/US8624004B2/en
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel process of manufacture of a hepatitis B vaccine for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. It further relates to a HBV vaccine obtainable by the novel process of the invention.
  • HBV hepatitis B virus
  • HBV infection for which there is currently limited treatment, constitutes a global public health problem of enormous dimensions.
  • Chronic carriers of HBV estimated to number more than 300 million world-wide, are at risk for development of chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the present invention provides a method for producing a hepatitis B antigen suitable for use in a vaccine, the method comprising purification of the antigen in the presence of a reducing agent comprising a free —SH group.
  • the present invention preferably provides a method of producing a stable hepatitis B antigen without trace of thiomersal which comprises purification of the antigen in the presence of a reducing agent having a free —SH group.
  • the antigen preparation is generally without trace of thiomersal when thiomersal is not detectable in the purified antigen product using absorption spectrophotometery of mercury, as described herein.
  • the hepatitis antigen preparation preferably comprises less than 0.025 ⁇ g mercury per 20 ⁇ g protein, suitably as measured by absorption spectrophotometery.
  • the purification is carried out in the absence of thiomersal, and the purified antigen is completely free of thiomersal.
  • the antigen is stable, suitably substantially as stable as a hepatitis antigen purified in the presence of thiomersal, as outlined in Example 1 herein for example.
  • the hepatitis antigen is immunogenic.
  • the reducing agent is added during the antigen purification process, preferably after growth of cells expressing the antigen.
  • the reducing agent is cysteine, dithiothreitol, ⁇ -mercaptoethanol or glutathione, with cysteine being most preferred.
  • the present invention preferably provides a method of producing a stable immunogenic hepatitis B antigen without trace of thiomersal which comprises purification of the antigen in the presence of cysteine.
  • the purification is carried out in the presence of a cysteine solution.
  • the cysteine in solution or powder form, is added during the process to a final concentration of between 1 and 10 mM, preferably 1 to 5 mM. More preferably, the cysteine is added to a final concentration of about 2 mM.
  • cysteine is L-cysteine.
  • the invention further provides a method of producing a stable hepatitis B antigen without trace of thiomersal wherein the crude antigen is subjected to gel permeation chomatography, subjected to ion-exchange chromatography and mixed with a reducing agent having a free —SH group.
  • the ion-exchange chromatography is anion-exchange chromatography.
  • the invention further provides a hepatitis B antigen free of thiomersal obtainable by the method of manufacture of the present invention wherein the antigen is at least as immunogenic and antigenic as the hepatitis B antigen manufactured in the presence of thiomersal.
  • the invention further provides an immunogenic hepatitis B antigen having a mean ELISA protein ratio greater than 1.5 and an RF1 content with at least a 3-fold lower IC50 value than that of the hepatitis B surface antigen manufactured in the presence of thiomersal.
  • the invention relates to a method for the production of a hepatitis antigen suitable for use in a vaccine, the method comprising purification of the antigen in the presence of thiomersal and subsequent treatment of antigen in the presence of a reducing agent comprising a free —SH group.
  • the treatment is followed by a purification step such as a diaysis step to remove thiomersal.
  • the reducing agent is cysteine, DTT, glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • the hepatitis B antigen of the invention may be used for either the treatment or prophylaxis of hepatitis B infections, especially treatment or prophylaxis, for example, of chronic hepatitis B infections.
  • the present invention further provides a vaccine formulation comprising a hepatitis B antigen of the present invention in conjunction with an adjuvant.
  • the adjuvant is an aluminium salt or a preferential stimulator of TH1 cell response.
  • the antigen is a hepatitis B surface antigen.
  • hepatitis B surface antigen or ‘HBsAg’ includes any HBsAg antigen or fragment thereof displaying the antigenicity of HBV surface antigen. It will be understood that in addition to the 226 amino acid sequence of the HBsAg S antigen (see Tiollais et. al. Nature, 317, 489 (1985) and references therein) HBsAg as herein described may, if desired, contain all or part of a pre-S sequence as described in the above references and in EP-A- 0 278 940. HBsAg as herein described can also refer to variants, for example the ‘escape mutant’ described in WO 91/14703.
  • HBsAg may also refer to polypeptides described in EP 0 198 474 or EP 0 304 578.
  • the HBsAg will be in particle form.
  • the HbsAg will consist essentially of the HbsAg S-antigen mentioned hereinabove.
  • the vaccine may advantageously include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as a suitable adjuvant.
