TWI603996B - Polycarbonate copolymer, coating liquid using the same, and electrophotographic photoreceptor - Google Patents
Polycarbonate copolymer, coating liquid using the same, and electrophotographic photoreceptor Download PDFInfo
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- TWI603996B TWI603996B TW102121725A TW102121725A TWI603996B TW I603996 B TWI603996 B TW I603996B TW 102121725 A TW102121725 A TW 102121725A TW 102121725 A TW102121725 A TW 102121725A TW I603996 B TWI603996 B TW I603996B
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- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 title claims description 117
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 title claims description 54
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 38
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims description 38
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 title claims description 38
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- HTVITOHKHWFJKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol B Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(CC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HTVITOHKHWFJKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 4
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 174
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 107
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 90
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 65
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 63
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 63
- -1 bisphenol compound Chemical class 0.000 description 47
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 44
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 35
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 31
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 29
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 26
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 25
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 24
- NZGQHKSLKRFZFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NZGQHKSLKRFZFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 description 17
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 14
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydrogensulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229920005668 polycarbonate resin Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000004431 polycarbonate resin Substances 0.000 description 11
- QHPQWRBYOIRBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QHPQWRBYOIRBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N (2s)-2-[[4-[2-(2,4-diaminoquinazolin-6-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]-4-methylidenepentanedioic acid Chemical compound C1=CC2=NC(N)=NC(N)=C2C=C1CCC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=C)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- AOGYCOYQMAVAFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorocarbonic acid Chemical group OC(Cl)=O AOGYCOYQMAVAFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 8
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 8
- FZFAMSAMCHXGEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro formate Chemical compound ClOC=O FZFAMSAMCHXGEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)(Cl)Cl UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SDDLEVPIDBLVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol Z Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)CCCCC1 SDDLEVPIDBLVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000006085 branching agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heliogen blue Chemical compound [Cu].[N-]1C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=NC([N-]1)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M (4z)-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-[[1-(3-methylbutyl)quinolin-1-ium-4-yl]methylidene]quinoline;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C12=CC=CC=C2N(CCC(C)C)C=CC1=CC1=CC=[N+](CCC(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(Cl)Cl QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UXDBPOWEWOXJCE-DIPNUNPCSA-N 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OCCN)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC UXDBPOWEWOXJCE-DIPNUNPCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LWHDQPLUIFIFFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,5,6-tetrabromocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound BrC1=C(Br)C(=O)C(Br)=C(Br)C1=O LWHDQPLUIFIFFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl phthalate Chemical class COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000180 alkyd Polymers 0.000 description 4
