TWI681967B - 包括胃腸癌和胃癌的幾種腫瘤的新型免疫療法 - Google Patents
包括胃腸癌和胃癌的幾種腫瘤的新型免疫療法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明涉及用於免疫治療方法的肽、核酸和細胞。特別是,本發明涉及癌症的免疫療法。本發明還涉及單獨使用或與其他腫瘤相關肽(激抗腫瘤免疫反應疫苗複合物的活性藥物成分)合使用的腫瘤相關細胞毒性T輔助細胞(CTL)肽表位。本發明涉及33種新型肽序列及其變體,它們源自可用於引發抗腫瘤免疫反應的疫苗組合物中的人腫瘤HLA-I類分子。
Description
本發明涉及用於免疫治療方法的肽、核酸和細胞。特別是,本發明涉及癌症的免疫療法。本發明還涉及單獨使用或與其他腫瘤相關肽(激抗腫瘤免疫反應疫苗複合物的活性藥物成分)合使用的腫瘤相關細胞毒性T輔助細胞(CTL)肽表位。本發明涉及33種新型肽序列及其變體,它們源自可用於引發抗腫瘤免疫反應的疫苗組合物中的人腫瘤HLA-I類分子。
胃癌是惡性細胞在胃壁形成的一種疾病。胃癌可發展於胃部的任何一部分,可能擴散到整個胃部以及其他器官;尤其是食道、肺和肝臟。胃癌是全球第四最常見的癌症,2002年有93萬確診病例。胃癌具有高死亡率(每年~80萬),使之成為全球僅次於肺癌導致癌症死亡的第二大最常見原因。此病較常見於男性,更常見於亞洲國家和發展中國家。(http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/.)
在美國,胃癌約占每年所有新發癌症病例的2%(25500例),但在其他國家更常見。在韓國,胃癌是位於第一位的癌種,占惡性腫瘤的20.8%。在日本,胃癌仍是男性最常見的癌症。在美國,每年約有8000名男性和13000女性被診斷患有胃癌。大部分為70歲以上。
胃癌是全球第四大常見癌症,僅次於肺癌、乳腺癌、結腸癌和直腸癌。此外,胃癌仍是第二大最常見癌症死因。據美國癌症協會估計,2007年有一百萬新發病例,其中近70%發生在發展中國家,大約80萬例死亡(http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/Global_Facts_and_Figures_2007_rev2.pdf.)
此疾病的全球發病率中存在巨大的地域差異。該疾病的發病率在亞洲和南美洲部分地區最高,在北美最低。根據記錄,該疾病的死亡率在智利、日本、南美和前蘇聯最高。
除了日本通常進行早期檢測外(在韓國以有限的方式進行),世界大部分地區均不進行篩查,因此,胃癌在得到確診時通常已為晚期。因而,胃癌仍然對醫療保健專業人士帶來重大挑戰。胃癌的危險因素為幽門螺桿菌(H.pylori)感染、吸煙、攝入高量鹽分、以及其他飲食因素。少數胃癌(1%至3%)與胃癌遺傳易感性症候群相關。在彌漫型胃癌常染色體顯性遺傳易感性家族中,大約25%發生E-cadherin基因突變。這一亞群胃癌被稱為遺傳性彌漫性胃癌。12這可能有益於提供遺傳諮詢,並考慮在種系截斷的年輕無症狀攜帶者中進行預防性胃切除術
胃壁由3層組織組成:粘膜(最內)層、肌(中間)層和漿膜(最外)層。胃癌首先發生於粘膜層內壁,隨著生長而擴散至外層。有四種標準治療方法可治療胃癌。胃癌治療方法包括手術、化療、放療或放化療。手術是胃癌的主要治療方法。手術的目的是進行完全切除,並使切緣為陰性(R0切除)。但是,大約有50%局部胃癌不能進行R0切除。R1切除表示在顯微鏡下可發現殘留癌細胞(切緣陽性),R2切除表示有肉眼可見的殘留癌細胞,但疾病未有遠處轉移。患者結果取決於
診斷時發現的最初期別(NCCN腫瘤學臨床實踐指南TM)。
對於II期疾病的患者,治療性手術切除後的5年生存率為30-50%,II期患者為10-25%。這些患者有局部及全身復發的可能性極高。80-90%的胃癌患者均會發生轉移,在較早期別得到確診的患者中6個月生存率為65%,而在較晚期確診的患者中不到15%。
因此,仍然需要對以下癌症患者實施安全有效、並且在不使用化療藥物或可能導致嚴重副作用的藥物即可提升患者福祉的新型治療方案:胃癌、攝護腺(上皮)癌、口腔癌、口腔鱗狀細胞癌(OSCC)、急性髓性白血病(AML)、幽門螺旋桿菌引起的MALT淋巴瘤、結腸(上皮)癌/結直腸癌、膠質母細胞瘤、非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)、宮頸(上皮)癌、人乳腺癌、攝護腺癌、結腸癌、胰腺癌、胰腺導管腺癌、卵巢癌、肝細胞癌、肝癌、不同表型的腦腫瘤、急性淋巴細胞白血病(ALL)等白血病、肺癌、尤因氏肉瘤、子宮內膜癌、頭頸部鱗狀細胞癌、喉上皮癌、食管癌、口腔(上皮)癌、膀胱癌、卵巢(上皮)癌、腎細胞癌、非典型腦膜瘤、乳頭狀甲狀腺癌、腦腫瘤、涎腺導管癌、宮頸癌、結外型T/NK細胞淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、肺癌和乳腺癌等惡性實體瘤、以及其他腫瘤。
本發明採用刺激免疫系統的肽以一種無創方式充當抗腫瘤製劑。
是否能刺激免疫反應取決於是否存在被宿主免疫系統視為異物的抗原。發現腫瘤相關抗原的存在增加了運用宿主免疫系統干預腫瘤生長的可能性。對於癌症免疫療法,目前正在探索各種利用免疫系統的體液和細胞免疫作用的機制。
細胞免疫反應的特定元素能特異性地識別和破壞腫瘤細胞。從腫瘤浸潤細胞群或外周血中分離出的細胞毒性T-細胞(CTL)表明,這些細胞在癌症的天然免疫防禦中發揮了重要作用。特別是CD8陽性T細胞(TCD8+)在這種反應中發揮重要作用,TCD8+能識別通常8至10個源自蛋白或位於細胞質的缺損核糖體產物(DRIP)的氨基酸殘基的主要組織相容性複合體(MHC)所載的肽中所含的I類分子。人MHC分子也稱為人白細胞-抗原(HLA)。
MHC分子有兩類:大部分有細胞核的細胞上都可發現的MHC-I類分子。MHC分子分別由一條α重鏈和β-2-微球蛋白(MHC-I類受體)或α和β鏈(MHC-II類受體)組成。其三位構造形成一個結合槽,用於與肽進行非共價相互作用。MHC I類分子提呈主要為內源性的蛋白、DRIPS和較大肽裂解生成的肽。MHC II類分子主要發現于專業抗原提呈細胞(APC)上,並且主要提呈在內吞作用過程中由APC佔據並且隨後被加工的外源性或跨膜蛋白的肽。肽和MHC I類分子的複合體由負載相應TCR(T細胞受體)的CD8陽性細胞毒性T淋巴細胞進行識別,而肽和MHCII類分子的複合體由負載相應TCR的CD4陽性輔助T細胞進行識別。本領域已熟知TCR、肽和MHC由此按1:1:1的化學計算量而存在。
對於觸發(引發)細胞免疫反應的肽,它必須與MHC分子結合。這一過程依賴於MHC分子的等位基因以及肽氨基酸序列的特異性多態性。MHC-I類-結合肽的長度通常為8-12個氨基酸殘基,並且在其與MHC分子相應結合溝槽相互作用的序列中通常包含兩個保守殘基(「錨」)。這樣,每個MHC的等位基因都有「結合基序」,從而確定哪些肽能與結合溝槽特異性結合。
在MHC-I類依賴性免疫反應中,肽不僅能與腫瘤細胞表達的某些MHC-I類分子結合,而且它們還必須能被T細胞特異性T細胞受體(TCR)識別。
腫瘤特異性細胞毒性T淋巴細胞所識別的抗原,即它們的表位,可以是源自所有蛋白類型的分子,如酶、受體、轉錄因數等,它們在相應腫瘤的細胞中被表達,並且與同源未變的細胞相比,其表達上調。
目前將腫瘤相關肽分類為以下主要幾組:
a)癌-睾丸抗原:T細胞能夠識別的最先確認的TAA屬於這一類抗原,由於其成員表達于組織學相異的人腫瘤中、正常組織中、僅在睾丸的精母細胞/精原細胞中、偶爾在胎盤中,因此,它最初被稱為癌-睾丸(CT)抗原。由於睾丸細胞不表達HLA I類和II類分子,所以,在正常組織中,這些抗原不能被T細胞識別,因此在免疫學上可考慮為具有腫瘤特異性。CT抗原大家熟知的例子是MAGE家族成員或NY-ESO-1。
b)分化抗原:腫瘤和正常組織(腫瘤源自該組織)都含有TAA,大多數TAA發現于黑色素瘤和正常黑色素細胞中。許多此類黑色素細胞譜系相關蛋白參與黑色素的生物合成,因此這些蛋白不具有腫瘤特異性,但是仍然被廣泛用於癌症的免疫治療。例子包括,但不僅限於,黑色素瘤的酪氨酸酶和Melan-A/MART-1或攝護腺癌的PSA。
c)過量表達的TAA:在組織學相異的腫瘤中以及許多正常組織中都檢測到了基因編碼被廣泛表達的TAA,一般表達水準較低。有可能許多由正常組織加工和潛在提呈的表位低於T細胞識別的閾值水準,而它們在腫瘤細胞中的過量表達能夠通過打破先前確立的耐受性而引
發抗癌反應。這類TAA的典型例子為Her-2/neu、生存素、端粒酶或WT1。
d)腫瘤特異性抗原:這些獨特的TAA產生于正常基因(如鈣-catenin、CDK4等)的突變。這些分子變化中有一些與致瘤性轉化和/或進展相關。腫瘤特異性抗原一般可在不對正常組織帶來自體免疫反應風險的情況下誘導很強的免疫反應。另一方面,這些TAA在多數情況下只與其上確認了有TAA的確切腫瘤相關,並且通常在許多個體腫瘤之間並不都共用TAA。
e)由異常翻譯後修飾產生的TAA:此類TAA可能由腫瘤中既不具有特異性也不過量表達的蛋白產生,但其仍然具有腫瘤相關性(該相關性由主要對腫瘤具有活性的翻譯後加工所致)。此類TAA產生於變糖基化模式的改變,導致腫瘤產生針對MUC 1的新型表位或在降解過程中導致諸如蛋白拼接的事件,這可能具有也可能不具有腫瘤特異性。
f)腫瘤病毒蛋白:這些TTA是病毒蛋白,可在致癌過程中發揮關鍵作用,並且由於它們是外源蛋白(非人源蛋白),所以能夠激發T細胞反應。這類蛋白的例子有人乳頭狀瘤16型病毒蛋白、E6和E7,它們在宮頸癌中表達。
對於被細胞毒性T淋巴細胞識別為腫瘤特異性抗原或相關性抗原以及用於治療的蛋白質,必須具備特殊的條件。該抗原應主要由腫瘤細胞表達,而不由正常健康組織表達,或表達數量相對較少。更為適宜的情況是,該相應抗原不僅出現於一種腫瘤中,而且濃度(即每個細胞的相應肽拷貝數目)高。腫瘤特異性抗原和腫瘤相關抗原往往是源自直接參與因細胞週期控制或凋亡抑制中的一項功能而發生的正常
細胞向腫瘤細胞轉化的蛋白。另外,這些直接導致轉化事件的蛋白的下游靶標可能會被上調,因此可能與腫瘤間接相關。這些腫瘤間接相關抗原也可能是預防接種方法的靶標(Singh-Jasuja H.,Emmerich N.P.,Rammensee H.G.,Cancer Immunol.Immunother.2004 Mar;453(3):187-95)。在這兩種情況中,至關重要的是,都要存在抗原氨基酸序列的表位,所以這種來自腫瘤相關抗原的肽(「免疫原性肽」)可導致體外或體內T細胞反應。
基本上,任何能與MHC分子結合的肽都可能充當一個T細胞表位。誘導體外或體內T細胞反應的前提是存在具有相應TCR的T細胞並且不存在對該特定表位的免疫耐受性。
因此,TAA是開發腫瘤疫苗的起點。識別和表徵TAA的方法基於對患者或健康受試者CTL的使用情況,或基於腫瘤與正常組織肽之間差別轉錄特性或差別表達模式的產生。
然而,對腫瘤組織或人腫瘤細胞株中過量表達或選擇性表達的基因的識別並不提供在免疫療法中使用這些基因所轉錄抗原的準確資訊。這是因為,有著相應TCR的T細胞必須要存在而且對這個特定表位的免疫耐受性必須不存在或為最低水準,因此,這些抗原的表位只有一部分適合這種應用。因此,只選擇那些蛋白過量表達或選擇性表達的肽,並且這些肽是與可找到對抗性功能性T細胞的MHC分子結合在一起被提呈,這一點非常重要。這種功能性T細胞被定義為在以特異性抗原刺激後能夠克隆地擴展並能夠執行效應子功能(「效應子T細胞」)的T細胞。
輔助T細胞在編排抗腫瘤免疫的CTL效應子功能中發揮著重要作用。觸發TH1細胞反應的輔助T細胞表位支援CD8陽性殺傷T細胞的效
應子功能,其中包括直接作用於腫瘤細胞的細胞毒性功能(該類腫瘤細胞表面顯示有腫瘤相關肽/MHC複合體)。這樣,單獨形式的或與其他腫瘤相關肽形成組合物的腫瘤相關T輔助細胞肽表位可作為刺激抗腫瘤免疫反應疫苗組合物的活性藥物成分。
圖1:證實CDC2-001提呈于原發性腫瘤樣本GC2464的代表性質譜。NanoESI-LCMS在從GC樣本2464中洗脫所得的肽庫上進行。A)品質色譜m/z 597.3501±0.001Da、z=2顯示肽在保留時間151.63分鐘時達到峰值。B)品質色譜中在151.63分鐘時檢測到峰值顯示,信號在MS譜中為m/z 597.3501。C)nanoESI-LCMS實驗中指定保留時間時所記錄的選定前體的碰撞誘導衰變質譜為m/z 597.3501,證實了GC2464腫瘤樣本中提呈CDC2-001。D)合成CDC2-001參考肽的破碎模式進行了記錄,並且與C所示的自然TUMAP破碎模式以驗證序列。
圖2:選定蛋白的mRNA在正常組織和25份胃癌樣本中的表達譜
a)CDC2(Probeset ID:203213_at)
b)ASPM(Probeset ID:219918_s_at)
圖3:I類TUMAP肽特異性體外免疫原性的典型結果。CD8+T細胞用分別載有相關(左圖)和不相關肽(有圖)的人工抗原提呈細胞引入。經過3個週期的刺激後,用相關和不相關的A*2402-多聚體二重染色法對肽反應性細胞進行檢測。所示細胞在活CD8+淋巴細胞上得到門控,圖中數位代表多聚體陽性細胞的百分比。
除非另有說明,否則本文使用的所有術語定義如下。本文所用「肽」這一術語,系指一系列氨基酸殘基,通常以α-氨基酸與相鄰氨
基酸的羰基團之間的肽鍵相互連接。這些肽的長度優選為9個氨基酸,但至短可為8個氨基酸長度,至長可為10、11、12、13或14個氨基酸長度。
本文使用的術語「寡肽」是指一系列氨基酸殘基,通常以α-氨基酸與相鄰氨基酸的羰基團之間的肽鍵相互連接。寡肽的長度對於本發明來說並不十分關鍵,只要在寡肽中保持正確的表位即可。通常,寡肽長度約小於30個氨基酸殘基,約長於14個氨基酸。
「多肽」這一術語是指一系列氨基酸殘基,通常以α-氨基酸與相鄰氨基酸的羰基團之間的肽鍵相互連接。多肽的長度對於本發明來說並不十分關鍵,只要保持正確的表位即可。與術語肽或寡肽相對,「多肽」這一術語是指包含多於約30個氨基酸殘基的分子。
一種肽、寡肽、蛋白質或編碼該分子的核苷酸如果能誘導免疫反應,則具有「免疫原性」(因此是本發明中的一種「免疫原」)。在本發明的情況下,免疫原性的更具體定義是誘導T細胞反應的能力。因此,「免疫原」是一種能夠誘導免疫反應的分子,並且在本發明的情況下,是一種能誘導T細胞反應的分子。
T細胞「表位」要求的是一種結合至MHCI類受體上的短肽,從而形成一種三元複合體(MHCI類α鏈、β-2-微球蛋白和肽),其可由載有以相應親和力結合至MHC/肽複合體的匹配T細胞受體的一種T細胞進行識別。結合至MHCI類分子的肽的典型長度為8-14個氨基酸,最典型為9個氨基酸長度。
在人類中,有三種編碼MHCI類分子的不同基因位點(人MHC分子也是指定的人白細胞抗原(HLA)):HLA-A、HLA-B和HLA-C。HLA-A*01、HLA-A*02和HLA-A*024是可從這些基因位點表達的不
同MHCI類等位元基因的實例。
本文提到的DNA序列既包括單鏈DNA也包括雙鏈DNA。因此,除非本文另有所指,否則具體的序列是該序列的單鏈DNA、該序列與
其互補序列的雙工(雙鏈DNA)以及該序列的互補序列。「編碼區」這一術語是指在基因的天然基因組環境中天然或正常編碼該基因的表達產物的那部分基因,即,體內編碼該基因的天然表達產物的區域。
編碼區可來自非突變(「正常」)基因、突變基因或異常基因,甚至還可以來自DNA序列,完全可在實驗室中使用本領域熟知的DNA合成方法合成。
術語「核苷酸序列」系指去氧核苷酸的雜聚物。
編碼特定肽、寡肽或多肽的核苷酸序列可為天然核苷酸序列,也可為合成核苷酸序列。一般來說,編碼肽、多肽以及本發明蛋白的DNA片段由cDNA片段和短寡核苷酸銜接物,或一系列寡核苷酸組成,以提供一種合成基因,該基因能夠在包含源自微生物或病毒操縱子的調節元素的重組轉錄單元中被表達。
「表達產物」這一術語是指多肽或蛋白,它是基因和遺傳碼退化並因而編碼同樣的氨基酸所造成的任何核酸序列編碼同等物的翻譯產物。
「片斷」這一術語,當指的是一種編碼序列時,表示包含非完整編碼區的DNA的一部分,其表達產物與完整編碼區表達產物基本上具有相同的生物學功能或活性。
「DNA片段」這一術語是指一種DNA聚合物,以單獨的片段形式或一種較大DNA結構的組分形式存在,它們從至少分離過一次的DNA中以基本純淨的形式獲得,即不含污染性內源性材料,並且獲得的數量或濃度能夠使用標準生化方法,例如使用克隆載體,進行識別、操縱和回收該片段及其組分核苷酸序列。此等片段以開放閱讀框架(未被內部未翻譯序列打斷)或內含子(通常提呈于真核基因中)的形
式存在。未翻譯DNA序列可能存在於開放閱讀框架的下游,在那裏其不會干預編碼區的操縱或表達。
「引物」這一術語表示一種短核酸序列,其可與一個DNA鏈配對,並在DNA聚合酶開始合成去氧核糖核酸鏈之處提供一個游離的3'-OH末端。
「啟動子」這一術語表示參與RNA聚合酶的結合從而啟動轉錄的DNA區域。
術語「分離」表示一種物質從其原來的環境(例如,如果是天然發生的則是天然環境)中被移走。例如,活體動物中的天然核苷酸或多肽不是分離的,但是,從天然系統中一些或所有共存物質中分離出來的核苷酸或多肽是分離的。此類多核苷酸可能是載體的一部分和/或此類多核苷酸和多肽可能是一種組合物的一部分,並且由於該載體或組合物不是其天然環境的一部分,因此它仍然是分離的。
本發明中披露的多核苷酸和重組或免疫原性多肽也可能以「純化」的形式存在。術語「純化」並非要求絕對的純度;它只是一個相對的定義,可以包括高度純化或部分純化的製劑,相關領域技術人員能理解這些術語。例如,各個從已用傳統方法純化為具有電泳同質性的cDNA庫中分離出的各種克隆物。明確考慮到將起始材料或天然物質純化至少一個數量級,優選為兩或三個數量級,更優選為四或五個數量級。此外,明確考慮到所述多肽的純度優選為99.999%,或至少為99.99%或99.9%;甚而適宜為以重量計99%或更高。
根據本發明公開的核酸和多肽表達產物,以及包含此類核酸和/或多肽的表達載體可能以「濃縮的形式」存在。本文使用的術語「濃縮」是指材料的濃度至少是其自然濃度的大約2、5、10、100或1000
倍,有優勢的是,按重量計為0.01%,優選為至少0.1%。也明確考慮到,按重量計約為0.5%、1%、5%、10%和20%的濃縮製劑。序列、構型、載體、克隆物以及包含本發明的其他材料可有優勢地以濃縮或分離的形式存在。
「活性片段」這一術語是指產生免疫反應的片段(即具有免疫原性活性),不論是單獨或可選地與合適的佐劑一起給予一種動物,比如哺乳動物,例如兔子或小鼠,也包括人;這種免疫反應採用的形式是在接受動物(如:人)體內刺激T細胞反應。或者,「活性片段」也可用於誘導體外T細胞反應。
本文使用的「部分」(portion)、「節段」(segment)、「片段」(fragment)這幾個術語,當與多肽相關地使用時是指殘基的連續序列,比如氨基酸殘基,其序列形成一個較大序列的子集。例如,如果一個多肽以任一種肽鏈內切肽酶(如胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶)進行處理,則該處理獲得的寡肽會代表起始多肽的部分、節段或片段。這表示,任何此類片段必定包含與SEQ ID NO:1至33序列基本相同(如果不是完全相同)的一個節段、片段或部分作為其氨基酸序列的一部分,其對應於SEQ ID NO:1至33的天然蛋白或「親本」蛋白。當與多核苷酸相關地使用時,這些術語系指用任何共同核酸內切酶處理所述多核苷酸產生的產物。
根據本發明,術語「等同度百分比」或「等同百分比」,如果指的是序列,則表示在待對比序列(「被對比序列」)與所述序列或權利要求的序列(「參考序列」)對準之後將被對比序列與所述序列或權利要求的序列進行比較。然後根據下列公式計算等同度百分比:等同度百分比=100[I-(C/R)]
其中C是參考序列與被對比序列之間對準長度上參考序列與被對比序列之間的差異數量,其中(i)參考序列中每個堿基或氨基酸序列在被對比序列中沒有對應的對準堿基或氨基酸;(ii)參考序列中每個空隙,以及(iii)參考序列中每個對準堿基或氨基酸與被比對比序列中對準堿基或氨基酸不同,即構成一個差異;並且R是參考序列與被對比序列對準長度上在參考序列中產生任何空隙也計算為一個堿基或氨基酸的參考序列中的堿基或氨基酸數目。
如果「被對比序列」和「參考序列」之間存在的一個對準按上述計算的等同度百分比大致等於或大於指定的最低等同度百分比,則被對比序列與參考序列具有指定的最低等同度百分比,雖然可能存在按本文上述計算的等同度百分比低於指定等同度百分比的對準。
如果無另有說明,那麼本文公開的原始肽可以通過在肽鏈內的不同(可能為選擇性)位點上取代一個或多個殘基而被修飾。此取代可能是保守性的,例如,其中一個氨基酸被具有類似結構和特點的另一個氨基酸所取代,比如其中一個疏水性氨基酸被另一個疏水性氨基酸取代。更保守的取代是具有相同或類似的大小和化學性質的氨基酸間的取代,例如,亮氨酸被異亮氨酸取代。在天然同源蛋白質家族序列變異的研究中,某些氨基酸的取代往往比其他氨基酸更具有耐受性,這些氨基酸往往表現出與原氨基酸的大小、電荷、極性和疏水性之間的相似性相關,這是確定「保守取代」的基礎。
在本文中,保守取代定義為在以下五種基團之一的內部進行交換:基團1-小脂肪族、非極性或略具極性的殘基(Ala,Ser,Thr,Pro,
Gly);基團2-極性、帶負電荷的殘基及其醯胺(Asp,Asn,Glu,Gln);基團3-極性、帶正電荷的殘基(His,Arg,Lys);基團4-大脂肪族非極性殘基(Met,Leu,Ile,Val,Cys)以及基團5-大芳香殘基(Phe,Tyr,Trp)。
較不保守的取代可能涉及一個氨基酸被另一個具有類似特點但在大小上有所不同的氨基酸所取代,如:丙氨酸被異亮氨酸殘基取代。高度不保守的取代可能涉及一個酸性氨基酸被另一個具有極性或甚至具有鹼性性質的氨基酸所取代。然而,這種「激進」取代不能認為是無效的而不予考慮,因為化學作用是不完全可預測的,激進的取代可能會帶來其簡單化學原理中無法預見的偶然效果。
當然,這種取代可能涉及普通L-氨基酸之外的其他結構。因此,D-氨基酸可能被本發明的抗原肽中常見的L-氨基酸取代,也仍在本公開的範圍之內。此外,具有非標準R基團的氨基酸(即,除了天然蛋白的20個常見氨基酸之外的R基團)也可以用於取代之目的,以生產根據本發明的免疫原和免疫原性多肽。
如果在一個以上位置上的取代發現導致肽的抗原活性基本上等於或大於以下定義值,則對這些取代的組合進行測試,以確定組合的取代是否產生對肽抗原性的疊加或協同效應。肽內被同時取代的位置最多不能超過4個。
