US20030047462A1 - Method of manufacture for ferro-titanium and other metal alloys electrolytic reduction - Google Patents
Method of manufacture for ferro-titanium and other metal alloys electrolytic reduction Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030047462A1 US20030047462A1 US10/204,465 US20446502A US2003047462A1 US 20030047462 A1 US20030047462 A1 US 20030047462A1 US 20446502 A US20446502 A US 20446502A US 2003047462 A1 US2003047462 A1 US 2003047462A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ores
- titanium
- alloy
- mixed
- ferro
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C5/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metal powders or porous metal masses
- C25C5/04—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metal powders or porous metal masses from melts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
- B22F9/20—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/1263—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds, e.g. by reduction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/129—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds by dissociation, e.g. thermic dissociation of titanium tetraiodide, or by electrolysis or with the use of an electric arc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/02—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments
- C22C47/04—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments by coating, e.g. with a protective or activated covering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/14—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by powder metallurgy, i.e. by processing mixtures of metal powder and fibres or filaments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/26—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium
- C25C3/28—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium of titanium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B4/00—Electrothermal treatment of ores or metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys
- C22B4/06—Alloys
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method for the manufacture of alloys from metal ores. More particularly, the invention is directed to the reduction of metal ores to form alloys. Such alloys include but are not limited to Ferro-titanium alloys.
- Certain embodiments of these methods involve the electrolysis of metal oxides or other compounds (M 1 X) in a cell containing a liquid (fused salt M 2 Y) electrolyte and an anode, the metal oxide or other compound forming the cathode. Conditions are controlled so as to bring about the selective dissolution of the oxygen or other contaminant of the cathode in preference to deposition of the metal cation. Improved efficiency of this process can be achieved by various methods as described in GB 0003971.9 and GB 0010873.8 some of which are summarised below.
- Sintered granules or powders of metal oxide can be used as the feedstock for the electrolysis described in the above referenced method, as long as appropriate conditions are present.
- powdered titanium dioxide in the form of granules or a powder is used, the powdered particles preferably have a size in the region of 200 ⁇ m.
- the manufacture of titanium dioxide from the raw ore (sand mined illemite) comprises a large number of steps in the production of titanium.
- titanium dioxide in the form of an amorphous slurry undergoes calcining.
- the titanium dioxide slurry can be used as the principle feedstock in the above described electrolytic method.
- a small percentage of calcined material is mixed with amorphous material and a binder to obtain the most satisfactory results after sintering.
- the calcined material should constitute at least about 5% by weight of the mixture.
- Individual SiC fibres are coated with an oxide/binder slurry (or mixed oxide slurry for an alloy) of the appropriate thickness.
- the fibres may be combined with an oxide paste or slurry to produce a preformed sheet consisting of parallel fibres in a matrix of oxide powder and binder, or, a complex three dimensional shape containing the fibres in the correct positions could be cast or pressed from oxide slurry or paste.
- the coated fibres, preform sheet or three dimensional shape can then be made the anode of an electrochemical cell (with or without a pre-sinter step) and the oxide powder may be reduced by the previously described electrolytic process to a metal or alloy.
- the product may then be washed or vacuum annealed to remove salt and then hot isostatically pressed to give a 100% dense fibre reinforced composite.
- fine ceramic particles such as titanium diboride are blended with titania powder to give a uniform mixture prior to sintering and electrolytic reduction. After reduction the product is washed or vacuum annealed to remove salt, and then hot pressed to give a 100% dense composite material. Depending on the reaction chemistries, the ceramic particles may either remain unchanged by the electrolysis and hot pressing or may be converted to another ceramic material which would then be the reinforcing element of the MMC. For example, in the case of titanium diboride, the ceramic reacts with the titanium to form titanium monoboride.
- fine metal powder is mixed with the titania powder in place of a ceramic powder, with the intention of forming a fine distribution of a hard ceramic or intermetallic phase by reaction with titanium or another alloying element or elements.
- titanium or another alloying element or elements For example, boron powder can be added, and this reacts to form titanium monoboride particles in the alloy.
- Metal foams are attractive for a number of applications such as filters, medical implants and structural fillers.
- the fabrication of a sponge-like sintered oxide pre-form from the starting material M 1 X can be converted into a solid metal/alloy foam via the electrolytic method previously described.
- Various established methods may be used to make the foam like material from the mixture of oxide powders.
- the foam preform desirably has open porosity that is, porosity which is interconnected and open to the exterior.