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoquinolinylidene Natural products C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000005626 carbonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-propanol Substances CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012696 Interfacial polycondensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000004640 Melamine resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trichloroethane Chemical compound ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QNLZIZAQLLYXTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene Chemical class C1=CC=CC2=C(C)C(C)=CC=C21 QNLZIZAQLLYXTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIAFKZKHHVMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1O UIAFKZKHHVMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GJYCVCVHRSWLNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butylphenol Chemical compound CCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O GJYCVCVHRSWLNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-oxazine Chemical compound N1OC=CC=C1 BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HXDOZKJGKXYMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethylphenol Chemical compound CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HXDOZKJGKXYMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRFVTYWOQMYALW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)NC2=C1NC=N2 LRFVTYWOQMYALW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101000972449 Homo sapiens Sperm-egg fusion protein LLCFC1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
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- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 102100022736 Sperm-egg fusion protein LLCFC1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXUOOJQLWGESL-UHFFFAOYSA-K [Ru](Cl)(Cl)Cl.[C] Chemical compound [Ru](Cl)(Cl)Cl.[C] NIXUOOJQLWGESL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000113 methacrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 229940050176 methyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M methylene blue Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YYGBVRCTHASBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M methylene green Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=C([N+]([O-])=O)C2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 YYGBVRCTHASBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229960000907 methylthioninium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002762 monocarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002791 naphthoquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NTPMRTUYLKDNSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N night blue Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C1C(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C(NC=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC=1)=C1C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C1 NTPMRTUYLKDNSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012766 organic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QBDSZLJBMIMQRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-Cumylphenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 QBDSZLJBMIMQRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKTOLZVEWDHZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cumyl phenol Natural products CC1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1 NKTOLZVEWDHZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- BNIXVQGCZULYKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentachloroethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl BNIXVQGCZULYKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrridine Natural products C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=NC2=C1 RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006287 phenoxy resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013034 phenoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004714 phosphonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pibenzimol Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=CC=C(N=C(N2)C=3C=C4NC(=NC4=CC=3)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C2=C1 INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OXNIZHLAWKMVMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N picric acid Chemical compound OC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O OXNIZHLAWKMVMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006350 polyacrylonitrile resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002098 polyfluorene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005990 polystyrene resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- KCTAWXVAICEBSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enoyloxy prop-2-eneperoxoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OOOC(=O)C=C KCTAWXVAICEBSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940065287 selenium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003343 selenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylphosphanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IBWGNZVCJVLSHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC IBWGNZVCJVLSHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(=O)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1=O UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AUHHYELHRWCWEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachlorophthalic anhydride Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1Cl AUHHYELHRWCWEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoethylene Chemical group N#CC(C#N)=C(C#N)C#N NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001016 thiazine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004897 thiazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JOUDBUYBGJYFFP-FOCLMDBBSA-N thioindigo Chemical compound S\1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C/1=C1/C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2S1 JOUDBUYBGJYFFP-FOCLMDBBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanic acid Chemical compound O[Ti](O)(O)O LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000001003 triarylmethane dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JEVGKYBUANQAKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N victoria blue R Chemical compound [Cl-].C12=CC=CC=C2C(=[NH+]CC)C=CC1=C(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 JEVGKYBUANQAKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl-ethylene Natural products C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940075420 xanthine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