術語「T細胞反應」是指由一種肽在體外或體內誘導的效應子功能的特異性擴散和啟動。對於MHCI類限制性CTL,效應子功能可能為溶解肽脈衝的、肽前體脈衝的或天然肽提呈的靶細胞、分泌細胞因數,優選為肽誘導的干擾素-γ、TNF-α或IL-2,分泌效應分子、優選為肽或脫顆粒作用誘導的顆粒酶或穿孔素。
優選情況是,當SEQ ID NO:1至33任何序列的肽特異性CTL相比
于取代肽受到檢測時,如果取代肽在相對於背景肽溶解度增加達到最大值的一半,則該肽濃度不超過約1mM,優選為不超過約1μM,更優選為不超過約1nM,再優選為不超過約100pM,最優選為不超過約10pM。也優選為,取代肽被一個以上的CTL識別,最少為2個,更優選為3個。
因此,本發明所述的表位可能與天然腫瘤相關表位或腫瘤特異性表位相同,也可能包括來自參考肽的不超過4個殘基的不同肽,只要它們有基本相同的抗原活性即可。
免疫治療方法
是否能刺激免疫反應取決於是否存在被宿主免疫系統視為異物的抗原。發現腫瘤相關抗原的提呈增加了運用宿主免疫系統干預腫瘤生長的可能性。對於癌症免疫療法,目前正在探索控制免疫系統中的體液和細胞免疫的各種機制。
細胞免疫反應的特定元素能特異性地識別和破壞腫瘤細胞。從腫瘤浸潤細胞群或外周血中分離出的細胞毒性T-細胞(CTL)表明,這些細胞在癌症的天然免疫防禦中發揮了重要作用。特別是CD8陽性T細胞在這種反應中發揮重要作用,他能識別通常8至12個源自蛋白或位於細胞質的缺損核糖體產物(DRIP)的氨基酸殘基的主要組織相容性複合體(MHC)所載的肽中所含的I類分子。人MHC分子也稱為人白細胞-抗原(HLA)。
MHC-I類分子,在細胞核提呈因主要內源性、細胞質或細胞核蛋白質、DRIPS和較大肽蛋白裂解產生的肽的細胞上都能發現此類分子。然而,源自內體結構或外源性來源的肽也經常在MHC-I類分子上發現。這種I-類分子非經典提呈方式在文獻中被稱為交叉提呈。
對於被細胞毒性T淋巴細胞識別為腫瘤特異性抗原或相關性抗原以及用於治療的蛋白質,必須具備特殊的條件。該抗原應主要由腫瘤細胞表達,而正常健康組織根本不表達或表達數量較少。更為適宜的情況是,該相應抗原不僅出現於一種腫瘤中,而且濃度(即每個細胞的相應肽拷貝數目)高。腫瘤特異性抗原和腫瘤相關抗原通常是源於由於細胞週期調控或凋亡等功能在正常細胞轉化為腫瘤細胞中直接受累的蛋白。另外,這些直接導致轉化的蛋白的下游靶標也可能會被上調,因此間接與腫瘤相關。這些間接腫瘤相關抗原也可能是預防接種方法的靶標。至關重要的是,在這兩種情況中,都存在抗原氨基酸序列的表位,所以這種來自腫瘤相關抗原的肽(「免疫原性肽」)可導致體外或體內T細胞反應。
基本上,任何能與MHC分子結合的肽都可能充當一個T細胞表位。誘導體外或體內T細胞反應的前提是存在具有相應TCR的T細胞並且不存在對該特定表位的免疫耐受性。
因此,TAA是開發腫瘤疫苗的起點。識別和表徵TAA的方法基於對患者或健康受試者CTL的使用情況,或基於腫瘤與正常組織肽之間差別轉錄特性或差別表達模式的產生(Lemmel et al.450-54;Weinschenk et al.5818-27)。
然而,對腫瘤組織或人腫瘤細胞株中過量表達或選擇性表達的基因的識別並不提供在免疫療法中使用這些基因所轉錄抗原的準確資訊。這是因為,有著相應TCR的T細胞必須要存在而且對這個特定表位的免疫耐受性必須不存在或為最低水準,因此,這些抗原的表位只有一部分適合這種應用。因此,只選擇那些蛋白過量表達或選擇性表達的肽,並且這些肽是與可找到對抗性功能性T細胞的MHC分子結合
在一起被提呈,這一點非常重要。這種功能性T細胞被定義為在以特異性抗原刺激後能夠克隆地擴展並能夠執行效應子功能(「效應子T細胞」)的T細胞。
輔助T細胞在編排抗腫瘤免疫的CTL效應子功能中發揮著重要作用。觸發TH1細胞反應的輔助T細胞表位支援CD8陽性殺傷T細胞的效應子功能,其中包括直接作用於腫瘤細胞的細胞毒性功能(該類腫瘤細胞表面顯示有腫瘤相關肽/MHC複合體)。這樣,腫瘤相關T輔助細胞表位單獨使用或與其他腫瘤相關肽結合使用可作為刺激抗腫瘤免疫反應的疫苗化合物的活性藥物成分。
由於CD8及CD4依賴型反應共同和協同促進抗腫瘤作用,因此,CD8陽性CTL(MHC-I分子)或CD4陽性CTL(MHC-II類分子)對腫瘤相關抗原的識別和鑒定對開發腫瘤疫苗非常重要。因此,提出含有與任一類MHC複合體結合的肽組合物是本發明的一個目標。
考慮到治療癌症相關的嚴重副作用和費用,迫切需要更好的預後和診斷方法。因此,通常有必要確定代表癌症生物標誌物的其他因數,尤其是胃癌。此外,通常有必要確定可用於治療癌症的因數,尤其是胃癌。
此外,還沒有確定的治療設計,可用於根治性攝護腺切除術後生化性復發的胃癌患者,復發通常是由原發部位殘留的腫瘤出現局部晚期腫瘤生長所致。需要會降低發病率且療效與現有治療方法相當的新型治療方法。
本發明提出了有利於治療胃癌以及其他過量表達本發明肽的腫瘤的肽。這些肽由質譜分析法直接顯示出,而由HLA分子自然提呈于人原發性胃癌樣本中(請參見實施例1和圖1)。
衍生肽源基因在胃癌、腎細胞癌、結腸癌、非小細胞肺癌、腺癌、攝護腺癌、良性腫瘤和惡性黑色素瘤中與正常組織相比顯示出高度過量表達(請參見實施例2和圖2),這表明這些肽與腫瘤關聯程度高,即這些肽大量提呈於腫瘤組織,而不提呈于正常組織。
HLA結合肽能夠被免疫系統識別,特別是T淋巴細胞/T細胞。T細胞可破壞提呈被識別HLA/肽複合體的細胞(如:提呈衍生肽的胃癌細胞)。
本發明的所有肽已被證明具有刺激T細胞反應的能力(參見實施例3和圖3)。因此,該等肽可用于在患者中產生免疫反應,從而能夠毀滅腫瘤細胞。患者的免疫反應能夠通過直接給予患者所述肽或前體物質(如,加長肽、蛋白或編碼這些肽的核酸),較理想是與加強免疫原性的製劑相結合,而進行誘導。源自該治療性疫苗的免疫反應預期能夠高度特異性地對抗腫瘤細胞,因為本發明的目標肽在正常組織上提呈的複製數目較少,防止患者發生對抗正常細胞的不良自體免疫反應的風險。
藥品組合物包括游離形式或以一種藥用鹽形式存在的肽。此處使用的「藥用鹽」系指所公開的肽的一種衍生物,其中該肽由制酸或藥劑的堿鹽進行改性。例如,酸性鹽採用自由基(通常其中藥物的中性形式具有一種中性-NH2基團)通過與合適酸發生反應而制得。適合製備酸鹽的酸包括有機酸,如:乙酸、丙酸、羥基酸、丙酮酸、草酸、蘋果酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、馬來酸、富馬酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、苯甲酸酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、甲磺酸、苯磺酸、水楊酸等等、以及無機酸,如:鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、硝酸和磷酸等。相反,可在一種肽上提呈的酸性基團的堿鹽製劑使用藥用堿基進行製備,如
氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化銨、氫氧化鈣、三甲胺等等。
在特別優選的實施例中,藥物組合物包括乙酸(醋酸鹽)或鹽酸(氯化物)形式的肽。
本發明的肽除了用於治療癌症,也可用於診斷。由於肽由胃癌細胞產生,並且已確定這些肽在正常組織中不存在,因此這些肽可用於診斷癌症是否存在。
組織切片中含權利要求的肽,可有助於病理師診斷癌症。用抗體、質譜或其他本領域內已知的方法檢測某些肽可使病理師判斷該組織為惡性的、炎症還是一般病變。肽基團的提呈使得能對病變組織進行分類或進一步分成子類。
對病變標本中肽的檢測使得能對免疫系統治療方法的利益進行判斷,特別是如果T-淋巴細胞已知或預計與作用機制有關。MHC表達的缺失是一種機制,充分說明了哪些受感染的惡性細胞逃避了免疫監視。因此,肽的提呈表明,分析過的細胞並沒有利用這種機制。
肽可用於分析淋巴細胞對肽的反應(如T細胞反應),或抗體對肽或MHC分子絡合的肽發生的反應。這些淋巴細胞反應可以作為預後指標,決定是否採取進一步的治療。這些反應也可以用作免疫療法中的替代指標,旨在以不同方式誘導淋巴細胞反應,如接種蛋白疫苗、核酸、自體材料、淋巴細胞過繼轉移。基因治療中,淋巴細胞對肽發生的反應可以在副作用的評估中考慮。淋巴細胞反應監測也可能成為移植療法隨訪檢查中的一種有價值的工具,如,用於檢測移植物抗宿主和宿主抗移植物疾病。
肽可用于生成和開發出針對MHC/肽複合體的特定抗體。這些抗體可用於治療,將毒素或放射性物質靶向病變組織。這些抗體的另一
用途是為了成像之目的(如PET)將放射性核素靶向病變組織。這可有助於檢測小轉移灶或確定病變組織的大小和準確位置。
此外,可用這些TUMAP在活檢樣本的基礎上驗證病理師對癌症的診斷。
表2顯示了根據本發明的肽、它們各自的SEQ ID NO、以及可能產生這些肽的源蛋白。所有肽均與HLA A*024等位基因結合。
在本發明之另一實施例中,揭示針對胃癌之HLA A*02結合肽。對於A*02及/或A*24陽性人群,所揭示之肽之混合物可用於治療胃癌。較佳為2至20種肽之混合物以及2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19及20種肽之混合物。
絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶CDC2亦被稱為Cdk1(細胞週期蛋白依賴性激酶1),其在細胞週期控制中發揮關鍵作用。已知其為G2至M轉換之主要調節子。在間期結束時,其與A型細胞週期蛋白結合。在核膜破裂後,A型細胞週期蛋白被細胞週期蛋白B替代,細胞週期蛋白B與Cdc2一起形成有絲分裂促進因子(MPF)。MPF對驅動細胞完成有絲分裂至關重要。
Cdc2在有絲分裂中之功能並非多餘,且無法由其他Cdk(諸如Cdk2、Cdk4及Cdk6)之活性來補償。相反地,亦有報告指出Cdc2在細胞週期之其他階段(諸如G1-S轉換)中發揮作用,且其能夠取代「間期Cdk」。因此,Cdc2被認為是唯一必需的細胞週期Cdk。
在若干種癌症中發現,Cdc2過度表現常與不良預後相關。該等癌症為攝護腺癌、口腔癌、口腔鱗狀細胞癌(OSCC)、急性髓性白血病(AML)(Qian等人)、幽門螺旋桿菌引起之MALT淋巴瘤(Banerjee等人,217-25)及結腸癌(Yasui等人,36-41)。在胃癌中,已報導有過量表現及/或活性增強,且可能發揮致病作用。Cdc2及其他Cdk之抑制劑亦被考慮用作癌症療法之候選藥物(Shapiro 1770-83)。
異常紡錘狀小頭畸形相關蛋白(ASPM)為果蠅異常紡錘(asp)之人類直系同源基因,其參與神經生成之調節,且突變會導致體染色體隱性原發性小頭畸形。ASPM在有絲分裂期間位於紡錘體兩極。ASPM過量表現被建議可作為膠質母細胞瘤之標記及潛在之治療標靶。siRNA介導之阻斷基因表現可抑制腫瘤細胞增殖及神經幹細胞增殖。ASPM過量表現亦可預測肝細胞癌之侵襲性/轉移可能性增加、腫瘤早期復發及不良預後。ASPM在永生細胞及非小細胞肺癌組織中表現上調(Jung,Choi,及Kim 703-13)。
MMP3亦被稱為明膠酶原或基質分解素1,其為降解細胞外基質(ECM)組分(諸如纖維連接蛋白、層黏連蛋白、彈性蛋白,蛋白多糖核心蛋白及膠原非螺旋區)之內肽酶。MMP對於需要ECM重新排列之若干種生理過程非常重要,該等生理過程諸如胚胎發育、組織重構、血管形成、哺乳乳腺復舊及傷口癒合過程中之細胞遷移。MMP3亦在血小板聚集中發揮作用。涉及MMP3表現及分泌增強之病理病狀包括自體免疫性炎症性病狀及癌症。
MMP3在某些腫瘤中過量表現,且在上皮間質轉化(EMT)中發揮
作用。其亦可能參與致癌之早期步驟,觸發基因外變化而導致產生惡性表型(Lochter等人,180-93)。與表現量相關之MMP3啟動子中的多態性顯示對某些癌症之風險及預後有影響,如食管腺癌(Bradbury等人,793-98)及口腔鱗狀細胞癌(Vairaktaris等人,4095-100)(Liu等人,430-35)。在MMP3及MMP7血清含量升高之幽門螺旋桿菌陽性胃癌患者顯示較高之淋巴結侵襲以及較短之生存期。在一組74例胃癌患者中,27%的病例有MMP3表現(Murray等人,791-97)。
c-Met介導肝細胞生長因子(HGF)/分散因子之潛在致癌活性,包括促進細胞生長、運動、存活、細胞外基質溶解及血管生成。HGF之結合可活化下游信號傳導事件,包括Ras、磷脂醯肌醇3'-激酶、磷脂酶Cγ及絲裂原活化蛋白激酶相關路徑(Dong等人,5911-18;Furge等人,10722-27;Furge,Zhang,及Vande Woude 5582-89;Montesano等人,355-65;Naldini等人,501-04;Ponzetto等人,4600-08)。c-Met主要在上皮細胞中表現。c-Met(亦在非上皮細胞惡性組織中)之致癌性活化可由擴增/過量表現、活化突變、獲得HGF/c-Met自分泌環或組成性磷酸化引起(Di Renzo等人,147-54;Ferracini等人,739-49;Fischer等人,733-39;Koochekpour等人,5391-98;Li等人,8125-35;Maulik等人,41-59;Qian等人,589-96;Ramirez等人,635-44;Tuck等人,225-32)(Nakaigawa等人,3699-705)。在HGF過量表現之轉殖基因小鼠中之c-Met組成性活化會促進廣泛之腫瘤形成(Takayama等人,701-06;Wang等人,1023-34)。MET靜默化會抑制腫瘤生長及轉移(Corso等人,684-93)。MET之擴增與人類胃癌進展相關(Lin等人,5680-89)(Yokozaki,Yasui,及Tahara 49-95)。
UCHL5亦被稱為泛素C-末端水解酶(UCH37)或INO80R,其為與蛋白酶體相關之脫泛素酶。其藉由使C-端Cys76與Lys48之間的異肽鍵裂解而使蛋白連接之聚泛素鏈與遠端分開(Nishio等人,855-60)。在細胞核中,UCHL5與Ino80染色質重構複合體結合。當與蛋白酶體結合後,其被活化,且可能參與轉錄調節或DNA修復,其被建議由Ino80及蛋白酶體介導。
泛素特異性蛋白酶(如UCHL5)參與諸如細胞週期進展之控制、分化、DNA複製及修復、轉錄、蛋白質品質控制、免疫反應及細胞凋亡的若干過程。UCHL5可能促進惡性轉化。已顯示其在人類子宮頸癌組織中之活性與相鄰正常組織相比上調。其能夠去泛素化,藉此使TGF-β受體及其下游調節因子Smad穩定,並藉此增強TGF-β信號傳導。儘管TGF-β信號傳導具有雙重功能且在癌症早期及開始前亦可作為腫瘤抑制因子,TGF-β信號傳導增強在癌症進展晚期可作為腫瘤啟動子(Bierie及Moses 29-40;Horton等人,138-43;Wicks等人,8080-84;Wicks等人,761-63)。
MST1R(別名RON)受體為細胞表面受體酪胺酸激酶Met家族之一員,且主要在上皮細胞及巨噬細胞上表現。MST1R可對其配位體反應而誘導細胞遷移、侵襲、增殖及存活。在活體外以及動物模型體內已顯示其致癌性質,且通常在人類癌症中下調(Dussault及Bellon,2009)。臨床研究已顯示,MST1R過量表現與不良預後及轉移相關。MST1R在胃癌組織及相應副腫瘤組織中顯著表現,但在正常胃黏膜中觀察不到(Zhou等人,236-40)。阻斷MST1R在攝護腺癌細胞中表現
可使活體外內皮細胞趨化作用降低,且使在活體內原位移植至攝護腺後之腫瘤生長及微血管密度降低。與對照細胞相比,在高度致瘤性結腸癌細胞株中,siRNA介導之MST1R表現阻斷會使增殖降低。
KIF2C為一種在紡錘體形成期間調節適當動粒-微管連接之微管解聚酶。其對後期染色體分離為重要的,且可能需要其來協調姊妹著絲粒分離。在大部分實體腫瘤中觀察到干擾動粒處之微管連接會導致染色體錯誤分離及非整倍性(Maney等人,67-131;Moore及Wordeman 537-46)。KIF2C在乳癌細胞(Shimo等人,62-70)、結腸癌、結直腸癌及胃癌(Nakamura等人,543-49)中過量表現。與模擬轉染細胞相比,穩定表現KIF2C之胃癌細胞株(AZ521)顯示增殖及轉移增加。KIF2C在胃癌中之表現升高可能與淋巴侵襲、淋巴結轉移及不良預後相關。用針對KIF2C之小干擾RNA治療乳癌細胞可抑制乳癌細胞生長。
SMC蛋白為在高層次染色體組織及動力學方面發揮作用之染色體ATP酶。SMC4為凝聚蛋白複合體之核心組分,其在染色質凝聚中發揮作用,且亦與細胞核仁分離、DNA修復及染色質支架之維持相關。已知SMC4基因在正常攝護腺及唾液腺中高度表現,在結腸、胰臟及腸中表現極弱,且在其他組織中完全不表現。在許多癌細胞株及癌症樣本中觀察到高RNA表現量,包括乳癌、攝護腺癌、結腸癌及胰臟癌(Egland等人,5929-34)。
Eph受體為受體酪胺酸激酶(RTK)之獨特家族,其在正常胚胎形成過程中,在胚胎模式建立、神經元靶向作用及血管發育中發揮關鍵
作用。利用其配位體(ephrin-A1)刺激EphA2會導致EphA2自磷酸化,其可逆轉致癌性轉化。Eph受體及其配位體ephrin常在多種癌症中過量表現。EphA2常在侵襲性腫瘤細胞中過量表現且在功能上發生改變,且被認為其係藉由增強細胞-細胞外基質之黏附、錨定依賴性生長及血管生成來促進腫瘤生長。胃癌中顯示EphA2及EphrinA-1之過量表現,其與腫瘤侵襲之深度、腫瘤淋巴結轉移(TNM)分期、淋巴結轉移及不良預後相關(Yuan等人,2410-17)。
ATAD2(亦被稱為ANCCA)為AAA+ ATP酶家族蛋白之新成員。其增強雄激素受體(AR)及雌激素受體(ER)之轉錄活性,分別引起包括IGF1R、IRS-2、SGK1及存活素(AR)以及細胞週期蛋白D1、c-myc及E2F1(ER)之基因轉錄。其亦增強c-Myc之轉錄活性。
ATAD2表現在諸如乳癌、攝護腺癌及骨肉瘤之若干人類腫瘤中較高。其表現與不良預後相關。
出人意料地發現該蛋白為源蛋白,且關於AVL9蛋白及相應基因之功能的資料很少且非常有限。
膠原蛋白α-1(XII)鏈為一種蛋白質,其在人類係由COL12A1基因編碼。該基因編碼XII型膠原蛋白之α鏈,XII型膠原蛋白為FACIT(不連續三股螺旋之原纖維相關膠原蛋白)膠原蛋白家族之一員。XII型膠原蛋白被發現與I型膠原蛋白結合之同源三聚體,此結合被認為可修飾膠原蛋白I原纖維與周圍基質之間的相互作用。已鑑別出可編碼不同同功異型物之替代性拼接轉錄變異體。
COL6A3編碼α-3鏈,即VI型膠原蛋白之三個α鏈之一。已顯示該蛋白質結構域與細胞外基質蛋白相結合,該相互作用說明此膠原蛋白在組織基質組分中之重要性。在卵巢癌細胞中,經由膠原蛋白VI之過量表現來重構細胞外基質有助於順鉑抗性。膠原蛋白VI之存在與腫瘤等級相關,其為一種卵巢癌的預後因素(Sherman-Baust等人,377-86)。COL6A3在結直腸腫瘤(Smith等人,1452-64)、唾液腺癌(Leivo等人,104-13)中過量表現且在胃癌(Yang等人,1033-40)中差異性表現。COL6A3已確定為具有腫瘤特異性拼接變異體之七個基因之一。已證實之腫瘤特異性拼接變化具高度一致性,因此能夠明確區分正常樣品與癌症樣品,且在一些情況下甚至能夠區分不同腫瘤分期(Thorsen等人,1214-24)。
FANCI蛋白反應DNA損傷而定位至染色質且參與DNA修復(Smogorzewska等人,289-301)。FANCI基因突變會導致範可尼貧血,其係一種以細胞遺傳不穩定性、對DNA交聯劑過敏、染色體斷裂增加及DNA修復缺陷為特徵之隱性遺傳異質性疾病。FANCI之替代性拼接形成兩種編碼不同同功異型物之轉錄變異體。
HSP90(亦被稱為葡萄糖調節蛋白94,Grp94)成員1為一種人類伴侶蛋白。其參與ER相關之過程:轉譯、蛋白質品質控制及ER相關之降解(ERAD)、ER壓力感知以及ER中鈣結合/鈣滯留(Christianson等人,272-82;Fu及Lee 741-44)。HSP90含有ER保留型蛋白典型之KDEL序列,但其亦出現在腫瘤細胞表面上(Altmeyer等人,340-49)以
及細胞外。已知HSP自壞死(而非細胞凋亡)細胞以及受各種刺激(如熱休克及氧化壓力)壓力之細胞中釋放,且可出現在循環中(Basu等人,1539-46;Tsan及Gao 274-79)。在細胞外,HSP90調節(主要為刺激)免疫反應且參與抗原提呈。在細胞表面上,其可充當病原體進入及/或信號傳導之受體(Cabanes等人,2827-38)。在腫瘤特異性細胞表面表現或釋放之情況下,其可誘導抗腫瘤免疫性(Zheng等人,6731-35)。在預防性與治療性方案中,基於HSP90之疫苗均已顯示針對癌症及傳染性疾病之免疫(綜述於(Bolhassani及Rafati 1185-99;Castelli等人,227-33;Murshid,Gong,及Calderwood 1019-30)中)。
然而,HSP90亦可視為腫瘤療法之標靶,因為1)其與腫瘤進展相關且亦在照射或化學療法治療後引起對細胞凋亡之抗性;以及2)其在許多腫瘤中過量表現,包括GC、骨肉瘤(Guo等人,62-67)、乳癌(Hodorova等人,31-35)。HSP90之過量表現與GC之侵襲性行為及不良預後相關(Wang,Wang,及Ying 35-41;Zheng等人,1042-49)。HSP90在GC中之下調可引起癌細胞凋亡(Sheu,Liu,及Lan e1096)。
MUC6在黏液細胞中表現。其主要功能被認為係在於保護易受傷害之上皮表面免受不斷曝露於多種內源性腐蝕劑或蛋白水解劑之破壞性作用(Toribara等人,1997)。MUC6亦可在上皮器官形成中發揮作用(Reid及Harris,1999)。發現MUC6在正常胃黏膜中表現。其在一些癌症中過量表現,如腸腺瘤及腸癌、肺癌(Hamamoto等人,891-96)、結直腸息肉(Bartman等人,210-18)及乳癌(Pereira等人,210-13),而未在各別正常組織中表現。由於MUC6在黏液癌中之高表現率,其被建議可作為癌症擴散之屏障,而導致使其生物學行為之侵襲性降低
(Matsukita等人,26-36)。MUC6在胃癌中之表現低於在腺瘤或正常黏膜中,且與腫瘤大小、侵襲深度、淋巴管及靜脈侵襲、淋巴結轉移及UICC分期呈負相關。MUC6下調可促進胃上皮細胞之惡性轉化,且成為胃癌生長、侵襲、轉移及分化之分子基礎(Zheng等人,817-23)。亦有證據顯示,幽門螺旋桿菌感染(胃癌主因之一)與MUC6表現降低相關(Kang等人,29-35;Wang及Fang 425-31)。
