TWI766021B - 氟樹脂膜及積層體以及熱壓積層體之製造方法 - Google Patents
氟樹脂膜及積層體以及熱壓積層體之製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI766021B TWI766021B TW107116993A TW107116993A TWI766021B TW I766021 B TWI766021 B TW I766021B TW 107116993 A TW107116993 A TW 107116993A TW 107116993 A TW107116993 A TW 107116993A TW I766021 B TWI766021 B TW I766021B
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Abstract
本發明目的在於提供一種耐熱性佳且與預浸體等積層對象物之層間密著性優異的氟樹脂膜或氟樹脂積層體、使用該膜或積層體之熱壓積層體之製造方法、以及印刷基板之製造方法。 一種氟樹脂膜,含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂,且以原子力顯微鏡測定該氟樹脂膜厚度方向之至少一表面之1μm2
內時得出的算術平均粗度Ra為3.0nm以上。一種積層體,具有含前述氟樹脂的層A及由其他基材構成的層B,且以原子力顯微鏡測定層A之第2表面之1μm2
內時得出的算術平均粗度Ra為3.0nm以上。
Description
本發明涉及一種氟樹脂膜及積層體以及熱壓積層體之製造方法。
發明背景 近年,伴隨電子產品的輕量化、小型化、高密度化,各種印刷基板的需求不斷成長。印刷基板譬如可使用一種將由絕緣材料所構成之基板與金屬箔積層並將該金屬箔圖案化形成電路而成者。針對印刷基板之絕緣材料,講究要有與高頻帶區頻率對應之優異的電性特性(低介電係數等)及得以承受焊料回焊之優異的耐熱性等。
對於介電係數低且有利於印刷基板的絕緣材料,有文獻提議氟樹脂。譬如,專利文獻1中提議將一種含有氟樹脂及熱硬化性樹脂之硬化物之層與金屬箔的積層體用於印刷基板,其中該氟樹脂具有含羰基之基團等官能基且熔點為260~320℃。
先前技術文獻 專利文獻 專利文獻1:國際公開第2016/017801號
發明概要 發明欲解決之課題 以印刷基板來說,譬如有時會利用熱壓將預浸體等積層對象物積層在含有氟樹脂之層之與金屬箔的相反側上。若使用熔點為260~320℃的氟樹脂,可獲得優異的耐熱性。但,使用260~320℃的高熔點氟樹脂時,通常預浸體等硬化物的耐熱溫度會比氟樹脂之熔點更低。所以,熱壓必須在比氟樹脂熔點更低且接近耐熱溫度的溫度下進行,氟樹脂反而無法充分熔融,從而不易獲得充分的密著性。
本發明目的在於提供一種具有氟樹脂膜及氟樹脂層之積層體,該積層體的耐熱性佳,且與預浸體等積層對象物藉由熱壓積層時與積層對象物之層間密著性優異。又,本發明目的在於提供一種使用該氟樹脂膜及該積層體的熱壓積層體之製造方法以及印刷基板之製造方法。
用以解決課題之手段 本發明具有以下態樣。 [1]一種氟樹脂膜,含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂,且以原子力顯微鏡測定該氟樹脂膜厚度方向之至少一表面之1μm2
內時得出的算術平均粗度Ra為3.0nm以上。 [2]一種積層體,具有層A與層B且至少1面由前述層A之表面所構成,前述層A係由含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂的材料構成,前述層B係由不含前述氟樹脂的材料構成;並且,前述積層體之層A表面的至少1面,係以原子力顯微鏡測定其1μm2
內時得出的算術平均粗度Ra為3.0nm以上之表面。 [3]如[2]之積層體,其中前述氟樹脂含有在380℃下之熔融黏度為1×102
~1×106
Pa・s的四氟乙烯系聚合物。 [4]如[2]或[3]之積層體,其以原子力顯微鏡測定前述表面之1μm2
內時得出的最大高度Rz為80.0nm以上。 [5]如[2]~[4]中任一項之積層體,其中前述表面中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氧原子之組成比為1%以上。
[6]如[2]~[5]中任一項之積層體,其中前述表面中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氟原子之組成比為25%以上且65%以下。 [7]如[2]~[6]之積層體,其中前述層B為金屬基材層。 [8]如[7]之積層體,其中前述金屬基材層為銅箔層,前述銅箔按照JIS C6515:1998(IEC61249-5-1:1995)進行測定之表面粗度的最大高度Rz為1nm以上且2.5μm以下。 [9]如[2]~[8]中任一項之積層體,其係以前述層A之表面作為積層面並利用熱壓而積層至積層對象物的積層體。 [10]如[9]之積層體,其中前述積層對象物為預浸體。 [11]如[10]之積層體,其中前述接著對象物係以熱硬化性樹脂作為基質樹脂的預浸體,且前述熱硬化性樹脂之硬化溫度為氟樹脂之熔點以下。 [12]如[11]之積層體,其中前述基質樹脂係選自於由環氧樹脂、聚氧化苯、聚苯醚及聚丁二烯所構成群組中之至少1種。 [13]一種積層體,具有:層A,係由含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂的材料構成;及層B,係由不含前述氟樹脂的材料構成;前述層B包含前述層A與前述層B直接積層之結構,並且,直接積層之前述層A與前述層B的界面剝離強度為5N/10mm以上,且相對介電係數(20GHz)低於3.6。 [14]如[13]之積層體,其中前述層A之與前述層B相接之表面中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氧原子之組成比為1%以上,氟原子之組成比為25%以上且65%以下。
[15]一種熱壓積層體之製造方法,係利用熱壓將積層對象物積層在如前述[1]之氟樹脂膜或如[2]~[14]中任一項之積層體的前述算術平均粗度Ra為3.0nm以上之表面。 [16]如[15]之熱壓積層體之製造方法,其係在前述氟樹脂之熔點以下的溫度下進行熱壓。
[17]一種熱壓積層體之製造方法,係將含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂的氟樹脂膜進行表面處理而製得厚度方向之至少一表面的濕潤張力為30mN/m以上的氟樹脂膜,再於前述氟樹脂之熔點以下的溫度下,利用熱壓將積層對象物積層於所得氟樹脂膜之濕潤張力為30mN/m以上的表面。 [18]如[15]~[17]中任一項之熱壓積層體之製造方法,其中前述積層對象物為預浸體、玻璃構件或陶瓷構件。 [19]如[18]之熱壓積層體之製造方法,其中前述接著對象物為預浸體。 [20]如[19]之熱壓積層體之製造方法,其中前述預浸體之基質樹脂係選自於由環氧樹脂、聚氧化苯、聚苯醚及聚丁二烯所構成群組中之至少1種。 [21]一種印刷基板之製造方法,係利用如前述[15]~[20]中任一項之熱壓積層體之製造方法製出前述層B為金屬層之熱壓積層體,再蝕刻前述金屬層形成圖案電路而製得印刷基板。
發明效果 根據本發明,可提供一種具有氟樹脂膜及氟樹脂層之積層體,該積層體的耐熱性佳,且與預浸體等積層對象物藉由熱壓積層時與積層對象物之密著性優異。又,本發明可提供一種使用該氟樹脂膜及該積層體的熱壓積層體之製造方法以及印刷基板之製造方法。
用以實施發明之形態 以下用語具有下列意義。 利用原子力顯微鏡(AFM)測定時得出的算術平均粗度Ra與最大高度Rz,係使用Oxford Instruments公司製AFM來測定表面1μm2
範圍內的Ra與Rz。測定條件如下。 探針:AC160TS-C3(前端R<7nm、彈簧常數26N/m)、測定模式:AC-Air、掃描速率:1Hz。 以下,將利用AFM測得之表面1μm2
範圍內的Ra及Rz分別表記為Ra(AFM)及Rz(AFM)。 本說明書中,僅表記為「最大高度Rz」之情況表示「按照JIS C6515:1998(IEC61249-5-1:1995)進行測定之表面粗度的最大高度Rz」。 「熔點」係表示以示差掃描熱量測定(DSC)法測得之對應熔解峰最大值的溫度。 「可熔融成形」係指顯示出熔融流動性。 「顯示出熔融流動性」意指在負載49N之條件下,比樹脂熔點高20℃以上之溫度中存在有熔融流速為0.1~1000g/10分鐘的溫度。 「熔融流速」係表示JIS K 7210:1999(ISO 1133:1997)所規定之熔融質量流量(MFR)。 「相對介電係數」係以根據ASTM D 150之變壓器電橋法,在溫度保持在23℃±2℃範圍內且相對濕度保持在50%±5%RH範圍內之試驗環境下,以絕緣擊穿試驗裝置(YSY-243-100RHO(Yamayo試驗機公司製))在1MHz下求得之值。另,關於高頻帶下的相對介電係數係利用SPDR(分離後電介質共振器(Split-Post Dielectric Resonator))法,在23℃±2℃、50±5%RH範圍內的環境下以頻率20GHz測得之值。以下,在1MHz下測得之相對介電係數表記為「相對介電係數(1MHz)」,在20GHz下測得之相對介電係數則表記為「相對介電係數(20GHz)」。 聚合物之「單元」係表示藉由單體聚合形成之源自該單體1分子的聚合物部分。單元可為藉由單體之聚合反應直接形成的聚合物部分,或可為將聚合物作處理使該聚合物部分之一部分轉換成其他結構的聚合物部分。 「單體」係具有聚合性雙鍵等聚合性不飽和鍵的化合物。 「酸酐基」係指以-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-表示之基。 「(甲基)丙烯酸酯」表示丙烯酸酯及甲基丙烯酸酯。
[氟樹脂膜] 本發明之氟樹脂膜係含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂,且厚度方向之至少一表面之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的氟樹脂膜。本發明之氟樹脂膜尤其可有效作為利用熱壓而積層至積層對象物的薄膜。 以下,熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂表記為「氟樹脂F」。
氟樹脂F之熔點為260~380℃。氟樹脂F之熔點若為260℃以上,耐熱性即佳。氟樹脂F之熔點若為380℃以下,成形性即佳。 另,氟樹脂F之熔點可藉由構成氟樹脂F之聚合物的單元種類及含有比例、分子量等予以調整。
氟樹脂F之熔融流速宜為0.1~1000g/10分鐘,0.5~100g/10分鐘較佳,1~30g/10分鐘更佳,5~20g/10分鐘尤佳。熔融流速只要在前述範圍之下限值以上,氟樹脂F之成形加工性即佳。熔融流速只要在前述範圍之上限值以下,氟樹脂膜之機械強度會變高。
氟樹脂F之相對介電係數(1MHz)宜為2.5以下,2.4以下較佳,2.0~2.4尤佳。氟樹脂F之相對介電係數愈低,氟樹脂膜之電性特性便較為優異,將氟樹脂膜用於印刷基板之基板時,可獲得優異的傳輸效率。氟樹脂F之相對介電係數可藉由後述的單元u1之含量來調整。
氟樹脂F宜為在380℃下之熔融黏度為1×102
~1×106
Pa・s的四氟乙烯系聚合物(以下亦表記為TFE系聚合物)。另,氟樹脂F之熔融黏度可根據ASTM D 1238,使用流動測試機及2Φ-8L的模具,將已預先在測定溫度下加熱5分鐘後的2g試料,在0.7MPa之荷重下保持於測定溫度下進行測定。 TFE系聚合物以在340℃下之熔融黏度為1×102
~1×106
Pa・s者為宜,且以在300℃下之熔融黏度為1×102
~1×106
Pa・s者尤佳。