  • suitable adjuvants are commercially available such as, for example, Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.); Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.); AS-2 (SmithKline Beecham, Philadelphia, Pa.); aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine; acylated sugars; cationically or anionically derivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes; biodegradable microspheres; monophosphoryl lipid A and quil A. Cytokines, such as GM-CSF or interleukin-2, -7, or -12, may also be used as adjuvants.
  • the adjuvant composition induces an immune response predominantly of the TH1 type.
  • High levels of Th1-type cytokines e.g., IFN- ⁇ , TNF ⁇ , IL-2 and IL-12
  • the level of Th1-type cytokines will increase to a greater extent than the level of Th2-type cytokines.
  • the levels of these cytokines may be readily assessed using standard assays. For a review of the families of cytokines, see Mosmann and Coffman, Ann. Rev. Immunol . 7:145-173, 1989.
  • suitable adjuvants for use in eliciting a predominantly Th1-type response include, for example a combination of monophosphoryl lipid A, preferably 3-de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MPL) together with an aluminium salt.
  • Other known adjuvants which preferentially induce a TH1 type immune response include CpG containing oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides are characterised in that the CpG dinucleotide is unmethylated. Such oligonucleotides are well known and are described in, for example WO 96/02555.
  • Immunostimulatory DNA sequences are also described, for example, by Sato et al., Science 273:352, 1996.
  • Another preferred adjuvant is a saponin, preferably QS21 (Aquila Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Framingham, Mass.), which may be used alone or in combination with other adjuvants.
  • QS21 Amla Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Framingham, Mass.
  • an enhanced system involves the combination of a monophosphoryl lipid A and saponin derivative, such as the combination of QS21 and 3D-MPL as described in WO 94/00153, or a less reactogenic composition where the QS21 is quenched with cholesterol, as described in WO 96133739.
  • Other preferred formulations comprise an oil-in-water emulsion and tocopherol.
  • a particularly potent adjuvant formulation involving QS21, 3D-MPL and tocopherol in an oil-in-water emulsion is described in WO 95/17210.
  • a particularly potent adjuvant formulation involving QS21, 3D-MPL & tocopherol in an oil in water emulsion is described in WO 95117210 and is a preferred formulation.
  • a vaccine comprising a hepatitis B surface antigen of the present invention, which additionally comprises a TH-1 inducing adjuvant.
  • a preferred embodiment is a vaccine in which the TH-1 inducing adjuvant is selected from the group of adjuvants comprising: 3D-MPL, QS21, a mixture of QS21 and cholesterol, and a CpG oligonucleotide.
  • Another preferred embodiment is a vaccine comprising a hepatitis B surface antigen adjuvanted with a monophosphoryl lipid A or derivative thereof, QS21 and tocopherol in an oil in water emulsion.
  • the vaccine additionally comprises a saponin, more preferably QS21.
  • a saponin more preferably QS21.
  • Another particular suitable adjuvant formulation including CpG and a saponin is described in WO 00/09159 and is a preferred formulation.
  • the saponin in that particular formulation is QS21.
  • the formulation additionally comprises an oil in water emulsion and tocopherol.
  • the present invention further provides a vaccine formulation comprising a hepatitis B surface antigen of the present invention in conjunction with an adjuvant and additionally comprising one or more antigens selected from the group consisting of: diptheria toxoid (D), tetanus toxoid (T) acellular pertussis antigens (Pa), inactivated polio virus (IPV), haemophilus influenzae antigen (Hib), hepatitis A antigen, herpes simplex virus (HSV), chlamydia, GSB, HPV, streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria antigens. Antigens conferring protection for other diseases may also be combined in the vaccine formulation of the present invention.
  • D diptheria toxoid
  • T tetanus toxoid
  • IPV inactivated polio virus
  • Hib haemophilus influenzae antigen
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • the vaccine formulation comprises a hepatitis B surface antigen obtainable by the method of manufacture of the present invention in conjunction with an adjuvant and an inactivated polio virus.
  • the present invention also provides a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus infections, which comprises administering to a human or animal subject, suffering from or susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection, a safe and effective amount of a vaccine of the present invention for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of hepatitis B infection.
  • the invention further provides the use of a hepatitis B surface antigen of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of patients suffering from a hepatitis B virus infection, such as chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
  • the vaccine of the present invention will contain an immunoprotective quantity of the antigen and may be prepared by conventional techniques.