NUF2(CDCA-1)基因編碼與酵母Nuf2高度相似之蛋白質,該蛋白質為與著絲粒相關之保守蛋白複合物之組分。在減數分裂前期,當著絲粒與紡錘極體斷開連接時,酵母Nuf2自著絲粒中消失,且在染色體分離中發揮調節作用。研究顯示存活素及hNuf2 csiRNA暫時阻斷其mRNA表現,而經由阻滯有絲分裂分別引起多核化和細胞死亡(Nguyen等人,394-403)。Nuf2及Hec1為在外板中穩定微管正端結合位點組織所需,其為動粒處雙軸取向所需之持續極向力所需要者(DeLuca等人,519-31)。
研究發現Nuf2蛋白質在NSCLC(與不良預後相關)(Hayama等人,10339-48)及子宮頸癌(Martin等人,333-59)中過量表現。在手術切除之胃癌組織(彌漫型,6;腸型,4)中,兩種NUF2變異體上調。此研究中偵測到之替代性拼接變異體被建議可能適用作抗癌療法之診斷標記物及/或新穎標靶(Ohnuma等人,57-68)。
siRNA介導之對NUF2之表現阻斷被發現可抑制NSCLC、卵巢癌、子宮頸癌、胃癌、結直腸癌及神經膠質瘤中細胞增殖及誘導其中細胞凋亡(Kaneko等人,1235-40)。
磷脂酸磷酸酶(PAP)將磷脂酸轉化成二醯基甘油,且在甘油脂質重新合成中以及在磷脂酶D介導之受體活化信號轉導中發揮作用。已報導其有三種編碼不同同功異型物之替代性拼接轉錄變異體。PPAP2C在經轉型之初代成人間質幹細胞(MSC)及許多人類癌症中上調。其可能為細胞增殖增加所需。PPAP2C(而非催化無活性突變體)之過量表現會導致過早進入S期,伴隨早熟細胞週期蛋白A積聚。阻斷其基因表現可經由延遲進入S期來降低細胞增殖(Flanagan等人,249-60)。
核糖體係由一個小的40S次單元及一個大的60S次單元所組成。該等次單元總共由4種RNA及約80種結構不同之蛋白質構成。RPS11基因編碼作為40S次單元組分之核糖體蛋白。RPS11係屬於已發現可用於篩檢糞便RNA為主之標記物以診斷結直腸癌之6種基因之一。其特別是在源自癌症患者之糞便結腸細胞中所發現(Yajima等人,1029-37)。
SIAH2為E3泛素連接酶。其受質為β-連環蛋白、TRAF2及DCC(結直腸癌中缺失)(Habelhah等人,5756-65;Hu及Fearon 724-32;Nakayama,Qi,及Ronai 443-51)。SIAH2亦導致核蛋白repp86降解,因而造成由此蛋白質過量表現誘導之有絲分裂阻滯消除(Szczepanowski等人,485-90)。SIAH2具有經由至少兩個路徑之腫瘤以及轉移促進性質(請見Nakayama,Qi,及Ronai 443-51):首先,其在缺氧反應路徑中引起蛋白質之泛素化及降解,由此增強缺氧誘導性因子(HIF)之轉錄活性(Nakayama,Qi,及Ronai 443-51)(Calzado等人,
85-91)。其次,其抑制Ras/ERK信號傳導之特異性抑制劑Sprouty2。SIAH2活性可能經由其對Ras信號傳導之正面影響而與胰臟腫瘤之發展相關(Nakayama,Qi,及Ronai 443-51)。
雖然SIAH2在癌症中之作用尚存部分爭議,但一些報告顯示低含量SIAH2與不良預後或治療反應相關(Confalonieri等人,2959-68)(Jansen等人,263-71),其他報告顯示其具有致瘤功能(Frasor等人,13153-57)。SIAH2抑制已視為抗癌治療,因為其已顯示可抑制黑素瘤小鼠模型中之異種移植物生長(Qi等人,16713-18;Shah等人,799-808)及抑制移植至裸小鼠中之人類肺癌細胞株生長(Ahmed等人,1606-29)。
SLC6A6為一種鈉及氯依賴性牛磺酸轉運體(TauT)(Han等人,2006)。牛磺酸轉運體剔除(taut-/-)小鼠由於缺乏牛磺酸而罹患慢性肝病,其可能涉及線粒體功能障礙(Warskulat等人,2006)。SLC6A6之表現受p53腫瘤抑制基因壓制,且由諸如WT1、c-Jun及c-Myb之原癌基因反活化。SLC6A6之過量表現保護腎細胞免受順鉑誘發之腎毒性影響(Han等人,2006;Han及Chesney,2009)。在人類腸上皮Caco-2細胞中,SLC6A6之mRNA表現由腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)上調。
由UQCRB基因編碼之蛋白質為泛醇-細胞色素c氧化還原酶複合物之一部分。其與泛醌結合且參與電子傳遞。此基因之突變與線粒體複合物III缺乏相關。已有記載X染色體上有假基因。
UQCRB基因可能為胰臟導管腺癌中之一種潛在癌基因或腫瘤抑制基因(Harada等人,13-24)。已發現其在肝細胞癌中過量表現(Jia等
人,1133-39)。
ERBB3編碼受體酪胺酸激酶表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)家族之一員。其由神經調節蛋白、其他ERBB受體及非ERBB受體以及其他激酶活化,且以新穎機制活化。在下游,其主要與磷酸肌醇3-激酶/AKT存活/促有絲分裂路徑相互作用,且亦與GRB、SHC、SRC、ABL、rasGAP、SYK及轉錄調節因子EBP1相互作用(Sithanandam及Anderson 413-48)。已在許多癌症(包括胃癌)中發現ERBB3過量表現,在此其可能發揮關鍵致病作用且負面影響預後(Kobayashi等人,1294-301)(Slesak等人,2727-32)。(Zhang等人,2112-18)發現ERBB3過量表現在彌漫型胃癌(26.2%)中比腸型胃癌(5.0%)中頻繁。在兩種類型中,過量表現均與不良預後相關。在癌症療法中靶向ERBB3之方法包括針對細胞外域之RNA適體(Chen等人,9226-31)、利用合成轉錄因子阻斷其基因表現(Lund等人,9082-91)、如維生素E異構體γ-三烯生育醇之小分子抑制劑(Samant及Sylvester 563-74)、miRNA(Scott等人,1479-86)及siRNA(Sithanandam等人,1847-59)。
功能:Prominin-1亦被稱為CD133,其確定為對CD34+造血祖細胞具有特異性之分子(Yin等人,1997),且證明其為各種組織之正常幹細胞及癌症幹細胞(CSC)之標記物。它主要位於質膜之突出部位,且可能參與膜拓撲學之組織或維持質膜之脂質組成。被稱為AC133-2且缺乏具有27個胺基酸之小外顯子的prominin-1拼接異構體被認為可代表更佳之幹細胞標記物(Mizrak等人,2008;Bidlingmaier等人,2008)。
只有較少百分比之腫瘤細胞通常呈prominin-1陽性,如同可預期的CSC標記物。視腫瘤類型而定,每個腫瘤塊之陽性細胞數目達到1%至15%,且大部分在2%左右。
Prominin-1與腫瘤形成、血管生成及化學抗性相關(Zhu等人,2009a)(Bruno等人,2006;Hilbe等人,2004)(Bertolini等人,2009)。然而,由於prominin-1陽性細胞可能被NK細胞(Castriconi等人,2007;Pietra等人,2009)及細胞毒性T細胞(Brown等人,2009)殺死,所以其可能被免疫系統侵入。
雖然在許多癌症實體已證明prominin-1陽性細胞在功能上為CSC,且表現常與不良預後相關,但其仍有爭議。一些報告指出,其不一定或不足以用來確定CSC(Cheng等人,2009;Wu及Wu,2009)。也許prominin-1與諸如CD44之其他分子之組合,或甚至與諸如prom1(+)、CD34(+)、CD44(+)、CD38(-)、CD24(-)之多重組合可充當較佳CSC標記物(Zhu等人,2009b;Fulda及Pervaiz,2010)。
在彌漫型GC中,基於電子雜交分析推測有PROM1表現(Katoh及Katoh,2007),且(Smith等人,2008)報導與正常胃組織蛋白質含量相比在GC中過量表現。然而,(Boegl及Prinz,2009)報導prominin-1表現在GC中降低,尤其在後期,並主張prominin-1表現與血管生成相關(在後期亦降低),而與腫瘤生長無關。一項使用GC細胞株之研究(Takaishi等人,2009)認為CD44為GC之一個CSC標記物,而prominin-1則不是。
如同其他MMP,MMP11亦為在需要組織重構之過程(諸如發育、創傷癒合及瘢痕形成)中發揮作用之內肽酶。其亦可藉由降低脂肪細
胞分化而負調節脂肪恆定。與其他MMP相對比,其不能裂解除了膠原蛋白VI以外之典型細胞外基質分子。然而,已確定MMP11之其他受質,諸如α2-巨球蛋白、某些絲胺酸蛋白酶抑制劑(serpin)(包括α1抗胰蛋白酶)、胰島素樣生長因子結合蛋白1及層黏連蛋白受體。在癌症中,MMP11主要在腫瘤組織周圍之基質細胞中表現。已在許多腫瘤實體中已證明。MMP11被認為在大多數侵襲性人類癌瘤之基質中過量表現,但在肉瘤及其他非上皮腫瘤中很少表現。在大多數但非所有情況下,MMP11在與腫瘤直接相鄰之基質細胞中表現,而腫瘤細胞本身、正常組織及腫瘤遠處之基質細胞呈陰性。較高之MMP11含量與惡性表型/較高侵襲性及不良預後相關。然而,在乳頭狀甲狀腺癌中,MMP11表現與侵襲性特徵負相關。MMP11於腫瘤組織以及胃癌患者之血清中被發現,且其表現與轉移相關(Yang等人)。此外,(Deng等人,274-81)研究顯示,MMP11在胃癌腫瘤細胞株及原發性腫瘤中高度表現,其不僅僅在基質中表現的情形與在其他癌症類型之表現情形相反,且其似乎增強腫瘤細胞增殖。
NFYB亦被稱為CBF-B或CBF-A,其為除了NFYA及NFYC外異三聚體基礎轉錄因子NF-Y(亦被稱為CCAAT結合因子或CBF)之部分,該NF-Y與許多基因啟動子及強化子中之CCAAT基元(或被稱為Y盒之反向基元ATTGG)結合。NF-Y標靶基因包含MHCII類基因、PDGFβ受體、若干熱休克蛋白、錯配修復基因hMLH1及拓撲異構酶IIα。
NFYB並非傳統的致癌基因,然而其功能可能促進腫瘤形成。首先,許多諸如細胞週期蛋白A、細胞週期蛋白B1、極光激酶A及cdk1之細胞週期基因均為NF-Y之標靶。細胞於G2/M期之阻滯無需功能性
NFYB。(Park等人)研究顯示,結直腸腺癌中細胞週期蛋白B2及其他細胞週期相關基因之上調係由NF-Y之活性造成。其次,NF-Y之活性阻礙細胞凋亡。缺乏NF-Y之細胞由於p53活化及啟動子中含CCAAT盒之抗細胞凋亡基因(諸如Bcl-2)轉錄下降而凋亡(Benatti等人,1415-28)。第三,其致瘤性在與其他轉錄因子組合時獲得增強。舉例而言,突變的p53與NF-Y及p300蛋白結合可增加NF-Y誘導之細胞週期基因之表現。
蛋白酪胺酸激酶c-Abl在細胞核與細胞質室之間穿梭。細胞核c-Abl參與細胞生長抑制及細胞凋亡,而細胞質c-Abl可能在肌動蛋白動力學、形態形成及由如生長因子及整合素配位體之細胞外刺激物所誘導之信號傳導中發揮作用。據報導,細胞質c-Abl可促進有絲分裂發生。
c-Abl蛋白之活性經由其SH3域負調節,且SH3域缺失會使ABL1成為致癌基因。在慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)中,該基因藉由22號染色體上之BCR(斷裂點簇區)內之移位而活化。由此導致的融合蛋白BCR-ABL位於細胞液中且使細胞增殖而不受細胞激素調節(Zhao等人)。在實體腫瘤中c-Abl活性亦上調,如在乳癌及NSCLC。過量表現並不足夠且組成性激酶活性需要蛋白磷酸化。在乳癌細胞中,c-Abl磷酸化由細胞質膜酪胺酸激酶(包括SFK、EGFR家族成員及IGF-1受體)誘導。在實體腫瘤中尚未偵測到ABL融合蛋白(Lin及Arlinghaus,2008)。ABL顯示在胃癌中表現且與微血管相關,此表示其可能在血管生成中發揮作用。值得注意的是,幽門螺旋桿菌細胞毒素相關基因A(CagA)可使c-Abl活化,因此使EGFR磷酸化,藉此阻斷EGFR內吞作
用(Bauer,Bartfeld,及Meyer 156-69)。若干酪胺酸激酶抑制劑在一定程度上對Abl具有特異性。伊馬替尼(Imatinib)(Gleevec)被用作CML之一線療法,且因為其亦靶向KIT,其亦經許可用於晚期胃腸道間質腫瘤(GIST)患者(Pytel等人,66-76)(Croom及Perry,2003)。用於癌症療法之其他抑制劑為達沙替尼(Dasatinib)及尼洛替尼(Nilotinib)(Pytel等人,66-76)(Deremer,Ustun,及Natarajan 1956-75)。
Polo激酶家族成員(Plk1至Plk4)在細胞分裂過程中非常重要,其調節有絲分裂過程中之若干步驟。Plk4為中心體形成及複製之組織者(Rodrigues-Martins等人,1046-50)。雖然Plk1為明確之致癌基因,但Plk4在癌症中之功能尚不明確。Plk4下調以及過量表現與人類、小鼠及蒼蠅之癌症相關(Cunha-Ferreira等人,43-49)。舉例而言,在結直腸癌中,發現Plk4過量表現,但一小部分患者顯示強烈Plk4下調(Macmillan等人,729-40)。此現象可由以下事實說明:Plk4之過量表現與缺乏均會導致異常中心體形成,因而導致異常中心體數目及結構,該等異常中心體數目及結構常在腫瘤細胞中偵測到且會促進有絲分裂畸變,引起染色體誤離及非整倍體(Peel等人,834-43)。(Kuriyama等人,2014-23)。(Korzeniewski等人,6668-75)。
IQGAP參與細胞信號傳導路徑以及細胞骨架構造及細胞黏附。其具有序列與RasGAP相似之結構域,因此可與小GTP酶結合。然而,儘管其具有如此名稱,但其中無一者具有GTP酶活化活性。對於IQGAP1及IQGAP2,已顯示其甚至可穩定Rac1及Cdc42之GTP結合狀態,且顯示IQGAP3可穩定經活化之Ras(Nojima等人,971-78;White,
Brown,及Sacks 1817-24)。經由其IQ域,其與鈣/鈣調蛋白結合,並經由鈣調節蛋白同源域與肌動蛋白絲結合(White,Brown,及Sacks 1817-24)。(Wang等人,567-77)研究指出IQGAP3在大腦中表現,在大腦中其與wit肌動蛋白絲以及Rac1及Cdc42結合。其積聚於軸突之遠端區域,並促進Rac1/Ccd42依賴性軸突生長。IQGAP與癌症相關。IQGAP1被視為致癌基因。其增強若干癌症相關路徑,如MAP激酶、β-連環蛋白及VEGF介導之信號傳導,且在許多腫瘤中過量表現。IQGAP2似乎發揮腫瘤抑制因子之功能,且發現其在預後不良之胃癌中減少(White,Brown,及Sacks 1817-24)。關於IQGAP3,可獲得之資訊極少。(Skawran等人,505-16)發現其為在肝細胞癌中顯著上調之基因之一。兩項研究指出IQGAP3在小鼠小腸、結腸及肝中增殖之(Ki67+)細胞中特異性表現(Nojima等人,971-78)(Kunimoto等人,621-31)。
CCDC88A為在纖維母細胞中之肌動蛋白組織及Akt依賴性細胞運動中發揮作用之肌動蛋白結合Akt受質。CCDC88A/Akt路徑在VEGF介導之新生後血管生成中亦為必需。
CCDC88A亦在多種人類惡性組織中高度表現,包括乳癌、結腸癌、肺癌及子宮頸癌。其在伴有Akt信號傳導路徑異常活化之腫瘤進展中發揮重要作用。
CCNB1在有絲分裂之G2/M期經誘導,且與細胞週期蛋白依賴性激酶1(Cdk1)/Cdc2一起形成促有絲分裂因子(MPF)。已在多種癌症中發現其過量表現,且通常與不良預後相關,例如乳癌(Aaltonen等人,
2009;Agarwal等人,2009;Suzuki等人,2007)、神經管胚細胞瘤(de等人,2008)、NSCLC(Cooper等人,2009)、子宮頸癌(Zhao等人,2006)及其他癌症。其被發現可預測患有12種不同類型癌症患者之短間隔疾病復發的11基因標籤中所包括之基因之一。未發現關於胃癌之特定資訊。
類似於其他D型細胞週期蛋白(D1及D3),CCND2結合並活化細胞週期蛋白依賴性激酶4(Cdk4)或Cdk6。此活性為G1/S轉換所需。CCND2被發現在許多腫瘤中過量表現,包括睾丸腫瘤及卵巢腫瘤(Sicinski等人,1996)、惡性血液病(Hoglund等人,1996;Gesk等人,2006)及胃癌,其可能由幽門螺旋桿菌感染所致,且與不良預後相關(Yu等人,2003)。(Yu等人,2001)(Oshimo等人,2003)(Takano等人,1999)(Takano等人,2000)。
類似於另一E型細胞週期蛋白CCNE1,CCNE2結合並活化Cdk2。此活性在G1/S期轉換時達到峰值。在健康條件下,CCNE2在靜止細胞中偵測不到,且僅可在活躍分裂組織中發現(Payton及Coats,2002)。其通常在癌症中異常表現,例如乳癌(Desmedt等人,2006;Ghayad等人,2009;Payton等人,2002;Sieuwerts等人,2006)及轉移性攝護腺癌(Wu等人,2009),且與不良預後相關。
CEACAM為介導細胞-細胞相互作用並活化整合素信號傳導路徑之膜錨定醣蛋白(Chan及Stanners,2007)。其亦可作為諸如大腸桿菌之病原體的受體(Berger等人,2004)(Hauck等人,2006),並可參與免疫
調節(Shao等人,2006)。
CEACAM5及CEACAM6具有促癌形成功能。其抑制失巢凋亡(Ordonez等人,2000)、促進轉移(Marshall,2003;Ordonez等人,2000)且破壞細胞極化及組織構造(Chan及Stanners,2007)。CEACAM1在癌症中之作用尚不明確。其可能為早期腫瘤抑制因子,且促進後期轉移形成、腫瘤免疫逃逸及血管生成(Hokari等人,2007;Liu等人,2007;Moh及Shen,2009)。其功能作用視其同功異型物而定,因為CEACAM1出現在11個拼接變異體中,該等拼接變異體之比率決定信號傳導結果(Gray-Owen及Blumberg,2006;Leung等人,2006;Neumaier等人,1993;Nittka等人,2008)。拼接變異體之比率在癌症中可產生變化(Gaur等人,2008)。
CEACAM5或CEACAM6或兩者在多達70%之所有人類腫瘤中過量表現,其通常與不良預後相關(Chan及Stanners,2007;Chevinsky,1991)。血清CEACAM5為已確定之結腸及直腸癌之臨床標記物,其高含量表示預後不良或復發(Chevinsky,1991;Goldstein及Mitchell,2005)。其亦被認為是其他實體(包括胃癌)之標記物,然而,預測預後的能力有限(Victorzon等人,1995)。CEACAM1在癌症中可上調或下調,視癌症實體而定(Kinugasa等人,1998)(Dango等人,2008)(Simeone等人,2007)。(Han等人,2008)在9種胃癌細胞株中發現含量豐富之CEACAM5及CEACAM6,但未偵測到CEACAM1。相比之下,來自222名患者之原發性腫瘤樣品之分析顯示CEACAM1之細胞質或細胞膜染色。膜結合形式與血管生成增強有關(Zhou等人,2009)。(Kinugasa等人,1998)之研究亦顯示其在胃腺癌中上調。
在一些腫瘤中,CEACAM1在腫瘤細胞中下調,其導致VEGF上
調,且VEGF或低氧條件可誘導CEACAM1在相鄰內皮中表現。因此,針對CEACAM1之單株抗體可阻斷VEGF誘導之內皮管形成(Oliveira-Ferrer等人,2004;Tilki等人,2006;Ergun等人,2000)。
特別地,CEACAM5已藉由尤其是疫苗接種方法測試是否可作為抗癌藥物之標靶。該等研究顯示,CEACAM5可為細胞免疫反應之標靶(Cloosen等人,2007;Marshall,2003)。關於CEACAM5之T細胞抗原決定基之概述提供於(Sarobe等人,2004)中。
CLCN3為可經體積閘控且有助於調節性體積減小(RVD)之Cl通道,該調節性體積減小係作為在如細胞週期或低滲透之條件的情況下對細胞體積增加發生反應。然而,此論點尚有爭議(Wang等人,2004),且在細胞凋亡過程中活化之體積減小通道不同於CLCN3(Okada等人,2006)。
CLCN3之表現在細胞週期過程中改變,其在S期達到峰值(Wang等人,2004)。CLCN3電流在CLCN3上調之實體(諸如神經膠質瘤)中之癌症相關過程中可能非常重要:腫瘤細胞需要處置增生性體積增加、遭遇低滲透條件,例如在瘤周水腫中(Ernest等人,2005;Olsen等人,2003;Sontheimer,2008)。
此外,有報告指出CLCN3可藉由增加晚期內吞室之酸化來增強依託泊苷(etoposide)抗性(Weylandt等人,2007)。
siRNA介導之CLCN3表現阻斷可使活體外鼻咽癌細胞轉移降低(Mao等人,2008)。
DNAJC10為超分子ER相關降解(ERAD)複合物之一員,其識別並
展開摺疊異常之蛋白以使其有效逆移位(Ushioda等人,2008)。該蛋白質顯示在肝細胞癌中升高(Cunnea等人,2007)。以siRNA在神經外胚層腫瘤細胞中阻斷DNAJC10表現可增加對化學治療藥物芬維A胺(fenretinide)之細胞凋亡反應(Corazzari等人,2007)。已顯示ERdj5可藉由下調未摺疊蛋白反應(UPR)來降低神經母細胞瘤細胞存活(Thomas及Spyrou,2009)。
EIF2S3為將起始甲硫胺醯基tRNA募集至40S核糖體次單元之蛋白複合物(EIF2)之最大次單元(Clemens,1997)。下調EIF活性之激酶(諸如RNA依賴性蛋白激酶;PKR)之作用可為促細胞凋亡及腫瘤抑制(Mounir等人,2009)。在胃癌中,有報告指出磷酸化及未磷酸化之EIF2之含量較高,且觀察到重新分佈至細胞核。此反調節表示eIF2α與胃腸癌相關(Lobo等人,2000)。
EIF3L為EIF3之10至13個次單元之一,其與小核糖體次單元相關。EIF3在預防大核糖體次單元過早結合中發揮作用。EIF3L為5個已報導為並非EIF3形成所必需之次單元之一(Masutani等人,2007)。由反義文庫篩檢結果表明,下調EIF3L可增強5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)在肝細胞癌細胞中之抗腫瘤形成活性(Doh,2008)。
EPPK1為大部分功能未知之斑蛋白(plakin)家族基因。已知斑蛋白基因在細胞骨架絲互連及將其錨定於質膜締合黏附連接方面發揮功能(Yoshida等人,2008)。