TFE系聚合物係指含有源自四氟乙烯(以下表記為TFE)之單元(以下亦表記為「單元u1」)的聚合物。TFE系聚合物可為TFE之均聚物,亦可為可與TFE共聚之單體(以下亦表記為共聚單體)與TFE的共聚物。又,TFE系聚合物宜含有相對於聚合物中所含總單元為90mol%以上之單元u1。 TFE系聚合物可舉如後述之低分子量的聚四氟乙烯(以下亦表記為PTFE)及後述之含氟聚合物F。
低分子量PTFE不僅可以是以聚合物整體在380℃下之熔融黏度為1×102
~1×106
Pa・s的PTFE,亦可以是在由內核部分與外殼部分所構成之內核-外殼結構中,僅外殼部分滿足上述熔融黏度的PTFE。 低分子量PTFE可為對高分子量PTFE(熔融黏度為1×109
~1×1010
Pa・s左右)照射放射線而獲得之PTFE(國際公開第2018/026012號、國際公開第2018/026017號等),亦可為將TFE聚合來製造PTFE時使用鏈轉移劑減低分子量而獲得之PTFE(日本特開2009-1745號公報、國際公開第2010/114033號)。
另,PTFE可以是將TFE單獨聚合而製得的聚合物,亦可以是將TFE與共聚單體共聚而製得的共聚物(國際公開第2009/20187號等)。相對於聚合物中所含總單元,源自TFE之單元宜為99.5mol%以上,且99.8mol%以上較佳,99.9mol%以上更佳。若在上述範圍內,便可維持PTFE物性。共聚單體可舉如後述之含氟單體,宜為選自於由六氟丙烯(以下亦表記為HFP)、全氟(烷基乙烯基醚)(以下亦表記為PAVE)及氟烷基乙烯(以下亦表記為FAE)所構成群組中之一種。
具有內核-外殼結構之PTFE可舉如日本特表2005-527652號公報、國際公開第2016/170918號等中記載之PTFE。為了使外殼部分之熔融黏度落在上述範圍內,可舉如使用鏈轉移劑將外殼部分予以低分子量化之方法(日本特開2015-232082號公報等),以及在製造外殼部分時將TFE與上述共聚單體共聚之方法(日本特開平09-087334號公報)等。 在後者的方法中,共聚單體之使用量宜相對於TFE為0.001~0.05mo%左右。又,不僅外殼部分,內核部分亦可藉由共聚製得。此時,共聚單體之使用量亦宜相對於TFE為0.001~0.05mo%。
低分子量PTFE的標準比重(以下亦表記為SSG)宜為2.14~2.22,且2.16~2.20較佳。SSG可按照ASTM D4895-04測定。
含氟聚合物F係TFE與共聚單體之共聚物,含有相對於聚合物中所含總單元超過0.5mol%之源自共聚單體的單元。而且含氟聚合物F可熔融成形。含氟聚合物F之熔點宜為260~320℃,且280~320℃較佳,295~315℃更佳,295~310℃尤佳。含氟聚合物F之熔點若在前述範圍之下限值以上,耐熱性即佳。氟樹脂F之熔點若在前述範圍之上限值以下,熔融成形性即佳。
含氟聚合物F可舉如乙烯/四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、TFE/HFP共聚物(FEP)、TFE/PAVE共聚物(PFA)等。從電性特性(介電係數、介電正切)及耐熱性的觀點來看,含氟聚合物F以PFA、FEP較佳,且PFA更佳。
氟樹脂F宜為具有選自於由含羰基之基團、羥基、環氧基、醯胺基、胺基及異氰酸酯基所構成群組中之至少1種接著性官能基且熔點為260~320℃之接著性氟樹脂(以下亦表記為「氟樹脂F1」)。另,氟樹脂F亦可為不具接著性官能基且熔點為260~320℃之氟樹脂(以下亦表記為「氟樹脂F2」)。 氟樹脂F可僅使用氟樹脂F1或氟樹脂F2中之任一者,亦可將氟樹脂F1與氟樹脂F2組合使用。 氟樹脂F1包含在上述含氟共聚物中亦具有接著性官能基者。接著性氟樹脂F2包含在低分子量PTFE及上述含氟共聚物中亦不具接著性官能基者。 又,亦可藉由後述之電漿處理等賦予氟樹脂F2接著性官能基。此時,處理後之氟樹脂會成為氟樹脂F1。
氟樹脂F1所具有之接著性官能基可為1種亦可為2種以上。若從熱壓積層體中之氟樹脂膜層與積層對象物的層間密著性的觀點來看,接著性官能基宜為含羰基之基團。 含羰基之基團可舉如於烴基之碳原子間具有羰基之基團、碳酸酯基、羧基、鹵代甲醯基、烷氧羰基、酸酐基等。
於烴基之碳原子間具有羰基之基團其烴基可舉如碳數2~8之伸烷基等。而,該伸烷基之碳數為不含羰基之碳原子的碳數。 鹵代甲醯基係以-C(=O)-X(惟,X為鹵素原子)表示。鹵代甲醯基之鹵素原子可列舉氟原子、氯原子等,且以氟原子為宜。 烷氧羰基之烷氧基以碳數1~8之烷氧基為佳,且甲氧基或乙氧基尤佳。
相對於氟樹脂F1之主鏈碳數1×106
個,氟樹脂F1中之接著性官能基含量宜為10~60000個,且100~50000個較佳,100~10000個更佳,300~5000個尤佳。接著性官能基含量若在前述範圍之下限值以上,熱壓積層體中之氟樹脂膜與積層對象物之層間密著性便更為優異。接著性官能基含量若在前述範圍之上限值以下,氟樹脂F1之耐熱性及色調等即佳。
接著性官能基含量譬如可使用日本特開2007-314720號公報中記載之紅外線吸收光譜分析,求出構成氟樹脂F1之總單元中具有接著性官能基的單元比率(莫耳%)來算出。
氟樹脂F1可舉如具有接著性官能基之單元或是具有具接著性官能基之末端基的含氟聚合物。具體上,可列舉具接著性官能基之PFA、具接著性官能基之FEP及具接著性官能基之ETFE等。
若從熱壓積層體中之氟樹脂膜與積層對象物之層間密著性優異、且氟樹脂膜之電性特性較佳的觀點來看,氟樹脂F1宜為下述含氟聚合物F11。 含氟聚合物F11:具有單元u1、源自具有酸酐基之環狀烴單體(以下亦表記為「酸酐系單體」)之單元(以下亦表記為「單元u2」)及源自含氟單體(惟,TFE除外)之單元(以下亦表記為「單元u3」)的含氟聚合物。 含氟聚合物F11可舉如國際公開第2018/16644號中記載之聚合物(X)等。
酸酐系單體可舉如伊康酸酐(以下亦表記為「IAH」)、檸康酸酐(以下亦表記為「CAH」)、5-降莰烯-2,3-二羧酸酐(以下亦表記為「NAH」)、馬來酸酐等。酸酐系單體可單獨使用1種,亦可將2種以上併用。
若從含氟聚合物F11之成形性、氟樹脂膜之耐撓性等優異的觀點來看,構成單元u3之含氟單體宜為選自於由HFP、PAVE及FAE所構成群組中之至少1種,且PAVE尤佳。 PAVE可舉如CF2
=CFOCF3
、CF2
=CFOCF2
CF3
、CF2
=CFOCF2
CF2
CF3
(以下亦稱「PPVE」)、CF2
=CFOCF2
CF2
CF2
CF3
、CF2
=CFO(CF2
)8
F等,且以PPVE為宜。
FAE以CH2
=CH(CF2
)2
F、CH2
=CH(CF2
)3
F、CH2
=CH(CF2
)4
F、CH2
=CF(CF2
)3
H、CH2
=CF(CF2
)4
H較佳,且CH2
=CH(CF2
)4
F(以下亦表記為「PFBE」)及CH2
=CH(CF2
)2
F(以下亦表記為「PFEE」)更佳。
相對於含氟聚合物F11中之單元u1、單元u2與單元u3之合計量,各單元的理想比率如下。 單元u1之比率宜為90~99.89莫耳%,且95~99.47莫耳%較佳,96~98.95莫耳%更佳。 單元u2之比率宜為0.01~3莫耳%,且0.03~2莫耳%較佳,0.05~1莫耳%更佳。 單元u3之比率宜為0.1~9.99莫耳%,且0.5~9.97莫耳%較佳,1~9.95莫耳%更佳。
在含氟聚合物F11中,各單元比率若在前述範圍內,氟樹脂膜之阻燃性、耐藥性等便更為優異。 單元u2之比率若在前述範圍內,熱壓積層體中之氟樹脂膜與積層對象物之層間密著性、及氟樹脂膜與金屬層之層間密著性便更為優異。 單元u3之比率若在前述範圍內,含氟聚合物F11之成形性、氟樹脂膜之耐撓性等便更為優異。 各單元比率可藉由含氟共聚物X之熔融NMR分析、氟含量分析、紅外吸收光譜分析等算出。
含氟聚合物F11除了單元u1~u3,亦可具有源自非氟系單體(惟,酸酐系單體除外)之單元u4。 非氟系單體可舉如烯烴(乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯等)、乙烯酯(乙酸乙烯酯等)等。非氟系單體可單獨使用1種,亦可將2種以上併用。 若從氟樹脂膜之機械強度等優異的觀點來看,非氟系單體宜為乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯,且乙烯尤佳。
含氟聚合物F11之具體例可舉如TFE、NAH與PPVE之共聚物(亦表記為TFE/NAH/PPVE共聚物;其他共聚物亦同)、TFE/IAH/PPVE共聚物、TFE/CAH/PPVE共聚物、TFE/IAH/HFP共聚物、TFE/CAH/HFP共聚物、TFE/IAH/PFBE/乙烯共聚物、TFE/CAH/PFBE/乙烯共聚物、TFE/IAH/PFEE/乙烯共聚物、TFE/CAH/PFEE/乙烯共聚物、TFE/IAH/HFP/PFBE/乙烯共聚物等。 含氟聚合物F11宜為具有接著性官能基之PFA,且TFE/NAH/PPVE共聚物、TFE/IAH/PPVE共聚物、TFE/CAH/PPVE共聚物較佳。
氟樹脂F1亦可使用具有接著性官能基作為主鏈末端基的含氟聚合物。前述含氟聚合物可利用下述方法製造:在單體聚合時,使用可帶來接著性官能基之鏈轉移劑或聚合引發劑使單體聚合。
可帶來接著性官能基的鏈轉移劑以具有羧基、酯鍵、羥基等之鏈轉移劑為宜。具體上可列舉乙酸、乙酸酐、乙酸甲酯、乙二醇、丙二醇等。 可帶來接著性官能基之聚合引發劑,宜為過氧碳酸酯、二醯基過氧化物、過氧基酯等過氧化物系聚合引發劑。具體上可列舉過氧二碳酸二-正丙酯、過氧碳酸二異丙酯、三級丁基過氧基異丙基碳酸酯、雙(4-三級丁基環己基)過氧二碳酸酯、過氧二碳酸二-2-乙基己酯等。
本發明之氟樹脂膜亦可視需求,在不損及本發明效果之範圍內進一步含有氟樹脂F以外之樹脂及添加劑等。
添加劑宜為有機質填料、無機填料等。添加劑可舉如國際公開第2018/16644號之段落[0070]中所載之物。
本發明之氟樹脂膜在厚度方向之至少一表面的Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上。藉此,利用熱壓將預浸體等積層對象物積層至氟樹脂膜之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之表面時,可在氟樹脂膜與積層對象物之間獲得優異的層間密著性。又,即使將由金屬等其他材料所構成之基材積層至氟樹脂膜之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之表面,也能在氟樹脂膜與其他基材之間獲得優異的層間密著性。 在本發明之氟樹脂膜中,可以是僅厚度方向之一表面的Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上,亦可以是厚度方向之二表面的Ra(AFM)均為3.0nm以上。
氟樹脂膜之厚度方向之至少一表面的Ra(AFM)為3.0以上,且9.0以上為佳,12nm以上較佳。若為前述範圍,本發明之氟樹脂膜便具有優異的密著性。 氟樹脂膜之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面之Rz(AFM)宜為80nm以上,且100nm以上較佳,130nm以上尤佳。若為前述範圍,便可提升密著性。 又,Ra(AFM)宜為1μm以下,且Rz(AFM)宜為300nm以下。
本發明之氟樹脂膜可為單層薄膜亦可為多層薄膜。 氟樹脂膜之厚度宜為1~3000μm。在印刷基板用途之下,氟樹脂膜厚度以1~2000μm較佳,1~1000μm更佳,3~50μm尤佳,3~15μm最佳。
氟樹脂膜之相對介電係數(1MHz)宜為2.0~3.5,且2.0~3.0尤佳。相對介電係數(1MHz)若在前述範圍之上限值以下,有利於印刷基板用途等需要低介電係數之用途。相對介電係數(1MHz)若在前述範圍之下限值以上,電性特性及接著性兩者皆佳。
氟樹脂膜之相對介電係數(20GHz)宜為2.5以下,且2.4以下較佳,2.0~2.4尤佳。相對介電係數(20GHz)愈低,氟樹脂膜之電性特性便較為優異,譬如將氟樹脂膜用於印刷基板時,可獲得優異的傳輸效率。