- a natural or synthetic polymeric foam is infiltrated with a metal (eg titanium) oxide slip, then dried and fired to remove the polymeric foam, leaving an open “foam” which is an inversion of the original polymeric foam.
- the sintered preform is then electrolytically reduced in accordance with the previously described method to convert it into a titanium/titanium alloy foam.
- the foam is then washed or vacuum distilled to remove the salt.
- the metal oxide powder may be mixed with organic foaming agents. These materials are typically two liquids which when mixed, react to evolve a foaming gas, and then cure to give a solidified foam with either an open or closed structure.
- the metal powder is mixed with one or both of the precursor liquids prior to production of the foam.
- the foam is then fired to remove the organic material, leaving the ceramic foam which is then electrolytically reduced in accordance with the previously described method.
- a near net shape component may be made using the previously described electrolytic method by reducing a ceramic facsimile of the component made from a mixture of a metal oxide or mixture of metal oxide and the oxides of other alloying elements. Again this method is particularly suited to the manufacture of titanium metal and alloy components.
- the ceramic facsimile may be produced using any of a variety of well known production methods for ceramic articles which include; pressing, injection moulding, extrusion and slip casting, followed by firing (sintering). Full density of the metallic component can be achieved by sintering with or without the application of pressure, either in the electrochemical cell, or in a subsequent operation. Shrinkage of the component during the conversion to metal or alloy should be allowed for by making the ceramic facsimile proportionally larger than the desired component.
- the electrolysis is performed on a preformed sintered mass comprising a mixture of metal oxide made up of a proportion of particles of size generally greater than 20 microns and a proportion of finer particles of less than 7 microns.
- the finer particles make up between 10 and 55% by weight of the sintered block.
- High density granules of approximately the size required for the powder are manufactured and then are mixed with very fine unsintered metal oxide (e.g., titanium dioxide), binder and water in the appropriate ratios and formed into the required shape of feedstock.
- This feedstock is then sintered to achieve the required strength for the reduction process.
- the resulting feedstock after sintering but before reduction, consists of high density granules in a lower density (porous) matrix.
- the feedstock can be reduced in block form using the previously described electrolytic method and the result is a friable block which can easily be broken up into powder.
- the calcine discharge used can be replaced by cheaper amorphous TiO 2 .
- the key requirement for this “matrix” material is that it sinters easily with significant shrinkage during the sintering process. Any oxide or mixture of oxides which fulfil these criteria would be usable. In the case of TiO 2 this means the particle size must be less than about 1 ⁇ m. It is estimated that at least 5% of the matrix material should be present in order to give any significant strength to the sintered product.
- the starting granules for this method need not be rutile sand but could be manufactured by a sintering and crushing process, and in principle there is no reason to suppose that alloy powders could not be made by this route.
- X may be a metalloid such as oxygen, sulphur, carbon or nitrogen, preferably, X is oxygen.
- M 1 may be a Group IVA element such as Ti, SI, Ge, Zr, Hf, Sm, Nd, Mo, Cr, Nb or an alloy of any of the preceding metals, preferably, M 1 comprises titanium.
- a preferred electrolyte, M 2 Y, is calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ).
- suitable electrolytes include but are not limited to the molten chlorides of all common alkali and alkaline earth metals.
- Other preferred metals for M 2 are barium, caesium, lithium, strontium and yttrium.
- the anode of the cell is preferably of a relatively inert material.
- One suitable anode material is graphite.
- Processing conditions suitable for the favourable dissolution of the contaminant X require that the potential of the cell preferably be maintained at a potential which is less than the decomposition potential of the molten electrolyte M 2 Y during the process. Allowing for polarisation and resistive losses in the cell, it will be understood that the cell potential may be maintained at a level equal to, or marginally higher than, the decomposition potential of M 2 Y and still achieve the desired result. Potentiostatic methods may be used to control the potential.
- the temperature of the cell is maintained at an elevated temperature which is significantly above the melting point of M 2 Y but below the boiling point of M 2 Y.
- M 2 Y is CaCl 2.
- suitable processing parameters include a potential of up to about 3.3 V and a processing temperature of between about 825 and 975° C.
- this more recent method may include an additional step wherein the scrap metal may be processed before being introduced into the electrochemical cell, for example to form small granules, or a powder, or an amorphous slurry of the contaminated material.
- the scrap metal may be fabricated into a sponge-like sintered oxide preform prior to electrolysis.