GPR39為被認為參與胃腸功能及代謝功能之Gq蛋白偶合受體(Yamamoto等人,2009)。其信號傳導活化cAMP及血清反應元件(Holst等人,2004)。GPR39之內源性配位體可能為鋅(Chen及Zhao,2007)。GPR39為一種新穎的細胞死亡抑制因子,其可能代表參與包括細胞凋亡及內質網壓力之過程(如癌症)之治療標靶(Dittmer等人,2008)。GPR39被發現在人類胎兒腎臟HFK與胚基增濃幹狀韋爾姆斯氏瘤(blastema-enriched stem-like wilms' tumor)異種移植之微陣列(Metsuyanim等人,2009)以及抗多種細胞死亡刺激劑之海馬細胞株(Dittmer等人,2008)中上調。
ERBB2為受體酪胺酸激酶EGFR家族之一員。尚不知其配位體,但其為HER家族其他成員之較佳雜二聚搭配物(Olayioye,2001)。在惡性腫瘤中,HER2可作為致癌基因,主要係因為該基因之高量擴增可誘導細胞膜中之蛋白質過量表現及隨後獲得對惡性細胞有利之性質(Slamon等人,1989)。在一定百分比之許多癌症中觀察到其過量表現,包括胃癌。在大多數情況下,其與不良預後相關(Song等人,2010)(Yonemura等人,1991)(Uchino等人,1993)(Mizutani等人,1993)。
ERBB2為單株抗體曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab)(以Herceptin之名銷售)之標靶,其已被建議與化學療法組合作為HER2陽性晚期胃癌患者之治療選擇(Meza-Junco等人,2009;Van Cutsem等人,2009)。另一單株抗體帕妥珠單抗(Pertuzumab)處於晚期臨床試驗中,該單株抗體抑制HER2與HER3受體之二聚(Kristjansdottir及Dizon,2010)。HER2及HER3在兩種組織類型胃癌(腸型及彌漫型)中之選擇性過量表現與不
良預後高度相關(Zhang等人,2009)。
整合素介導細胞黏附以及由外向內及由內向外之信號轉導。整合素β-4次單元與α-6次單元雜二聚。所得整合素可促進細胞內角蛋白細胞骨架與基底膜之間的半橋粒形成(Giancotti,2007)。整合素β-4在癌症中具有雙重功能,一方面其可介導穩定黏附,且另一方面介導促侵襲性信號傳導(包括Ras/Erk及PI3K信號傳導)及血管生成(Giancotti,2007;Raymond等人,2007)。其在許多腫瘤以及血管生成內皮細胞中過量表現,通常與進展及轉移有關。β-4整合素在胃癌中表現量高,尤其在基質侵襲細胞中(Giancotti,2007;Tani等人,1996)。然而,其在未分化類型胃癌中隨著腫瘤侵襲加深而下調,此可能歸因於逐步的上皮-間質轉化,因為β-4整合素為上皮整合素(Yanchenko等人,2009)。
LCN2或嗜中性白血球明膠酶相關脂質運載蛋白(NGAL)為以單體、均二聚體形式或以二硫鍵連接之與MMP9之雜二聚體形式存在的鐵調節蛋白(Coles等人,1999;Kjeldsen等人,1993)。其表現在若干癌症中增加,在一些情況下與進展相關。在機制上,其可穩定MMP9並改變E鈣黏附蛋白介導之細胞-細胞黏附,因而增加侵襲。MMP-9與LCN2之複合物與胃癌之較差存活相關(Kubben等人,2007)(Hu等人,2009)。雖然已在人類之各種腫瘤中觀察到明確的促腫瘤作用,但一些研究證明,LCN2可抑制促贅生因子HIF-1α、FA激酶磷酸化以及VEGF合成,因此表示在替代條件下,LCN2在例如結腸、卵巢及胰臟之瘤形成中亦反常地具有抗腫瘤及抗轉移作用。(Bolignano等人,
2009;Tong等人,2008)。在ras活化之癌症中,除抑制腫瘤轉移以外,LCN2亦可用於抑制腫瘤血管生成(Venkatesha等人,2006)。
SDHC為丁二酸去氫酶(線粒體複合物II)之4個核編碼次單元之一,其將電子自丁二酸轉移至泛醌,藉此產生反丁烯二酸酯基及泛醇。丁二酸去氫酶缺乏可引起GIST(McWhinney等人,2007)。家族性胃腸基質腫瘤可能由次單元基因SDHB、SDHC及SDHD突變所致,且與胃腸腫瘤相關之腹部副神經節瘤可能僅由SDHC突變所致(Pasini等人,2008)。在轉殖基因小鼠中,突變SDHC蛋白會產生氧化壓力,且可促進核DNA損傷、突變誘發及最終腫瘤形成(Ishii等人,2005)。丁二酸去氫酶被視為腫瘤抑制因子(Baysal,2003;Gottlieb及Tomlinson,2005)。此酶複合物之含量降低可導致腫瘤形成(Eng等人,2003)。
PBK為MEK3/6相關MAPKK,其活化p38MAP激酶,例如在生長因子受體下游者(Abe等人,2000;Ayllon及O'connor,2007)。JNK可為二級標靶(Oh等人,2007)。由於在成人中PBK在睾丸中表現(參見下文),所以推測其在精子形成中發揮功能(Abe等人,2000;Zhao等人,2001)。除此之外,其可促進腫瘤細胞增殖及細胞凋亡抗性:其在有絲分裂過程中經磷酸化及活化,此為紡錘體形成及細胞質分裂所必需(Gaudet等人,2000;Matsumoto等人,2004;Park等人,2009)(Abe等人,2007)。其他促生長功能及抗細胞凋亡功能包括下調p53及組蛋白磷酸化(Park等人,2006;Zykova等人,2006)(Nandi等人,2007)。PBK已歸類為癌症-睾丸抗原(Abe等人,2000;Park等人,2006)且發現其在許多癌症中過量表現。
DNA聚合酶δ複合物參與DNA複製及修復。其由增殖細胞核抗原(PCNA)、多次單元複製因子C及4次單元聚合酶複合物(POLD1、POLD2、POLD3及POLD4)組成(Liu及Warbrick,2006)。POLD3在DNA複製延長期期間pol δ解離-結合循環過程中的PCNA有效再循環中發揮關鍵作用(Masuda et al.,2007)。
PSMD14為26S蛋白酶體之組分。其屬於19S複合物(19S帽;PA700),負責蛋白酶體降解過程中之受質去泛素化(Spataro等人,1997)。哺乳動物細胞中之PSMD14過量表現會影響細胞增殖及對細胞毒性藥物(如長春鹼(vinblastine)、順鉑(cisplatin)及小紅莓(doxorubicin))之反應(Spataro等人,2002)。HeLa細胞中siRNA對PSMD14之抑制可導致細胞生存力降低及多泛素化蛋白質含量增加(Gallery等人,2007)。siRNA下調PSMD14對細胞生存力具有相當大之影響,導致細胞阻滯在G0-G1期,最終老化(Byrne等人,2010)。
PSMC2為26S蛋白酶體系統之一部分。其為具有伴侶樣活性之ATP酶之三A家族的一員。此次單元已顯示與若干基礎轉錄因子相互作用,因此除參與蛋白酶體功能以外,此次單元還參與轉錄調節。已顯示骨骼肌中之26S蛋白酶體系統可由TNF-α活化(Tan等人,2006)。在生殖系中帶有B型肝炎調節基因HBx且形成HCC之HBx轉殖基因小鼠中,PSMC2及其他蛋白酶體次單元在腫瘤組織中上調(Cui等人,2006)。19S複合物之ATP酶次單元PSMC2之mRNA含量在癌症惡病質中增加(Combaret等人,1999)。
PTK2為一種非受體酪胺酸激酶,其調節整合素信號傳導且可促進腫瘤生長、進展及轉移((Giaginis等人,2009);(Hauck等人,2002);(Zhao及Guan,2009))。PTK2被建議為癌發生及癌進展之標記物(Su等人,2002;Theocharis等人,2009;Jan等人,2009)。過量表現及/或活性增加發生在多種人類癌症中,包括胃癌。PTK2亦轉導胃泌素受體下游之信號,此有助於胃癌細胞增殖(Li等人,2008b)。8%胃癌顯示帶有艾伯斯坦-巴爾病毒(Epstein-Barr virus;EBV)。感染EBV之人類胃癌細胞株亞株呈現PTK2磷酸化增加(Kassis等人,2002)。胃上皮細胞中之PTK2酪胺酸磷酸化程度由cagA陽性幽門螺旋桿菌產物降低。
TSPAN1及TSPAN8屬於四跨膜蛋白家族,該等蛋白質之特徵在於四個跨膜結構域以及細胞內N端及C端,且其在包括細胞黏附、運動、活化及腫瘤侵襲之多個過程中發揮作用。其通常在細胞表面與其他蛋白質(諸如整合素)一起形成大分子複合物(Tarrant等人,2003;Serru等人,2000)。TSPAN1之功能尚未獲知,且可能包括在分泌中發揮作用(Scholz等人,2009)。TSPAN1在若干癌症中過量表現,且通常與分期、進展及更糟臨床結果相關。值得注意地,有報告指出其在86例胃癌之56.98%中過量表現,且過量表現與臨床分期、浸潤及淋巴結狀態正相關,而與存活率及腫瘤分化等級負相關(Chen等人,2008)。亦有報告指出TSPAN8為許多類型腫瘤中之轉移相關基因(PMID:16467180)。在胃腸癌中,TSPAN8表現與不良預後相關(PMID:16849554)。
ZNF598為一種功能未知之鋅指蛋白。
ADAM10在血管生成、發育及腫瘤形成中發揮作用。其在胃癌中過量表現。針對ADAM-10之選擇性ADAM抑制劑正在進行癌症治療之臨床試驗(PMID:19408347)。
MMP12為一種鋅內肽酶,其降解彈性蛋白以及許多其他基質蛋白及非基質蛋白,且參與巨噬細胞遷移及血管生成抑制(Chakraborti等人,2003;Chandler等人,1996;Sang,1998)。其亦在組織破壞之病理過程,如哮喘、肺氣腫及慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、類風濕性關節炎及腫瘤生長中發揮作用(Cataldo等人,2003;Wallace等人,2008)。MMP12抑制劑被討論為可用於治療該等病狀之藥劑(Churg等人,2007;Norman,2009)。MMP12通常在癌症中過量表現,其在癌症中之功能不明確。雖然其可能參與基質溶解,並因此參與轉移,但其亦可經由產生對血管生成產生負面影響之血管生長抑素來抑制腫瘤生長。有報告指出GC之MMP12表現增強,且顯示其為有利的:其與微血管密度、VEGF、腫瘤分化等級、血管侵襲、淋巴結轉移及復發負相關。MMP12過量表現之患者證實存活率顯著較佳(Cheng等人,2010;Zhang等人,2007b;Zhang等人,2007a)。
RRM2為自核糖核苷酸產生去氧核糖核苷酸之核糖核苷酸還原酶的兩種次單元之一。已在包括胃癌之腫瘤中觀察到RRM2過量表現,且該過量表現增強轉移可能性(PMID:18941749)(PMID:
19250552)。siRNA對RRM2之表現阻斷可減緩各種物種(小鼠、大鼠、猴子)中腫瘤之生長(PMID:17929316;PMID:17404105)。
TMPRSS4為在細胞表面發現之II型跨膜絲胺酸蛋白酶,其在若干癌症組織中高度表現,包括胰臟癌、結腸癌及胃癌。TMPRSS4在癌症中之生物功能尚未獲知。TMPRSS4具有4種拼接變異體(Scott等人,2001;Sawasaki等人,2004)。在卵巢癌中之表現與分期相關(Sawasaki等人,2004)。TMPRSS4在肺癌組織中大大升高,且在肺癌及結腸癌細胞株中藉由小干擾RNA治療之TMPRSS4之siRNA表現阻斷與降低細胞侵襲及細胞基質黏附以及調節細胞增殖相關(Jung等人,2008)。
DIO2將激素原甲狀腺素(T4)轉化成具生物活性之3,3',5-三碘甲腺原胺酸(T3)。其在甲狀腺中高度表現,且發現其表現及/或活性在甲狀腺癌中反調節(de Souza Meyer等人,2005)(Arnaldi等人,2005)。然而,其亦在其他組織中被發現,諸如正常肺及肺癌(Wawrzynska等人,2003)以及腦腫瘤(Murakami等人,2000)。
IGF2BP3主要存在於細胞核中,其在細胞核中結合IGF2mRNA並阻礙其轉譯。其在胚胎形成中發揮作用且在成人組織中下調。在腫瘤細胞中其可上調,因而被視為癌胚蛋白(Liao等人,2005)。在包括胃癌之許多癌症中,發現其過量表現,其與不良預後相關(Jeng等人,2009)(Jiang等人,2006)。IGF2BP3來源之肽在癌症疫苗接種研究中被測試(Kono等人,2009)。
核纖層蛋白B1為核纖層基質蛋白且與核穩定性、染色質結構及基因表現有關。在細胞凋亡早期,核纖層蛋白降解(Neamati等人,1995)(Sato等人,2008b;Sato等人,2008a;Sato等人,2009)。LMNB1在基本上所有正常體細胞中有一定程度表現,且初步研究表示其可能在一些癌症(包括胃癌)之發病過程中降低。在其他癌症中,諸如肝細胞癌,發現LMNB1上調且與腫瘤分期、大小及結數目正相關(Lim等人,2002)。
WNT5A為參與發育過程及腫瘤形成之分泌信號傳導蛋白。典型WNT5A信號傳導經由捲曲(Frizzled)及LRP5/LRP6受體使幹/祖細胞得以維持,而非典型WNT5A信號傳導經由捲曲及ROR2/PTK/RYK受體控制例如腫瘤-基質界面處組織極性、細胞黏附或移動,藉此導致侵襲(Katoh及Katoh,2007)。在一些癌症中其可為腫瘤抑制因子,但其在包括胃癌之其他癌症中上調,在胃癌中其促進進展及轉移且導致不良預後(Li等人,2010)(Yamamoto等人,2009)(Kurayoshi等人,2006)。
FAP為一種整合膜明膠酶。其推定的絲胺酸蛋白酶活性可在控制發育、組織修復及上皮癌發生過程中之纖維母細胞生長或上皮-間質相互作用中發揮作用(Scanlan等人,1994)。FAP經由細胞黏附及轉移過程以及ECM組分快速降解而在癌症生長、轉移及血管生成中具有潛在作用。其存在於侵襲ECM之腫瘤細胞上、反應性癌症相關纖維母細胞中及參與血管生成之內皮細胞中,但不存在於無活性之相同類型細
胞中。(Dolznig等人,2005;Kennedy等人,2009;Rettig等人,1993;Rettig等人,1994;Scanlan等人,1994;Zhang等人,2010)。已在胃癌細胞及相關基質纖維母細胞中發現FAP表現(Zhi等人,2010)(Chen等人,2006)(Mori等人,2004;Okada等人,2003)。在一小鼠模型中,FAP表現細胞顯示為非多餘之腫瘤微環境免疫抑制組分(Kraman等人,2010)。在腫瘤接種之一小鼠模型中,FAP成功地用於作為CD8+及CD4+ T細胞反應之標靶(Loeffler等人,2006;Wen等人,2010)(Lee等人,2005)(Fassnacht等人,2005)。
COPG、COPG2及COPB1為與非網格蛋白被膜囊結合之外被體複合物(亦稱為外被蛋白複合物1;COPI)之次單元。COPI被膜囊介導自高爾基體(Golgi)返回ER之逆行轉運及高爾基體內之轉運(Watson等人,2004)。其亦可能參與順行轉運(Nickel等人,1998)。逆行運輸尤其調節EGFR之EGF依賴性核轉運,其中EGFR結合於COPG(Wang等人,2010)。COPG被發現在肺癌細胞及肺癌相關微血管內皮細胞中過量表現(Park等人,2008)。
普遍表現之COPG2之序列與GOPG具有80%一致性(Blagitko等人,1999)。COPG2可替代功能上可能是多餘的GOPG形成COPI樣複合物(Futatsumori等人,2000)。
由在囊腫性纖維化跨膜傳導調節因子(CFTR)表現細胞株中阻斷COPB1表現可推測外被體複合物有參與CRTR向質膜之運輸(Denning等人,1992)(Bannykh等人,2000)。
UBE2S為促後期複合物(APC)之輔助因子,促後期複合物為一種E3泛素連接酶,其藉由靶向細胞週期調節因子來調節有絲分裂結束及G1。UBE2S在受質經其他組分預泛素化後延長泛素鏈(Wu等人,2010)。UBE2S亦靶向VHL蛋白以降解蛋白酶體,進而穩定HIF-1α(Lim等人,2008),且可能支持增殖、上皮-間質轉化及轉移(Chen等人,2009)(Jung等人,2006)。UBE2S在若干癌症實體中過量表現。
KIF11為組裝兩極有絲分裂紡錘體所需。已發現其在若干癌症中上調,通常與臨床病理學參數相關(Liu等人,2010)(Peyre等人,2010)。KIF11之小分子抑制劑,如研發作為潛在抗癌藥物之S-三苯甲基-L-半胱胺酸(STLC),在有絲分裂中阻滯細胞並促進癌細胞凋亡(Tsui等人,2009)(Wiltshire等人,2010)(Ding等人,2010)。在臨床上,KIF11抑制劑僅顯示不太高的活性(Kaan等人,2010;Tunquist等人,2010;Wiltshire等人,2010;Zhang及Xu,2008)。
ADAM8最初被認為是免疫特異性ADAM,但後來發現其亦存在於其他細胞類型中,通常是在涉及炎症及ECM重構之病狀,包括癌症及呼吸道疾病,如哮喘(Koller等人,2009)。許多ADAM物質,包括ADAM8,在人類惡性腫瘤中表現,在該等惡性腫瘤中其參與調節生長因子活性及整合素功能,藉此促進細胞生長及侵襲,不過此等現象之確切機制目前尚不清楚(Mochizuki及Okada 2007)。在小鼠胃腫瘤中,ADAM8及其他ADAM增加,其可能係由於EGFR信號傳導增強(Oshima等人,2011)。
CDC6為起始DNA複製所必需。其在G1期間位於細胞核中,但在S期開始時移位至細胞質中。CDC6亦經由與ATR相互作用來調節複製檢查點活化(Yoshida等人,2010)。CDC6反調節可導致編碼3種重要腫瘤抑制基因(p16INK4a及p15INK4b,兩者均為視網膜胚細胞瘤路徑活化劑;以及ARF,其為p53活化劑)之INK4/ARF基因座不活化(Gonzalez等人,2006)。siRNA對CDC6之表現阻斷可防止增殖並促進細胞凋亡(Lau等人,2006)。CDC6在包括胃癌之癌症中上調(Nakamura等人,2007)(Tsukamoto等人,2008)。
F2R亦被稱為蛋白酶活化受體(PAR1),為一種G蛋白偶合受體。PAR1、PAR2及PAR4之信號可調節鈣釋放或有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶活化,且造成血小板凝集、血管舒張、細胞增殖、細胞激素釋放及炎症(Oikonomopoulou等人,2010)。F2R被認為參與內皮細胞增殖及腫瘤細胞增殖以及血管生成,且在許多類型之侵襲性及轉移性腫瘤中過量表現。其表現量直接與癌症之侵襲程度相關(Garcia-Lopez等人,2010)(Lurje等人,2010)。在胃癌細胞中,F2R活化可引發促進腫瘤細胞生長及侵襲之一系列反應,例如NF-κB、EGFR及肌腱蛋白C(TN-C)過量表現(Fujimoto等人,2010)。因此,發現胃癌中之F2R表現與壁侵襲厚度、腹膜播散及不良預後相關(Fujimoto等人,2008)。已描述識別凝血酶受體N端內之抗原決定基(SFLLRNPN)之小鼠單株抗人類PAR1抗體(ATAP-2)以及PAR1促效肽TFLLRNPNDK(Hollenberg及Compton 2002;Mari等人,1996;Xu等人,1995)。
功能在很大程度上未知之OLFM4在發炎結腸上皮細胞及許多人類腫瘤類型中過量表現,尤其為消化系統腫瘤(Koshida等人,2007)。OLFM4為人類腸中幹細胞之穩固標記物且標記結腸直腸癌細胞之子集(van der Flier等人,2009)。OLFM4抑制促細胞凋亡蛋白GRIM-19(Zhang等人,2004)(Huang等人,2010),調節細胞週期並促進癌細胞增殖中之S期轉換。此外,OLFM4與癌症黏附及轉移相關(Yu等人,2011b)。OLFM4在鼠類攝護腺腫瘤細胞中之加強過量表現導致在同源宿主中更快形成腫瘤(Zhang等人,2004)。OLFM4被發現在GC中過量表現(Aung等人,2006)。對OLFM4表現之抑制可在胃癌細胞中在存在細胞毒性劑之情況下誘導細胞凋亡(Kim等人,2010)。此外,手術前GC患者之血清OLFM4濃度與健康供體相比增加(Oue等人,2009)。OLFM4確定為視黃酸(RA)及脫甲基劑5-氮雜-2'-去氧胞核之新穎標靶基因。此兩種試劑經證明可有效治療某些骨髓性白血病患者(Liu等人,2010)。
Thy-1(CD90)為在包括T細胞、神經元、內皮細胞及纖維母細胞之許多細胞類型上發現的GPI錨定醣蛋白。Thy-1參與包括黏附、神經再生、腫瘤生長、腫瘤抑制、遷移、細胞死亡及T細胞活化之過程。(Rege及Hagood 2006b;Rege及Hagood 2006a)(Jurisic等人,2010)。Thy-1似乎為成人血管生成之標記物,但並非胚胎血管生成之標記物(Lee等人,1998)。此外,其被視為各種幹細胞(間質幹細胞、肝臟幹細胞(「卵形細胞」)(Masson等人,2006)、角質細胞幹細胞(Nakamura等人,2006)及造血幹細胞(Yamazaki等人,2009))之標記物。Thy-1在若干癌症中上調,包括胃癌及GIST,因此建議Thy-1可作為該等癌症
之標記物(Yang及Chung 2008;Zhang等人,2010)(Oikonomou等人,2007)。
Cep250在微管組織中心內聚中發揮作用(Mayor等人,2000)。其亦被稱為中心體Nek2相關蛋白或C-Nap1,此係因為其與絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶Nek2共定位且為絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶Nek2之受質。Nek2激酶及其受質調節中心體之間的連接(Bahmanyar等人,2008)。在有絲分裂開始時,當中心體分離以形成兩極紡錘體時,C-Nap1被磷酸化且隨後自中心體解離。活體外實驗顯示,Cep250之過量表現會損傷中心體處之微管組織(Mayor等人,2002)。
HIF1A為低氧誘導因子(HIF)之氧敏感性次單元,該低氧誘導因子為一種在常在腫瘤中發現之低氧條件下具有活性之轉錄因子。其介導超過60種與存活、葡萄糖代謝、侵襲、轉移及血管生成相關之基因(例如VEGF)的轉錄。HIF1在許多癌症中過量表現,其通常與不良預後相關,且被視為藥理學處理之關注標靶(Griffiths等人,2005;Quintero等人,2004;Stoeltzing等人,2004)(Zhong等人,1999)。
在胃癌中,HIF1A促進血管生成(Nam等人,2011),且與腫瘤大小、較低分化、腫瘤分期、較短存活(Qiu等人,2011)及轉移(Wang等人,2010)相關(Han等人,2006;Kim等人,2009;Oh等人,2008;Ru等人,2007)。其亦被認為經由抑制藥物誘導之細胞凋亡而導致對化學治療藥物(諸如5-FU)之抗性且降低細胞內藥物積聚(Nakamura等人,2009)(Liu等人,2008)。HIF-1α-抑制劑2-甲氧基-雌二醇可顯著降低胃癌細胞之轉移性(Rohwer等人,2009)。