(氟樹脂膜之製造方法) 氟樹脂膜之製造方法可舉如將含有氟樹脂F之氟樹脂膜之至少一表面進行表面處理以使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上的方法。
另,將前述「以使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上」換成「以使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上且Rz(AFM)成為80.0nm以上」時,亦同樣可製造氟樹脂膜。
氟樹脂膜之形成方法可舉如,將已使包含氟樹脂F之樹脂粉末分散在液態介質中之分散液進行製膜,並於乾燥後加熱而製得氟樹脂膜的方法。又亦可舉如,將混合有前述分散液與含有氟樹脂F以外之熱可塑性樹脂或其原料、或是熱硬化性樹脂或其原料(以下,將該等整合並表記為「熱可塑性樹脂等」)之液體的液態組成物進行製膜,並於乾燥後加熱而製得氟樹脂膜的方法。 另,氟樹脂膜之製造方法亦可使用擠製成形法、充氣成形法等。
樹脂粉末宜以氟樹脂F作為主成分。氟樹脂F若為主成分,便容易製得體密度高的樹脂粉末。樹脂粉末之體密度愈大,處置性愈佳。又,樹脂粉末以「氟樹脂F作為主成分」意指氟樹脂F相對於樹脂粉末總量(100質量%)之比率佔80質量%以上。氟樹脂F相對於樹脂粉末總量(100質量%)之比率宜為85質量%以上,且90質量%以上較佳,100質量%尤佳。
樹脂粉末之平均粒徑宜為0.3~6μm,且0.4~5μm較佳,0.5~4.5μm更佳,0.7~4μm尤佳,1~3.5μm最佳。樹脂粉末之平均粒徑若在前述範圍之下限值以上,樹脂粉末之流動性便充分,容易處理,且因為平均粒徑小,所以可提高樹脂粉末對熱可塑性樹脂等的充填率。充填率愈高,使用液態組成物形成之氟樹脂膜的電性特性(低介電係數等)就愈佳。又,樹脂粉末之平均粒徑愈小,使用液態組成物形成之氟樹脂膜的厚度就愈薄,譬如也能輕易做出適於撓性印刷基板用途的薄度。樹脂粉末之平均粒徑若為前述範圍之上限值以下,樹脂粉末對液態介質之分散性即佳。此外,若在該範圍內,形成薄膜時可落在理想的表面粗度範圍內,接著性佳。
樹脂粉末之平均粒徑係利用雷射繞射散射法求得之體積基準累積50%徑長(D50)。即,利用雷射繞射散射法測定粒度分布,令粒子群之總體積為100%求出累積曲線後,於該累積曲線上累積體積為50%之點的粒徑。
樹脂粉末之體積基準累積90%徑長(D90)宜為8μm以下,且6μm以下較佳,1.5~5μm尤佳。D90若在上限值以下,樹脂粉末對液態介質之分散性即佳。 樹脂粉末之D90可利用雷射繞射散射法求得。即,利用雷射繞射散射法測定粒度分布,令粒子群之總體積為100%求出累積曲線後,於該累積曲線上累積體積為90%之點的粒徑。
樹脂粉末之鬆裝體密度宜為0.05g/mL以上,且0.05~0.5g/mL較佳,0.08~0.5g/mL尤佳。 樹脂粉末之緊密裝填體密宜為0.05g/mL以上,且0.05~0.8g/mL較佳,0.1~0.8g/mL尤佳。 鬆裝體密度或緊密裝填體密愈大,樹脂粉末之處理性便較為優異。又可提高樹脂粉末對熱可塑性樹脂等的充填率。鬆裝體密度或緊密裝填體密度若在前述範圍之上限值以下,便可在通用的製程中使用。
液態介質可舉如:水;甲醇、乙醇等醇類;N,N-二甲基甲醯胺、N,N-二甲基乙醯胺、N-甲基-2-吡咯啶酮等含氮化合物;二甲亞碸等含硫化合物;二乙基醚、二烷等醚類;乳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯等酯類;甲基乙基酮、甲基異丙基酮等酮類;乙二醇單異丙基醚等甘醇醚類;甲賽璐蘇、乙賽璐蘇等賽璐蘇類等。 液態介質可單獨使用1種亦可將2種以上併用。又,液態介質為不與接著性氟樹脂反應之化合物。
分散液亦可含有界面活性劑。 上述界面活性劑必須至少具有含氟基與親水性基,且只要是至少具有親油性基與親水性基之界面活性劑即無特別限定,亦可為含有其他親油性基之物。
分散液更可含有聚矽氧系消泡劑或氟聚矽氧系消泡劑。尤其,在非水系溶劑之液態介質的情況下,比起在液態介質與氟樹脂F之界面,為了使消泡劑存在於液態介質與空氣的界面,宜使用親水性或水溶性的聚矽氧系消泡劑。
分散液中之液態介質含量宜相對於樹脂粉末100質量份為1~1000質量份。 分散液含有界面活性劑時,分散液中之界面活性劑含量宜相對於樹脂粉末100質量份為0.1~20質量份,且0.2~10質量份較佳,0.3~7質量份尤佳。 分散液含有消泡劑時,分散液中之消泡劑含量會隨氟樹脂F的含量而改變,不過,有效成分宜相對於分散液之總質量為1質量%以下。 分散液含有無機填料時,分散液中之無機填料含量宜相對於樹脂粉末100質量份為0.1~300質量份,1~200質量份較佳,3~150質量份更佳,5~100質量份尤佳,10~60質量份最佳。
液態組成物係前述之分散液與含有熱可塑性樹脂等之液體的混合液。 氟樹脂F以外的熱可塑性樹脂或其原料,可舉如具有可與接著性官能基反應之反應性基的熱可塑性樹脂或其原料。反應性基可舉如含羰基之基團、羥基、胺基、環氧基等。
具有反應性基之熱可塑性樹脂可舉如熱可塑性聚醯亞胺(以下亦表記為「TPI」)。 具有反應性基之熱可塑性樹脂原料可舉如TPI之原料前驅物,即多元羧酸二酐或其衍生物與二胺聚縮合製得的聚醯胺酸。熱可塑性樹脂之原料可單獨使用1種亦可將2種以上併用。
熱可塑性樹脂之原料以作為熱可塑性樹脂時的熔點為280℃以上之物為宜。藉此,利用液態組成物形成之薄膜等能輕易抑制曝露在相當於焊料回焊之氣體環境下時之熱所引發的膨脹(發泡)。
氟樹脂F以外的熱可塑性樹脂或其原料亦可使用不具反應性基之物。不具反應性基之氟樹脂F以外的熱可塑性樹脂,可舉如前述其他樹脂中所列舉之不具接著性官能基且熔點低於260℃或超過380℃的氟樹脂。
熱硬化性樹脂或其原料可舉如具有反應性基之熱硬化性樹脂或其原料。熱硬化性樹脂或其原料亦可使用不具反應性基之物。 熱硬化性樹脂可舉如環氧樹脂、丙烯酸樹脂、酚樹脂、聚酯樹脂、聚烯烴樹脂、改質聚苯醚樹脂、多官能氰酸酯樹脂、多官能馬來醯亞胺-氰酸酯樹脂、多官能性馬來醯亞胺樹脂、乙烯基酯樹脂、脲樹脂、酞酸二烯丙酯樹脂、黑色素樹脂、胍胺樹脂、三聚氰胺-脲共縮合樹脂、具有反應性基之氟樹脂(惟,氟樹脂F1除外)等。其中,從有利於印刷基板用途的觀點來看,熱硬化性樹脂宜為環氧樹脂、丙烯酸樹脂、雙馬來醯亞胺樹脂、改質聚苯醚樹脂,且環氧樹脂、改質聚苯醚樹脂尤佳。熱硬化性樹脂可單獨使用1種亦可將2種以上併用。
環氧樹脂之重量平均分子量宜為100~1000000,且1000~100000較佳。環氧樹脂之重量平均分子量若在前述範圍內,利用液態組成物形成之薄膜等與其他材料(金屬等)的層間密著性即佳。 環氧樹脂之重量平均分子量可利用凝膠滲透層析法(GPC)測得。
雙馬來醯亞胺樹脂可舉如日本特開平7-70315號公報中所記載之併用雙酚A型氰酸酯樹脂與雙馬來醯亞胺化合物而成的樹脂組成物(BT樹脂),或如國際公開第2013/008667號中記載之發明及其發明背景中記載之物。
具有反應性基之熱硬化性樹脂的原料宜為芳香族聚醯亞胺之前驅物(聚醯胺酸),且以芳香族多元羧酸二酐與芳香族二胺縮聚合製得的全芳香族聚醯亞胺之前驅物(聚醯胺酸)為宜。 芳香族多元羧酸二酐及芳香族二胺之具體例可列舉日本特開2012-145676號公報段落[0055]、[0057]中所載之物等。該等可單獨使用1種亦可將2種以上併用。
含有熱可塑性樹脂等之液體在熱可塑性樹脂等為液態時,可直接使用。熱可塑性樹脂等為非液態時,則將熱可塑性樹脂等溶解或分散至可溶解或分散熱可塑性樹脂等之液態介質中做成液體即可。可溶解或分散熱可塑性樹脂等之液態介質並無特別限定,譬如從在分散液中列舉為液態介質之物,按熱可塑性樹脂等之種類適當選擇即可。
使用熱硬化性樹脂或其原料時,液態組成物亦可含有硬化劑。硬化劑可舉如熱硬化劑(三聚氰胺樹脂、胺甲酸乙酯樹脂等)、環氧硬化劑(酚醛型酚樹脂、異酞酸二醯肼、己二酸二醯肼等)等。
液態組成物中之樹脂粉末含量宜相對於熱可塑性樹脂等之100質量份為5~500質量份,且10~400質量份為佳,20~300質量份尤佳。樹脂粉末含量若在前述範圍之下限值以上,使用液態組成物形成之氟樹脂膜的電性特性即佳。樹脂粉末含量若在前述範圍之上限值以下,樹脂粉末便容易均勻分散在液態組成物中,且使用液態組成物形成之氟樹脂膜的機械強度即佳。
相對於樹脂粉末及熱可塑性樹脂等之合計100質量份,液態組成物中之液態介質含量宜為1~1000質量份,且10~500質量份較佳,30~250質量份尤佳。液態介質含量若為前述範圍之下限值以上,液態組成物黏度就不會過高,製膜時塗敷性即佳。液態介質含量若為前述範圍之上限值以下,液態組成物黏度就不會太低,製膜時塗敷性良好,且液態介質之使用量少,所以不易因去除液態介質之製程造成製膜品外觀不良。 另,含有熱可塑性樹脂等之液體中已含有液態介質時,液態組成物中之液態介質含量意指分散液之液態介質與含有熱可塑性樹脂等之液體之液態介質的合計含量。
液態組成物含有硬化劑時,相對於熱硬化性樹脂或其原料具有之反應性基量,液態組成物中之硬化劑含量宜為0.5~2.0當量,0.8~1.2當量較佳。
分散液或液態組成物(以下表記為液態組成物等)之製膜化方法宜塗佈至載體表面上,藉由塗佈至載體上而形成由液態組成物等所構成之膜。形成液態組成物等之膜以後,再以加熱液態組成物等之膜等方法使液態介質揮發,而形成已去除液態介質之固體狀之膜,或是至少已去除部分液態介質之非流動性之膜。以下,液態介質之去除亦稱為「乾燥」,塗佈操作亦稱為「塗敷」。
乾燥時,不必完全去除液態介質,只要做到塗膜可穩定維持膜狀之程度即可。乾燥時,宜去除液態組成物所含液態介質當中的50質量%以上。 乾燥方法並無特別限定,可舉如國際公開第2018/16644號之段落[0091]~[0094]中記載之方法。
於含有熱可塑性樹脂等之液體使用熱可塑性樹脂之原料時,會於乾燥後利用加熱將熱可塑性樹脂之原料做成熱可塑性樹脂。譬如當使用TPI原料之聚醯胺酸時,於乾燥後利用加熱使聚醯胺酸亞胺化而做成TPI。此時,乾燥後之加熱溫度譬如可設為350~550℃。 於含有熱可塑性樹脂等之液體使用熱硬化性樹脂時,會於乾燥後利用加熱使熱硬化性樹脂硬化。又,使用熱硬化性樹脂之原料(芳香族聚醯亞胺之前驅物的聚醯胺酸等)時,會於乾燥後利用加熱將熱硬化性樹脂原料做成熱硬化性樹脂後再使其硬化。乾燥後之加熱溫度因應熱硬化性樹脂之種類適宜設定即可,譬如在使用環氧樹脂時可設為50~250℃。 乾燥與其後之加熱亦可接續進行。乾燥後之加熱可以1階段實施,亦可在不同溫度下實施2階段以上。
將含有界面活性劑之前述分散液或液態組成物進行成膜來製造本發明之氟樹脂膜時,氟樹脂膜中之界面活性劑的殘存量宜低於8%。只要在該範圍內,介電係數即低,電性特性佳。
使氟樹脂膜之至少一表面的Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上的表面處理宜為電漿處理。 用於電漿處理之電漿照射裝置並無特別限定,可列舉採用高頻感應方式、電容耦合型電極方式、電暈放電電極-電漿噴射方式、平行板型、遠程電漿型、大氣壓電漿型、ICP型高密度電漿型等之裝置。
用於電漿處理之氣體並無特別限定,可列舉氧、氮、稀有氣體(氬)、氫、氨等,且以稀有氣體或氮為宜,氬尤佳。該等可單獨使用1種,亦可將2種以上混合使用。 用於電漿處理之氣體宜為氬氣、氬氣與氫或氮之混合氣體、或是氬氣、氮與氫之混合氣體。電漿處理時之氧濃度宜為500ppm以下,並且可以為0ppm。
電漿處理之氣體環境以稀有氣體或氮氣之體積分率為50體積%以上的氣體環境為宜,且70體積%以上的氣體環境較佳,90體積%以上的氣體環境更佳,100體積%的氣體環境尤佳。稀有氣體或氮氣之體積分率若在下限值以上,便可輕易地將氟樹脂膜表面更新成Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之經電漿處理的表面。