- C08G64/06—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
- C08G64/06—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation
- C08G64/14—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation containing a chain-terminating or -crosslinking agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D169/00—Coating compositions based on polycarbonates; Coating compositions based on derivatives of polycarbonates
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- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
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- G03G5/0525—Coating methods
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- G03G5/14708—Cover layers comprising organic material
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Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
- Polyethers (AREA)
Description
本發明係關於聚碳酸酯共聚物、使用其之塗佈液、及電子照相感光體。
聚碳酸酯樹脂由於機械性質或熱性質、電性質優異,故可使用於各種產業領域中之成形品之原材料中。近年來,聚碳酸酯樹脂亦同時利用其光學性質等而大量使用於功能性製品之領域中。因此,隨著該用途領域之擴大,對於聚碳酸酯樹脂之要求性能亦多樣化,不只是過去以來使用之聚碳酸酯樹脂,亦提案有具有各種化學構造之聚碳酸酯樹脂。
功能性製品之一例有將聚碳酸酯樹脂作為電荷產生材料或電荷輸送材料之功能性材料之黏結劑樹脂而使用之有機電子照相感光體。
該有機電子照相感光體根據所應用之電子照相製程,而要求具備特定之感度或電特性、光學特性。電子照相感光體由於在其感光層之表面上重複地進行電暈帶電、碳粉顯像、對紙之轉印、清潔處理等操作,故在每次進行該等
操作時會施加電、機械外力。因此,為了維持長期間內之電子照相之畫質,故而對設置在電子照相感光體表面上之感光層要求對該等外力之耐久性。且,有機電子照相感光體通常係將功能性材料與黏結劑樹脂一起溶解於有機溶劑中,於導電性基板等上進行澆鑄製膜而製造,故要求對有機溶劑之溶解性.安定性。
過去,雖使用以2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丙烷或2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)環己烷等作為原料之聚碳酸酯樹脂作為感光體用黏結劑樹脂,但在耐久性方面並無法充分滿足。作為耐久性之改善對策之一,係考慮提高感光層之耐磨耗性。至於有效用於提高感光層之耐磨耗性之技術已知有聚碳酸酯共聚物(例如參考文獻1(特開平4-179961號公報)、文獻2(特開2011-26574號公報)及文獻3(特開2011-26575號公報)。
文獻1中記載之樹脂,係在具有有助於溶解性之雙酚Z骨架之成分中使具有有助於耐磨耗性之雙酚骨架之成分共聚合而製造聚碳酸酯共聚物,獲得耐磨耗性比雙酚Z型聚碳酸酯均聚物更良好之結果。
又,關於文獻2及文獻3中記載之聚碳酸酯共聚物,係記載使由雙酚化合物之低聚體數寡聚物衍生之骨架中,以與該骨架之雙酚不同之雙酚且耐磨耗性良好之雙酚骨架以共聚合比成為25莫耳%以上50莫耳%之方式,共聚合而得到之聚碳酸酯共聚物。
文獻4(特表2007-536420號公報)及文獻5(日本
專利2568352號公報)中揭示包含二苯基醚骨架之共聚合聚碳酸酯樹脂。
然而,文獻1中記載之前述聚碳酸酯共聚物中,有助於耐磨耗性提高之雙酚成分之含量與成為原料之分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之寡聚物為2~4聚物亦有關,在共聚物中所佔比例之極限為23莫耳%左右。因此,為提高雙酚成分之含量,以文獻1中記載之方法製造雙酚之寡聚物後,會析出不溶成分而無法合成。且,混合雙酚Z單體與雙酚而製造聚碳酸酯共聚物後,溶解有所得聚碳酸酯共聚物之溶液會有產生白濁之問題。
另外,近年來關於有機電子照相感光體,期望高耐久化,即使是使用文獻2及文獻3中記載之聚碳酸酯共聚物之有機電子照相感光體,仍要求耐磨耗性之進一步提升。
另外,文獻4中係記載關於前述聚碳酸酯共聚物之熔融成型用途,但關於塗佈用途並未記載或關於耐磨耗性等也未記載。另外,該文獻4之實施例中揭示之使二苯基醚骨架與聯酚骨架共聚合成之聚碳酸酯樹脂,或取代聯酚而使雙酚A骨架共聚合之聚碳酸酯樹脂,認為耐磨耗性或溶解性、透明性、電特性等會因構造或製造方法而劣化。
另外,文獻5中記載之使用含二苯基醚骨架之聚碳酸酯共聚物之有機電子照相感光體,若增加二苯基醚骨架之含量,則其製法上,二苯基醚骨架構造容易生成二鏈或三鏈構造,預測容易產生溶解性、透明性、電特性、機械特性之下降。
因此本發明之目的係提供一種耐磨耗性及對有機溶劑之溶解性優異之聚碳酸酯共聚物、使用其之塗佈液、及使用該聚碳酸酯共聚物或塗佈液之電子照相感光體,且係耐磨耗性優異、不易引起機械劣化之電子照相感光體。
本發明人等為解決前述課題而積極研究之結果,發現將包含由二羥基二苯基醚衍生之基之重複單位與包含特定基之重複單位設計成最適組成,可獲得具有極高耐磨耗性之聚碳酸酯共聚物。且藉由於原料中使用低聚體數寡聚物,可抑制二苯基醚骨架之結晶化,獲得溶液安定性優異、抑制了溶液白濁化之聚合物。本發明係基於上述見解而完成者。
亦即,本發明提供如以下之聚碳酸酯共聚物、使用其之塗佈液及電子照相感光體。
本發明之聚碳酸酯共聚物之特徵為具有以下述通式(1)表示之重複單位A及以下述通式(2)表示之重複單位B,且以Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)表示之存在比為35莫耳%以上75莫耳%以下,以Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)表示之存在比為25莫耳%以上65莫耳%以下,
(式中,Ar1為以下述通式(3)表示之基,Ar2為以下述
通式(4)表示之基),
[通式(3)、(4)中,R1~R4為碳數1~5之氟烷基,碳數1~5之烷基,或碳數1~5之烷氧基,R5~R6為氫原子,或碳數1~2之烷基,p1~p4為0~4之整數,於芳香環上取代有2個以上之R1~R4時(p1~p4≧2)),R1~R4彼此相同或不同,且,R5~R6彼此不同]。
另外,本發明之聚碳酸酯共聚物較好以前述通式(1)及前述通式(2)表示之重複單位之鏈末端係以1價芳香族基或1價含氟脂肪族基封端。
又,本發明之聚碳酸酯共聚物較好係以下述式(13)及(14)表示之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之至少一者作為原料,且前述雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之平均聚體數(n)為1.0以上1.99以下,
再者,本發明之聚碳酸酯共聚物較好以前述通式(4)表示之基為由2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷衍生之2價之基。
另一方面,本發明之塗佈液之特徵為包含前述之本發明之聚碳酸酯共聚物及有機溶劑。
另外,本發明之電子照相感光體為於導電性基板上設置有感光層之電子照相感光體,其特徵為包含前述之本發明之聚碳酸酯共聚物作為前述感光層之一成分。
依據本發明,可提供耐磨耗性、及對有機溶劑之溶解性優異之聚碳酸酯共聚物、使用其之塗佈液、以及使用該聚碳酸酯共聚物或塗佈液之電子照相感光體,且係耐磨耗性優異、不易引起機械性劣化之電子照相感光體。
以下針對本發明之聚碳酸酯共聚物(以下簡稱為「PC共聚物」)、使用該PC共聚物之塗佈液、及電子照相感光體加以詳細說明。
本發明之PC共聚物具有以下述通式(1)表示之重複單位A、以下述通式(2)表示之重複單位B,且以Ar1/
(Ar1+Ar2)表示之存在比為35莫耳%以上75莫耳%以下,以Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)表示之存在比為25莫耳%以上65莫耳%以下,
(式中,Ar1為以下述通式(3)表示之基,Ar2為以下述通式(4)表示之基),
[通式(3)、(4)中,R1~R4為碳數1~5之氟烷基,碳數1~5之烷基,或碳數1~5之烷氧基,R5~R6為氫原子,或碳數1~2之烷基,p1~p4為0~4之整數,於芳香環上取代有2個以上之R1~R4時(p1~p4≧2)),R1~R4彼此相同或不同,且,R5~R6彼此不同]。
本發明之PC共聚物中,Ar1之骨架單位之含量為35莫耳%以上75莫耳%以下,較好為40莫耳%以上75莫耳%以下,最好為45莫耳%以上72莫耳%以下。
Ar1超過75莫耳%時,容易引起規則性高之二羥基二苯基醚構造結晶化,使溶解性下降。未達35莫耳%時,對機械特性及磨蝕磨耗(abrasive wear)、凝著磨耗等之所有磨耗模式之耐磨耗性不充分。上述之莫耳%係以百分比表示以Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)表示之莫耳共聚合組成之值。又,所謂機械特性係指不易引起機械劣化之特性。
本發明之PC共聚物中,Ar2之骨架單位之含量為25莫耳%以上65莫耳%以下,較好為25莫耳%以上60莫耳%以下,最好為28莫耳%以上55莫耳%以下。Ar2之骨架單位超過65莫耳%時,Ar1之骨架單位之比例減少,會有無法均衡地獲得由Ar1之骨架單位所致之效果與由Ar2之骨架單位所致之效果之虞。且溶解性變得過高,相反地耐溶劑性變差,並容易發生龜裂。Ar2之骨架單位少於25莫耳%時,Ar2之效果不充分,針對PC共聚物,耐磨耗性及溶解性不充分。