  • Vaccine preparation is generally described in Pharnaceutical Biotechnology, Vol.61 Vaccine Design—the subunit and adjuvant approach, edited by Powell and Newman, Plenurn Press, 1995. New Trends and Developments in Vaccines, edited by Voller et al., University Park Press, Baltimore, Md., U.S.A. 1978. Encapsulation within liposomes is described, for example, by Fullerton, U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,877. Conjugation of proteins to macromolecules is disclosed, for example, by Likhite, U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,945 and by Armor et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,757.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the thiomersal free production process for Engerix BTM
  • FIG. 2 illustrates SDS-PAGE analysis of bulk antigen lots
  • FIG. 3 illustrates residual yeast proteins in bilk antigen lots produced by the thiomersal free process.
  • the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of SB Biologicals hepatitis B monovalent vaccine (Engerix BTM) is expressed as a recombinant protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (see Harford et. al. loc. cit.).
  • the 24 kD protein is produced intracellularly and accumulated in the recombinant yeast cells.
  • the yeast cells are harvested and disrupted in the presence of a mild surfactant such as Tween 20 to liberate the desired protein.
  • a mild surfactant such as Tween 20
  • An Ion-Exchange chromatography step is performed using a DEAE-matrix and this pool is then subjected to a Cesium-gradient ultracentrifugation on 4 pre-established layers of different Cesium chloride concentrations.
  • the antigen particles are separated from contaminating cell constituents according to their density in the gradient and eluted at the end of the centrifugation process.
  • Cesium chloride is then removed from this pool by a second gel permeation on Sepharose gel.
  • HBsAg is prepared by the process containing thiomersal in the 4B gel permeation buffer, protein concentrations of over 30 mg/ml are recovered in the pooled HBsAg containing fractions from the CsCl gradient, corresponding to an equivalent concentration of HBsAg as assayed by the AUSZYME kit from Abbott Laboratories.
  • the CsCl ultracentrifugation step usefully eliminates residual lipids, DNA and minor protein contaminants from the HBsAg preparation. It is performed by zonal centrifugation in a Ti 15 rotor from Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, Calif. at a speed of 30,000 rpm for about 40 to 60 hours. The sample to be purified is applied to layers of CsCl solution with final concentrations of 0.75, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.25 M CsCl. At the end of centrifugation the gradient is eluted into fractions. Fractions containing HBsAg may be identified by UV absorbance at 280 nm or by testing dilutions of the fractions with the AUSZYME kit. The HBsAg band is at a density of 1.17 to 1.23 g/cm 3 .
  • the solution containing the purified HBsAg is sterile filtered before being used to make a vaccine formulation.
  • Purification from the yeast cell lysate is complex as the antigen is produced intracellularly and a series of separation techniques designed to eliminate different types of (yeast) contaminants are necessary to obtain pure bulk antigen.
  • the steps of purification are important, as the product to be purified is a lipoprotein particle containing multiple copies of the surface antigen polypeptide and this structure must be maintained throughout the purification process. It is a particularity of this process that it yields surface antigen particles which are fully immunogenic without the need for further chemical treatment to enhance immunogenicity (compare EPO 35435).
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen may be produced by fermentation of an appropriate strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , for example that described in Harford et. al. (loc. cit.).
  • the cells are harvested and broken open in the presence of a mild surfactant such as Tween 20.
  • the surface antigen is then isolated by a multistep extraction and purification procedure exactly as described above in Example 1 up to the step of the first gel permeation on Sepharose 4B.
  • Cysteine is a preferred substance for this treatment as it is a naturally occurring amino acid and can be removed at the subsequent desalting step on a gel permeation column using Sepharose 4BCLFF as the column matrix.
  • the thiomersal added to the 4B buffer at 50 ⁇ g/ml is thought to decompose and the resulting ethyl mercury may attach covalently to free sulphydryl groups on cysteine residues of the protein.
  • the protein contains 14 cysteine residues of which 7 are located between positions 101 and 150.
  • This region of the protein is believed to be located at the surface of the particle and contain the major antigenic region of HBsAg including the immunodominant a region and the recognition site for the RF1 monoclonal antibody (Waters J et al, Postgrad. Med. J., 1987:63 (Suppl. 2): 51-56.and Ashton-Rickardt and Murray J. Med. Virology, 1989: 29: 196).