在電漿處理中,膜表面之Ra(AFM)會隨著處理進展而變大,然而一旦處理過頭,暫且變大的Ra(AFM)有再次縮小之傾向。所以,為了不過度處理,必須調節電極間隔距、裝置輸出等,控制產生之電子能量(1~10eV左右),並設定處理時間。調節電漿處理裝置中之RF輸出電力時,宜將RF輸出電力調節至100~400W。
另,將前述「使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上之表面處理」換成「使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上且Rz(AFM)成為80.0nm以上之表面處理」時亦同。
經電漿處理之氟樹脂膜表面的水接觸角宜為114°以下,更宜為100°以下。接觸角愈小,與其他材料之接著性便愈佳。
經電漿處理之氟樹脂膜之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面濕潤張力宜為30mN/m以上,30mN/m以上且70mN/m以下較佳,40mN/m以上且65mN/m以下更佳。濕潤張力愈大,與其他材料之接著性愈佳。
電漿處理後之氟樹脂膜之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氧原子之組成比宜為1%以上,1%以上且9%以下較佳。氧原子之組成比在前述範圍內時,容易賦予良好的接著性。另,本發明之氟樹脂膜於電漿處理前的表面氧原子之組成比為0%以上,且較宜為0.5%以上。
電漿處理後之氟樹脂膜之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氟原子之組成比宜為65%以下。氟原子之組成比若在前述範圍內,便容易賦予良好的接著性。再者,氟原子之組成比若為25%以上,作為印刷基板之電性特性會變高。
[積層體] 本發明之積層體係具有層A與層B且至少1面由前述層A之表面所構成的積層體,前述層A係由含有前述氟樹脂F之材料構成,前述層B係由不含氟樹脂F之材料構成;並且,前述積層體之層A表面的至少1面係其Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之表面。層A之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面更以Rz(AFM)為80.0nm以上為佳。本發明之積層體特別有於作為利用熱壓將積層對象物積層於層A表面的積層體。
本發明之積層體的積層構成具有以至少一層A為最外層的積層構成。本發明之積層體的積層構成可舉如依序積層層A與層B而成的構成(亦表記為層A/層B;有關其他積層構成亦同)、層A/層B/層A。
構成層A之材料係含有氟樹脂F之材料,宜由構成前述本發明之氟樹脂膜的材料構成。構成層A之材料可僅由氟樹脂F構成,此時的氟樹脂F亦可為像PTFE之不具接著性官能基的氟樹脂F2。 層A可舉如由本發明之氟樹脂膜所構成之層、由含有氟樹脂F之樹脂粉末藉由塗佈等形成之氟樹脂層。層A可為單層亦可為2層以上之多層。 本發明之積層體兩面為層A之表面時,可以是僅單面之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面,亦可以是兩面之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面。具有Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之表面的層A厚度及相對介電係數的理想範圍,與氟樹脂膜之該等理想範圍相同。本發明之積層體具有第2層A且第2層A具有Ra(AFM)非3.0nm以上之表面時,第2層A之厚度及相對介電係數的理想範圍亦同樣地宜與氟樹脂膜之該等理想範圍相同。
另,將前述「Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上」換成「Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上且Rz(AFM)為80.0nm以上」之情況亦同。
構成層B之材料為不含氟樹脂F之材料,可舉如氟樹脂F以外之氟樹脂、不具氟原子之熱可塑性樹脂、不具氟原子之熱硬化性樹脂等樹脂材料。又,亦可為金屬或玻璃等無機質材料,或是無機質材料與樹脂材料之組合材料等(後述之預浸體等)。構成層B之材料尤宜為金屬。 層B宜由上述材料所構成之基材構成。譬如,可列舉由上述樹脂材料所構成之薄膜、由上述無機質材料所構成之薄膜、由該等薄膜之組合等所構成的薄膜、由薄膜以外之成形體所構成的基材等。尤宜為被稱為金屬箔之金屬薄膜所構成的基材,或是由金屬材料所構成之薄層與樹脂材料層構成的薄膜狀基材,以下該等基材稱為金屬基材。 層B可為單層亦可為2層以上之多層。又,層B中亦可含有填料,譬如可含有氟樹脂粉末。層B在印刷基板用途上可作為由金屬基材所構成之層發揮效用。
金屬基材可舉如金屬箔、表面具有金屬鍍層之樹脂膜、表面具有金屬蒸鍍層之樹脂膜(金屬蒸鍍樹脂膜)等。 構成金屬基材之金屬可列舉鐵、不鏽鋼、鋁、銅、黃銅、鎳、鋅、鈦或該等金屬之合金等。在印刷基板用途之情況下,宜為銅或銅合金、不鏽鋼、鎳或鎳合金(亦含42合金)、鋁或鋁合金,且銅尤佳。金屬基材以軋延銅箔、電解銅箔等銅箔尤佳。
亦可於金屬基材表面形成有防鏽層(譬如鉻酸鹽等之氧化物皮膜)或耐熱層。又,為了提升與層A之密著性,亦可對金屬基材之表面施行耦合劑處理等。 金屬基材厚度並無特別限定,因應用途選擇可發揮充分功能之厚度即可。 金屬蒸鍍樹脂膜可列舉已利用真空蒸鍍法、濺鍍法、離子鍍法等蒸鍍法對耐熱性樹脂膜之單面或兩面蒸鍍上前述金屬的薄膜。
作為用於層B之基材的樹脂膜宜為耐熱性樹脂膜、熱硬化性樹脂膜。 耐熱性樹脂膜係含有1種以上耐熱性樹脂之薄膜。惟,耐熱性樹脂膜不含氟樹脂。耐熱性樹脂薄膜可為單層薄膜亦可為多層薄膜。 耐熱性樹脂意指熔點為280℃以上之高分子化合物,或是JIS C 4003:2010(IEC 60085:2007)所規定之最高連續使用溫度為121℃以上的高分子化合物。
耐熱性樹脂可舉如聚醯亞胺(芳香族聚醯亞胺等)、聚芳酯、聚碸、聚芳基碸(聚醚碸等)、芳香族聚醯胺、芳香族聚醚醯胺、聚伸苯硫、聚芳基醚酮、聚醯胺醯亞胺、液晶聚酯等的液晶聚合物(以下亦表記為「LCP」)。
LCP係可形成光學各向異性之熔融相的熱可塑性聚合物。熔融時之光學各向異性譬如可藉由將試料載置於熱載台上,在氮氣體環境下升溫加熱並觀察試料之透射光來確認。 LCP之例可列舉熱可塑性液晶聚酯、或於其中導入了醯胺鍵之熱可塑性液晶聚酯醯胺等。 又可為已於芳香族聚酯或芳香族聚酯醯胺進一步導入醯亞胺鍵、碳酸酯鍵、碳二醯亞胺鍵或三聚異氰酸酯鍵等源自異氰酸酯之鍵等的聚合物。並且尤宜為熱可塑性液晶聚酯。 LCP之熔點宜為280~360℃,且290~350℃較佳。
LCP之例可列舉Vecstar(Kuraray CO.,LTD.製、商品名)、BIAC(W. L. Gore & Associates, Co., LTD.製、商品名)、Polyplastics Co., LTD.製「Laperos」、Celanese公司製「Vectra」、上野製藥公司製「UENOLCP」、住友化學公司製「SumikaSuper LCP」、SOLVAY SPECIALTY POLYMERS製「XYDAR」、JX日礦日石能源公司製「Xydar」、TORAY公司製「Siveras」。
耐熱性樹脂膜宜為聚醯亞胺薄膜、液晶聚酯薄膜,若從電性特性的觀點來看則以液晶聚酯薄膜較佳。耐熱性樹脂膜之層A側表面亦可已施行電暈處理、電漿處理等表面處理。
熱硬化性樹脂膜可為單層薄膜亦可為多層薄膜。構成熱硬化性樹脂膜之熱硬化性樹脂可列舉與液態組成物說明中所舉例之熱硬化性樹脂相同之物。用於層B之熱硬化性樹脂係設為可在氟樹脂F之熔點以下之溫度下形成層B之熱硬化性樹脂(以下亦表記為「熱硬化性樹脂H」)。 構成樹脂膜之樹脂亦可使用聚烯烴(聚乙烯、聚丙烯等)、聚酯(聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯等)、聚苯醚等。
在含有氟樹脂F之層A與含有熱硬化性樹脂H之層B的積層體中,層A厚度相對於層B厚度之比率A/B宜為0.3以上且3.0以下。厚度比率A/B只要為0.3以上,降低相對介電係數之效果便高。厚度比率A/B只要為3.0以下,即可縮小線膨脹係數。
在積層體中層A與含有熱硬化性樹脂H之層B為直接積層時,該等層A與層B之界面剝離強度宜為5N/10mm以上,且7N/10mm以上較佳,8N/10mm以上更佳。
包含含熱硬化性樹脂H之層B的積層體之相對介電係數(20GHz)宜低於3.6,且3.55以下較佳,3.20以下尤佳。積層體之相對介電係數(20GHz)愈低,將該積層體用於印刷基板之基板時,就愈可獲得優異的傳輸效率。
包含含熱硬化性樹脂H之層B的積層體之介電正切(20GHz)宜為0.01以下,且0.007以下較佳,0.005以下尤佳。積層體之相對介電係數(20GHz)愈低,將該積層體用於印刷基板之基板時,就愈可獲得優異的傳輸效率。
理想的積層體可列舉下述積層體:層B含有熱硬化性樹脂H且包含層A與層B直接積層之構成,並且,直接積層之層A與層B之界面剝離強度為5N/10mm以上,且相對介電係數(20GHz)低於3.6。此時,層A之與層B相接之表面中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氧原子之組成比為1%以上、氟原子之組成比為25%以上且65%以下較佳。
本發明之積層體的具體例可舉如圖1中所示之積層體1。積層體1具備層A10及層B12,且該層B12積層在層A10之厚度方向的第1表面10a側。 在積層體1中,層A10之與層B12為相反側之第2表面10b的Ra(AFM)係設為3.0nm以上。藉此,當積層體1之層A10之第2表面10b側積層有積層對象物時,可獲得優異的層間密著性。
在積層體1中,亦可進一步使層A10之第1表面10a之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上。層B12為玻璃構件或樹脂膜時,從層A10與層B12之層間密著性的觀點來看,宜使第1表面10a之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上。層B12為金屬層時,第1表面10a之Ra(AFM)即使沒有3.0nm以上,也能在層A10與層B12之間獲得充分的層間密著性。
本發明之積層體亦可為圖2中所例示之積層體2。積層體2具備第1層A20、積層在第1層A20之厚度方向之第1表面20a側的層B22、及積層在層B22之第1層A20之相反側的第2層A24。
在積層體2中,係將第1層A20之與層B22為相反側的第2表面20b之Ra(AFM)設為3.0m以上,且進一步將第2層A24之與層B22為相反側的第2表面24b之Ra(AFM)設為3.0nm以上。藉此,當積層體2之第1層A20之第2表面20b側、及第2層A24之第2表面24b側積層有積層對象物時,可獲得優異的層間密著性。另,在積層體2中亦可進一步使第1層A20之第1表面20a及第2層A24之第1表面24a的Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上。
又,在前述積層體之具體例中,將「使Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上」換成「使Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上且Rz(AFM)為80.0nm以上」之情況亦同。
本發明可提供各種態樣的積層體。本發明亦提供一種積層體,具有:層A,含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂;及層B,係由前述層A以外之其他基材所構成;前述積層體包含前述層A與前述層B直接積層之構成,並且,直接積層之前述層A與前述層B之界面剝離強度為5N/10mm以上,且相對介電係數(20GHz)低於3.6。此時形成前述層B之材料宜為可在前述氟樹脂之熔點以下的溫度下形成前述層B之熱硬化性樹脂或是後述之預浸體,且以後述之預浸體尤佳。該積層體可在氟樹脂之熔點以下的低溫區域製得,所以相對介電係數等電性特性佳。