KRAS為小GTP酶超家族之一員,且為參與可能致癌之許多信號轉導路徑(諸如MAPK及AKT介導之路徑)之早期步驟的原致癌基因。單一胺基酸取代會活化突變,因而產生在各種包括胃癌之惡性腫瘤中發揮關鍵作用之轉化蛋白(Capella等人,1991)。KRAS之致癌突變在胃癌中不常見。在胃癌子集中,KRAS基因座擴增,因而導致KRAS蛋白過量表現。因此,基因擴增可能為胃癌中KRAS過度活化之分子基礎(Mita等人,2009)。突變的KRAS對偶基因可促進低氧驅動之VEGF誘導(Kikuchi等人,2009;Zeng等人,2010)。亦可在癌症患者之血清或血漿中偵測到突變的KRAS,因此建議其可作為易獲得之腫瘤標記物(Sorenson,2000)。肽KRAS-001僅源自於兩種拼接變異體中一種-NP_004976(188個胺基酸),而不來自拼接變異體NP_203524(189個胺基酸)。該等拼接變異體之不同處在於其最後一個外顯子,其係KRAS 001的定位處。
NCAPG為凝聚蛋白I複合物之一部分,該複合物由染色體結構維持(SMC)蛋白及非SMC蛋白構成,且調節有絲分裂過程中之染色體凝聚及分離(Seipold等人,2009)。在許多腫瘤中發現NCAPG過量表現,包括鼻咽癌(Li等人,2010)、肝細胞癌(Satow等人,2010)及黑素瘤(Ryu等人,2007)。在正常組織中,NCAPG顯示在睾丸中之表現最高。其被建議為癌症中可能的增殖標記物及潛在預後指示劑(Jager等人,2000)。
TOP2A及TOP2B編碼DNA拓撲異構酶之高度同源性同功異型
物,DNA拓撲異構酶在轉錄過程中控制並改變DNA之拓撲狀態,且參與染色體凝聚、染色分體分離、複製及轉錄。拓撲異構酶為諸如蒽環素(anthracyclin)之若干抗癌藥物之標靶,且多種突變與抗藥性相關(Kellner等人,2002)(Jarvinen及Liu,2006)。TOP2A(而非TOP2B)為細胞增殖所必需。其位於與HER2致癌基因相鄰處,且在大多數HER2擴增型乳房腫瘤以及無HER2擴增之乳房腫瘤(Jarvinen及Liu,2003)及許多其他腫瘤實體中擴增。在胃癌子集中,亦發現TOP2A擴增及過量表現,其通常與HER2一起發生(Varis等人,2002)(Liang等人,2008)。
層黏連蛋白為基底膜之主要非膠原組分。其參與細胞黏附、分化、遷移、信號傳導及轉移。γ2鏈與α3及β3鏈一起構成層黏連蛋白5。LAMC2可促進活體內人類癌細胞侵襲性生長。其在人類癌症侵襲前高度表現,且其表現與不良預後相關(Tsubota等人,2010)。MMP-2產生之層黏連蛋白5裂解產物能夠活化EGFR信號傳導且促進細胞運動(Schenk等人,2003)。在胃癌中,LAMC2可由EGFR家族成員或Wnt5a誘導,且其侵襲性活性視LAMC2而定(Tsubota等人,2010)(Yamamoto等人,2009)。
AHR結合平面芳族烴,諸如TCDD(2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-對二氧雜環己烯),且介導包括外來生物代謝酶(諸如細胞色素P450酶)之基因轉錄。其亦在細胞週期進程中發揮作用(Barhoover等人,2010)。AhR被認為與二氧雜環己烯之促腫瘤活性部分相關,因為其具有促增生及抗細胞凋亡功能,且可導致細胞-細胞接觸反調節、去分化及運動增強(Watabe等人,2010)(Dietrich及Kaina 2010)(Marlowe等人,2008)。
AHR表現可由TGF-β下調(Dohr及Abel 1997;Wolff等人,2001),並由Wnt或β-連環蛋白信號傳導誘導(Chesire等人,2004)。在包括胃癌之許多癌症中發現AHR過量表現,在該等癌症中AHR與頻繁的CYP1A1表現相關(Ma等人,2006)。胃癌中AHR之表現及核移位比正常組織中高,且其表現在癌發生過程中逐漸增加(Peng等人,2009a)。AhR路徑活化可能經由c-Jun依賴性誘導MMP-9來增強胃癌細胞侵襲性(Peng等人,2009b)。在小鼠模型中,芳基烴受體之組成性活性突變體(CA-AhR)之表現導致胃腫瘤生成,其與死亡率增加相關(Andersson等人,2002;Kuznetsov等人,2005)。AhR在癌症中之功能似乎不明確,因為一些研究亦指出其具有腫瘤抑制活性(Gluschnaider等人,2010)(Fan等人,2010)。
HMMR可存在於細胞表面上,其在細胞表面上結合玻尿酸(HA)並與HA受體CD44相互作用。此相互作用在如細胞運動、創傷癒合及侵襲之過程中發揮作用(Gares及Pilarski,2000)。在細胞內,HMMR與細胞骨架、微管、中心體及有絲分裂紡錘體相關,並在控制有絲分裂紡錘體完整性方面發揮作用。HMMR在若干癌症組織中過量表現(Sohr及Engeland,2008)。HA被推測可保護癌細胞免受免疫攻擊。轉移性患者中血清HA通常會增加(Delpech等人,1997)。HMMR被認定為AML及CLL中有前景之腫瘤相關抗原及可能預後因子。源自於HMMR之肽已用於抗白血病疫苗中。HMMR-001之活體外免疫原性亦被測試,但非用於疫苗接種(Tzankov等人,2011)(Greiner等人,2010;Schmitt等人,2008;Tabarkiewicz及Giannopoulos,2010)(Greiner等人,2005)。亦在若干其他癌症中發現HMMR過量表現,其
通常與不良預後相關。HMMR亦在胃癌中過量表現,其通常與CD44一起,且推測其促進侵襲及轉移(Li等人,1999)(Li等人,2000a)(Li等人,2000b)。
TPRX2為在細胞週期之S、G(2)及M期表現且被視為是增殖標記物之增殖相關蛋白(Cordes等人,2010)。
正常微管核化需要TPRX2,例如用於組裝有絲分裂紡錘體。TPX2募集並活化極光激酶A(Bird及Hyman,2008;Moss等人,2009)。利用Polo樣激酶1使TPX2磷酸化可增加其活化極光激酶A之能力(Eckerdt等人,2009)。TPX2在許多腫瘤類型中過量表現,且常與極光激酶-A一起共同過量表現(Asteriti等人,2010)。已發現之TPX2過量表現實例(常與不良預後或後期相關)為腦膜瘤(Stuart等人,2010)、肺癌(Kadara等人,2009)(Lin等人,2006;Ma等人,2006)(Manda等人,1999)及肝細胞癌(Shigeishi等人,2009b)(Satow等人,2010)(Wang等人,2003)。
因此,本發明係關於一種肽,其包含選自SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95之群之序列,或其與SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95具有至少80%同源性之變異體,或其誘導T細胞與該肽交叉反應之變異體,其中該肽不為全長多肽。
本發明另外關於一種肽,其包含選自SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95之群之序列,或其與SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95具有至少80%同源性之變異體,其中該肽或變異體具有8至100個、較佳8至30個且最佳8至14個胺基酸之總長度。
本發明另外關於先前描述之肽,該肽能夠結合I類或II類人類主
要組織相容性複合物(human major histocompatibility complex;MHC)之分子。
本發明另外關於先前描述之肽,其中該肽由或基本上由SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.95之胺基酸序列組成。
本發明進一步涉及先前所述肽,其中該肽被修飾和/或包含非肽鍵。
本發明進一步涉及先前所述肽,其中該肽為融合蛋白,特別是含HLA-DR抗原相關不變鏈(Ii)的N-端氨基酸。
本發明進一步涉及一種核酸,其編碼先前所述肽,前提是該肽並非完整的人蛋白。
本發明進一步涉及一種先前所述的核酸,為DNA、cDNA、PNA、CAN、RNA,也可能為其組合物。
本發明進一步涉及一種能表達先前所述核酸的表達載體。
本發明進一步涉及供藥物中使用的一種先前所述肽、一種先前所述核酸或一種先前所述表達載體。
本發明進一步涉及含前述核酸或前述表達載體的一種宿主細胞。
本發明進一步涉及為一種抗原提呈細胞的所述宿主細胞。
本發明進一步涉及所述宿主細胞,其中抗原提呈細胞為樹突狀細胞。
本發明進一步涉及一種配製一種所述肽的方法,該方法包括培養所述宿主細胞和從宿主細胞或其培養基中分離肽。
本發明進一步涉及一種體外製備啟動的細胞毒性T淋巴細胞(CTL)的方法,該方法包括將CTL與載有抗原的人I或II類MHC分子進
行體外連接,這些分子在合適的抗原提呈細胞表面表達足夠的一段時間從而以抗原特異性方式啟動CTL,其中所述抗原為任何一種所述肽。
本發明進一步涉及所述方法,其中抗原通過與足夠量的含抗原提成細胞的抗原結合被載入表達於合適抗原提呈細胞表面的I或II類MHC分子。
本發明進一步涉及所述方法,其中該抗原提呈細胞包括一個表達載體,該載體有能力表達含SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ ID NO 33的肽或所述變體氨基酸序列。
本發明進一步涉及以所述方法製備的啟動細胞毒性T淋巴細胞(CTL),該淋巴細胞有選擇性地識別一種細胞,該細胞異常表達含一種所述氨基酸序列的多肽。
本發明進一步涉及一種殺傷患者靶細胞的方法,其中患者的靶細胞異常表達含所述任何氨基酸序列的多肽,該方法包括給予患者上述有效量的毒性T淋巴細胞(CTL)。
本發明進一步涉及任何所述肽、所述一種核酸、所述一種表達載體、所述一種細胞、所述一種作為藥劑或製造藥劑的啟動細胞毒性T淋巴細胞的用途。
本發明進一步涉及一種所述使用方法,其中藥劑為一種疫苗。
本發明進一步涉及一種所述使用方法,其中藥劑為具有抗癌活性。
本發明進一步涉及一種所述用途,其中所述癌細胞為胃癌細胞、胃腸道癌細胞、結直腸癌細胞、胰腺癌細胞、肺癌細胞或腎癌細胞。
本發明進一步涉及可用作胃癌預後的特殊標誌物蛋白。
此外,本發明涉及這些供癌症治療使用的新靶點。
如本文所提供,文獻中已描述與正常胃及其他活組織(例如肝、腎、心臟)相比,由ABL1、ADAM10、AHR、CCND2、CDC6、CDK1、CEACAM1、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM6、COL6A3、EIF2S3、LOC255308、EPHA2、ERBB2、ERBB3、F2R、FAP、HMMR、HSP90B1、IGF2BP3、ITGB4、KIF2C、KRAS、LAMC2、LCN2、MET、MMP11、MMP12、MMP3、MST1R、NUF2、OLFM4、PROM1、RRM2、THY1、TMPRSS4、TOP2A、TSPAN1、WNT5A、HIF1A及PTK2編碼之蛋白質在胃癌中過量表現。
由ABL1、ADAM10、ADAM8、AHR、ASPM、ATAD2、CCDC88A、CCNB1、CCND2、CCNE2、CDC6、CDK1、CEACAM1、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM6、CLCN3、COL6A3、EPHA2、ERBB2、ERBB3、F2R、FAP、HIF1A、HMMR、HSP90B1、IGF2BP3、IQGAP3、ITGB4、KIF11、KIF2C、KRAS、LAMC2、LCN2、MET、MMP11、MMP3、MST1R、MUC6、NCAPG、NFYB、NUF2、OLFM4、PBK、PLK4、PPAP2C、PROM1、PTK2、RRM2、SIAH2、THY1、TOP2A、TPX2、TSPAN1、TSPAN8、UBE2S、UCHL5及WNT5A編碼之蛋白質顯示在腫瘤形成中具有重要作用,此係因為其參與惡性轉化、細胞生長、增殖、血管生成或侵襲正常組織。同樣地,對於由DNAJC10、EIF2S3、EIF3L、POLD3、PSMC2、PSMD14及TMPRSS4編碼之蛋白質,亦有關於癌症相關功能之證據。
由PROM1、WNT5A、SMC4、PPAP2C、GPR38、OLFM4及
THY1編碼之蛋白質顯示在幹細胞及/或癌症幹細胞中高度表現及/或發揮重要作用。PROM1被認為可作為胃癌幹細胞之標記物,不過資料尚存爭議。癌症幹細胞為具有維持腫瘤生長所需之自我更新潛能之腫瘤細胞亞群。該等細胞駐留在特殊且高度組織化結構,即所謂維持癌症幹細胞之自我更新潛能所需之癌症幹細胞龕中。
蛋白質AHR、ASPM、ATAD2、CCNB1、CCND2、CCNE2、CDK1(CDC2)、CEACAM1、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM6、COL6A3、EPHA2、ERBB2、ERBB3、F2R、FAP、HIF1A、HMMR、HSP90B1、IGF2BP3、ITGB4、KIF11、KIF2C、KRAS、LAMC2、LCN2、LMNB1、MET、MMP11、MMP3、MST1R、MUC6、NCAPG、NUF2、OLFM4、PBK、PPAP2C、PROM1、PTK2、TMPRSS4、TPX2、TSPAN1及WNT5A在腫瘤中之過量表現顯示與患者之晚期疾病階段及不良預後相關。
因此,本發明提出了識別動物的方法,優選為可能有胃癌的人類。在一實施方案中,該可能性確定為80%至100%。一種此類方法包括確定來自受試動物腫瘤樣本中的蛋白MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6中至少一種蛋白的水準。在一實施方案中,樣本通過根治性手術獲得。在另一實施方案中,樣本通過針刺活檢獲得。
當MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6測定的水準相對於同一標本的良性上皮細胞中的測定水準上調20%或以上時,則該受試動物被確定為可能有胃癌。
由MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6組成的基團的更多不同蛋白上調,則受試動物有較高可能
性確認為有胃癌。
在一實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準在原位測定。在另一實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準在體外測定。在另一實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準在體內測定。在一優選實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準採用鐳射捕獲顯微鏡結合免疫印跡法測定。
在一優選實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準採用MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的特定抗體測定。在一優選實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準以含引物的PCR方法測定,其中引物為編碼MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的mRNA的特定引物。在另一優選實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準以含引物的核苷酸探針測定,其中探針為編碼MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的mRNA的特定探針。在一此類實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準使用Northern印跡法測定。在另一實施方案中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水準使用核糖核酸酶保護法測定。在其他實施方案中,如酶聯免疫吸附法(ELISA)、放射性免疫測定(RIA)以及
Western印跡法等免疫學測試可能用於檢測體液樣本(如血液、血清、痰液、尿液或腹腔液)中的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽。檢體、組織樣本和細胞樣本(如卵巢、淋巴結、卵巢表面上皮細胞碎屑、肺檢體,肝檢體、以及任何含有細胞的液體樣本(如腹腔液、痰液和胸腔積液)均可通過分解和/或溶解組織或細胞樣本以及使用免疫法(如:ELISA、RIA或Western印跡法)檢測多肽而進行測試。此類細胞或組織樣本也可使用基於核酸的方法分析,例如,反轉錄聚合酶鏈反應(RT-PCR)擴增,Northern雜交,或槽或點印跡法。為了可看到腫瘤細胞在組織樣本中的分佈,可能分別使用保存樣本組織結構的診斷測試(例如,免疫組織化學染色、RNA原位雜交或原位RT-PCR技術)來檢測胃癌標誌物多肽或mRNA。對於腫瘤的體內定位,可能使用影像學檢查,如磁共振成像(MRI),向受試者導入一種與MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽(尤其是局限於細胞表面的多肽)特異性結合的抗體,其中所述抗體共價結合或以其他方式耦合到順磁示蹤劑(或其他合適的可檢測基元,這取決於所使用的影像技術);另外,未標記的腫瘤標誌物特異性抗體的位置可使用與可檢測到的基元耦合的二抗檢測。
此外,本發明進一步提出了組成MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽、及其片段(包括功能性、蛋白裂解性和抗原性片段)的嵌合/融合蛋白/肽。
雜合分子的融合夥伴或片段提供了刺激CD4+ T細胞的適當表位。CD4+刺激表位為本領域所熟知、並包括破傷風類毒素中確定的表位。在進一步優選的實施方案中,所述肽為融合蛋白,尤其包含
HLA-DR抗原相關不變鏈(Ii)的N-端氨基酸。在一實施方案中,本發明的肽為一蛋白片段和另一多肽部分(如果人體多肽部分含有一個多個發明的氨基酸序列)的一種截短型人蛋白或融合蛋白。
本發明還包括MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽的抗體,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽組成的嵌合/融合蛋白的抗體,以及MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽片段(包括蛋白裂解性和抗原性片段)的抗體以及組成這些片段的嵌合/融合蛋白/肽的抗體。此外,針對癌症、特別是針對胃癌預後的這些抗體的使用方法也是本發明的一部分。
本發明的抗體可為多克隆抗體、單克隆抗體和/或嵌合抗體。產生本發明單克隆抗體的永生細胞株也是本發明的一部分。
本領域的普通技術人會明白,在某些情況下,作為腫瘤標誌物基因的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6較高表達提示患有胃癌的受試者預後較差。例如,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6較高水準的表達可能提示腫瘤體積相對較大、腫瘤負荷較高(例如,更多轉移)、或者腫瘤表型惡性程度相對較高。
由MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6組成基團的不同蛋白過量表達越高,預後越差。
本發明的診斷和預後方法涉及使用已知的方法,例如:基於抗體的方法,以檢測MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽,以及核酸雜交和/或基於擴增的方法來檢測MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和
MUC6的mRNA。
此外,由於腫瘤細胞快速破壞往往導致自身抗體產生,本發明的胃癌腫瘤標誌物可用於血清學檢測(例如,受試者血清的ELISA測試),以檢測受試者中抗MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的自身抗體。MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽特異性抗體的水準比對照樣本至少約高3倍(優選為至少5倍或7倍,最優選為至少10倍或20倍),該水準提示有胃癌。
細胞表面局部、細胞內、和分泌的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽都可能用於活檢分析,例如,組織或細胞樣本(包括諸如從腹腔液中獲得的液體樣本)以確定含有胃癌細胞的組織或細胞檢體。檢體可作為完整的組織或整個細胞樣本進行分析,組織或細胞樣本也可能按特定類型診斷測試所需被分解和/或溶解。例如,檢體或樣本可能對MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽或mRNA水準進行整個組織或整個細胞分析,方法為原位法、免疫組織化學法、原位雜交mRNA法或原位RT-PCR。技術人員知道如何處理組織或細胞進行多肽或mRNA水準進行分析,使用方法為免疫方法(如ELISA、免疫印跡或等效方法),或使用基於核酸的分析方法(如RT-PCR、Northern雜交或槽或斑點印跡法)分析mRNA水準。
測量MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6表達水準的套件。
本發明提出了檢測作為受試者胃癌標誌物基因的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6表達水準
升高所用的套件。一種檢測胃癌標誌物多肽的套件優選包含一種特異性結合選定的胃癌標誌物多肽的抗體。一種檢測胃癌標誌物mRNA的套件最好包含可特異性與MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6 mRNA雜交的一個或多個核酸(例如,一個或多寡核苷酸引物或探針、DNA探針、RNA探針、或產生RNA的探針範本)。
特別地,基於抗體的套件可用於檢測是否提呈、和/或測量與抗體或其免疫反應性片段特異性結合的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6。該套件可包含與抗原反應的抗體以及檢測含抗原的抗體的反應。該套件可為ELISA試劑盒,可包含對照(例如,指定量的特定胃癌標誌物多肽)、一抗和二抗(適當時)、任何其他上文所述必需的試劑,如:可檢測基元、酶底物和有色試劑。另外,診斷套件可為一般由本文所述的成分和試劑組成的試劑盒。