  • Antigen purified with thiomersal present in the 4B gel permeation buffer contains about 0.5-0.6 ⁇ g mercury at the end of the purification process. This mercury is not fully removed by simple dialysis.
  • the mercury content was determined by absorption spectrophotometry.
  • the antigen is diluted in a solution containing 0.01% w/v of potassium bichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) and 5% v/v of nitric acid.
  • Standard solutions are prepared with thiomersal as the mercury source.
  • the atomic absorption of sample and standard solutions is measured after vaporisation in a vapour generator, with a mercury-specific cathode at 253.7 nm. Atomic absorption of the dilution liquid is measured as blank.
  • the mercury content of the sample is calculated via the calibration curves obtained from the standard solutions. Results are expressed as pg of mercury per 20 ⁇ g of protein.
  • a typical quantitative composition for a hepatitis B vaccine without preservative and formulated from antigen prepared by the thiomersal free process is provided in Table 1.
  • Table 1 Constituent Amount per ml Active constituent - Protein of which at least 95% 20 ⁇ g is HBsAg Aluminium hydroxide (adsorbent) 0.95 mg (expressed as Al 2 O 3 ) Sodium chloride 9.0 mg (maximum) Disodium phosphate dihydrate 0.98 mg Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate 0.71 mg Water for injection q.s. ad 1.0 ml
  • composition may be varied by the addition of 3D-MPL and/or other adjuvants.
  • Protein content was measured by the method of Lowry et al (J. Biol. Chem. 1951:193:265).
  • Endotoxin content was measured by a Limulus gel clotting technique using a commercially available kit from Cape Cod Associates, 704 Main St., Falmouth, Mass. 02540, USA. The reagent is standardized against the US Pharm. Endotoxin Reference Standard.
  • Tween 20 was measured by the method of Huddleston and Allred (J. Amer. Oil Chemist Soc., 1965:42:983).
  • HBsAg content was measured by the commercially available AusZYME kit from Abbott Laboratories, One Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Ill. 60064, USA. Assay procedure B of the manufacturer was employed. A batch of bulk antigen purified by the process containing thiomersal was used as a standard to establish the dose response curve.
  • Lipids were measured using a commercially available kit (Merkotest Total Lipids 3321) from E.Merck, B.P. 4119, Darmstad D-6100, Germanny.
  • DNA content was measured by the Threshold method using apparatus and reagents available from Molecular Devices Corp., Gutenbergstra ⁇ e 10, Ismaning, Kunststoff, Germany.
  • the values found in the tests and assays are in the range seen for bulk antigen lots manufactured using thiomersal in the elution buffer of the Sepharose 4B gel permeation step, with the exception of the antigenic activity by ELISA.
  • the values for this measurement for the three HEF preparations are higher (1.63-2.25) than that found for the bulk antigen lot HEP2055 which has a ELISA/protein ratio of 1.13.
  • the ELISA/protein ratios measured by the AUSZYME kit for thiomersal containing batches of bulk antigen are generally about 1.0 and within the range 0.8-1.2 and very rarely exceed 1.4.
  • Samples (1 ⁇ g) of the bulk antigen preparations were assayed by SDS-PAGE in reducing and non-reducing conditions and silver staining (FIG. 2). In reducing conditions the samples showed an intense band migrating at 24K with traces of dimer and multimeric forms. The gel patterns are indistinguishable from that of HEP2055 as comparator. The samples were also run in non-reducing conditions. In these conditions less of the material migrates at 24K and the amount of polypeptide migrating at dimeric and multimeric positions is increased. The thiomersal free bulk antigen lots appear to have a somewhat higher degree of polymerisation than the comparator HEP2055 lot.
  • compositions found are in good agreement with that determined on HEP2055 and with the expected composition derived from the DNA sequence. Although the number of glycine residues measured for HEP2055 is close to the expected composition, a value of 16 to 17 residues is more usually measured for bulk antigen preparations. The mean number of cysteine residues found is the expected 14, showing that no extra cysteines are bound to the particle as a result of the treatment at the CsCl gradient step.
  • the technique measures both free cysteine residues present in the buffer and cysteine residues which are attached to the HBsAg protein by disulphide bonding but which do not form part of the polypeptide sequence.
  • the three bulk antigen preparations were tested for their reactivity with the RF1 monoclonal antibody by ELISA inhibition assay.
  • the RF1 monoclonal antibody has been shown to protect chimpanzees against challenge with HBV and is considered to recognize a protective conformational epitope on the HBsAg particle (Iwarson S et al, 1985, J.Med, Virol., 16: 89-96).