(積層體之製造方法) 本發明之積層體之製造方法宜為:在製造具有含有氟樹脂F之層A與層B的積層體後,將製得之積層體的層A表面進行表面處理以使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上的方法。
具有層A與層B之積層體之製造方法可舉將含有氟樹脂F之樹脂粉末塗佈於為層B之基材的表面,並於前述為層B之基材上形成層A的方法。此時,可以是使用前述分散液或液態組成物以凹版塗佈法、微凹版塗佈法、凹版平版法、刮刀塗佈法、接觸塗佈法、棒塗法、模塗法、噴泉式繞線棒(fountain meyer bar)法、狹縫式模塗法等進行塗佈、製膜的方法,亦可藉由靜電塗裝法等將樹脂粉末進行粉體塗裝至為層B之基材的表面上。 將積層體之層A表面進行表面處理以使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上的方法,可列舉與在氟樹脂膜之製造方法中所說明之方法相同的方法。 又,亦可藉由下述方式來製造本發明之積層體:將含有前述氟樹脂F之氟樹脂膜且其表面之Ra(AFM)非3.0nm以上的氟樹脂膜(在表面之Ra(AFM)不同的觀點下,非前述本發明之氟樹脂膜)與為層B之基材積層,製造積層體後,將所得積層體之該氟樹脂膜表面進行表面處理以使Ra(AFM)成為3.0nm以上來製造。
另,亦可將本發明之氟樹脂膜積層至為層B之基材上做成積層體。舉例如,將至少一表面之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的氟樹脂膜,以該Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之表面作為積層體表面並與為層B之基材積層而製得積層體的方法。又,亦可將為層B之基材積層至僅使一表面之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之氟樹脂膜的該表面側後,將製得之積層體的氟樹脂F層表面進行表面處理以使Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上。
另,在前述積層體之製造方法中,將「Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上」換成「Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上且Rz(AFM)為80.0nm以上」之情況亦同。
具有銅箔層作為層B之積層體可利用下列方式製造:使用銅箔作為基材,於銅箔單面塗佈液態組成物形成液態組成物之膜後,接著利用加熱乾燥去除液態介質,緊接著加熱使樹脂粉末熔融後予以冷卻,形成無未熔融粒子之均勻的樹脂層之層A而製得。亦可如前述於銅箔兩面形成樹脂層。
使用之銅箔按照JIS C6515:1998(IEC61249-5-1:1995)進行測定之表面粗度的最大高度Rz宜為1nm以上且2.5μm以下。若慮及電性特性,以表面粗度小之銅箔為宜。本發明之氟樹脂膜亦可積層在表面粗度小之銅箔上。
可在前述條件下形成液態組成物之膜、進行加熱乾燥及熔融樹脂粉末。譬如,乾燥後之加熱係利用熱輥進行加熱時,可使乾燥後之未熔融樹脂層與銅箔之積層體接觸耐熱輥,照射遠紅外線並同時輸送,使未熔融樹脂層成為熔融之樹脂層。輥件之輸送速度並無特別限定,譬如在使用長度為4.7m之加熱爐時,宜為4.7m/min至0.31m/min。此外,為了在短時間內有效率地將膜整體加熱,在使用長度為2.45m之加熱爐時,可設定為4.7m/min至2.45m/min。 加熱溫度並無特別限定,不過若將加熱爐之停滯時間設定為1分鐘,則宜為330℃至380℃,且更宜為350℃至370℃。亦可藉由拉長停滯時間來降低溫度。
製造之積層體的層A厚度宜為15μm以下,且10μm以下較佳,8μm以下尤佳。惟,在電性特性的觀點下,宜為1μm以上。只要在前述範圍之上限以下,即使樹脂層(層A)/銅箔(層B)為非對稱層構成,亦可抑制翹曲。積層體之翹曲率宜為25%以下,且15%以下較佳,10%以下更佳,7%以下尤佳。翹曲率只要在上限以下,在對印刷基板進行加工時的成形製程中,處理性即佳,且作為印刷基板之介電特性良好。 又,藉由使用含有二氧化矽或PTFE等填料之液態組成物或是含有TFE/PAVE共聚物、TFE/HFP共聚物、PCTFE等氟樹脂(惟,含氟聚合物F11除外)作為氟樹脂F之液態組成物,可進一步抑制翹曲。含有前述填料之積層體的層A厚度宜為200μm以下,且100μm以下較佳,50μm以下尤佳。惟,在電性特性的觀點下,宜為1μm以上。
將本發明之氟樹脂膜積層至為層B之基材之表面的方法,可舉利用熱壓之方法。將氟樹脂膜積層至為層B之基材的表面時,熱壓溫度宜為氟樹脂F之熔點以下,且140~250℃較佳。亦即可在比氟樹脂F之熔點更低之為層B之基材的熔點下進行熱壓。 惟,如果為層B之基材是像液晶聚合物般熔點比氟樹脂F更高時,則亦可在比為層B之基材的熔點低5度以上的溫度下進行熱壓。
[熱壓積層體之製造方法] 本發明之熱壓積層體之製造方法係利用熱壓將積層對象物貼合於本發明之氟樹脂膜或是本發明之積層體之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的表面的方法。 另,將前述「於Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之表面」換成「於Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上且Rz(AFM)為80.0nm以上之表面」時,亦同樣可製造熱壓積層體。
積層對象物可舉如預浸體、玻璃構件、陶瓷構件。其中,本發明又有利於使用預浸體作為積層對象物之情況。 預浸體可舉使強化纖維片材中浸潤有基質樹脂之物。
強化纖維片可列舉:多條強化纖維所構成之強化纖維束、將該強化纖維束編織而成之布帛、多條強化纖維朝一方向緊束之單方向性強化纖維束、由該單方向性強化纖維束所構成之單方向性布帛、將該等予以組合而成之物及將多條強化纖維束堆疊而成之物等。 強化纖維以長度為10mm以上之連續性長纖維為宜。強化纖維無須在強化纖維片之長度方向整個長度上或寬度方向整個寬度上呈現連續狀態,可在中途截斷。
強化纖維可列舉無機纖維、金屬纖維、有機纖維等。 無機纖維可列舉碳纖維、石墨纖維、玻璃纖維、碳化矽纖維、氮化矽纖維、氧化鋁纖維、碳化矽纖維、硼纖維等。 金屬纖維可列舉鋁纖維、黃銅纖維、不鏽鋼纖維等。 有機纖維可列舉芳香族聚醯胺纖維、聚芳醯胺纖維、聚對伸苯基苯并唑(PBO)纖維、聚伸苯硫纖維、聚酯纖維、丙烯酸纖維、尼龍纖維、聚乙烯纖維等。
強化纖維可施有表面處理。 強化纖維可單獨使用1種亦可將2種以上併用。 在印刷基板用途上,強化纖維宜為玻璃纖維。
基質樹脂可為熱可塑性樹脂亦可為熱硬化性樹脂。本發明特別有益於使用熔點為280℃以下之熱可塑性樹脂或熱硬化溫度為280℃以下之熱硬化性樹脂作為基質樹脂。基質樹脂可單獨使用1種亦可將2種以上併用。 預浸體之基質樹脂宜為選自於由環氧樹脂、聚氧化苯、聚苯醚及聚丁二烯所構成群組中之至少1種。
基質樹脂宜為熱硬化性樹脂。熱硬化性樹脂可列舉與在液態組成物說明中所舉例之熱硬化性樹脂相同之物。熱硬化性樹脂宜為選自於由環氧樹脂、聚氧化苯、聚苯醚、聚丁二烯所構成群組中之至少1種。 熱可塑性樹脂可列舉聚酯系樹脂(聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯等)、聚烯烴系樹脂(聚乙烯等)、苯乙烯系樹脂(聚苯乙烯等)、聚碳酸酯、聚醯亞胺(芳香族聚醯亞胺等)、聚芳酯、聚碸、聚芳基碸(聚醚碸等)、芳香族聚醯胺、芳香族聚醚醯胺、聚伸苯硫、聚芳基醚酮、聚醯胺醯亞胺、液晶聚酯、聚苯醚、PTFE、TFE/PAVE共聚物、TFE/HFP共聚物、PCTFE等之氟樹脂等。
基質樹脂為熱硬化性樹脂時,熱硬化性樹脂之硬化溫度宜為氟樹脂之熔點以下,且120~300℃尤佳。 預浸體之厚度宜為10μm以上且5mm,30μm以上且3mm以下較佳,80μm以上且1mm以下尤佳。惟,預浸體之厚度可依照基板適宜設定。
預浸體可列舉以下商品名之物。 panasonic公司製MEGTRON GX系列R-G520、R-1410W、R-1410A、R-1410E;MEGTRON系列R-1410W、R-1410A、R-1410E;MEGTRON系列R-5680、R-5680(J)、R-5680(NJ)、R-5670、R-5670(N)、R-5620S、R-5620、R-5630、R-1570;HIPER系列R-1650V、R-1650D、R-1650M、R-1650E、R-5610、CR-5680、CR-5680(N)、CR-5680(J)。 日立化成工業公司製GEA-770G、GEA-705G、GEA-700G、GEA-679FG、GEA-679F(R)、GEA-78G、TD-002、GEA-75G、GEA-67、GEA-67G。 Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.製EI-6765、Panasonic公司製R-5785。 MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL公司製GEPL-190T、GEPL-230T、GHPL-830X TypeA、GHPL-830NS、GHPL-830NSR、GHPL-830NSF。 DOOSAN CORPORATION公司製GEPL-190T、GEPL-230T、GHPL-830X TypeA、GHPL-830NS、GHPL-830NSR、GHPL-830NSF。 廣東生益科技股份有限公司製SP120N、S1151G、S1151GB、S1170G、S1170GB、S1150G、S1150GB、S1140F、S1140FB、S7045G、SP175M、S1190、S1190B、S1170、S0701、S1141KF、S0401KF、S1000-2M、S1000-2MB、S1000-2、S1000-2B、S1000、S1000B、S1000H、S1000HB、S7136H、S7439、S7439B。 SHANGHAI NANYA公司製NY1135、NY1140、NY1150、NY1170、NY2150、NY2170、NY9135、NY9140、NY9600、NY9250、NY9140 HF、NY6200、NY6150、NY3170 LK、NY6300、NY3170M、NY6200、NY3150 HF CTI600、NY3170HF、NY3150D、NY3150HF、NY2170H、NY2170、NY2150、NY2140、NY1600、NY1140、NY9815HF、NY9810HF、NY9815、NY9810。 聯茂電子股份有限公司製IT-180GN、IT-180I、IT-180A、IT-189、IT-180、IT-258GA3、IT-158、IT-150GN、IT-140、IT-150GS、IT-150G、IT-168G1、IT-168G2、IT-170G、IT-170GRA1、IT-958G、IT-200LK、IT-200D、IT-150DA、IT-170GLE、IT-968G、IT-968G SE、IT-968、IT-968 SE。 