上述通式(3)、(4)中,構成R1~R4之碳數1~5之烷基列舉為直鏈烷基或分支烷基。例如,甲基、乙基、各種丙基、各種丁基、各種戊基,且亦可為環戊基等之環狀烷基。
構成R1~R4之碳數1~5之氟烷基列舉為於上述碳數1~5之烷基上取代1或2個以上之氟原子之基,例如三氟
甲基。
碳數1~5之烷氧基列舉為甲氧基、乙氧基。
上述通式(4)中,構成R5、R6之碳數1~2之烷基列舉為例如甲基、乙基。
具有以上述通式(1)表示之重複單位A、以上述通式(2)表示之重複單位B之PC共聚物較好為以下述通式(10)表示者。
上述通式(10)中,a表示以前述通式(1)表示之重複單位A之重複數,b表示以前述通式(2)表示之重複單位B之重複數。
a為Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2),且如前述說明較好為0.35以上0.75以下,b為Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2),且較好為0.25以上0.65以下。
本發明之PC共聚物中,為以前述通式(1)及前述通式(2)表示之重複單位之鏈末端經一價芳香族基或一價含氟脂肪族基封端之PC共聚物時,就電特性之改善而言係較佳。
一價芳香族基亦可為含有烷基等之脂肪族基之基。一價含氟脂肪族基亦可為含有芳香族基之基。
構成末端基之一價芳香族基較好為碳數6~12之芳基。此種芳基列舉為例如苯基或聯苯基。於芳香族基或附加於芳香族基之烷基等之脂肪族基上所附加之取代基列舉為
氟原子、氯原子、溴原子等鹵原子。且,作為附加於芳香族基之取代基舉例為碳數1~20之烷基。該烷基可為如上述之附加有鹵原子之基,亦可為附加有芳基之基。
至於構成末端基之一價含氟脂肪族基列舉為碳數1~20之含氟烷基。
本發明之PC共聚物中,以下述通式(13)及下述通式(14)所示之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之至少一者作為原料,且前述雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之平均聚體數(n)為1.0以上1.99以下時,就抑制Ar1之結晶化、溶液安定性優異之方面而言係較佳。
前述雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之平均聚體數(n)之更佳範圍為1.0以上1.50以下,更好為1.0以上1.30以下。
藉由使用平均聚體數為1.0以上1.99以下之範圍之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物,即使是前述通式(1)表示之結晶性高之Ar1骨架,亦可將PC共聚物中之Ar1骨架之3連體分率抑制在5莫耳%以下。其結果,由於可抑制PC共聚物之結晶化,故可成為溶液安定性優異之PC共聚物。上述Ar1骨架之3連體分率之更佳範圍為3mol%以下,又更好為1mol%以下。
此處,針對3連體及3連體分率加以說明。
關於單體單位A、B之鏈,單體單位連續3個並列者
定義為3連體。而且,全部3連體之合計莫耳數中之各3連體之莫耳數以百分率表示者設為3連體分率。
例如,以下所示之單體單位A、B之鏈中,除了存在以四方形包圍所表示之ABA、BAA以外,亦存在有以AAA、AAB、BBA、BAB、ABB、BBB表示之合計8種3連體。該鏈中,以百分率表示8種3連體合計之莫耳數中各3連體之莫耳數者稱為3連體分率。
藉由NMR-19C,下述通式中,以α及β表示之4位之碳顯示受左右骨架影響之固有偏移值。下述通式之情況係受到左右B骨架之影響。藉此以ABA、BAA、AAA、AAB、BBA、BAB、ABB、BBB表示之3連體圖型可以百分率得知個別包含多少。
另外,本發明之PC共聚物中,以前述通式(4)表示之基(亦即Ar2)較好為由2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷(以下亦稱為雙酚B)衍生之2價基。雙酚B於磨蝕磨耗具
有良好特性,且溶解性良好。另一方面,以前述通式(3)表示之基(亦即,Ar1)除機械特性良好以外,對於磨蝕磨耗、凝著磨耗等所有磨耗模式之耐磨耗性均良好。因此,以特定之共聚合比包含Ar1及Ar2之PC共聚物使用於電子照相感光體之感光層時,可提供耐久性極優異之電子照相感光體。
又,即使Ar2為雙酚B之情況時,PC共聚物中之Ar2之骨架單位之含量亦為25莫耳%以上65莫耳%以下,更好為28莫耳%以上50莫耳%以下。
本發明之PC共聚物係在例如酸結合劑存在下,使下述式(13)所示之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物與下述式(16)所示之二價酚性化合物進行界面聚縮合,或者,在酸結合劑存在下使下述式(14)所示之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物與下述式(15)所示之二價酚性化合物進行界面聚縮合而較好地獲得。該等反應可視需要在末端終止劑及分支劑之至少任一種存在下進行。
又,亦可混合使用下述式(13)及(14)所示之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物,使下述式(15)或下述式(16)所示之二價酚性化合物進行界面聚縮合。
HO-Ar1-OH (15)
HO-Ar2-OH (16)
此處,前述通式(13)及(14)中之n表示雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之平均聚體數。前述通式(13)及(14)之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物中,其平均聚體數為1.0以上1.99以下之範圍。藉由使用平均聚體數為1.0以上1.99以下之範圍之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物,使本發明之PC共聚物之製造變得容易。
平均聚體數n之計算方法列舉為於實施例中後述之方法。且,例如以莫耳比1:1使前述通式(13)所示之平均聚體數1.0之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物與前述通式(15)所示之輔單體的二價酚性化合物反應,亦有不易使Ar1之存在比成為50莫耳%之情況。其原因係形成Ar1寡聚物後,與包含Ar2之單體反應時,會有Ar1寡聚物末端之氯甲酸酯基與反應系內存在之鹼反應而成為羥基,使其與末端氯之Ar1寡聚物聚縮合之情況。
本發明之PC共聚物之製造方法所使用之以前述通式(13)及(14)所示之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物係由以前述通式(15)及(16)所示之雙酚化合物衍生而成。
以前述通式(16)表示之雙酚化合物列舉為例如2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷、2,2-雙(3-甲基-4-羥基苯基)丁烷、2,2-雙(3-三氟甲基-4-羥基苯基)丁烷、2,2-雙(3-甲氧基-4-羥基苯基)丁烷、1,1-雙(4-羥基苯基)乙烷、1,1-雙(3-甲基-4-羥基苯基)乙烷、1,1-雙(3-三氟甲基-
4-羥基苯基)乙烷、1,1-雙(4-羥基苯基)丙烷、1,1-雙(3-甲基-4-羥基苯基)丙烷。
其中,以2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷、1,1-雙(4-羥基苯基)乙烷較佳,如前述,尤其就獲得對磨蝕磨耗之耐磨耗性優異之PC共聚物而言,更好為2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷。另外,該等雙酚化合物在應用作為電子照相感光體用之PC共聚物時,由於可成為良好的塗佈液故較佳。又,該等雙酚化合物可單獨使用1種,亦可併用2種以上。
接著,以前述通式(15)表示之雙酚化合物列舉為例如4,4-二羥基二苯基醚、雙(3-甲基-4-羥基苯基)醚、雙(3-三氟甲基-4-羥基苯基)醚、雙(3-甲氧基-4-羥基苯基)醚、雙(3-乙基-4-羥基苯基)醚、3,3-二羥基二苯基醚、雙(3-丙基-4-羥基苯基)醚。
其中,以4,4-二羥基二苯基醚較佳,如前述,就獲得對於磨蝕磨耗、凝著磨耗等之所有磨耗模式之耐磨耗性良好之PC共聚物而言係較佳。
雖為前述之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚,但就耐磨耗性之觀點而言,係實質上不可能合成均聚物對於二氯甲烷之溶解度為2質量%以下,且以界面聚縮合法進行之聚碳酸酯合成反應中,因結晶化而數平均分子量為10000以上之均聚物的二價酚單體。
又,對於二氯甲烷之溶解度是否為2質量%以下可藉由在室溫下將有機溶劑含量為500質量ppm以下之黏度
平均分子量在15000~30000之範圍的固體狀之均聚物2質量份浸漬在二氯甲烷98質量份中,放置24小時後,經固液分離,使固體側乾燥而求得之質量減少是否為0.04質量份以上而確認。
用於生成鏈末端之前述末端終止劑可使用一價酚、一元羧酸與其衍生物。
列舉為例如對-第三丁基酚、對-苯基酚、對-異丙苯基酚、對-全氟壬基酚、對-(全氟壬基苯基)酚、對-(全氟己基)酚、對-第三-全氟丁基酚、全氟辛基酚、全氟己基酚、1-(對-羥基苄基)全氟癸烷、對-[2-(1H,1H-全氟三-十二烷氧基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙基]酚、3,5-雙(全氟己氧基羰基)酚、對-羥基苯甲酸全氟十二烷、對-(1H,1H-全氟辛氧基)酚等。
另外,末端終止劑亦較好使用以下述式(30)或(31)表示之含氟醇,或1,1,1,3,3,3-四氟-2-丙醇等。且亦較好使用以下述式(32)、(33)、(34)表示之介隔醚鍵之含氟醇。
H(CF2)nCH2OH...(30)
F(CF2)mCH2OH...(31)[通式(30)中,n為1~12之整數,通式(31)中,m為1~12之整數]。
F-(CF2)n 31-OCF2CH2-OH (32)
F-(CF2CF2)n 32-(CF2CF2O)n 33-CF2CH2-OH (33)
C(R)3-(CF2)n 35-O-(CF2CF2O)n 34-CF2CH2-OH (34)[通式(32)中,n31為1~10之整數,通式(33)中,n32為0~5之整數,n33為1~5之整數,通式(34)中,n34為1~5之整數,n35為0~5之整數,R為CF3或F]。
又,前述通式(32)中,n31較好為5~8之整數。且,通式(33)中,n32較好為0~3之整數,n33較好為1~3之整數。再者,通式(34)中,n34較好為1~3之整數,n35較好為0~3之整數。
上述之介隔醚鍵之含氟醇列舉為例如以下之化合物。
該等末端終止劑之添加比例,以Ar1骨架單位、Ar2骨架單位及鏈末端之莫耳共聚合組成比計,為0.05莫耳%以上30莫耳%以下,更好為0.1莫耳%以上10莫耳%以下,該比例超過30莫耳%時有導致機械強度下降之情況,未達0.05莫耳%時有導致成形性下降之情況。
且,一價酚亦可較好地使用以一價之有機矽氧烷改質苯基作為一價酚之化合物。
至於一價有機矽氧烷改質苯基為例如以下述式(9)表示之基。
此種一價有機矽氧烷改質苯基列舉為例如以下者。
使用具有一價有機矽氧烷改質苯基之PC共聚物作為黏結劑樹脂之電子照相感光體可降低碳粉等異物之附著。
展現上述效果時必要之一價有機矽氧烷改質苯基之比例相對於PC共聚物全體為0.01質量%以上50質量%以下。更好為0.1質量%以上20質量%以下,最好為0.5質量%以上10質量%以下。
另外,分支劑之具體例列舉為氯甘胺酸、連苯三酚(
pyrogallol)、4,6-二甲基-2,4,6-參(4-羥基苯基)-2-庚烯、2,6-二甲基-2,4,6-參(4-羥基苯基)-3-庚烯、2,4-二甲基-2,4,6-參(4-羥基苯基)庚烷、1,3,5-參(2-羥基苯基)苯、1,3,5-參(4-羥基苯基)苯、1,1,1-參(4-羥基苯基)乙烷、參(4-羥基苯基)苯基甲烷、2,2-雙[4,4-雙(4-羥基苯基)環己基]丙烷、2,4-雙[2-雙(4-羥基苯基)-2-丙基]酚、2,6-雙(2-羥基-5-甲基苄基)-4-甲基酚、2-(4-羥基苯基)-2-(2,4-二羥基二苯基)丙烷、肆(4-羥基苯基)甲烷、肆[4-(4-羥基苯基異丙基)苯氧基]甲烷、2,4-二羥基苯甲酸、均苯三酸(trimesic acid)、氰尿酸、3,3-雙(3-甲基-4-羥基苯基)-2-氧代-2,3-二氫吲哚、3,3-雙(4-羥基芳基)氧基吲哚、5-氯靛紅、5,7-二氯靛紅、5-溴靛紅等。