  • the RF1 hybridoma may be propagated in the peritoneal cavity of BalbC mice or in tissue culture.
  • Ascitic fluid diluted at ⁇ fraction (1/50000) ⁇ in saturation buffer PBS containing 1% BSA, 0.1% Tween 20 was mixed 1:1 with various dilutions in PBS of the HBsAg samples to be tested (final concentrations ranging between 100 ⁇ g and 0.05 ⁇ g/ml).
  • streptavidin-biotinylated peroxydase complex diluted ⁇ fraction (1/1000) ⁇ in saturation buffer was added to the same wells and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. Plates were washed and incubated with a solution of OPDA 0.04%, H 2 O 2 0.03% in 0.1M citrate buffer pH 4.5 for 20 min at room temperature. The reaction was stopped with 2N H 2 SO4 and the optical densities (O.D.) were measured at 490/630 nm and plotted graphically.
  • the IC50 defined as the concentration of antigen (inhibitor concentration) that inhibits 50% of the antibody binding to coated HBsAg was calculated using a 4 parameters equation and expressed in ng/ml.
  • HEP antigen lots including HEP2055 were also tested, together with the Herpes simplex gD antigen as negative control.
  • the assay measures the ability of each test antigen to inhibit binding of RF1 to a standard antigen preparation (HEP286) bound to microtitre plates.
  • Table 5 gives the concentrations of each antigen found to inhibit 50% of RF1 binding to the fixed antigen. TABLE 5 Inhibition of binding of RF1 monoclonal antibody to HBsAg Bulk antigen IC50 (ng/ml)* HEP286 3834 HEP673 3437 HEP720 3150 HEP2055 2384 HEF001 468 HEF002 574 HEF003 540
  • Ka the equilibrium or affinity constant (M ⁇ 1 )
  • HEP2055 has a weaker affinity for binding to RF1.
  • the three HEF antigen lots were adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide and formulated as vaccine according ot the composition as shown in Table 1.
  • the presentation is the adult dose in vials (20 g antigen protein in 1 ml).
  • the lots are identified as DENS001A4, DENS002A4 and DENS003A4.
  • Vaccine potency was measured by an in-vitro antigen content assay using the Abbott Laboratories AUSZYME ELISA kit and a classical lot of vaccine formulated with 50 g/ml thiomersal as standard. Vaccine potency was measured using method B as described in PharmaEuropa Special Issue Bio97-2 (December 1997). The three HEF lots give high values for antigen content, nearly twice the stated content of 20 ⁇ g antigen protein.
  • the antigenicity of the adsorbed vaccine was further tested in an inhibition assay with RF1 monoclonal antibody.
  • the assay measures the ability of the vaccine sample to inhibit RF1 binding to fixed bulk antigen (HEP286).
  • Ascitic fluid diluted at ⁇ fraction (1/50000) ⁇ in saturation buffer PBS containing 1% BSA, 0.1% Tween 20 was mixed 1:1 with various dilutions in PBS of the vaccine samples to be tested (concentration ranging between 20 ⁇ g and 0.05 ⁇ g/ml).
  • streptavidin-biotinylated peroxydase complex diluted ⁇ fraction (1/1000) ⁇ in saturation buffer was added to the wells and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. Plates were washed and incubated for 20 min at room temperature with a solution containing OPDA 0.04%, H 2 O 2 0.03% in 0.1M citrate buffer pH 4.5. The reaction was stopped with 2N H 2 SO4 and optical densities (O.D.) were measured at 490/630 nm and plotted graphically.
  • the IC50 defined as the concentration of antigen (inhibitor concentration) that inhibits 50% of the antibody binding to coated HBsAg was calculated using a 4 parameters equation and expressed in ng/ml.
  • Vaccine prepared from bulk antigen produced by the modified process was compared to Engerix BTM vaccine formulated from classical HEP bulk antigen and without thiomersal as preservative.
  • mice were immunised intramuscularly twice at 2 weeks interval with vaccine doses corresponding to ⁇ fraction (1/10) ⁇ (2 ⁇ g) or ⁇ fraction (1/50) ⁇ (0.4 ⁇ g) of the adult human dose.
  • vaccine doses corresponding to ⁇ fraction (1/10) ⁇ (2 ⁇ g) or ⁇ fraction (1/50) ⁇ (0.4 ⁇ g) of the adult human dose.