基於核酸的套件可用於通過檢測和/或測量樣本中(如組織或細胞檢體)中的BMST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的mRNA,而檢測和/或測量出MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的表達水準。例如,檢測MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6表達升高的RT-PCR套件優選為包含足夠的寡核苷酸引物以將胃癌mRNA反轉錄為cDNA以及對胃癌標誌物cDNA進行PCR擴增,還優選為包含對照PCR範本分子和引物以對量化進行適當的陰性和陽性對照以及內部對照。本領域的普通技術人會明白如何選擇合適的引物以進行反轉錄和PCR反應,以及合適的對照反
應。該指導可發現於,例如,F.Ausubel等所著的《Current Protocols in Molecular Biology》,New York,N.Y.,1997。RT-PCR的許多突變體為本領域熟知。可將免疫毒素靶向傳遞至MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6,作為胃癌防治的治療性靶點。例如:一種特異性結合細胞表面局限性MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽的抗體分子可與放射性同位素或其他有毒化合物共價結合。給予受試者抗體共軛物以便該抗體與其同源胃癌多肽的結合導致治療性化合物向胃癌細胞靶向傳遞,從而治療卵巢癌。
治療成分可以是毒素、放射性同位素、藥物、化學物質或蛋白質(參見,例如,Bera et al.「Pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of a bivalent disulfide-stabilized Fv immunotoxin with improved antigen binding to erbB2」Cancer Res.59:4018-4022(1999)).例如,該抗體可鏈結或共價結合至一種細菌毒素(如:白喉毒素、綠膿桿菌外毒素A、霍亂毒素)或植物毒素(如蓖麻毒素),以將毒素靶向傳遞至表達MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的細胞。這種免疫毒素可被傳遞至細胞,並且一旦與細胞表面局限性胃癌標誌物多肽結合,共軛至胃癌標誌物特異性抗體的毒素將被傳遞至該細胞。
此外,對於任何含有特定配體(例如:與細胞表面局限性蛋白結合的配體)的任何MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽,該配體均可取代抗體以將毒性化合物靶向作用於胃癌細胞,如上文所述。
本文中術語「抗體」為廣義上的定義,既包括多克隆也包括單
克隆抗體。除了完整的免疫球蛋白分子,「抗體」這一術語還包括這些免疫球蛋白分子和人源化免疫球蛋白分子的片段或聚合物,只要它們表現出本文所述的任何期望屬性(例如,胃癌標誌物多肽的特異性結合、將毒素傳遞給胃癌標誌物基因表達水準增加時的胃癌細胞和/或胃癌標誌物多肽的活性)。
只要有可能,本發明的抗體可從商業來源購買。本發明的抗體也可能使用已知的方法制得。技術人員會瞭解全長胃癌標誌物多肽或其片段可用于製備本發明的抗體。用於產生本發明抗體的多肽可部分或全部地由天然源經純化而得,也可利用重組DNA技術生產。例如,編碼MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽的cDNA或其中一個片段,可在原核細胞中(如:細菌)或真核細胞(如:酵母、昆蟲或哺乳動物細胞)中表達,之後,可純化重組蛋白,並用於產生一種特異性結合用於產生該抗體的胃癌標誌物多肽的單克隆或多克隆抗體製劑。
本領域的技術人員會明白,兩種或兩種以上不同集合的單克隆抗體或多克隆抗體能最大限度地增加獲得一種含預期用途所需的特異性和親和力(例如,ELISA法、免疫組織化學、體內成像、免疫毒素療法)的抗體的可能性。根據抗體的用途,用已知的方法對其期望活性進行測試(例如,ELISA法、免疫組織化學、免疫治療等;要獲取產生和測試抗體的進一步指導,請參閱,例如,Harlow and Lane,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.,1988)。例如,該抗體可用ELISA法、免疫印跡法、免疫組織化學染色福馬林固定的胃癌樣本或冰凍的組織切片進行檢測。在初次體外表徵後,用於治療或體內診斷用途的抗體根據
已知的臨床測試方法進行檢測。
此處使用的術語「單克隆抗體」系指從大量同質抗體中獲得的一種抗體,即,由相同的抗體組成的抗體群,但可能少量提呈的自然突變除外。此處所述的單克隆抗體具體包括「嵌合」抗體,其中一部分重鏈和/或輕鏈與從特定物種中獲得的抗體或屬於特定抗體類型和分類型抗體的相應序列相同(同質),同時,剩餘鏈與從其他物種中獲得的抗體或屬於特定抗體類型和子類型抗體的相應序列以及這些抗體的片段相同(同質),只要他們表現出預期的拮抗活性(美國4816567號專利)。
本發明的單克隆抗體可能使用雜交瘤方法制得。在雜交瘤方法中,老鼠或其他適當的宿主動物,通常用免疫製劑以引發產生或能產生將特異性結合至免疫製劑的抗體。或者,淋巴細胞可在體外進行免疫。
單克隆抗體也可由DNA重組方法制得,如:美國4816567號專利所述。編碼本發明單克隆抗體的DNA可很容易地使用傳統程序進行分離和測序(例如:通過使用能與編碼鼠抗體重鏈和輕鏈的基因特異性結合的寡核苷酸探針)。
體外方法也適用於製備單價抗體。抗體消化以產生抗體的片段,尤其是Fab片段,可以通過使用本領域已知的常規技術完成。例如,可以通過使用木瓜蛋白酶完成消化。木瓜蛋白酶消化的例子在1994年12月22日公佈的WO 94/29348和美國4342566號專利中有描述。抗體的木瓜蛋白酶消化通常產生兩種相同的抗原結合性片段,稱為Fab片段(每個片段都有一個抗原結合點)和殘餘Fe片段。胃蛋白酶處理產生一個片段,它有兩個抗原結合位點,並仍具有交聯抗原的能
力。
抗體片段,不論其是否附著於其他序列,均可包括特定區域或特定氨基酸殘基的插入、刪除、替換、或其他選擇性修飾,但前提是,片段的活性與非修飾的抗體或抗體片段相比沒有顯著的改變或損害。這些修飾可提供一些額外的屬性,如:刪除/添加可與二硫鍵結合的氨基酸,以增加其生物壽命、改變其分泌特性等。在任何情況下,抗體片段必須擁有生物活性的特性,如:結合活性、調節結合域的結合力等。抗體的功能性或活性區域可通過蛋白特定區域的基因突變、隨後表達和測試所表達的多肽進行確定。這些方法為本行業技術人員所熟知,可包括編碼抗體片段的核酸的特定位點基因突變。
本發明的抗體可進一步包括人源化抗體或人抗體。非人(如:鼠)抗體的人源化形式為嵌合抗體免疫球蛋白、免疫球蛋白鏈或其片段(如:Fv、Fab、Fab'或抗體的其他抗原結合序列),其中包含從非人免疫球蛋白中獲得的最小序列。人源化抗體包括人免疫球蛋白(受體抗體),其中來自受體互補決定區(CDR)的殘基被來自非人物種(供體抗體)(如具有與其特異性、親和力和能力的小鼠、大鼠或兔子)CDR的殘基取代。在某些情況下,人類免疫球蛋白的Fv框架(FR)殘基被相應的非人殘基取代。人源化抗體可能還包括既非受體抗體、也非輸入CDR或框架序列中發現的殘基。一般來說,人源化抗體將包括幾乎所有的至少一個、通常為二個可變域,其中,全部或幾乎全部的CDR區域均對應於非人免疫球蛋白的區域並且全部或幾乎全部的FR區域均為人免疫球蛋白相同序列的區域。理想情況是,人源化抗體還將包括至少免疫球蛋白恒定區(Fc)的一部分,通常是人免疫球蛋白的恒定區的一部分。
人源化非人抗體的方法為本行業所熟知。一般來說,人源化抗體具有一個或多個從非人源頭引入的氨基酸殘基。這些非人氨基酸殘基往往被稱為「輸入」殘基,通常從「輸入」可變域中獲得。人源化基本上可以通過將齧齒動物CDR或CDR序列取代為相應的人抗體序列而完成。因此,這種「人源化」抗體為嵌合抗體(美國4816567號專利),其中大大少於完整的人可變域被來自於非人物種的相應序列取代。在實踐中,人源化抗體通常為人抗體,其中有些CDR殘基以及可能的一些FR殘基被來自齧齒動物抗體中的類似位點的殘基取代。
可使用免疫後在內源性免疫球蛋白產生缺失時能產生完整人抗體的轉基因動物(如:小鼠)。例如,它被描述為,嵌合和種系突變小鼠中的抗體重鏈連接區域基因的純合性缺失導致內源性抗體生成的完全抑制。在此種系變種小鼠中人種系免疫球蛋白基因陣列的轉移在抗原挑戰後將導致人抗體的生成。人抗體也可在噬菌體展示庫中產生。
本發明的抗體優選為通過藥用載體的形式給予受試者。通常,在製劑中使用適量的藥用鹽,以使製劑等滲。藥用載體的例子包括生理鹽水、林格氏液和葡萄糖溶液。溶液的pH值優選為約5至8,更優選為約7至7.5。此外,載體還包括緩釋製劑,如:含有抗體的固體疏水性聚合物半透性基質,其中基質為有形物品形式,如:薄膜、脂質體或微粒。本行業的技術人員熟知,某些載體可能為更優選,取決於例如,抗體的給藥途徑和濃度。
該抗體可通過注射(如:靜脈內、腹腔內、皮下、肌肉內)或通過輸注等其他方法給予受試者、患者或細胞,確保其以有效的形式傳輸到血液中。這些抗體也可以通過瘤內或瘤周途徑給予,從而發揮局部和全身的治療作用。局部或靜脈注射為優選。
抗體給藥的有效劑量和時間表可根據經驗確定,並且作出此類決定屬本行業的技術範圍內。本行業的技術人員會明白,必須給予的抗體劑量根據以下因素會有所不同,例如:接受抗體的受試者、給藥途徑、使用的抗體以及其他正在使用的藥物的特定類型。單獨使用的抗體的通常日劑量可能為約1μg/kg至最多100mg/kg體重或更多,這取決於上述因素。給予抗體治療胃癌後,治療抗體的療效可通過技術人員熟知的不同方法評估。例如:接受治療的受試者胃癌的大小、數量和/或分佈可使用標準腫瘤成像技術進行監測。因治療而給予的抗體與不給予抗體時的病程相比,可阻止腫瘤生長、導致腫瘤縮小、和/或阻止新腫瘤的發展,這樣的抗體是一種有效治療胃癌的抗體。
因為蛋白質ABL1、ADAM10、AHR、CCND2、CDC6、CDK1、CEACAM1、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM6、COL6A3、EIF2S3、LOC255308、EPHA2、ERBB2、ERBB3、F2R、FAP、HMMR、HSP90B1、IGF2BP3、ITGB4、KIF2C、KRAS、LAMC2、LCN2、MET、MMP11、MMP12、MMP3、MST1R、NUF2、OLFM4、PROM1、RRM2、THY1、TMPRSS4、TOP2A、TSPAN1、WNT5A、HIF1A及PTK2顯示與正常組織相比在胃癌組織之至少一個子集中高度表現,所以抑制其表現或活性可併入用於治療或預防胃癌之任何治療策略中。
反義治療的原理是基於這樣的假設:基因表達的序列特異性抑制(通過轉錄或翻譯)可能是通過基因組DNA或mRNA與互補反義種類之間的雜交而實現。這種雜交核酸雙工的形成干擾目標腫瘤抗原編碼基因組DNA的轉錄,或目標腫瘤抗原mRNA的加工/運輸/翻譯和/或穩定性。
反義核酸可用各種方法傳遞。例如,反義寡核苷酸或反義RNA可以讓腫瘤細胞吸收的方式直接給予(例如,通過靜脈注射)受試者。另外,編碼反義RNA(或RNA片段)的病毒或質粒載體可導入體內細胞。還可通過有義序列誘發反義效果;然而,表型變化的程度大不相同。通過有效的反義治療誘導的表型變化可根據,例如,靶mRNA水準、靶蛋白水準、和/或靶蛋白活性水準的變化進行評估。
在一個具體的實施例中,可通過直接向受試者給予反義胃癌標誌物RNA而實現反義基因治療抑制胃癌標誌物的功能。腫瘤標誌物反義RNA可通過任何標準技術製造和分離,但最容易的製造方法是在控制高效啟動子(例如,T7啟動子)的情況下使用腫瘤標誌物反義cDNA經體外轉錄制得。腫瘤標誌物反義RNA給到細胞可通過下文所述的核酸直接給藥方法中的任何一種進行。
使用基因治療方法抑制MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的可選策略涉及抗-MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6抗體或抗-MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6抗體一部分的細胞內表達。例如,編碼特異性結合至MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽和抑制其生物活性的單克隆抗體的基因(或基因片段)其特異性(例如:組織特異性或腫瘤特異性)基因調節序列在核酸表達載體內被置於轉錄控制之下。然後,載體給予受試者,以便被胃癌細胞或其他細胞吸收,之後,這些細胞分泌抗-MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6抗體而且阻滯MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽的生物活性。
優選情況是,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6出現於胃癌細胞的細胞外表面。
在上述的方法中,其中包括將外源性DNA給入受試者的細胞並被其吸收(即,(即,基因轉導或轉染),本發明的核酸可為裸露DNA形式或核酸可位於載體中將核酸傳遞至細胞以抑制胃癌標誌物蛋白的表達。該載體可以是一種市售的製劑,如腺病毒載體(量子生物技術公司,Laval,Quebec,Canada)。核酸或載體可通過多種機制傳遞至細胞中。例如,可使用市售的脂質體,如:LIPOFECTIN、LIPOFECTAMINE(GIBCO-25 BRL公司,Gaithersburg,Md.)、SUPERFECT(Qiagen公司,Hilden,Germany)和TRANSFECTAM(Promega Biotec公司,Madison,Wis.)以及根據本領域標準程序開發的其他脂質體,通過這些脂質體傳遞。此外,本發明的核酸或載體可通過體內電穿孔傳遞,該技術可從Genetronics公司(San Diego,Calif.)獲得,以及通過SONOPORATION機(ImaRx制藥公司,Tucson,Arizona)的方式傳遞。
例如,載體可通過病毒系統(如可包裹重組逆轉錄病毒基因組的逆轉錄病毒載體系統)傳遞。重組逆轉錄病毒可用於感染,從而傳遞至抑制MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6表達的受感染細胞反義核酸。當然,將改變的核酸準確地導入至哺乳動物細胞細胞內並不限於使用逆轉錄病毒載體。對於這以程序有廣泛的其他技術可供使用,包括使用腺病毒載體、腺相關病毒(AAV)載體、慢病毒載體、假型逆轉錄病毒載體。也可使用物理轉導技術,如脂質體傳遞和受體介導的及其它內吞作用機制。本發明可與這些技術或其他常用基因轉移方法中的任何方法配合使用。
該抗體也可用於體內診斷實驗。一般來說,抗體用放射性核素標記(如:111In、99Tc、14C、131I、3H、32P或35S),從而可免疫閃爍掃描法使腫瘤局限化。在一實施方案中,其中的抗體或片段與兩個或兩個以上MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6靶標的細胞外域結合,並且親和力值(Kd)低於1×10μM。
診斷用抗體可通過各種影像學方法使用適合檢測的探針進行標記。探針檢測方法包括但不限於,螢光、光、共聚焦和電鏡方法;磁共振成像和光譜學技術;透視、電腦斷層掃描和正電子發射斷層掃描。合適的探針包括但不限於,螢光素、羅丹明、曙紅及其它螢光團、放射性同位素、黃金、釓和其他稀土、順磁鐵、氟-18和其他正電子發射放射性核素。此外,探針可能是雙功能或多功能的,並且用一種以上的上述方法可進行檢測。這些抗體可用所述的探針直接或間接進行標記。抗體探針的連接,包括探針的共價連接、將探針融合入抗體、以及螯合化合物的共價連接從而結合探針、以及其他本行業熟知的方法。對於免疫組織化學方法,疾病組織樣本可能是新鮮或冷凍或可能包埋於石蠟中以及用福馬林等防腐劑固定。固定或包埋的切片包括與標記一抗和二抗接觸的樣本,其中該抗體用於原位檢測MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6蛋白的表達。
因此,本發明提供一種肽,其包含選自SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95之群之序列,或其與SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95具有85%、較佳90%且更佳96%同源性之變異體,或其誘導T細胞與該肽交叉反應之變異體。
本發明所述的肽具有與主要組織相容性複合體(MHC)I類分子結
合的能力。
在本發明中,「同源性」一詞系指兩個氨基酸序列之間的同一度,如肽或多肽序列。前文所述的「同源」是通過將理想條件下調整的兩個序列與待比較序列進行比對後確定的。此處,待比較序列可能在兩個序列的最佳對準中有增加或刪除(例如,空隙等)。此類序列同源性可通過使用ClustalW等演算法創建一個排列而進行計算。也可用使用一般序列分析軟體,更具體地說,是Vector NTI、GENETYX或由公共資料庫提供的分析工具。
本領域技術人員能評估特定肽變體誘導的T細胞是否可與該肽本身發生交叉反應(Fong et al.8809-14);(Appay et al.1805-14;Colombetti et al.2730-38;Zaremba et al.4570-77)。
發明人用給定氨基酸序列的「變體」表示,一個或多個氨基酸殘基等的側鏈通過被另一個天然氨基酸殘基的側鏈或其他側鏈取代而發生改變,這樣,這種肽仍然能夠以含有給定氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1至33的肽大致同樣的方式與HLA分子結合。例如,一種肽可能被修飾以便至少維持(如果不提升的話)其能與HLA-A或-DR等合適MHC分子的結合槽相互作用和結合,以及至少維持(如果不提升的話)其能與啟動CTL的TCR結合。
隨後,這些CTL可與細胞和殺傷細胞發生交叉反應,這些細胞表達多肽(其中包含本發明中定義的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列)。正如科學文獻(Rammensee,Bachmann,and Stevanovic)和資料庫(Rammensee et al.213-19)中所述,HLA-A結合肽的某些位點通常為錨定殘基,可形成一種與HLA結合槽的結合模序相稱的核心序列,其定義由構成結合槽的多肽鏈的極性、電物理、疏水性和空間特性確定。因此,本領
域技術人員能夠通過保持已知的錨殘基來修飾SEQ ID No:1至95所示之氨基酸序列,並且能確定這些變體是否保持與MHC-I或II類分子結合的能力。本發明的變體保持與啟動CTL的TCR結合的能力,隨後,這些CTL可與表達一種包含本發明定義的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列的多肽的細胞發生交叉反應並殺死該等細胞。
這些基本不與T細胞受體互動的氨基酸殘基可通過取代另一個幾乎不影響T細胞反應並不妨礙與相關MHC結合的氨基酸而得到修飾。因此,除了特定限制性條件外,本發明的肽可能為任何包括給定氨基酸序列或部分或其變體的肽(發明人所用的這個術語包括寡肽或多肽)。
較長的肽也可能適合。MHCI類表位(通常長度為8至11個氨基酸)也可能由肽從較長的肽或包含實際表位的蛋白中加工而產生。兩側有實際表位的殘基優選為在加工過程中幾乎不影響暴露實際表位所需蛋白裂解的殘基。
因此,本發明還提出了MHCI類表位的肽和變體,其中所述肽或抗體的總長度為8至100個、優選為8至30個、最優選為8至14個(即8、9、10、11、12、13、14個)氨基酸。
當然,本發明的肽或變體能與人主要組織相容性複合體(MHC)I或II類分子結合。肽或變體與MHC複合體的結合可用本領域內的已知方法進行測試。
在本發明的一個特別優選實施例中,肽系由或基本系由根據SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95的氨基酸組成。
「基本由...構成」系指本發明的肽,除了根據SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95中的任一序列或其變體構成外,還含有位於其他N和/或C端延伸處的氨基酸,而它們不一定能形成作為MHC分子表位的肽。
但這些延伸區域對有效將本發明中的肽引進細胞具有重要作
用。在本發明的一實施例中,肽為融合蛋白,含來自NCBI、GenBank登錄號X00497的HLA-DR抗原相關不變鏈(p33,以下稱為「Ii」)的80個N-端氨基酸等。
此外,該肽或變體可進一步修飾以提高穩定性和/或與MHC分子結合,從而引發更強的免疫反應。肽序列的該類優化方法是本領域內所熟知的,包括,例如,反式肽鍵和非肽鍵的引入。
在反式肽鍵氨基酸中,肽(-CO-NH-)並未連接其殘基,但是其肽鍵是反向的。這種逆向反向模擬肽(retro-inverso peptidomimetics)可通過本領域已知的方法製備,例如:Meziere等在《免疫學雜誌》((1997)J.Immunol.159,3230-3237)中所述的方法,以引用的方式併入本文。這種方法涉及製備包含骨架(而並非側鏈)改變的模擬肽。Meziere等人(1997年)的研究顯示,這些類比肽有利於MHC的結合和輔助性T細胞的反應。以NH-CO鍵替代CO-NH肽鍵的逆向反向肽大大地提高了抗水解性能。
非肽鍵為-CH2-NH、-CH2S-、-CH2CH2-、-CH=CH-、-COCH2-、-CH(OH)CH2-和-CH2SO-等。美國4897445號專利提出了多肽鏈中非肽鍵(-CH2-NH)的非固相合成法,該方法涉及按標準程序合成的多肽以及通過氨基醛和一種含NaCNBH3的氨基酸相互作用而合成的非肽鍵。