南亞塑膠工業股份有限公司製UV BLOCK FR-4-86、NP-140 TL/B、NP-140M TL/B、NP-150 R/TL/B、NP-170 R/TL/B、NP- 180 R/TL/B、NPG R/TL/B、NPG-151、NPG-150N、NPG-150LKHD、NPG-170N、NPG-170 R/TL/B、NPG-171、NPG-170D R/TL/B、NPG-180ID/B、NPG-180IF/B、NPG-180IN/B、NPG-180INBK/B(BP)、NPG-186、NPG-200R/TL、NPG-200WT、FR-4-86 PY、FR-140TL PY、NPG-PY R/TL、CEM-3-92、CEM-3-92PY、CEM-3-98、CEM-3-01PY、CEM-3-01HC、CEM-3-09、CEM-3-09HT、CEM-3-10、NP-LDII、NP-LDIII、NP-175R/TL/B、NP-155F R/TL/B、NP-175F R/TL/B、NP-175F BH、NP-175FM BH。 台燿科技股份有限公司製ULVP系列、LDP系列。 ISOLA GROUP公司製A11、R406N、P25N、TerraGreen、I-Tera MT40、IS680 AG、IS680、Astra MT77、G200、DE104、FR408、ED130UV、FR406、IS410、FR402、FR406N、IS420、IS620i、370TURBO、254、I-Speed、FR-408HR、IS415、370HR。 PARK ELECTROCHEMICAL公司製NY9000、NX9000、NL9000、NH9000、N9000-13 RF、N8000Q、N8000、N7000-1、N7000-2 HT Slash-3、N7000-3、N5000、N5000-30、N-5000-32、N4000-12、N4000-12SI、N4000-13、N4000-13SI、N4000-13SI、N4000-13EP、N4000-13EP SI、N4350-13RF、N4380-13RF、N4800-20、N4800-20SI、Meteorwave1000、Meteorwave2000、Meteorwave3000、Meteorwave4000、Mercurywave9350、N4000-6、N4000-6FC、N4000-7、N4000-7SI、N4000-11、N4000-29。 ROGERS CORPORATION公司製RO4450B、RO4450F、CLTE-P、3001 Bonding Film、2929 Bondply、CuClad 6700 Bonding Film、ULTRALAM 3908 Bondply、CuClad 6250 Bonding Film。 利昌工業公司製ES-3329、ES-3317B、ES-3346、ES-3308S、ES-3310A、ES-3306S、ES-3350、ES-3352、ES-3660、ES-3351S、ES-3551S、ES-3382S、ES-3940、ES-3960V、ES-3960C、ES-3753、ES-3305、ES-3615、ES-3306S、ES-3506S、ES-3308S、ES-3317B、ES-3615。
熱壓積層體之構成並無特別限定,可列舉金屬層(層B)/樹脂層(層A)/積層對象物/樹脂層(層A)/金屬層(層B)、金屬層/積層對象物/樹脂層(氟樹脂膜)/積層對象物/金屬層等。譬如,可列舉包含含有氟樹脂F(譬如為氟樹脂F1單獨或為氟樹脂F1及氟樹脂F2之混合物)之樹脂層與含有氟樹脂F(譬如為氟樹脂F1單獨、為氟樹脂F1及氟樹脂F2之混合物、或為氟樹脂F2單獨)之積層對象物的金屬層(層B)/樹脂層(層A)/積層對象物/樹脂層(層A)/金屬層(層B)之構成等,此外於各層亦可含有玻璃布或填料。 前述樹脂層之厚度宜為15μm以下,且10μm以下較佳,8μm以下尤佳。惟,在電性特性的觀點下,宜為1μm以上。又,藉由使用含有二氧化矽或PTFE等填料之液態組成物或是含有TFE/PAVE共聚物、TFE/HFP共聚物、聚氯三氟乙烯等其他氟樹脂作為氟樹脂F之液態組成物,可進一步抑制翹曲。 前述樹脂層含有填料之熱壓積層體的前述樹脂層厚度宜為200μm以下,且100μm以下較佳,50μm以下尤佳。惟,在電性特性的觀點下,宜為1μm以上。 前述積層對象物之厚度宜為0.1~500μm,且0.3~300μm較佳,0.5~150μm更佳。只要在前述範圍之上限以下,開孔加工性即佳,且介電特性優異。
氟樹脂膜或積層體與預浸體之熱壓溫度宜為氟樹脂F之熔點以下,且120~300℃較佳,140~240℃更佳,160~220℃更佳。熱壓溫度若在前述範圍內,便可抑制積層對象物熱劣化,並可以良好的層間密著性積層氟樹脂膜或積層體與積層對象物。
又,積層對象物係由熱可塑性樹脂構成且前述熱可塑性樹脂中含有50質量%以上聚醯亞胺(芳香族聚醯亞胺等)、液晶聚酯、PTFE、TFE/PAVE共聚物、TFE/HFP共聚物、聚氯三氟乙烯中之任一者或是於積層對象物含有50質量%以上前述熱可塑性樹脂時,熱壓溫度宜為310~400℃,且320~380℃較佳,330~370℃更佳。熱壓溫度若在前述範圍內,便可抑制積層對象物熱劣化,並可以良好的層間密著性積層氟樹脂膜或積層體與積層對象物。
熱壓積層體中之氟樹脂膜或積層體之層A亦可含有填料、強化纖維。另,積層對象物亦可含有填料、強化纖維、含氟聚合物F11。
熱壓積層體之氟樹脂膜或積層體與積層對象物之界面的剝離強度宜為5N/10mm以上,且7N/10mm以上較佳,8N/10mm以上更佳。
於層B使用熱硬化性樹脂H時,熱壓積層體之相對介電係數(20GHz)宜低於3.6,且3.55以下較佳,3.20以下尤佳。熱壓積層體之相對介電係數(20GHz)愈低,將該熱壓積層體用於印刷基板之基板時,就愈可獲得優異的傳輸效率。
於層B使用熱硬化性樹脂H時,熱壓積層體之介電正切(20GHz)宜為0.01以下,且0.007以下較佳,0.005以下尤佳。熱壓積層體之相對介電係數(20GHz)愈低,將該熱壓積層體用於印刷基板之基板時,就愈可獲得優異的傳輸效率。
由熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估取得的S參數(90GHz)值,於令不含氟樹脂膜之積層體為1時,含有氟樹脂膜之積層體的變化率宜為3%以上,且較宜為5%以上,更宜為10%以上。將該熱壓積層體用於印刷基板之基板時,可獲得優異的傳輸效率。
再已將含有氟樹脂F之氟樹脂膜表面進行表面處理使Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上時,該表面之濕潤張力為30mN/以上。所以,即使將含有氟樹脂F之氟樹脂膜進行表面處理而製得厚度方向之至少一表面的濕潤張力為30mN/m以上的氟樹脂膜,再於氟樹脂F之熔點以下的溫度下,利用熱壓將積層對象物貼合至製得之氟樹脂膜的濕潤張力為30mN/m以上的表面,亦同樣地可製造層間密著性優異的熱壓積層體。
[印刷基板之製造方法] 本發明之印刷基板之製造方法係利用本發明之熱壓積層體之製造方法製出層B為金屬層之熱壓積層體,再蝕刻前述金屬層形成圖案電路而製得印刷基板的方法。金屬層之蝕刻可採用公知方法。
本發明之印刷基板之製造方法中,亦可在蝕刻金屬層形成圖案電路後,於該圖案電路上形成層絕緣膜,再進一步於該層絕緣膜上形成圖案電路。層絕緣膜譬如可藉由前述液態組成物形成。具體上可舉如下列方法。將任意的積層結構之金屬積層板的金屬層蝕刻形成圖案電路後,將液態組成物塗佈於該圖案電路上,並於乾燥後進行加熱做成層絕緣膜。接著,以蒸鍍等在前述層絕緣膜上形成金屬層,進行蝕刻以進一步形成圖案電路。
製造印刷基板時亦可於圖案電路上積層防焊層。防焊層譬如可藉由前述液態組成物形成。具體上,亦可將液態組成物塗佈於圖案電路上,並於乾燥後進行加熱形成防焊層。
製造印刷基板時,亦可積層覆蓋薄膜。覆層薄膜典型上係由基材薄膜及形成在其表面上之接著劑層構成,且接著劑層側之面與印刷基板貼合。覆蓋薄膜之基材薄膜譬如可使用本發明之氟樹脂膜。另,亦可於蝕刻金屬層所形成之圖案電路上形成使用本發明之氟樹脂膜的層絕緣膜(接著層),並積層聚醯亞胺薄膜。
以本發明製造方法製得之印刷基板可有效作為需要高頻特性之雷達、網際網路的路由器、底板、無線基地台等之電子機器用基板或汽車用各種感測器用基板、引擎管理感測器用基板,尤其適於目的在於減低毫米波帶區之傳輸損失的用途。
如以上說明,本發明中係使用熔點為260~380℃之耐熱性優異的氟樹脂F。又,因將氟樹脂膜或積層體之層A表面的Ra(AFM)設為3.0nm以上,所以即使在接著性氟樹脂之熔點以下的溫度下利用熱壓將積層對象物積層於該表面,亦可獲得優異的層間密著性。
在本發明中,就氟樹脂膜或積層體之層A的Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上之表面與積層對象物之層間密著性優異的主要因素並不十分明確,不過吾等認為如下。吾等認為是因為Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上,可在接著界面獲得錨固效果,並且氟樹脂膜或層A之與積層對象物的接著面之表面積增大,而接著性官能基之密度隨之增加所致。 另,將「Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上」換成「Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上且Rz(AFM)為80.0nm以上」之情況亦同。 實施例
以下,以實施例具體說明本發明,惟本發明不受以下記述限定。 [測定方法] (1)含氟聚合物之共聚組成 源自NAH之單元比率(莫耳%),係含氟聚合物之壓製成型品(厚200μm之薄膜)在紅外線吸收光譜中,以NAH之莫耳吸光係數20810mol-1
・l・cm-1
換算出現在1778cm-1
之前述單元的吸收峰值之吸光度而求得。 其他單元的比率則以熔融NMR分析及氟含量分析求算。
(2)含氟聚合物之熔點(℃) 使用Seiko Instruments Inc.製示差掃描熱量計(DSC裝置)記錄含氟聚合物在10℃/分鐘之速度下升溫時得出的熔解峰,並以對應極大值的溫度(℃)作為熔點(Tm)。
(3)含氟聚合物之MFR(g/10分鐘) 使用TECHNOL SEVEN CO., LTD.製熔融指數測定儀,測定在372℃、49N荷重下從直徑2mm且長8mm之噴嘴流出10分鐘(單位時間)之含氟聚合物的質量(g),並將其視為MFR。
(4)樹脂粉末之D50及D90 使用堀場製作所公司製雷射繞射散射式粒度分布測定裝置(LA-920測定器),使樹脂粉末分散於水中後測定粒度分布,算出D50(μm)及D90(μm)。
(5)鬆裝體密度及緊密裝填體密度 樹脂粉末之鬆裝體密度、緊密裝填體密度係以國際公開第2016/017801號段落[0117]、[0118]中所載方法測定。
(6)相對介電係數及介電正切 製造例1之材料的相對介電係數(1MHz)係以根據ASTM D 150的變壓器電橋法,在溫度保持在23℃±2℃範圍內且相對濕度保持在50%±5%RH範圍內之試驗環境下,以絕緣擊穿試驗裝置(YSY-243-100RHO(Yamayo試驗機公司製))在1MHz下求得。 其他材料之相對介電係數(20GHz)及介電正切(20GHz)則利用QWED公司之SPDR法,在23℃±2℃、50±5%RH之範圍內的環境下,於頻率20GHz之下求出。
(7)算術平均粗度Ra 按照JIS B0601:2013(ISO4287:1997,Amd.1:2009),測定單面覆銅積層體之層(A-1)表面的Ra。求算Ra時,粗度曲線用的基準長度lr(截止值λc)係設為0.8mm。
(8)層(A-1)與預浸體之界面剝離強度 將層(A-1)與預浸體從裁切成矩形(長100mm、寬10mm)之熱壓積層體的長度方向一端剝離至50mm之位置,並以該位置為中心點以拉伸速度50mm/分鐘在90度剝離下時,以此時的最大荷重作為剝離強度(N/10mm)。剝離強度愈大,表示層(A-1)與預浸體之層間密著性愈佳。
(9)Ra(AFM)及Rz(AFM) 使用Oxford Instruments公司製之AFM,測定單面覆銅積層體之層(A-1)表面之1μm2