  • Antibody response to HBsAg and the isotypic profile induced by vaccination were monitored from sera taken at day 28.
  • Humoral responses were measured by ELISA assay using HBsAg (Hep286) as coating antigen and biotin conjugated anti-mouse antibodies to reveal anti-HBs antibody binding. Only post 11 sera were analysed.
  • Table 9 shows the mean and GMT anti-HBs Ig antibody responses measured on individual sera at 2 weeks post II
  • Comparable antibody responses are induced by the DENS and classical hepatitis B formulations: GMT ranging between 2304 and 3976 EU/ml for the DENS lots compared to 2882 EU/ml for SB Biologicals hepatitis B monovalent vaccine (Engerix BTM) at the 2 ⁇ g dose, and GMT ranging between 696 and 1182 EU/ml for the DENS lots compared to 627 EU/ml for SB Biologicals hepatitis B monovalent vaccine (Engerix BTM) at the 0.4 ⁇ g dose.
  • mice Four non responder mice (titers ⁇ 50EU/ml) were observed without clear links to the antigen doses or lots used for the injection (Groups 1, 2, 3 and 8; one mouse per group). Based on statistical analysis (Grubbs Test) these mice were discarded from further analysis.
  • Table 10 shows the isotypic repartition (IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b) calculated from an analysis on pooled sera at post II.
  • the bulk antigen of the invention is particularly suitable for formulation in a combined vaccine comprising IPV.
  • the HBV component used in the initial DTPa-HBV-IPV formulation is the purified r-DNA, yeast-derived HBsAg also used for the manufacture of SB Biologicals hepatitis B monovalent vaccine and prepared as described in Example 1.
  • This amount of mercury (as thiomersal and ethylmercury chloride, the thiomersal degradation product) can reduce to undetectable levels the ELISA response for D-antigen type 1 content in an IPV bulk concentrate incubated at 37° C. for 7 days.
  • a method was established to release mercury present in the HBsAg bulk. It was postulated that mercury could be bound to thiol groups on the HBsAg particle and could therefore be released in the presence of reducing agents. After experimentation with other reducing agents, L-Cysteine was selected as the agent for release of mercury from the HBsAg particle. After dialysis of HBsAg bulk against saline solution containing 5.7 mM L-Cysteine, no mercury was detected in the retentate (detection limit of the testing method: 25 ng Hg/20 ⁇ g HBSAg).
  • the dialysed antigen was mixed with IPV bulk concentrate and the stability of the type 1 virus was assessed by measuring the D-antigen content after incubation at 37° C. for 7 days.
  • the IPV bulk concentrate non-mixed and mixed with HBsAg not treated with cysteine were used as controls.
  • the reference ELISA titre was obtained on the samples stored at +2° C. to +8° C. for 7 days.
  • the previously used process for purification of yeast-derived surface antigen contains a gel permeation step where the mercury containing anti-microbial compound thiomersal is included in the elution buffer to control bioburden.
  • Cysteine (2 mM final concentration) is added to the eluate pool from the anion exchange chromatography step. This prevents precipitation of antigen during CsCl density gradient centrifugation.
  • the bulk antigen produced by the modified process has been characterized. Physico-chemical tests and assays show that the thiomersal free antigen is indistinguishable in its properties from antigen produced by the previously used process. The antigen particles have the same constituents.
  • HBsAg polypeptide The identity and integrity of the HBsAg polypeptide is unaffected by the modified process as judged by SDS-PAGE analysis, Western blotting using polyclonal anti-HBsAg antibodies, N-terminal sequence analysis and amino acid composition. Electron microscopy and laser light scattering analysis show that the particles are of the typical form and size expected for yeast-derived HBsAg. Analysis by Western blotting with anti-yeast protein serum shows that the antigen produced by the thiomersal free process has a similar pattern of contaminating yeast proteins. However, the amount of a contaminating band migrating at 23K is greatly reduced in the 3 HBsAg lots produced using the modified process.
  • a mouse immunogenicity test was performed using priming and booster vaccinations two weeks apart and doses of 2 and 0.4 ⁇ g antigen. Mice were bled on day 28, 14 days after the booster. The sera were analysed for antibody titre and isotype composition. A clear antigen dose effect was observed for the two doses administered but there was no statistically significant difference in the response in terms of antibody titres (GMT) between thiomersal free and preservative free vaccines.
  • GTT antibody titres
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