含上述序列的肽可與其氨基和/或羧基末端的其他化學基團進行合成,從而提高肽的穩定性、生物利用度、和/或親和力等。例如,苄氧羰基、丹醯基等疏水基團或叔丁氧羰基團可加入肽的氨基末端。同樣,乙醯基或9-芴甲氧羰基可能位於肽的氨基末端。此外,疏水基
團、叔丁氧羰基團或氨基團都可能被加入肽的羧基末端。
另外,本發明中的所有肽都可能經合成而改變其空間構型。例如,可能使用這些肽的一個或多個氨基酸殘基的右旋體,通常不是其左旋體。更進一步地,本發明中肽的至少一個氨基酸殘基可被熟知的一個非天然氨基酸殘基取代。諸如此類的改變可能有助於增加本發明肽的穩定性、生物利用度和/或結合作用。
同樣,本發明中的肽或變體可在合成肽之前或之後通過特異氨基酸的反應而進行化學修飾。此類修飾的實施例為本領域所熟知,例如,在R.Lundblad所著的《Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification》(3rd ed.CRC Press,2005)中有概述,以參考文獻的方式併入本文。雖然氨基酸的化學修飾方法無限制,但其包括(但不限於)通過以下方法修飾:醯基化、脒基化、賴氨酸吡哆基化、還原烷基化、以2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)三硝基苯基化氨基團、通過將半胱氨酸過甲酸氧化為磺基丙氨酸而對羧基團和巰基進行氨基修飾、形成易變衍生物、與其他巰基化合物形成混合二硫化合物、與馬來醯亞胺反應,與碘乙酸或碘乙醯胺羧甲基化、在鹼性pH值下與氰酸鹽甲氨醯化。在這方面,技術人員參考了《Current Protocols In Protein Science》(Eds.Coligan et al.(John Wiley & Sons NY 1995-2000))中第15章所述的在蛋白質化學修飾相關的廣泛方法。
簡言之,修飾蛋白質的精氨醯殘基等往往基於於鄰二羰基化合物(如苯甲醯甲醛、2,3-丁二酮以及1,2-烯巳二酮)的反應而形成加合物。另一個實施例是丙酮醛與精氨酸殘基的反應。半胱氨酸可在賴氨酸和組氨酸等親核位點不作隨同修飾的情況下就得到修飾。因此,有大量試劑可進行半胱氨酸的修飾。Sigma-Aldrich(http://www.sigma-
aldrich.com)等公司的網站含有具體試劑的資訊。
蛋白質中二硫鍵的選擇性還原也很普遍。二硫鍵可在生物制藥熱處理中形成和氧化。
伍德沃德氏試劑K可用於修飾特定的谷氨酸殘基。N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-N'-乙基-碳二亞胺可用于形成賴氨酸殘基和谷氨酸殘基的分子內交聯。
例如:焦碳酸二乙酯是修飾蛋白質組氨酸殘基的試劑。組氨酸也可使用4-羥基-2-壬烯醛進行修飾。
賴氨酸殘基與其他醹-氨基團的反應,例如,有利於肽結合到蛋白/肽的表面或交聯處。賴氨酸聚是多(乙烯)乙二醇的附著點,也是蛋白質糖基化的主要修飾位點。
蛋白質的蛋氨酸殘基可通過碘乙醯胺、溴乙胺、氯胺T等被修飾。
四硝基甲烷和N-乙醯基咪唑可用於酪氨酸殘基的修飾。經二酪氨酸形成的交聯可通過過氧化氫/銅離子完成。
對色氨酸修飾的最近研究中使用了N-溴代琥珀醯亞胺、2-羥基-5-硝基苄溴或3-溴-3-甲基-2-(2-硝苯巰基)-3H-吲哚(BPNS-糞臭素)。
當蛋白與戊二醛、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯和甲醛的交聯用於配製水凝膠時,治療性蛋白和含聚乙二醇的肽的成功修飾往往可延長迴圈半衰期。針對免疫治療的變態反應原化學修飾往往通過氰酸鉀的氨基甲醯化實現。
一種肽或變體,其中肽被修飾或含非肽鍵,優選為本發明的實施例。一般來說,肽和變體(至少含氨基酸殘基之間的肽聯接)可使用Lu等人(1981年)以及此處列出的參考文獻所披露的固相肽合成Fmoc-
聚醯胺模式進行合成。芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)團對N-氨基提供臨時保護。使用N,N-二甲基甲醯胺中的20%二甲基呱啶中對這種堿高度敏感的保護基團進行重複分裂。由於它們的丁基醚(在絲氨酸蘇氨酸和酪氨酸的情況下)、丁基酯(在谷氨酸和天門冬氨酸的情況下)、叔丁氧羰基衍生物(在賴氨酸和組氨酸的情況下)、三苯甲基衍生物(在半胱氨酸的情況下)及4-甲氧基-2,3,6-三甲基苯磺醯基衍生物(在精氨酸的情況下),側鏈功能可能會受到保護。只要穀氨醯胺和天冬醯胺為C-末端殘基,側鏈氨基功能保護所使用的是由4,4'-二甲氧基二苯基團。固相支撐基於聚二甲基丙烯醯胺聚合物,其由三個單體二甲基丙烯醯胺(骨架單體)、雙丙烯醯乙烯二胺(交聯劑)和N-丙烯醯肌胺酸甲酯(功能劑)構成。使用的肽-樹脂聯劑為酸敏感的4-羥甲基苯氧乙酸衍生物。所有的氨基酸衍生物均作為其預製對稱酸酐衍生物加入,但是天冬醯胺和穀氨醯胺除外,它們使用被逆轉的N,N-二環己基碳二亞胺/1-羥基苯並三唑介導的耦合程序而加入。所有的耦合和脫保護反應用茚三酮、硝基苯磺酸或isotin測試程序監測。合成完成後,用濃度為95%含50%清道夫混合物的三氟醋酸,從伴隨去除側鏈保護基團的樹脂支承物中裂解肽。常用的清道夫混合物包括乙二硫醇、苯酚、苯甲醚和水,準確的選擇依據合成肽的氨基酸組成。此外,固相和液相方法結合使用對肽進行合成是可能的(例如,請參閱Bruckdorfer等人。
三氟乙酸用真空中蒸發、隨後用承載粗肽的二乙基乙醚滴定進行去除。用簡單萃取程序(水相凍幹後,該程序制得不含清道夫混合物的肽)清除任何存在的清道夫混合物。肽合成試劑一般可從Calbiochem-Novabiochem(英國)公司(NG7 2QJ,英國)獲得。
純化可通過以下技術的任何一種或組合方法進行,如:再結晶
法、體積排阻色譜法、離子交換色譜法、疏水作用色譜法以及(通常)反相高效液相色譜法(如使用乙腈/水梯度分離)。
肽分析可使用以下方法進行:薄層色譜法、電泳法、特別是,毛細管電泳法、固相萃取法(CSPE)、反相高效液相色譜法、酸水解後的氨基酸分析、快原子轟擊(FAB)質譜分析法以及MALDI、ESI-Q-TOF質譜分析法。
另一方面,本發明提出了一種編碼本發明中肽或肽變體的核酸(如多聚核苷酸)。多聚核苷酸可能為,例如,DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA或其組合物,它們可為單鏈和/或雙鏈、或多聚核苷酸的原生或穩定形式(如:具有硫代磷酸骨架的多聚核苷酸),並且只要它編碼肽,就可能包含也可能不包含內含子。當然,多聚核苷酸只能編碼加入天然肽鍵並含有天然氨基酸殘基的肽。另一個方面,本發明提出了一種可根據本發明表達多肽的表達載體。
對於連接多核苷酸,已經開發出多種方法,尤其是針對DNA,可通過向載體補充可連接性末端等方法進行連接。例如,可向DNA片段加入補充性均聚物軌道,之後DNA片段被插入到載體DNA。然後,通過補充性均聚物尾巴的氫鍵結合,將載體和DNA片段結合,從而形成重組DNA分子。
含有一個或多個酶切位點的合成接頭為DNA片段與載體連接提供了另一種方法。含各種限制性核酸內切酶的合成接頭可通過多種管道購得,其中包括從國際生物技術公司(International Biotechnologies Inc,New Haven,CN,美國)購得。
編碼本發明多肽的DNA理想修飾方法是使用Saiki等人(1988年)所採用的聚合酶鏈反應方法。此方法可用於將DNA引入合適的載體(例
如,通過設計合適的酶切位點),也可用於本領域已知的其他有用方法修飾DNA。如果使用病毒載體,痘病毒載體或腺病毒載體為優選。
之後,DNA(或在逆轉錄病毒載體情況下,RNA)可能表達於合適的宿主,從而製成含本發明肽或變體的多肽。因此,可根據已知技術使用編碼本發明肽或變體的DNA,用本文所述方法適當修飾後,構建表達載體,然後表達載體用於轉化合適宿主細胞,從而表達和產生本發明中的多肽。這些方法包括下列美國專利中披露的方法:4,440,859、4,530,901、4,582,800、4,677,063、4,678,751、4,704,362、4,710,463、4,757,006、4,766,075和4,810,648。
編碼含本發明化合物多肽的DNA(或在逆轉錄病毒載體情況下,RNA)可能被加入到其他多種DNA序列,從而引入到合適的宿主中。同伴DNA將取決於宿主的性質、DNA引入宿主的方式、以及是否需要保持為游離體還是要相互結合。
一般來說,DNA可以適當的方向和正確的表達閱讀框架附著到一種表達載體(如質粒)中。如有必要,該DNA可能與所需宿主所識別的相應轉錄和翻譯調節控制核苷酸序列連接,儘管表達載體中一般存在此類控制功能。然後,該載體通過標準方法被引入宿主。一般來說,並不是所有的宿主都會被載體轉化。因此,有必要選擇轉化過的宿主細胞。選擇方法包括用任何必要的控制元素向表達載體插入一個DNA序列,該序列對轉化細胞中的可選擇性屬性(如抗生素耐藥性)進行編碼。
另外,有這種選擇屬性的基因可在另外一個載體上,該載體用來協同轉化所需的宿主細胞。
然後,本發明中的重組DNA所轉化的宿主細胞在本文中所述本
領域技術人員熟悉的合適條件下培養足夠長的時間,從而表達之後可回收的肽。
有許多已知的表達系統,包括細菌(如大腸桿菌和枯草芽孢桿菌)、酵母(如酵母菌)、絲狀真菌(如曲黴菌)、植物細胞、動物細胞及昆蟲細胞。該系統可優選為哺乳動物細胞,如來自ATCC細胞生物學庫(Cell Biology Collection)中的CHO細胞。
典型的哺乳動物細胞組成型表達載體質粒包括CMV或含一個合適的多聚A尾巴的SV40啟動子以及抗性標誌物(如新黴素)。一個實例為從Pharmacia公司(Piscataway,新澤西,美國)獲得的pSVL。一種可誘導型哺乳動物表達載體的例子是pMSG,也可以從Pharmacia公司獲得。有用的酵母質粒載體是pRS403-406和pRS413-416,一般可從Stratagene Cloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA 92037,美國)獲得。質粒pRS403、pRS404、pRS405和pRS406是酵母整合型質粒(YIp),並插入了酵母可選擇性標記物HIS3、TRP1、LEU2和URA3。pRS413-416質粒為酵母著絲粒質粒(Ycp)。基於CMV啟動子的載體(如,來自於Sigma-Aldrich公司)提供了暫態或穩定的表達、胞漿表達或分泌,以及FLAG、3xFLAG、c-myc或MATN不同組合物中的N-端或C-端標記。這些融合蛋白可用於檢測、純化及分析重組蛋白。雙標融合為檢測提供了靈活性。
強勁的人巨細胞病毒(CMV)啟動子調控區使得COS細胞中的組成蛋白表達水準高達1mg/L。對於較弱的細胞株,蛋白水準一般低於0.1mg/L。SV40複製原點的出現將導致DNA在SV40複製容納性COS細胞中高水準複製。例如,CMV載體可包含細菌細胞中的pMB1(pBR322的衍生物)複製原點、細菌中進行氨苄青黴素抗性選育
的鈣-內醯胺酶基因、hGH polyA和f1的原點。含前胰島素原引導(PPT)序列的載體可使用抗FLAG抗體、樹脂和板引導FLAG融合蛋白分泌到進行純化的培養基中。其他與各種宿主細胞一起應用的載體和表達系統是本領域熟知眾所周知的。
本發明還涉及一種宿主細胞,其以本發明的多核苷酸載體構建轉化而來。宿主細胞可為原核細胞,也可為真核細胞。在有些情況下,細菌細胞為優選原核宿主細胞,典型為大腸桿菌株,例如,大腸桿菌菌株DH5(從Bethesda Research Laboratories公司(Bethesda,MD,美國)獲得)和RR1(從美國菌種保藏中心(ATCC,Rockville,MD,美國),ATCC編號31343獲得)。首選的真核宿主細胞包括酵母、昆蟲和哺乳動物細胞,優選為脊椎動物細胞,如:小鼠、大鼠、猴子或人成纖維細胞和結腸癌細胞株中的細胞。酵母宿主細胞包括YPH499、YPH500和YPH501,一般可從Stratagene Cloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA 92037,美國)獲得。首選哺乳動物宿主細胞包括中國倉鼠卵巢(CHO)細胞為ATCC中的CCL61細胞、NIH瑞士小鼠胚胎細胞NIH/3T3為ATCC中的CRL 1658細胞、猴腎源性COS-1細胞為ATCC中的CRL 1650細胞以及人胚胎腎細胞的293號細胞。首選昆蟲細胞為Sf9細胞,可用杆狀病毒表達載體轉染。有關針對表達選擇合適宿主細胞的概要,可從教科書(Paulina Balbás and Argelia Lorence《Methods in Molecular Biology Recombinant Gene Expression,Reviews and Protocols》Part One,Second Edition,ISBN 978-1-58829-262-9)和本領域技術人員知道的其他文獻中查到。
含本發明DNA結構的適當宿主細胞的轉化可使用大家熟知的方法完成,通常取決於使用載體的類型。對於原核宿主細胞的轉化,可
參閱,如:Cohen等人(1972)在Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1972,69,2110中以及Sambrook等人(1989)所著《Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual》Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中使用的方法。酵母細胞的轉化在Sherman等人(1986)在Methods In Yeast Genetics,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中有描述。Beggs(1978)Nature 275,104-109中所述方法也很有用。對於脊椎動物細胞,轉染這些細胞的試劑等,例如,磷酸鈣和DEAE-葡聚糖或脂質體配方,可從Stratagene Cloning Systems公司或Life Technologies公司(Gaithersburg,MD 20877,美國)獲得。電穿孔也可用於轉化和/或轉染細胞,是本領域用於轉化酵母細胞、細菌細胞、昆蟲細胞和脊椎動物細胞大家熟知的方法。
被成功轉化的細胞(即含本發明DNA結構的細胞)可用大家熟知的方法(如PCR)進行識別。另外,上清液存在的蛋白可使用抗體進行檢測。
應瞭解,本發明中的某些宿主細胞用於製備本發明中的肽,例如細菌細胞、酵母細胞和昆蟲細胞。但是,其他宿主細胞可能對某些治療方法有用。例如,抗原提呈細胞(如樹突狀細胞)可用于表達本發明中的肽,使他們可以加載入相應的MHC分子中。因此,本發明提出了含本發明中核酸或表達載體的一種宿主細胞。
在一個優選實施方案中,宿主細胞為抗原提呈細胞,尤其是樹突狀細胞或抗原提呈細胞。目前,載有含攝護腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)重組融合蛋白的APC正在針對用於治療攝護腺癌(Sipuleucel-T)而進行研究(Rini et al.67-74;Small et al.3089-94)。
另一方面,本發明提出了一種配製一種肽及其變體的方法,該
方法包括培養宿主細胞和從宿主細胞或其培養基中分離肽。
在另一個實施方案中,本發明中的肽、核酸或表達載體用於藥物中。例如,肽或其變體可製備為靜脈(i.v.)注射劑、皮下(s.c.)注射劑、皮內(i.d.)注射劑、腹腔(i.p.)注射劑、肌肉(i.m.)注射劑。肽注射的優選方法包括s.c.、i.d.、i.p.、i.m.和i.v.注射。DNA注射的優選方法為i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射。例如,給予50μg至1.5mg,優選為125μg至500μg的肽或DNA,這取決於具體的肽或DNA。上述劑量範圍在以前的試驗中成功使用(Brunsvig et al.1553-64;Staehler et al.)。
本發明的另一方面包括一種體外製備啟動的T細胞的方法,該方法包括將T細胞與載有抗原的人MHC分子進行體外連接,這些分子在合適的抗原提呈細胞表面表達足夠的一段時間從而以抗原特異性方式啟動T細胞,其中所述抗原為根據本發明所述的一種肽。優選情況是足夠量的抗原與抗原提呈細胞一同使用。
優選情況是,哺乳動物細胞的TAP肽轉運載體缺乏或水準下降或功能降低。缺乏TAP肽轉運載體的適合細胞包括T2、RMA-S和果蠅細胞。TAP是與抗原加工相關的轉運載體。
人體肽載入的缺陷細胞株T2從屬美國菌種保藏中心(ATCC,12301 Parklawn Drive,Rockville,Maryland 20852,美國)目錄號CRL1992;果蠅細胞株Schneider 2號株從屬ATCC目錄CRL 19863;小鼠RMA-S細胞株Karre等人在1985年描述過。
優選情況是,宿主細胞在轉染前基本上不表達MHCI類分子。刺激因數細胞還優選為表達對T細胞共刺激信號起到重要作用的分子,如,B7.1、B7.2、ICAM-1和LFA 3中的任一種分子。大量MHCI類分
子和共刺激分子的核酸序列可從GenBank和EMBL資料庫中公開獲得。
當MHCI類表位用作一種抗原時,T細胞為CD8陽性CTL。
如果抗原提呈細胞受到轉染而表達這種表位,則優選的細胞包括一個表達載體,該載體有能力表達含SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95的肽或其變體氨基酸序列。
可使用其他一些方法來體外生成CTL。例如,可使用Peoples等人(1995)描述的方法和Kawakami等人(1992)使用自體腫瘤浸潤性淋巴細胞生成CTL的方法。Plebanski等人在(1995)使用自體外周血淋巴細胞(PLB)制得CTL。Jochmus等人(1997)描述了用肽或多肽脈衝處理樹突狀細胞或通過與重組病毒感染而製成自體CTL。Hill等人(1995)和Jerome等人(1993)使用B細胞製成自體CTL。此外,用肽或多肽脈衝處理或用重組病毒感染的巨噬細胞可用於配製自體CTL。Walter等人在2003年描述了通過使用人工抗原提呈細胞(aAPC)體外啟動T細胞,這也是生成作用於所選肽的T細胞的一種合適方法。在這項研究中,根據生物素:鏈黴素生物化學方法通過將預製的MHC:肽複合物耦合到聚苯乙烯顆粒(微球)而生成aAPC。該系統實現了對aAPC上的MHC密度進行精確調節,這使得可以在血液樣本中選擇地引發高或低親合力的高效抗原特異性T細胞反應。除了MHC:肽複合物外,aAPC還應攜運含共刺激活性的其他蛋白,如耦合至表面的抗-CD28抗體。此外,此類基於aAPC的系統往往需要加入適當的可溶性因數,例如,諸如白細胞介素-12的細胞因數。
也可用同種異體細胞制得T細胞,在WO 97/26328中詳細描述了一種方法,以參考文獻方式併入本文。例如,除了果蠅細胞和T2細
胞,也可用其他細胞來提呈肽,如CHO細胞、杆狀病毒感染的昆蟲細胞、細菌、酵母、牛痘感染的靶細胞。此外,也可使用植物病毒(例如,參閱Porta等人(1994)描述了將豇豆花葉病毒開發為一種提呈外來肽的高產系統。
被啟動的T細胞直接針對本發明中的肽,有助於治療。因此,本發明的另一方面提出了用本發明前述方法制得的啟動T細胞。
按上述方法製成的啟動T細胞將會有選擇性地識別異常表達含SEQ ID NO:1至95氨基酸序列一種多肽的細胞。
優選情況是,T細胞通過與其含HLA/肽複合物的TCR相互作用(如,結合)而識別該細胞。T細胞是殺傷患者靶細胞方法中有用的細胞,其靶細胞異常表達含本發明中氨基酸序列的多肽。此類患者給予有效量的啟動T細胞。給予患者的T細胞可能源自該患者,並按上述方法啟動(即,它們為自體T細胞)。或者,T細胞不是源自該患者,而是來自另一個人。當然,優選情況是該供體為健康人。發明人使用「健康個人」系指一個人一般狀況良好,優選為免疫系統合格,更優選為無任何可很容易測試或檢測到的疾病。
根據本發明,CD8陽性T細胞的體內靶細胞可為腫瘤細胞(有時表達MHCI類抗原)和/或腫瘤周圍的基質細胞(腫瘤細胞)(有時也表達MHCI類抗原;(Dengjel et al.4163-70))。
本發明所述的T細胞可用作治療性組合物中的活性成分。因此,本發明也提出了一種殺傷患者靶細胞的方法,其中患者的靶細胞異常表達含本發明中氨基酸序列的多肽,該方法包括給予患者上述有效量的T細胞。
發明人所用的「異常表達」的意思還包括,與正常表達水準相
比,多肽過量表達,或該基因在源自腫瘤的組織中未表達,但是在該腫瘤中卻表達。「過量表達」系指多肽水準至少為正常組織中的1.2倍;優選為至少為正常組織中的2倍,更優選為至少5或10倍。
T細胞可用本領域已知的方法制得(如,上述方法)。
T細胞繼轉移方案為本領域所熟知的方案並可在以下參考文獻中找到,例如:(Dudley et al.850-54;Dudley et al.2346-57;Rosenberg et al.889-97;Rosenberg et al.1676-80;Yee et al.16168-73);綜述(Gattinoni et al.383-93)和(Morgan et al.)。
本發明的任一分子(即肽、核酸、表達載體、細胞,啟動CTL、T細胞受體或編碼核酸)都有益於治療疾病,其特點在於細胞逃避免疫反應的打擊。因此,本發明的任一分子都可用作藥劑或用於製造藥劑。這種分子可單獨使用也可與本發明中的其他分子或已知分子聯合使用。
本發明中所述的藥劑優選為一種疫苗。該疫苗可直接給到患者的受影響器官,也可i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射方式全身給藥,或體外應用到來自患者或其細胞株的細胞(隨後再將這些細胞注入到患者中),或體外用於從來自患者的免疫細胞的一個細胞亞群(然後再將細胞重新給予患者)。如果核酸體外注入細胞,可能有益於細胞轉染,以共同表達免疫刺激細胞因數(如白細胞介素-2)。肽可完全單獨給藥,也可與免疫刺激佐劑相結合(見下文)、或與免疫刺激細胞因數聯合使用、或以適當的輸送系統給藥(例如脂質體)。該肽也可共軛形成一種合適的載體(如鑰孔蟲戚血藍蛋白(KLH)或甘露)到合適的載體(參閱WO 95/18145及Longenecker1993)。該肽也可進行標記、或可能是一種融合蛋白或是雜合分子。本發明中給出肽序列的肽預期會刺激
CD4或CD8T細胞。但是,有CD4T輔助細胞提供幫助時,對CD8 CTL的刺激更為有效。因此,對於刺激CD8 CTL的MHCI類表位,一種雜合分子的融合夥伴或片段提供了刺激CD4陽性T細胞的適當表位。CD4-和CD8刺激表位為本領域所熟知、並包括本發明中確定的表位。