該等分支劑之添加量以莫耳共聚組成比計為30莫耳%以下,較好為5莫耳%以下,其超過30莫耳%時有導致成形性下降之情況。
進行界面聚縮合時,作為酸結合劑列舉為例如氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化鋰、氫氧化銫等鹼金屬氫氧化物,或氫氧化鎂、氫氧化鈣等鹼土類金屬氫氧化物、碳酸鈉、碳酸鉀、乙酸鈣等鹼金屬弱酸鹽、鹼土類金屬弱酸鹽、吡啶等有機鹼,較好為氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化鈣等鹼金屬氫氧化物、鹼土類金屬氫氧化物。又,該等酸結合劑亦可以混合物使用。酸結合劑之使用比例亦考慮反應之化學計量比(當量)適當調製即可。具體而言,只要原料的
二價酚之羥基之合計每1莫耳使用1當量或比其過量之量,較好為1~10當量之酸結合劑即可。
此處使用之溶劑只要對所得共聚物顯示一定以上之溶解性即沒問題。列舉較佳者為例如甲苯、二甲苯等芳香族烴、或二氯甲烷、氯仿、1,1-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、1,1,1,2-四氯乙烷、1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷、五氯乙烷、氯苯等鹵化烴,環己酮、丙酮、苯乙酮等酮類,四氫呋喃、1,4-二噁烷等醚類等。該等溶劑可單獨使用1種,亦可組合2種以上使用。另外,亦可使用彼此不混合之2種溶劑進行界面聚縮合反應。
又,作為觸媒較佳者為三甲胺、或三乙胺、三丁基胺、N,N-二甲基環己基胺、吡啶、N,N-二乙基苯胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺等之三級胺、氯化三甲基苄基銨、氯化三乙基苄基銨、氯化三丁基苄基銨、氯化三辛基甲基胺、氯化四丁基銨、溴化四丁基銨等四級銨鹽,氯化四丁基鏻、溴化四丁基鏻等四級鏻鹽等。
另外,亦可視需要於該反應系中少量添加亞硫酸鈉或硫酸氫鹽等抗氧化劑。
本發明之PC共聚物之製造方法具體而言可以各種樣態實施,例如採用使前述式(15)之雙酚化合物與碳醯氯等反應,製造雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之低聚體數物,接著在前述溶劑及酸結合劑之鹼性水溶液之混合液存在下使前述式(16)與該雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物反應之方法,就可將前述通式(10)中之以Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)表示之存在比調整成較
佳範圍之觀點而言係較佳。
此處,所謂雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之低聚體數物係指前述通式(13)或(14)中,n之值為1.0以上1.99以下之範圍者。
製造該雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之方法使用以下述所示之方法製造者時,就可簡化PC共聚物製造時之洗淨步驟等方面而言係較佳。
至於製造前述通式(13)或(14)之n值在1.0以上1.99以下之範圍內之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之方法有後述製造例中所示之方法。
首先,使前述通式(15)或(16)之雙酚化合物懸浮於二氯甲烷等疏水性溶劑中,且添加碳醯氯形成混合溶液。另一方面,使三乙胺等三級胺溶解於二氯甲烷等疏水性溶劑中形成溶液,將該溶液滴加於前述混合溶液中,且在室溫以下之溫度反應。將鹽酸及純水添加於所得反應混合物之殘留液中進行洗淨,獲得含有低聚體數之聚碳酸酯寡聚物之有機層。
滴加溫度與反應時間通常為0~70℃,較好為5~65℃,滴加時間、反應時間均為15分鐘~4小時,較好為30分鐘~3小時左右。如此所得之聚碳酸酯寡聚物之平均聚體數(n)較好為1.00以上1.99以下,更好為1.00以上1.60以下。
將前述通式(15)或(16)所示之芳香族二價酚單體添加於含如此所得之低聚體數之雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物之有機
相中進行反應。反應溫度為0~150℃,較好為5~40℃,最好為10~25℃。
反應壓力為減壓、常壓、加壓之任一種,但通常可在常壓或反應系本身壓力左右下適當地進行。反應時間隨反應溫度而定,但通常為0.5分鐘~10小時,較好為1分鐘~3小時左右。
該反應中,前述通式(15)或(16)所示之芳香族二價酚單體宜以水溶液、或有機溶劑溶液添加。其添加順序並無特別限制。又,觸媒、末端終止劑及分支劑等,可在上述製造法中、視需要在雙氯甲酸酯寡聚物製造時、隨後之高分子量化之反應時之任一者,或者於其二者中添加而使用。
如此所得之PC共聚物為由以前述通式(1)表示之重複單位及以前述通式(2)表示之重複單位所成之共聚物。
且,該PC共聚物中,在不妨礙本發明目的達成之範圍內,亦可為含有具有Ar1及Ar2以外之構造單位之聚碳酸酯單位、或具有聚酯、聚醚構造單位之單位者。
又,使所得PC共聚物之比濃黏度(reduced viscosity)[ηsp/C]落在前述範圍可利用例如選擇前述反應條件、調節分支劑或末端終止劑之使用量等各種方法進行。另外,視情況,亦可藉由對所得PC共聚物施以適當之物理處理(混合、分離等)及/或化學處理(聚合物反應、交聯處理、部分分解處理等)獲得特定比濃黏度[ηsp/C]之PC共
聚物。
且,所得反應產物(粗產物)可施以習知之分離純化法等各種後處理,回收期望純度(純化度)者作為PC共聚物。
本發明之塗佈液至少包含本發明之PC共聚物、及可溶解或分散該PC共聚物之溶劑。另外,塗佈液中亦可包含上述以外之低分子化合物、染料、顏料等著色劑、電荷輸送材、電子輸送材、電洞輸送材、電荷產生材料等功能性化合物,無機或有機填料、纖維、微粒子等填充材,抗氧化劑、紫外線吸收劑、酸捕捉劑等添加劑。樹脂以外亦可包含之物質之例列舉為例如後述之電子照相感光體之構成成分中所含者。另外,塗佈液在不損及本發明效果之範圍內亦可包含其他樹脂,其例列舉為下述電子照相感光體之構成成分之例。另外,本發明中使用之溶劑考慮到本PC共聚物、其他材料之溶解性、分散性、黏度、蒸發速度、化學安定性、對物理變化之安定性等,可單獨、或混合複數種溶劑使用。其例列舉為後述之電子照相感光體之構成成分之例。
本塗佈液中之共聚合成分之濃度只要符合該塗佈液之使用法之適當黏度即可,但較好為40質量%以上0.1質量%以下,更好為35質量%以上1質量%以下,最好為30質量%以上5質量%以下。超過40質量%時,由於黏
度過高故塗佈性變差。未達0.1質量%時,由於黏度太低故塗佈液會流動,無法獲得均質膜,且由於濃度過低,故塗佈之乾燥需要長時間,有無法達到目標膜厚之虞。
本發明之上述PC共聚物由於與前述電荷輸送物質之相溶性良好,故即使溶解於前述溶劑亦不會引起白化或凝膠化。據此,含有上述共聚物、電荷輸送物質及溶劑之本發明塗佈液可長期安定地保持而不會引起聚合物成分之白化或凝膠化。且使用該塗佈液形成電子照相感光體之感光層時,也不會引起感光層結晶化,可製作不會產生畫質狀缺陷之優異電子照相感光體。
另外本塗佈液中之PC共聚物與電荷輸送物質之比例通常以質量比計宜為20:80~80:20,較好為30:70~70:30。
本發明之塗佈液中,本發明之PC共聚物可單獨使用1種,亦可併用2種以上。
本發明之塗佈液通常較好地使用於感光層至少包含電荷產生層與電荷輸送層之層合型電子照相感光體之電荷輸送層之形成中。另外,上述塗佈液中,藉由進一步含有上述電荷產生物質,亦可使用於形成單層型之電子照相感光體之感光層。
本發明之電子照相感光體只要在感光層中使用上述PC共聚物,當然可為習知之各種形式之電子照相感光
體,任一種均可,但較好為感光層具有至少一層電荷產生層與至少一層電荷輸送層之層合型電子照相感光體,或一層中具有電荷產生層與電荷輸送層之單層型電子照相感光體。
PC共聚物亦可使用於感光層中之某一部分中,但為了充分發揮本發明之效果,宜使用作為電荷輸送層中之電荷移動物質之黏結劑樹脂,或使用作為單一感光層之黏結劑樹脂,或使用作為表面保護層。具有2層電荷輸送層之多層型電子照相感光體時,較好使用於任一電荷輸送層中。
本發明之電子照相感光體中,前述本發明之PC共聚物可單獨使用1種,亦可組合2種以上使用。且,依據期望,在不妨礙本發明目的之範圍內,亦可含有其他聚碳酸酯等之黏結劑樹脂成分。另外,亦可含有抗氧化劑等添加物。
本發明之電子照相感光體係於導電性基板上具有感光層者。感光層具有電荷產生層與電荷輸送層時,可於電荷產生層上層合電荷輸送層,且亦可於電荷輸送層上層合電荷產生層。另外,亦可為一層中同時含有電荷產生層與電荷輸送層者。再者,亦可視需要於表面層上形成導電性或絕緣性之保護膜。再者,亦可為形成有用於提高各層間之接著性之接著層或扮演電荷阻斷之角色之阻斷層等之中間層等者。
本發明之電子照相感光體中所用之導電性基板材料可
使用習知者等各種者,具體而言,可使用由鋁或鎳、鉻、鈀、鈦、鉬、銦、金、鉑、銀、銅、鋅、黃銅、不銹鋼、氧化鉛、氧化錫、氧化銦、ITO(氧化銦錫:摻雜錫之氧化銦)或石墨等所成之板或滾筒、薄片、及藉由蒸鍍、濺鍍、塗佈等塗覆等之經導電處理之玻璃、布、紙或塑膠之薄膜、薄片及無縫環帶、以及藉由電極氧化等進行金屬氧化處理之金屬滾筒等。
前述電荷產生層為至少具有電荷產生材料者,該電荷產生層可藉由在成為其底層之基板上以真空蒸鍍、濺鍍法等形成電荷產生材料之層,或於成為其底層之基板上形成使用黏結劑樹脂黏著電荷產生材料而成之層而得。使用黏結劑樹脂形成電荷產生層之方法可使用習知之方法等各種方法,但通常較好為將例如電荷產生材料與黏結劑樹脂一起分散或溶解於適當溶劑中之塗佈液塗佈於成為特定底層之基板上,並經乾燥而以濕式成形體獲得之方法。
前述電荷產生層中之電荷產生材料可使用習知各種者。具體之化合物列舉為非晶質硒、或三方晶硒等硒單體,硒-碲等之硒合金、As2Se3等硒化合物或含硒之組成物、氧化鋅、CdS-Se等之週期表第12族及第16族元素所成之無機材料、氧化鈦等氧化物系半導體、非晶矽等之矽材料、τ型無金屬酞菁顏料、χ型無金屬酞菁等之無金屬酞菁顏料、α型銅酞菁、β型銅酞菁、γ型銅酞菁、ε型銅酞菁、X型銅酞菁、A型鈦酞菁、B型鈦酞菁、C型鈦酞菁、D型鈦酞菁、E型鈦酞菁、F型鈦酞菁、G型鈦酞菁、H
型鈦酞菁、K型鈦酞菁、L型鈦酞菁、M型鈦酞菁、N型鈦酞菁、Y型鈦酞菁、含氧鈦酞菁、X射線繞射圖中之布拉格角2θ顯示於27.3±0.2度之強繞射波峰之鈦酞菁、鎵鈦菁等之金屬酞菁顏料、菁染料、蒽顏料、雙偶氮顏料、芘顏料、多環醌顏料、喹吖酮(quinacridone)顏料、靛青(indigo)顏料、苝(perylene)顏料、吡喃鎓鹽(pyrylium)染料、方酸鎓顏料、蒽嵌蒽醌(anthanthrone)顏料、苯并咪唑顏料、偶氮顏料、硫代靛青顏料、喹啉顏料、色澱顏料、噁嗪(oxazine)顏料、二噁嗪顏料、三苯基甲烷顏料、薁鎓染料、三芳基甲烷染料、黃嘌呤(xanthine)染料、噻嗪(thiazines)染料、噻喃鎓染料、聚乙烯基咔唑、雙苯并咪唑顏料等。該等化合物可為單獨1種或混合2種以上者,且可使用作為電荷產生物質。該等電荷產生物質中,較佳者為特開平11-172003號公報中具體記載者。
前述電荷輸送層可藉由於成為底層之基板上形成以黏結劑樹脂將電荷輸送物質黏結而成之層,以濕式成形體獲得。
前述電荷產生層或電荷輸送層之黏結劑樹脂並無特別限制,可使用習知之各種者。具體而言,列舉為聚苯乙烯、聚氯化乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、氯化乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚乙烯乙縮醛、醇酸樹脂、丙烯酸樹脂、聚丙烯腈、聚碳酸酯、聚胺基甲酸酯、環氧樹脂、酚樹脂、聚醯胺、聚酮、聚丙烯醯胺、丁醛樹脂、聚酯樹脂、偏氯化乙