範圍的Ra(AFM)與Rz(AFM)。測定條件如下。 探針:AC160TS-C3(前端R<7nm、彈簧常數26N/m) 測定模式:AC-Air 掃瞄率:1Hz
(10)氟樹脂膜之濕潤張力 使用濕潤張力試驗用混合液(和光純藥工業公司製),按照JIS K 6768:1999進行測定。
(11)評估熱壓積層體之傳輸損失 於熱壓積層體形成傳輸線路做成印刷基板後,將2GHz~90GHz之訊號使用向量網路分析儀(vector network analyzer;E8361A:Keysight Technologies公司製)與GSG之高頻接觸探針(250um間隔;Picoprobe公司製),評估高頻訊號之傳輸特性。傳輸線路係使用附背面導體之共平面波導(Conductor Backed Co-Planar Waveguide)。將傳輸線路之特性阻抗設為50Ω,訊號線與位於同一面之接地導體的間隙寬度設為0.2mm,並且,在FR-4基板與層(A-1)(氟樹脂膜)之積層基板的情況下將訊號線寬設為0.39mm,在FR-4基板則設為0.36mm。於印刷基板導體之銅的表面施行金閃鍍。校正方法係採用TRL校正(Thru-Reflect-Line校正)。另,線路長度設為12.5mm,測定每單位長度之傳輸損失。 在傳輸損失測定結果中,縱軸係以表現高頻電子電路或高頻電子零件之特性的電路網參數(S-parameter)表示,橫軸則表示頻率。
(12)評估氟樹脂膜之表面組成比 以XPS(X射線光電子分光法)分析表面,進行測定。 裝置:ulvac-φ 公司製Quantera-SXM、 光束直徑:100μmφ、 測定區域:100×100μm2
(區域分析)、 檢測角:45°。 <高解析度頻譜取得條件> 通能:224eV、 能階:0.4eV(定量模式)。
(13)氟樹脂膜表面之水接觸角 使用協和界面科學公司製DMo-701,在作成液量3μL、反覆次數:5次之條件下測定接觸角,並算出平均值。
[製造例1] 使用TFE(四氟乙烯)、NAH(納迪克酸酐)及PPVE(CF2
=CFO(CF2
)3
F),按照國際公開第2016/017801號之段落[0123]中記載之順序來製造含氟聚合物X-1。 含氟聚合物X-1之共聚組成,係源自NAH之單元/源自TFE之單元/源自PPVE之單元=0.1/97.9/2.0(莫耳%)。含氟聚合物X-1之熔點為300℃,相對介電係數(1MHz)為2.1,熔流溫度為17.6g/10分鐘,300℃下之熔融黏度為103
Pa・s,且平均粒徑為1554μm。
接著使用噴射磨機(SEISHIN ENTERPRISE Co.,Ltd.製、單軌噴射磨機FS-4型號),在粉碎壓力0.5MPa、處理速度1kg/hr之條件下,將含氟聚合物X-1粉碎而製得樹脂粉末(P-1)。樹脂粉末(P-1)之D50為2.58μm,D90為7.1μm。樹脂粉末(P-1)之鬆裝體密度為0.278g/mL,緊密裝填體密為0.328g/mL。
[實施例1] 將樹脂粉末(P-1)120g、非離子性界面活性劑(Neos公司製、Ftergent 710FL)12g及甲基乙基酮234g投入橫式球磨罐,以徑長15mm之氧化鋯球進行分散而製得分散液(C-1)。將分散液(C-1)塗佈於厚12μm之銅箔上(福田金屬箔粉工業公司製、CF-T4X-SV),在氮氣體環境下以100℃乾燥15分鐘並在350℃下加熱15分鐘後,進行徐冷而製得具有厚5μm之層(A-1)的單面覆銅積層體。 將製得之單面覆銅積層體之層(A-1)表面進行電漿處理。電漿處理裝置係採用NORDSON MARCH公司之AP-1000。電漿處理條件係將AP-1000之RF輸出設為300W、電極間隔距設為2英吋、導入氣體種類設為氬(Ar)、導入氣體流量設為50cm3
/分鐘、壓力設為13Pa、處理時間設為1分鐘。電漿處理後之層(A-1)表面的算術平均粗度Ra為2.5μm。又,Ra(AFM)為14.5nm,Rz(AFM)為195nm。單面覆銅積層體之層(A-1)表面經電漿處理後的濕潤張力為54mN/m。又,電漿處理前之層(A-1)表面的濕潤張力為22.6mN/m以下。 另進行鹽酸處理去除電漿處理後之單面覆銅積層體的銅箔,確認可直接獲得由層(A-1)構成的單一薄膜。 實施表面處理後72小時以內於單面銅箔積層體之層(A-1)側重疊作為預浸體之FR-4系列(日立化成公司製、強化纖維:玻璃纖維、基質樹脂:環氧樹脂、品名:GEA-67N 0.2t(HAN)、厚度:0.2mm、硬化溫度低於185℃),並在加壓溫度185℃、加壓壓力3.0MPa、加壓時間60分鐘之條件下,進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。相對介電係數(20GHz)為4.32,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01568。另,不具層(A-1)時(銅箔與預浸體直接相接之情況,以下同),相對介電係數(20GHz)為4.56,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01574。 又,此次係於電漿處理實施後72小時以內與預浸體積層,惟電漿處理的效果可持續1年。
[實施例2~6] 除了將電漿處理條件變更如表1所示以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製作單面覆銅積層體,且除了使用該單面覆銅積層體以外以與實施例1同樣方式製得熱壓積層體。
[實施例7] 以與實施例1同樣方式製得單面覆銅積層板後,將預浸體換成ES-3317B(利晶工業公司製、基質樹脂:聚苯醚樹脂、340mm×340mm、厚度0.1mm、硬化溫度低於180℃),並在加壓溫度180℃、加壓壓力5.0MPa、加壓時間60分鐘之條件下製得熱壓積層體。相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.57,介電正切(20GHz)為0.009。 另,不具層(A-1)時的剝離強度為5.2N/10mm。相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.72,介電正切(20GHz)為0.009。
[實施例8] 以與實施例1同樣方式製得單面覆銅積層板後,將預浸體換成Kuraray CO.,LTD.製LCP薄膜(CTZ-50),並在加壓溫度310℃、加壓壓力4.0MPa、加壓時間10分鐘之條件下製得熱壓積層體。 另,不具層(A-1)時的剝離強度為1.9N/10mm。
[實施例9] 以與實施例1同樣方式製得單面覆銅積層板後、將預浸體換成RO4450F(Rogers Co.製、品名:RO4450F、厚度:0.101mm、硬化溫度低於180℃),並在加壓溫度設為180℃、加壓壓力3.5MPa、加壓時間60分鐘之條件下製得熱壓積層體。 另,不具層(A-1)時的剝離強度為2.6N/10mm。
[實施例10] 以與實施例1同樣方式製得單面覆銅積層板後、將預浸體換成RO4450B(Rogers Co.製、品名:RO4450B、厚度:0.101mm、硬化溫度低於180℃),並在加壓溫度設為180℃、加壓壓力3.5MPa、加壓時間60分鐘之條件下製得熱壓積層體。 另,不具層(A-1)時的剝離強度為3.4N/10mm。
[實施例11] 除了使用三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP作為銅箔以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製得熱壓積層體。 相對介電係數(20GHz)為4.51,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01511。另,不具層(A-1)時,相對介電係數(20GHz)為4.56,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01611。
[實施例12] 除了使用三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP作為銅箔以外,以與實施例7同樣方式製得熱壓積層體。
[比較例1] 除了未對單面覆銅積層體之層(A-1)表面施行電漿處理以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製得熱壓積層體。
於表1列出各例之電漿處理條件、以及電漿處理後之層(A-1)表面的算術平均粗度Ra、Ra(AFM)、Rz(AFM)及由層(A-1)與預浸體所構成之層之間的剝離強度之測定結果。
如表1所示,相較於比較例1,層(A-1)之表面之Ra(AFM)為3.0nm以上的實施例1、2、5~12,由層(A-1)與預浸體所構成之層的界面剝離強度很高,層間密著性優異。
[實施例13] 準備2片實施例1中記載之電漿處理後的單面覆銅積層體,分別於FR-4兩面在層(A-1)側直接層疊前述單面覆銅積層體,然後以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於所得熱壓積層體(雙面覆銅積層體)形成電路,進行測定。於圖3顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估結果。
[實施例14] 準備2片實施例1中記載之電漿處理後的單面覆銅積層體,分別於R-5680(NJ)(厚0.1mm)兩面在層(A-1)側層疊前述單面覆銅積層體(R-5680(NJ)與層(A-1)直接相接),並且在195℃、75分鐘、3.5MPa下進行處理,除此以外,以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於所得熱壓積層體(雙面覆銅積層體)形成電路,進行測定。於圖4顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估結果。
[實施例15] 準備2片實施例1中記載之電漿處理後的單面覆銅積層體,分別於R-5680(J)(厚0.1mm)兩面在層(A-1)側層疊前述單面覆銅積層體(R-5680(J)與層(A-1)直接相接),並且在195℃、75分鐘、3.5MPa下進行處理,除此以外,以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於所得熱壓積層體(雙面覆銅積層體)形成電路,進行測定。於圖5顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估結果。
[比較例2] 於FR-4兩面直接層疊銅箔,並以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於該熱壓積層體(雙面覆銅積層體)形成電路,進行測定。於圖3顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估。
[比較例3] 於R-5680(NJ)兩面直接層疊銅箔,並以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於該熱壓積層體(雙面覆銅積層體)形成電路,進行測定。於圖4顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估。
[比較例4] 於R-5680(J)兩面直接層疊銅箔,並以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於該熱壓積層體(雙面覆銅積層體)形成電路,進行測定。於圖5顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估。
由實施例13~15及比較例2~4可知,具有層(A-1)之熱壓積層體的傳輸損失很低。
[實施例16] 在福田金屬箔粉工業公司製CF-T4X-SV銅箔之非表面處理側的亮面側形成層(A-1),除此以外,以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。剝離強度為10.2N/10mm。 另,不具層(A-1)時的剝離強度為3.5N/10mm。