一方面,疫苗包括至少含有SEQ ID NO:1至33中提出的一種肽以及至少另外一種肽,優選為2至50個、更優選為2至25個、再優選為2至15個、最優選為2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12或13個肽。肽可能從一個或多個特定TAA中衍生,並且可能與MHCI類分子結合。
多聚核苷酸可為基本純化形式,也可包被於載體或輸送系統。核酸可能為DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA,也可能為其組合物。這種核酸的設計和引入方法為本領域所熟知。例如,文獻中有其概述(Pascolo et al.117-22)。多核苷酸疫苗很容易製備,但這些載體誘導免疫反應的作用模式尚未完全瞭解。合適的載體和輸送系統包括病毒DNA和/或RNA,如基於腺病毒、牛痘病毒、逆轉錄病毒、皰疹病毒、腺相關病毒或含一種以上病毒元素的混合病毒的系統。非病毒輸送系統包括陽離子脂質體和陽離子聚合物,是DNA輸送所屬領域內熟知的系統。也可使用物理輸送系統,如通過「基因槍」。肽或核酸編碼的肽可以是一種融合蛋白,例如,含刺激T細胞進行上述CDR的表位。
本發明的藥劑也可能包括一種或多種佐劑。佐劑是那些非特異性地增強或加強免疫反應的物質(例如,通過CTL和輔助T(TH)細胞介導的對一種抗原的免疫應答,因此被視為對本發明的藥劑有用。適合的佐劑包括(但不僅限於)1018ISS、鋁鹽、Amplivax®、AS15、
BCG、CP-870,893、CpG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、鞭毛蛋白或鞭毛蛋白衍生的TLR5配體、FLT3配體、GM-CSF、IC30、IC31、咪喹莫特(ALDARA®)、resiquimod、ImuFact IMP321、白細胞介素IL-2、IL-13、IL-21、干擾素α或β,或其聚乙二醇衍生物、IS Patch、ISS、ISCOMATRIX、ISCOMs、JuvImmune、LipoVac、MALP2、MF59、單磷醯脂A、Montanide IMS 1312、Montanide ISA 206、Montanide ISA 50V、Montanide ISA-51、水包油和油包水乳狀液、OK-432、OM-174、OM-197-MP-EC、ONTAK、OspA、PepTel®載體系統、基於聚丙交酯複合乙交酯[PLG]和右旋糖苷微粒、重組人乳鐵傳遞蛋白SRL172、病毒顆粒和其他病毒樣顆粒、YF-17D、VEGF trap、R848、β-葡聚糖、Pam3Cys、源自皂角苷、分支桿菌提取物和細菌細胞壁合成模擬物的Aquila公司的QS21刺激子,以及其他專有佐劑,如:Ribi's Detox、Quil或Superfos。優選佐劑如:弗氏佐劑或GM-CSF。前人對一些樹突狀細胞特異性免疫佐劑(如MF59)及其製備方法進行了描述(Allison and Krummel 932-33)。也可使用細胞因數。一些細胞因數直接影響樹突狀細胞向淋巴組織遷移(如,TNF-),加速樹突狀細胞成熟為T淋巴細胞的有效抗原提呈細胞(如,GM-CSF、IL-1和IL-4)(美國5849589號專利,特別以其完整引用形式併入本文),並充當免疫佐劑(如IL-12、IL-15、IL-23、IL-7、IFN-α、IFN-β)[Gabrilovich 1996]。
據報告,CpG免疫刺激寡核苷酸可提高佐劑在疫苗中的作用。如果沒有理論的約束,CpG寡核苷酸可通過Toll樣受體(TLR)(主要為TLR9)啟動先天(非適應性)免疫系統從而起作用。CpG引發的TLR9活化作用提高了對各種抗原的抗原特異性體液和細胞反應,這些抗原
包括肽或蛋白抗原、活病毒或被殺死的病毒、樹突狀細胞疫苗、自體細胞疫苗以及預防性和治療性疫苗中的多糖結合物。更重要的是,它會增強樹突狀細胞的成熟和分化,導致TH1細胞的活化增強以及細胞毒性T淋巴細胞(CTL)生成加強,甚至CD4T細胞說明的缺失。甚至有疫苗佐劑的存在也能維持TLR9活化作用誘發的TH1偏移,這些佐劑如:正常促進TH2偏移的明礬或弗氏不完全佐劑(IFA)。CpG寡核苷酸與以下其他佐劑或配方一起製備或聯合給藥時,表現出更強的佐劑活性,如微粒、納米粒子、脂肪乳或類似製劑,當抗原相對較弱時,這些對誘發強反應尤為必要。他們還能加速免疫反應,使抗原劑量減少約兩個數量級,在有些實驗中,對不含CpG的全劑量疫苗也能產生類似的抗體反應(Krieg 471-84)。美國6406705 B1號專利對CpG寡核苷酸、非核酸佐劑和抗原結合使用促使抗原特異性免疫反應進行了描述。一種CpGTLR9拮抗劑為Mologen公司(德國柏林)的dSLIM(雙幹環免疫調節劑),這是本發明藥物組合物的優選成分。也可使用其他如TLR結合分子,如:RNA結合TLR7、TLR8和/或TLR9。
其他有用的佐劑例子包括(但不限於)化學修飾性CpG(如CpR、Idera)、dsRNA模擬物,如,Poly(I:C)及其衍生物(如:AmpliGen®、Hiltonol®、多聚-(ICLC)、多聚(IC-R)、多聚(I:C12U))、非CpG細菌性DNA或RNA以及免疫活性小分子和抗體,如:環磷醯胺、舒尼替單抗、貝伐單抗、西樂葆、NCX-4016、西地那非、他達拉非、伐地那非、索拉非尼、替莫唑胺、temsirolimus、XL-999、CP-547632、帕唑帕尼、VEGF Trap、ZD2171、AZD2171、抗-CTLA4、免疫系統的其他抗體靶向性主要結構(如:抗-CD40、抗-TGFβ、抗-TNFα受體)和SC58175,這些藥物都可能有治療作用和/或充當佐劑。技術人員無需
過度進行不當實驗就很容易確定本發明中有用的佐劑和添加劑的數量和濃度。
優選佐劑為咪喹莫特、resiquimod、GM-CSF、環磷醯胺、舒尼替尼、貝伐單抗、干擾素-α、CpG寡核苷酸和衍生物、聚(I:C)和衍生物、RNA、西地那非、以及PLG的微粒製劑或病毒顆粒。
本發明藥物組合物的一個優選實施方案中,佐劑從含集落刺激因數製劑中選擇,如粒細胞巨噬細胞集落刺激因數(GM-CSF,沙格司亭)、咪喹莫特、resiquimod和干擾素-α。
本發明藥物組合物的一個優選實施方案中,佐劑從含集落刺激因數製劑中選擇,如粒細胞巨噬細胞集落刺激因數(GM-CSF,沙格司亭)、咪喹莫特和resimiquimod。
在本發明藥物組合物的一個優選實施方案中,佐劑為咪喹莫特或resiquimod。
此組合藥物為非腸道注射使用,如皮下、皮內、肌肉注射,也可口服。為此,肽和其他選擇性分子在藥用載體中分解或懸浮,優選為水載體。此外,組合物可包含輔料,如:緩衝劑、結合劑、衝擊劑、稀釋劑、香料、潤滑劑等。這些肽也可與免疫刺激物質合用,如:細胞因數。可用於此類組合物的更多輔料可在從A.Kibbe所著的Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients(第3版,2000年,美國醫藥協會和制藥出版社)等書中獲知。此組合藥物可用於阻止、預防和/或治療腺瘤或癌性疾病。EP2113253中有示例製劑。
本發明提出了一種藥劑,其有利於治療癌症,尤其是胃癌、腎細胞癌、結腸癌、非小細胞肺癌、腺癌、攝護腺癌、良性腫瘤和惡性黑色素瘤。
本發明的一個試劑盒套件還包括:(a)一個容器,包含上述溶液或凍乾粉形式的藥物組合物;(b)可選的第二個容器,其含有凍乾粉劑型的稀釋劑或重組溶液;和(c)可選項,(i)使用溶液或(ii)重組和/或使用凍乾粉劑型的說明書。
該套件還步包括一個或多個(iii)緩衝劑,(iv)稀釋劑,(v)過濾液,(vi)針,或(v)注射器。容器優選為瓶子、西林瓶、注射器或試管;也可為多用途容器。藥物組合優選為凍幹粉劑。
本發明中的套件優選包含一種置於合適容器中的凍幹製劑以及重組和/或使用說明。適當的容器包括,例如瓶子、西林瓶(如雙室瓶)、注射器(如雙室注射器)和試管。該容器可能由多種材料製成,如玻璃或塑膠。優選情況是,套件和/或容器上有說明,表明重組和/或使用的指示。例如,標籤可能表明凍幹劑型重組為上述肽濃度。該標籤可進一步表明製劑用於皮下注射。
存放製劑的容器可使用多用途西林瓶,使得可重複給予(例如,2-6次)重組劑型。該套件可進一步包括裝有合適稀釋劑(如碳酸氫鈉溶液)的第二個容器。
稀釋液和凍幹製劑混合後,重組製劑中的肽終濃度優選為至少0.15mg/mL/肽(=75靰g),不超過3mg/mL/肽(=1500靰g)。該套件還可包括商業和用戶角度來說可取的其他材料,包括其他緩衝劑、稀釋劑,過濾液、針頭、注射器和帶有使用說明書的包裝插頁。
本發明中的套件可能有一個單獨的容器,其中包含本發明所述的藥物組合物製劑,該製劑可有其他成分(例如,其他化合物或及其
藥物組合物),也可無其他成分,或者每種成分都有其不同容器。
優選情況是,本發明的套件包括與本發明的一種製劑,包裝後與第二種化合物(如佐劑(例如GM-CSF)、化療藥物、天然產品、激素或拮抗劑、抗血管生成劑或抑制劑、凋亡誘導劑或螯合劑)或其藥物組合物聯合使用。該套件的成分可進行預絡合或每種成分在給予患者之前可放置於單獨的不同容器。該套件的成分可以是一種或多種溶液,優選為水溶液,更優選為無菌水溶液。該套件的成分也可為固體形式,加入合適的溶劑後轉換為液體,最好放置於另一個不同的容器中。
治療套件的容器可能為西林瓶、試管、燒瓶、瓶子、注射器、或任何其他盛裝固體或液體的工具。通常,當成分不只一種時,套件將包含第二個西林瓶或其他容器,使之可以單獨定量。該套件還可能包含另一個裝載藥用液體的容器。優選情況是,治療套件將包含一個設備(如,一個或多個針頭、注射器、滴眼器、吸液管等),使得可注射本發明的藥物(本套件的組合物)。
本發明的藥物配方適合以任何可接受的途徑進行肽給藥,如口服(腸道)、鼻內、眼內、皮下、皮內、肌內,靜脈或經皮給藥。優選為皮下給藥,最優選為皮內給藥,也可通過輸液泵給藥。
由於源自MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的本發明中的肽從胃癌中分離而得,因此,本發明的藥劑優選用於治療胃癌。
下列描述優選方案的實施例將對本發明進行說明(但是不僅限於此)。為了本發明之目的,所有參考文獻均以完整引用的形式併入本文。
患者腫瘤組織由日本大阪的京都府立醫科大學(KPUM)和日本大阪的大阪市立大學醫學研究生院(OCU)提供。所有患者在手術前都獲得了書面知情同意。手術後立即用液態氮對組織進行冷休克處理,在分離TUMAP前儲存於-80℃下。
根據方案略加修改,使用HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-C特異性抗體W6/32、CNBr活化的瓊脂糖凝膠、酸處理和超濾方法以固體組織的免疫沉澱法獲得了冷休克組織樣本的HLA肽庫(Falk,K.1991;Seeger,F.H.T1999)。
獲得的HLA肽庫根據其疏水性用反相色譜(Acquity UPLC system,Waters)分離,洗脫肽用裝有電噴霧源的LTQ-Orbitrap雜交質譜(ThermoElectron)進行了分析。肽庫被直接載入填充有1.7μm C18反相材料(Waters)的分析用熔煉石英微毛細管柱(75μm內徑×250mm),應用流速為400nL每分鐘。隨後,使用來自流速為300nL每分鐘、濃度為10%至33%溶劑B中的兩步180分鐘二元梯度法對肽進行分離。梯度由溶劑A(含0.1%甲酸的水)和溶劑B(含0.1%甲酸的乙腈)。金鍍膜玻璃毛細管(PicoTip,New Objective)用於引入到納升電噴霧源。使用前5(TOP5)策略在資料依賴模式下操作LTQ-Orbitrap質譜儀。簡言之,首先以高精確品質完全掃描在orbitrap開始一個掃描週
期(R=30 000),之後用先前選定離子的動態排除技術在orbitrap中對5種含量最為豐富的前體離子進行MS/MS掃描(R=7500)。串聯質譜以SEQUEST和另一種手動控制器進行解讀。生成的自然肽破碎模式與合成序列相同參考肽的破碎模式進行比較後,確保了被識別的肽序列。圖1顯示了從腫瘤組織中獲得的MHCI類相關肽CDC2-001的一個典型譜及其在UPLC系統中的洗脫譜。
並不是所有確定為由MHC分子提呈于腫瘤細胞表面的肽都適合用於免疫治療,這是因為這些肽大部分都由許多類型細胞表達的正常細胞蛋白衍生而來。這些肽只有很少一部分具有腫瘤相關性,並可能能夠誘導對其來源腫瘤識別有高特異性的T細胞。為了確定這些肽並最大限度地降低這些肽接種所誘導的自身免疫風險,發明人主要採用從過量表達於腫瘤細胞上(與大多數正常組織相比)的蛋白中所獲得的肽。
理想的肽來源於對該腫瘤獨一無二且不出現於其他組織中的蛋白中。為了確定具有與理想基因相似表達譜的基因所產生的肽,確定的肽被分別分配到蛋白和基因中,從中獲得基因並生成這些基因的表達譜。
手術切除組織標本由兩個不同的臨床中心(參見實施例1)在獲得每名患者的書面知情同意後提供。手術後立即在液態氮中速凍腫瘤組織標本,之後在液態氮中用杵臼勻漿。使用TRI試劑(Ambion公司,Darmstadt,德國)之後用RNeasy(QIAGEN公司,Hilden,德國)清理從
這些樣本中製備總RNA;這兩種方法都根據製造商的方案進行。
健康人體組織中的總RNA從商業途徑獲得(Ambion公司,Huntingdon,英國;Clontech公司,海德堡,德國;Stratagene公司,阿姆斯特丹,荷蘭;BioChain公司,Hayward,CA,美國)。混合數個人(2至123個人)的RNA,從而使每個人的RNA得到等加權。白細胞從4個健康志願者的血液樣本中分離獲得。
所有RNA樣本的品質和數量都在Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer分析儀(Agilent公司,Waldbronn,德國)上使用RNA6000 Pico LabChip Kit試劑盒(Agilent公司)進行評估。
所有腫瘤和正常組織的RNA樣本都使用Affymetrix Human Genome(HG)U133A或HG-U133 Plus 2.0Affymetrix寡核苷酸晶片(Affymetrix公司,Santa Clara,CA,美國)進行基因表達分析。所有步驟都根據Affymetrix手冊進行。簡言之,如手冊中所述,使用SuperScript RTII(Invitrogen公司)以及oligo-dT-T7引物(MWG Biotech公司,Ebersberg,德國)從5-8μg RNA中合成雙鏈cDNA。用BioArray High YieldRNATranscript Labelling Kit(ENZO Diagnostics公司,Farmingdale,NY,美國)進行U133A測定或用GeneChip IVT Labelling Kit(Affymetrix公司)進行U133 Plus 2.0測定,之後用鏈黴親和素-藻紅蛋白和生物素化抗鏈黴素蛋白抗體(Molecular Probes公司,Leiden,荷蘭)進行破碎、雜交和染色,這樣完成體外轉錄。用Agilent 2500A GeneArray Scanner(U133A)或Affymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000(U133 Plus 2.0)對圖像進行掃描,用GCOS軟體(Affymetrix公司)在所有參數默認設置情況下對資料進行分析。為了實現標準化,使用
了Affymetrix公司提供的100種管家基因(housekeeping gene)。相對表達值用軟體給定的signal log ratio進行計算,正常腎組織樣本的值任意設置為1.0。
本發明的源基因在胃癌中高度過量表達的表達譜如圖2所示。
為了獲知關於本發明的TUMAP免疫原性方面的資訊,我們使用了Walter,S、Herrgen,L、Schoor,O、Jung,G、Wernet,D、Buhring,HJ、Rammensee,HG和Stevanovic,S等人2003年在Cutting edge:predetermined avidity of humanCD8T cells expanded on calibratedMHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres,J.Immunol.,171,4974-4978一文中所述的被廣為接受的體外刺激平臺進行了研究。用這種方法,本發明32種HLA-A*2402限制TUMAP都顯示出免疫原性,這表明這些肽為對抗人CD8+前體T細胞的T細胞表位(表4)。
為了用載有肽-MHC複合物(pMHC)和抗CD28抗體的人工抗原提呈細胞(aAPC)進行體外刺激,我們首先從Tuebingen血庫中獲取健康供體白細胞清除術後新鮮HLA-A*24產物而分離出CD8T細胞。
然後,以白細胞清除術所得產物直接豐富CD8T細胞,或首先運用標準梯度分離介質(PAA公司,Cölbe,德國)分離出PBMC(外周血單核細胞)。分離出的CD8淋巴細胞或PBMC使用前在T細胞培養基(TCM)中培養,培養基包括RPMI-Glutamax(Invitrogen公司,Karlsruhe,德國)並補充10%熱滅活人AB血清(PAN-Biotech公司,Aidenbach,德國)、100U/ml青黴素/100μg/ml鏈黴素(Cambrex公
司,Cologne,德國),1mM丙酮酸鈉(CC Pro公司,Oberdorla,德國)和20μg/ml慶大黴素(Cambrex公司)。在此步驟,2.5ng/ml的IL-7(PromoCell公司,Heidelberg,德國)和10U/ml的IL-2(Novartis Pharma公司,Nürnberg,德國)也加入TCM。CD8+淋巴細胞使用MicroBeads(Miltenyi Biotec公司,Bergisch-Gladbach,德國)通過正向選擇進行分離。
pMHC/抗-CD28塗層珠的生成、T細胞的刺激和讀出方法如前所述(Walter et al.4974-78)並作微小改動。簡言之,製備了缺乏跨膜域和在重鏈羧基端生物素化的生物素化載肽重組HLA-A*2402分子。純化的共刺激小鼠IgG2a抗人CD28抗體9.3(Jung,Ledbetter,and Muller-Eberhard 4611-15)使用製造商(Perbio公司,波恩,德國)推薦的N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺生物素進行化學生物素化處理。所用珠為5.6μm的大鏈黴抗生物素蛋白包裹的多聚苯乙烯顆粒(Bangs Labooratories,伊利諾州,美國)。作為對照的pMHC分別為A*0201/MLA-001(從Melan-A/MART-1中修飾制得的肽ELAGIGILTV)和A*0201/DDX5-001(從DDX5中獲得的YLLPAIVHI)。
800.000珠/200μl包裹於96孔板,以600ng生物素抗CD28+200ng相關生物素pMHC(高密度珠)存在。在37℃下,在含5ng/ml IL-12(PromoCell)的200μl TCM中共培養1×106 CD8+T細胞與2×105的清洗塗層珠3至4天,從而在96孔板中啟動刺激。之後,一半培養基與補充80U/ml IL-2的新鮮TCM進行交換,並且在37℃下持續培養3至4天。這種刺激週期總共進行3次。最後,用Live/dead-Aqua染料(Invitrogen公司,Karlsruhe,德國)、CD8-FITC抗體克隆SK1(BD公司,Heidelberg,德國)和PE-或APC-耦合A*2402MHC多聚體染色而執
行多聚體分析。對於分析,使用了配有合適鐳射儀和篩檢程序的BD LSRII SORP細胞儀。肽特異性細胞以占總CD8+細胞的百分比形式進行計算。多聚體分析結果使用FlowJo軟體(Tree Star公司,Oregon,美國)進行評估。特定多聚體+CD8+淋巴細胞的體外填裝用適當的門控技術以及與陰性對照刺激組比較而進行檢測。如果健康供體中的至少一個可評價的體外刺激孔在體外刺激後發現含有特異性CD8+T細胞株(即該孔包含至少1%特定多聚體+CD8+T細胞,並且特定多聚體+的百分比至少為陰性對照刺激中位數的10倍),則檢測給定抗原的免疫原性。
對於54種測試之HLA-A*2402肽中之47種及3種測試之HLA-A*0201肽中之3種,可藉由產生肽特異性T細胞株來證明活體外免疫原性。圖3中展示本發明之兩種肽以及相應陰性對照在TUMAP特異性多聚體染色後之例示性流式細胞分析儀結果。本發明之54種A*2402及3種A*0201之結果概述於表4中。
下列肽已在Immatics之其他申請案中描述且包括在疫苗IMA901(MET-001及TOP-001)、IMA910(MET-001及TOP-001)及IMA950(IGF2BP3-001)。舉例來說,MET-001可導致特別好的活體內反應,此結果可被視為作為本發明之肽在臨床上有用的證據。
所做的體外免疫原性實驗的結果顯示所評估之陽性受測試供體和板孔的百分比。每個肽至少評估四個供體和48個板孔。
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Claims (5)
- 一種肽之用途,該肽係選自a)根據SEQ ID NO:63的序列所組成之肽,b)根據a)之肽,其中該肽包括非肽鍵,及c)根據a)之肽,其中該肽為融合蛋白之部分,其係用作製造治療癌症之藥劑,其中該癌症係選自胃癌或胃腸癌。
- 如請求項1的用途,其中該融合蛋白包含HLA-DR抗原相關不變鏈(Ii)的N-端氨基酸。
- 一種啟動的細胞毒性T淋巴細胞(CTL)的用途,其係用作製造治療癌症之藥劑,其中該癌症係選自胃癌或胃腸癌,其中該CTL係藉由活體外的方法製備,該方法包括在活體外將CTL與表面表達載有人I類MHC分子的抗原的抗原呈現細胞或人工構築模仿抗原呈現細胞接觸足夠的一段時間從而以抗原特異性方式啟動CTL,其中該抗原為請求項1 a)的肽,該淋巴細胞會選擇性地識別一種細胞,該細胞異常表現包含請求項1 a)中所述氨基酸序列的多肽。
- 一種於活體外診斷胃癌或胃腸癌之方法,其包含將特異性結合MHC/具有SEQ ID NO:63所組成之肽的MHC的肽複合體之抗體與獲自個體之生物樣本接觸。
- 一種特異性結合MHC/具有SEQ ID NO:63所組成之肽的MHC的肽複合體之抗體之用途,其係用於製備用以治療胃癌或胃腸癌之藥劑。
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