- the scrap material may be sintered in a mixture containing particles of M 1 X greater than 20 microns in size and finer particles of M 1 X less than about 7 microns in size, binder and water to form a friable block.
- the finer particles are in a proportion of about 10 to about 55% by weight of the sintered block.
- the scrap metal may be fabricated into a ceramic facsimile of a desired metal or metal alloy component before introduction into the electrochemical cell. This fabrication may be achieved by various known methods including pressing, injection moulding, extrusion and slip casting followed by sintering.
- the present invention provides a method for the production of a Ferro-titanium master alloy including the steps of:
- the invention is particularly suited to the manufacture of Ferro-titanium alloys.
- Preferred ores include ilmenite and rutile, other suitable ores will no doubt occur to the skilled addressee.
- the ores are mixed in proportions suitable to provide a eutectic Ferro-titanium alloy comprising about 70% Ti to about 30% Fe by weight.
- the ores can be obtained already crushed into small pieces or powders or may be ground or crushed as a first step of the method.
- preferred sizes of the crushed pieces are in the order of 100 to 600 microns.
- the ores are mixed in proportions suitable to provide the constituent alloy metals in correct stoichiometric quantities to form the chosen alloy.
- the mixed particles of ore are sintered and may be used as a starting material in any of the variations of the electrochemical reduction processes previously described.
- Ferro-titanium for use in the steel making process, it is not necessary to reduce the contaminant level to the low levels actually obtainable by the reduction process. The process may therefore be applied for a shortened period to reduce the contamination to below a maximum acceptable level.
- crushed pieces of the order of a few millimeters in size are acceptable.
- the purification of the mixed ores provided by the electrolytic reduction method described herein may not need to be completed, since the total elimination of contaminants such as oxygen is not essential for these purposes.
- oxygen levels of up to 2% by weight are considered acceptable.
- the present invention maybe used to partially purify the mixed ores to a state where the contaminant levels are acceptable but not negligible.
- the time taken to reduce the level of contaminant oxygen to about 2% in Ferro-titanium made according to this method has been found to be only about 70% of the time taken to reduce the levels to about 0.1% by weight, the preferred level for other commercial applications of the alloy.
- a preferred electrolyte, M 2 Y is calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ).
- suitable electrolytes include but are not limited to the molten chlorides of all common alkali and alkaline earth metals.
- Other preferred metals for M 2 are barium, caesium, lithium, strontium and yttrium.
- the anode of the cell is preferably of a relatively inert material.
- One suitable anode material is graphite.
- Processing conditions suitable for the favourable dissolution of the contaminants require that the potential of the cell preferably be maintained at a potential which is less than the decomposition potential of the molten electrolyte M 2 Y during the process. Allowing for polarisation and resistive losses in the cell, it will be understood that the cell potential may be maintained at a level equal to, or marginally higher than, the decomposition potential of M 2 Y and still achieve the desired result. Potentiostatic methods may be used to control the potential.
- the temperature of the cell is maintained at an elevated temperature which is significantly above the melting point of M 2 Y but below the boiling point of M 2 Y.
- M 2 Y is CaCl 2.
- suitable processing parameters include a potential of up to about 3.3 V and a processing temperature of between about 825 and 1050° C.