烯-氯化乙烯共聚物、甲基丙烯酸樹脂、苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、偏氯化乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、氯化乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯-馬來酸酐共聚物、聚矽氧樹脂、聚矽氧-醇酸樹脂、酚-甲醛樹脂、苯乙烯-醇酸樹脂、三聚氰胺樹脂、聚醚樹脂、苯胍樹脂、環氧丙烯酸酯樹脂、胺基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯樹脂、聚-N-乙烯基咔唑、聚乙烯基縮丁醛、聚乙烯基縮甲醛、聚碸、酪蛋白、明膠、聚乙烯醇、乙基纖維素、硝基纖維素、羧基-甲基纖維素、偏氯亞乙烯系聚合物乳膠、丙烯腈-丁二烯共聚物、乙烯基甲苯-苯乙烯共聚物、大豆油改質醇酸樹脂、硝基化聚苯乙烯、聚甲基苯乙烯、聚異戊二烯、聚硫代碳酸酯、聚芳酸酯、聚鹵芳酸酯、聚烯丙基醚、聚丙烯酸乙烯酯、聚酯丙烯酸酯等。
該等可單獨使用1種,另亦可混合2種以上使用。又,電荷產生層或電荷輸送層中之黏結劑樹脂較好使用前述本發明之PC共聚物。
電荷輸送層之形成方法可使用習知之各種方式,但較好為將電荷輸送物質與本發明之PC共聚物一起分散或溶解於適當溶劑中之塗佈液塗佈於成為特定底層之基板上,並經乾燥,以濕式成形體獲得之方法。電荷輸送層形成中所用之電荷輸送物質與PC共聚物之調配比例以質量比計,較好為20:80~80:20,更好為30:70~70:30。
該電荷輸送層中,本發明之PC共聚物可單獨使用1種,亦可混合2種以上使用。且,在不妨礙本發明目的之範圍內,亦可併用其他黏結劑樹脂與本發明之PC共聚
物。
如此形成之電荷輸送層之厚度通常為5μm以上10μm以下左右,較好為10μm以上30μm以下。厚度未達5μm時會有初期電位降低之虞,超過100μm時會有導致電子照相特性降低之虞。
可與本發明之PC共聚物一起使用之電荷輸送物質可使用習知之各種化合物。此種化合物較好使用咔唑化合物、吲哚化合物、咪唑化合物、噁唑化合物、吡唑化合物、噁二唑化合物、吡唑啉化合物、噻二唑化合物、苯胺化合物、腙化合物、芳香族胺化合物、脂肪族胺化合物、二苯乙烯化合物、茀酮化合物、丁二烯化合物、醌化合物、醌二甲烷化合物、噻唑化合物、三唑化合物、咪唑酮化合物、咪唑啶化合物、雙咪唑啶化合物、噁唑酮化合物、苯并噻唑化合物、苯并咪唑化合物、喹唑啉化合物、苯并呋喃化合物、吖啶化合物、菲啶化合物、聚-N-乙烯基咔唑、聚乙烯基芘、聚乙烯基蒽、聚乙烯基吖啶、聚-9-乙烯基苯基蒽、芘-甲醛樹脂、乙基咔唑樹脂、或主鏈或側鏈上具有該等構造之聚合物等。該等化合物可單獨使用1種,亦可組合2種以上使用。
該等電荷輸送物質中,最好使用特開平11-172003號公報中具體例示之化合物,及以下述構造表示之電荷輸送物質。
又,本發明之電子照相感光體中,較好在電荷產生層及電荷輸送層之至少任一層中使用本發明之PC共聚物作為黏結劑樹脂。
本發明之電子照相感光體中,在前述導電性基板與感光層之間可設置如通常使用之底塗層。該底塗層可使用氧化鈦或氧化鋁、氧化鋯、鈦酸、鋯酸、鑭鉛、鈦黑、二氧
化矽、鈦酸鉛、鈦酸鋇、氧化錫、氧化銦、氧化矽等微粒子、聚醯胺樹脂、酚樹脂、酪蛋白、三聚氰胺樹脂、苯胍樹脂、聚胺基甲酸酯樹脂、環氧樹脂、纖維素、硝基纖維素、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基縮丁醛等之成分。又,該等底塗層所用之樹脂可使用前述黏結劑樹脂,亦可使用本發明之PC共聚物。該等微粒子或樹脂可單獨或混合各種使用。
以該等之混合物使用時,併用無機質微粒子與樹脂時,由於形成平滑性良好之皮膜故較佳。
該底塗層之厚度為0.01μm以上10μm以下,較好為0.1μm以上7μm以下。該厚度未達0.01μm時,難以均一形成底塗層,又超過10μm時會有電子照相特性降低之情況。另外,前述導電性基體與感光層之間可設置通常使用之習知阻斷層。該阻斷層可使用與前述之黏結劑樹脂相同之樹脂。且亦可使用本發明之PC共聚物。該阻斷層之厚度為0.01μm以上20μm以下,較好為0.1μm以上10μm以下。該厚度未達0.01μm時,難以均一形成阻斷層,且超過20μm時會有電子照相特性降低之情況。
再者,本發明之電子照相感光體亦可在感光層上層合保護層。該保護層可使用與前述黏結劑樹脂相同之樹脂。且,最好使用本發明之PC共聚物。該保護層之厚度為0.01μm以上20μm以下,較好為0.1μm以上10μm以下。而且,該保護層亦可含有前述電荷產生層、電荷輸送物質、添加劑、金屬或其氧化物、氮化物、鹽、合金、碳黑、有機導電性化合物等導電性材料。
再者,為提高該電子照相感光體之性能,前述電荷產生層及電荷輸送層中亦可添加結合劑、可塑劑、硬化觸媒、流動性賦予劑、針孔控制劑、分光感度增感劑(增感染料)。且,基於防止對於重複使用之殘留電位增加、靜電電位降低、感度降低之目的,可添加各種化學物質、抗氧化劑、界面活性劑、捲曲防止劑、平流劑等添加劑。
前述結合劑列舉為聚矽氧樹脂、聚醯胺樹脂、聚胺基甲酸酯樹脂、聚酯樹脂、環氧樹脂、聚酮樹脂、聚碳酸酯樹脂、聚苯乙烯樹脂、聚甲基丙烯酸酯樹脂、聚丙烯醯胺樹脂、聚丁二烯樹脂、聚異戊二烯樹脂、三聚氰胺樹脂、苯胍樹脂、聚氯丁二烯樹脂、聚丙烯腈樹脂、乙烯纖維素樹脂、硝基纖維素樹脂、脲樹脂、酚樹脂、苯氧樹脂、聚乙烯縮丁醛樹脂、縮甲醛樹脂、乙酸乙烯酯樹脂、乙酸乙烯酯/氯化乙烯共聚合樹脂、聚酯碳酸酯樹脂等。另外,亦可使用熱及/或光硬化性樹脂。任一種均為可以電絕緣性在通常狀態下形成皮膜之樹脂,只要在不損及本發明效果之範圍內則無特別限制。
前述可塑劑之具體例列舉為聯苯、氯化聯苯、鄰-三聯苯、鹵化鏈烷、二甲基萘、鄰苯二甲酸二甲酯、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯、鄰苯二甲酸二辛酯、二乙二醇鄰苯二甲酸酯、磷酸三苯酯、己二酸二異丁酯、癸二酸二甲酯、癸二酸二丁酯、月桂酸丁酯、甲基鄰苯二甲醯基乙基乙醇酸酯、二甲基二醇鄰苯二甲酸酯、甲基萘、二苯甲酮、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、氟烴等。
前述硬化觸媒之具體例列舉為甲烷磺酸、十二烷基苯磺酸、二壬基萘二磺酸等,至於流動性賦予劑列舉為MODAFLOW、ACRONAL 4F等,至於針孔控制劑列舉為苯偶因、鄰苯二甲酸二甲酯。該等可塑劑或硬化觸媒、流動賦予劑、針孔控制劑相對於前述電荷輸送物質,較好以5質量%以下使用。
另外,作為分光感度增感劑使用增感染料時,較好使用例如甲基紫、水晶紫、星空藍(night blue)、維多利亞藍等三苯基甲烷系染料,赤蘚紅、羅丹明(rhodamine)B、羅丹明3R、吖啶橙、富拉配歐辛等吖啶染料,亞甲基藍、亞甲基綠等噻嗪染料,卡布里藍(capri blue)、麥爾多藍(Meldola's blue)等之噁嗪染料,花菁染料、部花菁(merocyanine)染料、苯乙烯基染料、吡喃鎓鹽染料、噻喃鎓鹽染料等。
感光層中,以提高感度、減少殘留電位、降低反覆使用時之疲勞等為目的,可添加電子接受性物質。其具體例較好為琥珀酸酐、馬來酸酐、二溴馬來酸酐、鄰苯二甲酸酐、四氯鄰苯二甲酸酐、四溴鄰苯二甲酸酐、3-硝基鄰苯二甲酸酐、4-硝基鄰苯二甲酸酐、聯苯四酸酐、均苯三酸酐、四氰基乙烯、四氰基醌二甲烷、鄰-二硝基苯、間-二硝基苯、1,3,5-三硝基苯、對-硝基苄腈、氯化間三硝基苯(picryl chloride)、醌氯醯亞胺(quinonechloroimide)、四氯對苯醌(chloranil)、四溴對苯醌(bromanil)、苯醌、2,3-二氯苯醌、二氯二氰對苯醌、萘醌、聯苯醌(
diphenoquinone)、環庚二烯三酮(tropoquinone)、蒽醌、1-氯蒽醌、二硝基蒽醌、4-硝基二苯甲酮、4,4’-二硝基二苯甲酮、4-硝基苯并丙二腈、α-氰基-β-(對-氰苯基)丙烯酸乙酯、9-蒽基甲基丙二腈、1-氰基-(對-硝基苯基)-2-(對-氯苯基)乙烯、2,7-二硝基茀酮、2,4,7-三硝基茀酮、2,4,5,7-四硝基茀酮、9-亞茀基-(二氰亞甲基丙二腈)、聚硝基-9-亞茀基-(二氰亞甲基丙二腈)、苦味酸(picric acid)、鄰-硝基苯甲酸、對-硝基苯甲酸、3,5-二硝基苯甲酸、五氟苯甲酸、5-硝基水楊酸、3,5-二硝基水楊酸、鄰苯二甲酸、均苯三酸等電子親和力大之化合物。
該等化合物可加於電荷產生層、電荷輸送層之任一層中,其調配比例以電荷產生物質或電荷輸送物質之量作為100質量份時,為0.01質量份以上200質量份以下,較好為0.1質量份以上50質量份以下。
又,為了改良表面性,亦可使用四氟化乙烯樹脂、三氟化氯化乙烯樹脂、四氟化乙烯六氟化丙烯樹脂、氟化乙烯樹脂、偏氟化乙烯樹脂、二氟化二氯化乙烯樹脂及該等之共聚物、氟系接枝聚合物。該等表面改質劑之調配比例相對於前述黏結劑樹脂為0.1質量%以上60質量%以下,較好為5質量%以上40質量%以下。該調配比例少於0.1質量%時,表面耐久性、表面能量降低等之表面改質不充分,多於60質量%時,會導致電子照相特性之降低。
至於前述抗氧化劑較好為受阻酚系抗氧化劑、芳香族
胺系抗氧化劑、受阻胺系抗氧化劑、硫醚系抗氧化劑、有機磷酸系抗氧化劑等。該等抗氧化劑之調配比例相對於前述電荷輸送物質,通常為0.01質量%以上10質量%以下,較好為0.1質量%以上2質量%以下。
此種抗氧化劑之具體例以特開平11-172003號公報之說明書中記載之化學式[化94]~[化101]之化合物較佳。
該等抗氧化劑可單獨使用一種,亦可混合2種以上使用,而且除前述感光層以外,該等亦可添加於表面保護層或底塗層、阻斷層中。
前述電荷產生層、電荷輸送層形成時使用之前述溶劑之具體例列舉為例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯等芳香族系溶劑,丙酮、甲基乙基酮、環己酮等酮,甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇等醇,乙酸乙酯、乙基溶纖素等酯,四氯化碳、四溴化碳、氯仿、二氯甲烷、四氯乙烷等鹵化烴,四氫呋喃、二氧雜環戊烷、二噁烷等醚,二甲基甲醯胺、二甲基亞碸、二乙基甲醯胺等。該等溶劑可單獨使用1種,或者亦可混合2種以上之溶劑使用。
單層型電子照相感光體之感光層可使用前述電產生物質、電荷輸送物質、添加劑,且藉由應用本發明之黏結劑樹脂(PC共聚物)可容易地形成。另外,作為電荷輸送物質,較好添加前述之電洞輸送性物質及/或電子輸送性物質。電子輸送物質可較好地應用特開2005-139339號公報中例示者。
各層之塗佈可使用習知者等各種塗佈裝置進行,具體
而言可使用例如塗敷器、旋轉塗佈器、灣型塗佈器(bay coater)、片粒塗佈器(chip coater)、輥塗佈器、浸漬塗佈器、刮刀等進行。
電子照相感光體中之感光層厚度為5μm以上100μm以下,較好為8μm以上50μm以下,厚度未達5μm時,容易使初期電位降低,超過100μm時,會有電子照相特性降低之情況。電子照相感光體之製造中所用之電荷產生物質:黏結劑樹脂之比率以質量比計為1:99~30:70,較好為3:97~15:85。又,電荷輸送物質:黏結劑樹脂之比率以質量比計為10:90~80:20,較好為30:70~70:30。
如此獲得之本發明之電子照相感光體由於使用本發明之PC共聚物,故在製作感光層時塗佈液不會產生白濁,亦不會凝膠化。另外,由於感光層中具有包含本發明之PC共聚物之成形體(黏結劑樹脂),故為耐久性(耐磨耗性)優異,同時具有優異之電特性(靜電特性),可長時間維持優異之電子照相特性之感光體,可較好地應用於影印機(單色、多色、全彩;類比、數位)、印表機(雷射、LED、液晶快門)、傳真機、製版機、及具有該等複數種功能之機器等之各種電子照相領域。
又,使用本發明之電子照相感光體時,帶電係使用電暈放電(電暈管(corotron)、電暈梳(scorotron))、接觸帶電(帶電輥、靜電刷)等。帶電輥列舉為重疊DC帶電型或AC而成之DC帶電型。另外,曝光亦可採用鹵
素燈或螢光燈、雷射(半導體、He-Ne)、LED、感光體內部曝光方式之任一種。顯像係使用級聯顯像、二成分磁刷顯像、單成分絕緣碳粉顯像、單成分導電碳粉顯像等之乾式顯像方式或濕式顯像方式。轉印係使用電暈轉印、輥轉印、色帶轉印等之靜電轉印法,或壓力轉印法、黏著轉印法。定著係使用熱輥定著、輻射快速(radiant flash)定著、開放式定著、壓力定著等。另外,清潔.除電係使用刷毛清潔機、磁刷清潔機、靜電刷清潔機、磁輥清潔機、刮刀清潔機、及省略清潔機者等。另外,碳粉用之樹脂可使用苯乙烯系樹脂、苯乙烯-丙烯酸系共聚合樹脂、聚酯、環氧樹脂、環狀烴之聚合物等。碳粉之形狀可為球形亦可為不定形,亦可應用控制為一定形狀(旋轉橢圓體狀、馬鈴薯狀)者。碳粉亦可為粉碎型、懸浮聚合碳粉、乳化聚合碳粉、化學造粒碳粉、或者酯伸長碳粉之任一種。