[實施例17] 在三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP銅箔之非表面處理側的亮面形成層(A-1),除此以外,以與實施例7同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。剝離強度為11.7N/10mm。 另,不具層(A-1)時的剝離強度為3.5N/10mm。
[實施例18] 除了使用三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP作為銅箔以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製作單面覆銅積層板後,將預浸體換成MEGTRON7系列(panasonic公司製、品名:R-5680(J)、厚度:0.101mm、硬化溫度小於195℃),並在加壓溫度195℃、加壓壓力3.5MPa、加壓時間75分鐘之條件下進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。剝離強度為10.0N/10mm。相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.54,介電正切(20GHz)為0.00473。 另,不具層(A-1)時,相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.55,介電正切(20GHz)為0.0048。
[實施例19] 除了使用三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP作為銅箔以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製作單面覆銅積層板後,將預浸體換成MEGTRON7系列(panasonic公司製、品名:R-5680(NJ)、厚度:0.101mm、硬化溫度小於195℃),並在加壓溫度195℃、加壓壓力3.5MPa、加壓時間60分鐘之條件下進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。剝離強度為11.9N/10mm。相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.16,介電正切(20GHz)為0.00270。 另,不具層(A-1)時,相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.23,介電正切(20GHz)為0.00280。
[實施例20] 除了使用三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP作為銅箔之非表面處理側的亮面以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製得單面覆銅積層板後,將預浸體換成MEGTRON7系列(panasonic公司製、品名:R-5680(NJ)),並在加壓溫度195℃、加壓壓力3.5MPa、加壓時間60分鐘之條件下進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。剝離強度為10.0N/10mm。相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.048,介電正切(20GHz)為0.00266。 另,不具層(A-1)時,剝離強度為2.7N/10mm。相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.22,介電正切(20GHz)為0.00273。
[實施例21] 除了使用三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP作為銅箔以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製得單面覆銅積層板後,將預浸體換成FR-4,並在加壓溫度175℃、加壓壓力2.5MPa、加壓時間65分鐘之條件下進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。剝離強度為10.0N/10mm。於圖6顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估。相對介電係數(20GHz)為4.33,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01752。另,不具層(A-1)時,相對介電係數(20GHz)為4.51,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01790。
[比較例5] 於R-1755C兩面直接層疊銅箔,並以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於該積層體形成電路,進行測定。於圖6顯示積層體之傳輸損失評估。
[實施例22] 除了使用三井金屬公司製HS1-VSP作為銅箔以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製得單面覆銅積層板後,將預浸體換成FR-4系列(品名:EI-6765、厚度:0.101mm),並在加壓溫度175℃、加壓壓力3.5MPa、加壓時間50分鐘之條件下進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。剝離強度為10.7N/10mm。於圖7顯示熱壓積層體之傳輸損失評估。相對介電係數(20GHz)為3.98,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01932。另,不具層(A-1)時,相對介電係數(20GHz)為4.21,介電正切(20GHz)為0.01960。
[比較例6] 於EI-6765兩面直接層疊銅箔,並以與實施例1同樣方式進行真空熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。於該積層體形成電路,進行測定。於圖7顯示積層體之傳輸損失評估。
[實施例23] 除了將真空電漿處理之氣體種類改為氫70容量%與氮30容量%之混合氣體以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製作單面覆銅積層板而製得熱壓積層板。剝離強度為11.3N/10mm。
[實施例24] 除了將真空電漿處理之氣體種類改為氫35容量%、氮15容量%、氬50容量%之混合氣體(氧濃度為1ppm以下)以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製作單面覆銅積層體而製得熱壓積層板。剝離強度為10.9N/10mm。
[實施例25] 除了將真空電漿處理之氣體種類改為氫50容量%、氬50容量%之混合氣體(氧濃度為1ppm以下)以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製作單面覆銅積層體而製得熱壓積層板。元素含量為碳34.5%、氧1.3%、氟64.2%。
[實施例26] 除了將樹脂粉末(P-1)換成市售PFA之P-63B(旭硝子公司製、熔點310℃)以外,以與實施例1同樣方式製得熱壓積層體。
[比較例7] 除了未施行電漿處理以外,以與實施例26同樣方式製得熱壓積層體。
於表2顯示實施例2、5、6、23、24、25、26及比較例1、7中之層(A-1)(氟樹脂膜)之電漿處理面的元素分析結果及濕潤張力、水接觸角、剝離強度之測定結果。
[實施例27] 剝離芯材(Panasonic公司製、品名:R-5776、340mm×340mm、厚度0.6mm)之銅箔後,於其兩面形成預浸體之MEGTRON6系列(Panasonic公司製、品名:R-5670、340mm×340mm、厚0.2mm、硬化溫度低於195℃)。於各預浸體面設置各1片實施例1之單面覆銅積層板並使最外層由銅箔構成,並在加壓溫度195℃、加壓壓力4.0MPa、加壓時間90分鐘之條件下進行熱壓而製得熱壓積層體。 於熱壓積層體形成傳輸線路,並以微帶線測定其傳輸損失後,在20GHz下之傳輸損失得4.7dB,相較於除了不具層(A-1)外具有相同構成的熱壓積層體之傳輸線路的評估結果(5.6dB)小了16%。 另,在此係援引已於2017年05月18日提申之日本專利申請案2017-099295號、已於2017年08月30日提申之日本專利申請案2017-165991號及已於2018年01月24日提申之日本專利申請案2018-010004號之說明書、申請專利範圍、圖式及摘要之全部內容,並納入作為本發明說明書之揭示。
1、2‧‧‧積層體10‧‧‧層A10a、20a、24a‧‧‧第1表面10b、20b、24b‧‧‧第2表面12、22‧‧‧層B20‧‧‧第1層A24‧‧‧第2層A
圖式簡單說明 圖1係顯示本發明之積層體一例的截面圖。 圖2係顯示本發明之積層體之另一例的截面圖。 圖3顯示實施例13與比較例2的傳輸損失測定結果。 圖4顯示實施例14與比較例3的傳輸損失測定結果。 圖5顯示實施例15與比較例4的傳輸損失測定結果。 圖6顯示實施例21與比較例5的傳輸損失測定結果。 圖7顯示實施例22與比較例6的傳輸損失測定結果。
1‧‧‧積層體
10‧‧‧層A
10a‧‧‧第1表面
10b‧‧‧第2表面
12‧‧‧層B
Claims (9)
- 一種積層體,具有層A與層B且至少1面由前述層A之表面所構成,前述層A係由含有熔點為260~380℃之氟樹脂的材料構成,前述層B係由不含前述氟樹脂的材料構成;並且,前述積層體之層A表面的至少1面,係以原子力顯微鏡測定其1μm2內時得出的算術平均粗度Ra為3.0nm以上之表面;前述層B為銅箔層,該銅箔按照JIS C6515:1998(IEC61249-5-1:1995)進行測定之表面粗度的最大高度Rz為1nm以上且2.5μm以下;前述積層體係以前述層A之表面作為積層面並利用熱壓而積層至預浸體,該預浸體係以硬化溫度在氟樹脂之熔點以下之熱硬化性樹脂來作為基質樹脂;前述層B包含前述層A與前述層B直接積層之結構,並且,直接積層之前述層A與前述層B的界面剝離強度為5N/10mm以上,且相對介電係數(20GHz)低於3.6。
- 如請求項1之積層體,其中前述氟樹脂含有在380℃下之熔融黏度為1×102~1×106Pa‧s的四氟乙烯系聚合物。
- 如請求項1或2之積層體,其以原子力顯微鏡測定前述表面之1μm2內時得出的最大高度Rz為80.0nm以上。
- 如請求項1或2之積層體,其中前述表面 中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氧原子之組成比為1%以上。
- 如請求項1或2之積層體,其中前述表面中,相對於碳原子、氟原子、氧原子3種元素之合計,氟原子之組成比為25%以上且65%以下。
- 如請求項1之積層體,其中前述基質樹脂係選自於由環氧樹脂、聚氧化苯、聚苯醚及聚丁二烯所構成群組中之至少1種。
- 一種熱壓積層體之製造方法,係利用熱壓將預浸體積層在如請求項1至6中任一項之積層體的前述算術平均粗度Ra為3.0nm以上之表面。
- 如請求項7之熱壓積層體之製造方法,其係在前述氟樹脂之熔點以下的溫度下進行熱壓。
- 一種印刷基板之製造方法,係利用如請求項7或8之熱壓積層體之製造方法製出前述層B為銅箔之熱壓積層體,再蝕刻前述銅箔形成圖案電路而製得印刷基板。
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