- the Ferro-titanium alloy can be provided in various physical forms, eg, powdered, foamed, sintered plate or 3-dimensional shape as may be required in different applications.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/066,545 US20050175496A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2005-02-28 | Method of reclaiming contaminated metal |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0003971A GB2359564B (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2000-02-22 | Improvements in the electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
GB0003971.9 | 2000-02-22 | ||
GB0010873A GB2362164B (en) | 2000-05-08 | 2000-05-08 | Improved feedstock for electrolytic reduction of metal oxide |
GB0010873.8 | 2000-05-08 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/066,545 Continuation-In-Part US20050175496A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2005-02-28 | Method of reclaiming contaminated metal |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20030047462A1 true US20030047462A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
Family
ID=26243686
Family Applications (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/204,465 Abandoned US20030047462A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2001-02-19 | Method of manufacture for ferro-titanium and other metal alloys electrolytic reduction |
US10/204,460 Abandoned US20030057101A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2001-02-19 | Method for the manufacture of metal foams by electrolytic reduction of porous oxidic preforms |
US10/204,547 Expired - Fee Related US6921473B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2001-02-20 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and process applications |
US11/149,588 Abandoned US20060110277A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2005-06-10 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and process applications |
US12/929,993 Abandoned US20110158843A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2011-03-01 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and process applications |
Family Applications After (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/204,460 Abandoned US20030057101A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2001-02-19 | Method for the manufacture of metal foams by electrolytic reduction of porous oxidic preforms |
US10/204,547 Expired - Fee Related US6921473B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2001-02-20 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and process applications |
US11/149,588 Abandoned US20060110277A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2005-06-10 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and process applications |
US12/929,993 Abandoned US20110158843A1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2011-03-01 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and process applications |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (5) | US20030047462A1 (da) |
EP (5) | EP1257677A1 (da) |
JP (2) | JP4703931B2 (da) |
KR (1) | KR100767981B1 (da) |
CN (1) | CN1279194C (da) |
AT (2) | ATE372395T1 (da) |
AU (5) | AU2001233871A1 (da) |
CA (1) | CA2401034C (da) |
DE (2) | DE60130322T2 (da) |
DK (1) | DK1956102T3 (da) |
EA (3) | EA008264B1 (da) |
ES (1) | ES2231443T3 (da) |
GB (1) | GB2376241B (da) |
UA (1) | UA74179C2 (da) |
WO (3) | WO2001062994A1 (da) |
Cited By (12)
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US20040247478A1 (en) * | 2001-08-16 | 2004-12-09 | Les Strezov | Method of manufacturing titanium and titanium alloy products |
US20050050989A1 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2005-03-10 | Steve Osborn | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
US20050092129A1 (en) * | 2002-03-13 | 2005-05-05 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty. Ltd. | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
US20060226027A1 (en) * | 2003-06-20 | 2006-10-12 | Shook Andrew A | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
US20070131560A1 (en) * | 2004-03-22 | 2007-06-14 | Ivan Ratchev | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
US20070181438A1 (en) * | 2004-06-22 | 2007-08-09 | Olivares Rene I | Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Oxides |
US20070193877A1 (en) * | 2003-09-26 | 2007-08-23 | Rigby Gregory D | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
US20070251833A1 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2007-11-01 | Ivan Ratchev | Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Oxides |
US20080047845A1 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2008-02-28 | Gregory David Rigby | Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Oxides |
US20140231262A1 (en) * | 2011-10-04 | 2014-08-21 | Metalysis Limited | Electrolytic production of powder |
WO2016176732A1 (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2016-11-10 | Iluka Resources Limited | Novel synthetic rutile products and processes for their production |
US9562296B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 | 2017-02-07 | I'msep Co., Ltd. | Production method for silicon nanoparticles |
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GB2362164B (en) * | 2000-05-08 | 2004-01-28 | Secr Defence | Improved feedstock for electrolytic reduction of metal oxide |
GB0027929D0 (en) * | 2000-11-15 | 2001-01-03 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Metal and alloy powders |
GB0027930D0 (en) | 2000-11-15 | 2001-01-03 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Intermetallic compounds |
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US7543523B2 (en) * | 2001-10-01 | 2009-06-09 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Antiballistic armor |
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GB0128816D0 (en) * | 2001-12-01 | 2002-01-23 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Materials processing method and apparatus |
GB2387176B (en) * | 2002-04-02 | 2004-03-24 | Morgan Crucible Co | Manufacture of sub-oxides and other materials |
US6737017B2 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2004-05-18 | General Electric Company | Method for preparing metallic alloy articles without melting |
US7416697B2 (en) | 2002-06-14 | 2008-08-26 | General Electric Company | Method for preparing a metallic article having an other additive constituent, without any melting |
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JP2004156130A (ja) * | 2002-09-11 | 2004-06-03 | Sumitomo Titanium Corp | 直接電解法による金属チタン製造用酸化チタン多孔質焼結体およびその製造方法 |
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US7510680B2 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2009-03-31 | General Electric Company | Method for producing a metallic alloy by dissolution, oxidation and chemical reduction |
US6968990B2 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2005-11-29 | General Electric Company | Fabrication and utilization of metallic powder prepared without melting |
WO2004094312A1 (ja) * | 2003-04-21 | 2004-11-04 | Sumitomo Titanium Corporation | 金属塩の精製方法並びにチタン材の脱酸方法および製造方法 |
US7169285B1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2007-01-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Low temperature refining and formation of refractory metals |
US7410562B2 (en) | 2003-08-20 | 2008-08-12 | Materials & Electrochemical Research Corp. | Thermal and electrochemical process for metal production |
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DE102004002343B4 (de) * | 2004-01-16 | 2006-08-03 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Hybridfaser, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung |
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