接著以實施例及比較例更詳細說明本發明,但本發明並不受限於該等實施例,在不脫離本發明思想之範圍內可進行各種之變形及應用。
將4,4-二羥基二苯基醚(DHPE)45.2kg(224莫耳)懸浮於二氯甲烷1080L中,於其中添加碳醯氯66.0kg(
667莫耳)並溶解。在2.2~17.8℃下以2小時50分鐘內將使三乙胺44.0kg(435莫耳)溶解於二氯甲烷120L中之液體滴加於其中。在17.9℃~19.6℃攪拌30分鐘後,在14~20℃餾除二氯甲烷900L。於殘留液中添加純水210L、濃鹽酸1.2kg、硫酸氫鹽450g進行洗淨。隨後,以純水210L重複洗淨5次,獲得分子末端具有氯甲酸酯之DHPE寡聚物之二氯甲烷溶液。所得溶液之氯甲酸酯濃度為1.14莫耳/L,固體成分濃度為0.19kg/L,平均聚體數為1.03。爾後稱該所得原料為DHPE-CF。
又,平均聚體數(n’)係使用下述數式求得。
平均聚體數(n)=1+(Mav-M1)/M2...(數1)
(式(數1)中,Mav為(2×1000/(CF價)),M2為(M1-98.92),M1為前述式(5)中,n'=1時之雙氯甲酸酯化合物之分子量,CF價(N/kg)為(CF值/濃度),CF值(N)為反應溶液1L中所含之以前述式(5)表示之雙氯甲酸酯化合物中之氯分子數,濃度(kg/L)為濃縮反應溶液1L所得之固體成分之量。此處,98.92為雙氯甲酸酯化合物彼此因聚縮合而脫離之2個氯原子、1個氧原子及1個碳原子之合計之原子量)。
在14~18.5℃下於2小時50分鐘內將以二氯甲烷
460ml稀釋三乙胺200.8g(1.98mol)而成之溶液滴加於2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷(雙酚B)210g(0.867mol)、二氯甲烷1058ml、碳醯氯183g(1.85mol)之混合液中。反應混合物在18.5~19℃攪拌1小時後,在10~22℃餾除二氯甲烷600ml。於反應混合物中添加濃鹽酸15.0ml與純水150ml、硫酸氫鹽0.100g進行洗淨。隨後重複水洗直至水層成為中性,獲得分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之雙酚B寡聚物之二氯甲烷溶液。
除滴加稀釋之溶液以外,餘進行與製造例1相同之操作,獲得分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之雙酚B寡聚物之二氯甲烷溶液。
所得溶液之氯甲酸酯濃度為1.16莫耳/L,固體成分濃度為0.24kg/L,平均聚體數為1.08。爾後稱該所得原料為B-CF。
在14~18.5℃下於2小時50分鐘內將以二氯甲烷245ml稀釋三乙胺68.7g(0.682mol)之溶液滴加於1,1-雙(4-羥基苯基)乙烷(雙酚E)73.0g(0.341mol)、二氯甲烷410ml、碳醯氯65g(0.689mol)之混合液中。反應混合物在18.5~19℃攪拌1小時後,在10~22℃餾除二氯甲烷250ml。於反應混合物中添加濃鹽酸5.0ml與純水73ml、硫酸氫鹽0.47g進行洗淨。隨後重複水洗直至水層成為中性,獲得分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之雙酚E寡聚物之二
氯甲烷溶液。
所得溶液之氯甲酸酯濃度為1.31莫耳/L,固體成分濃度為0.23kg/L,平均聚體數為1.10。爾後稱該所得原料為E-CF。
在14~16℃下於1小時38分鐘內將以二氯甲烷460ml稀釋三乙胺199.4g(1.97mol)之溶液滴加於2,2-雙(3-甲基-4-羥基苯基)丁烷(雙酚CB)243g(0.897mol)、二氯甲烷1058ml、碳醯氯187g(1.89mol)之混合液中。
反應混合物在14~16℃攪拌1小時38分鐘。於殘留液中添加濃鹽酸5.0ml與純水200ml、硫酸氫鹽0.47g進行洗淨。隨後重複水洗直至水層成為中性,獲得分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之雙酚CB寡聚物之二氯甲烷溶液。
所得溶液之氯甲酸酯濃度為1.16莫耳/L,固體成分濃度為0.24kg/L,平均聚體數為1.12。爾後稱該所得原料為CB-CF。
將2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丙烷(雙酚A)80.2g(0.352mol)以二氯甲烷410ml予以懸浮,於其中添加三乙胺70.4g(0.702莫耳)並溶解。在14~18.5℃於2小時50分鐘內將使碳醯氯69.8g(0.631莫耳)溶解於二氯甲烷250ml之溶液滴加於其中後,在18.5~19℃攪拌1小時後
,在10~22℃餾除二氯甲烷250ml。於反應混合物中添加純水73ml、濃硫酸4.5ml、硫酸氫鹽0.47g進行洗淨。隨後以純水330ml重複洗淨4次,獲得分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之雙酚A寡聚物之二氯甲烷溶液。
所得溶液之氯甲酸酯濃度為0.88莫耳/L,固體成分濃度為0.21kg/L,平均聚體數為1.49。爾後稱該所得原料為A-CF。
使4,4-二羥基二苯基醚60g與2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷48g溶解於16質量%之氫氧化鉀水溶液660g中之溶液,與二氯甲烷640ml混合攪拌,同時在冷卻下以1L/分鐘之比例將碳醯氯氣體吹送到液體中直到pH成為9以下。接著,靜置分離該反應液,獲得分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之寡聚物之二氯甲烷溶液。所得溶液之氯甲酸酯濃度為0.56莫耳/L,固體成分濃度為0.196kg/L,平均聚體數為2.70。爾後稱該所得原料為PCOBB-DE。
於配置機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板之反應容器中注入製造例2之B-CF(155mL)與二氯甲烷(240mL)。於其中添加作為末端終止劑之對-第三丁基酚(以下表記為PTBP)(0.253g),攪拌以使充分混合。將反應器內之溫
度冷卻至15℃後,於該溶液中全量添加所調製之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液(4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液之調製法:調製2.0N之氫氧化鉀水溶液140mL(氫氧化鉀18.1g),冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.25g之作為抗氧化劑之硫酸氫鹽、18.70g之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚,使其完全溶解而調製),邊攪拌邊添加2.0mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%),持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷0.2L、水0.1L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。分離下層,再依序以水0.1L洗淨1次、以0.03N鹽酸0.1L洗淨1次、以水0.1L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,藉由乾燥獲得下述構造之PC共聚物(PC-1)。
將如此獲得之PC共聚物(PC-1)溶解於二氯甲烷中,調製濃度0.5g/dl之溶液,測定在20℃之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.16dl/g。又,以1H-NMR光譜及13C-NMR光譜分析所得PC-1之構造及組成,確認為由下述重複單位、重複單位數、及組成所成之PC共聚物。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.45
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.55
又,前述式(1)中之構造係以下述順序確認。首先,使用1H-NMR光譜及13C-NMR光譜,進行歸屬解析,由積分強度算出Ar1與Ar2之共聚合比a、b。
使用蒸鍍鋁金屬之聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯樹脂膜作為導電性基體,於其表面上形成電荷產生層與電荷輸送層依序層合而成之層合型感光層,製造電子照相感光體。使用含氧鈦酞菁0.5質量份作為電荷產生物質,使用縮丁醛樹脂0.5質量份作為黏結劑樹脂。將該等添加於溶劑的二氯甲烷19質量份中,以球磨機分散,且藉棒塗佈器將該分散液塗佈於前述導電性基體膜表面上,經乾燥,而形成膜厚約0.5微米之電荷產生層。
接著,將作為電荷輸送物質之下述式(23)之化合物(CTM-1)0.5g、前述獲得之聚碳酸酯共聚物(PC-1)0.5g分散於10毫升之四氫呋喃中,調製塗佈液。以塗敷器將該塗佈液塗佈於前述電荷產生層上,經乾燥,形成膜厚約20微米之電荷輸送層。
PC共聚物之溶解性係在調製前述塗佈液時,以目視觀察所調製之塗佈液之白濁度進行評價。PC共聚物溶解且未見到白濁時記為A,有白濁時記為B。
且,如下實施PC共聚物及電子照相感光體之耐磨耗性評價。[1]共聚物之耐磨耗性評價樣品之製作:將PC-1(2g)溶解於二氯甲烷(12mL)中,使用塗敷器澆鑄製膜於市售之PET薄膜上。減壓下加熱該薄膜去除溶劑,獲得厚度約30μm之薄膜樣品。
[2]感光體之耐磨耗性評價樣品之製作:將PC-1(1g)、及上述CTM-1(0.67g)溶解於二氯甲烷(10mL)中,使用塗敷器澆鑄製膜於市售之PET薄膜上。減壓下加熱該薄膜去除溶劑,獲得厚度約30μm之薄膜樣品。
[3]評價:使用TABER磨耗試驗機(東洋精機製作所公司製)評價前述[1]、[2]中製作之薄膜之澆鑄面的耐磨耗性。試驗條件為施加500g荷重使磨耗輪(型號:CS-10)與薄膜表面接觸,[1]之情況係1,000轉後,[2]之情況係500轉後,測定質量減少量。
接著,針對電子照相感光體,使用靜電帶電試驗裝置CYNTHIA 54IM(Gentech股份有限公司製)測定電子照
相特性。進行靜止模式、-6kV之電暈放電,測定光照射(E=1.0μJ/cm2)5秒後之殘留電位(初期殘留電位(VR))、半衰曝光量(E1/2)、到達-100V之曝光量(E100)。
該等結果示於表1,且針對後述之實施例2~4及比較例1~4亦進行相同評價,結果示於表1。
於配置機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板之反應容器中注入製造例1之DHPE-CF(143.7mL)、製造例2之B-CF(59.6mL)、二氯甲烷(400mL)。於其中添加作為末端終止劑之PTBP(0.189g),攪拌以充分混合。反應器內之溫度冷卻至15℃後,於該溶液中總量添加所調製之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液(4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液之調製法:調製2.0N之氫氧化鉀水溶液200mL(氫氧化鉀26.6g),冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.1g之作為抗氧化劑之硫酸氫鹽、24.25g之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚,完全溶解而調製),邊攪拌邊添加2.0mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%),持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷0.3L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。
分離下層,再依序以水0.2L洗淨1次、以0.03N鹽酸0.2L洗淨1次、以水0.2L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,經乾燥獲得下述構造之PC共聚物(PC-2)。
PC-2之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.21dl/g,確認構造為由前
述通式(10)中,下述重複單位及組成所成之PC共聚物。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.70
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.30
於配置機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板之反應容器中注入製造例3之E-CF(145mL)與二氯甲烷(265mL)。於其中添加作為末端終止劑之PTBP(0.356g),攪拌以充分混合。反應器內之溫度冷卻至15℃後,於該溶液中總量添加所調製之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液(4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液之調製法:調製2.0N之氫氧化鉀水溶液140mL(氫氧化鉀18.5g),冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.25g之作為抗氧化劑之硫酸氫鹽、19.16g之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚,完全溶解而調製),邊攪拌邊添加2.0mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%),持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷0.2L、水0.1L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。分離下層,再依序以水0.1L洗淨1次、以0.03N鹽酸0.1L洗淨1次、以水0.1L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,經乾燥獲得PC共聚物(PC-3)。
PC-3之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.15dl/g,確認構造為由前述通式(10)中,下述重複單位及組成所成之PC共聚
物。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.42
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.58
於配置機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板之反應容器中注入製造例4之CB-CF(150mL)與二氯甲烷(240mL)。
於其中添加作為末端終止劑之PTBP(0.253g),攪拌以充分混合。反應器內之溫度冷卻至15℃後,於該溶液中總量添加所調製之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液(4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液之調製法:調製2.0N之氫氧化鉀水溶液140mL(氫氧化鉀18.1g),冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.25g之作為抗氧化劑之硫酸氫鹽、18.70g之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚,完全溶解而調製),邊攪拌邊添加2.0mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%),持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷0.2L、水0.1L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。分離下層,再依序以水0.1L洗淨1次、以0.03N鹽酸0.1L洗淨1次、以水0.1L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,經乾燥獲得PC共聚物(PC-4)。
PC-4之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.20dl/g,確認構造為由前述通式(10)中,下述重複單位及組成所成之PC共聚物。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.38
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.62
於配置機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板之反應容器中注入製造例5之A-CF(168mL)與二氯甲烷(240mL)。於其中添加作為末端終止劑之PTBP(0.223g),攪拌以充分混合。反應器內之溫度冷卻至15℃後,於該溶液中總量添加所調製之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液(4,4-二羥基二苯基醚溶液之調製法:調製2.0N之氫氧化鉀水溶液140mL(氫氧化鉀18.1g),冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.25g之作為抗氧化劑之硫酸氫鹽、18.70g之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚,完全溶解而調製),邊攪拌邊添加2.0mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%),持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷0.2L、水0.1L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。分離下層,再依序以水0.1L洗淨1次、以0.03N鹽酸0.1L洗淨1次、以水0.1L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,經乾燥獲得PC共聚物(PC-5)。
PC-5之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.17dl/g,確認構造為由前述通式(10)中,下述重複單位及組成所成之PC共聚物。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.38
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.62
於配置機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板之反應容器中注入製造例2之B-CF(143mL)與二氯甲烷(242mL)。於其中添加作為末端終止劑之PTBP(0.39g),攪拌以充分混合。於該溶液中總量添加另外調製之芳香族二價酚單體溶液(單體溶液調製法:調製1.5N之氫氧化鈉水溶液149mL,冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.1g之作為抗氧化劑之硫酸氫鹽、17.1g之4,4-聯酚,完全溶解而調製),反應器內之溫度冷卻至15℃後,邊攪拌邊添加2.0mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%),持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷0.2L、水0.1L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。分離下層,再依序以水0.1L洗淨1次、以0.03N鹽酸0.1L洗淨1次、以水0.1L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,經乾燥獲得PC共聚物(PC-6)。
PC-6之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.19dl/g,確認構造為由前述通式(10)中,下述重複單位及組成所成之PC共聚物。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.45
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.55
使1,1-雙(4-羥基苯基)環己烷(雙酚Z)0.2kg溶解於16質量%之氫氧化鉀水溶液1.2kg中而成之溶液與二氯甲烷1.3kg邊混合攪拌,邊在冷卻下以1L/分鐘之比例將碳醯氯氣體吹送到液體中直到pH成為9以下。接著,靜置分離該反應液,於有機層獲得聚合度為2~6且分子末端具有氯甲酸酯基之寡聚物之二氯甲烷溶液。
接著,將機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板安裝於反應容器上,於前述寡聚物(260mL)中添加二氯甲烷190mL。添加作為末端終止劑之第三丁基酚(0.59g),攪拌以充分混合。將另外調製之2N氫氧化鉀水溶液30mL添加於本溶液中之後,邊攪拌邊添加1mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%)。10分鐘後,總量添加另外調製之聯酚單體溶液(單體溶液調製法:調製2N之氫氧化鉀水溶液120mL,冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.1g之硫酸氫鹽、17.3g之1,1-雙(4-羥基苯基)環己烷,完全溶解而調製),接著持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷2L、水1L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。分離下層,再依序以水1L洗淨1次、以0.01N鹽酸1L洗淨1次、以水1L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得
二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,經乾燥,獲得以對-第三丁基酚封端鏈末端,由下述重複單位所成之雙酚Z之PC聚合物(PC-7)。
PC-7之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.13dl/g。
於配置機械攪拌器、攪拌葉片、擋板之反應容器中注入製造例6之PCOBB-DE(214mL)與二氯甲烷(252mL)。於其中添加作為末端終止劑之PTBP(0.37g),攪拌以充分混合。將另外調製之芳香族二價酚單體溶液總量添加於該溶液中(單體溶液調製法:調製1.8N之氫氧化鈉水溶液160mL,冷卻至室溫以下後,添加0.2g之作為抗氧化劑之硫酸氫鹽、9.7g之4,4-二羥基二苯基醚,完全溶解而調製),反應器內之溫度冷卻至15℃後,邊攪拌邊添加2.0mL之三乙胺水溶液(7vol%),持續攪拌1小時。
以二氯甲烷0.2L、水0.1L稀釋所得反應混合物,進行洗淨。分離下層,再依序以水0.1L洗淨1次、以0.03N鹽酸0.1L洗淨1次、以水0.1L洗淨3次之順序進行洗淨。將所得二氯甲烷溶液滴加投入攪拌中之甲醇中,過濾所得再沉澱物,經乾燥獲得PC共聚物(PC-8)。
PC-8之比濃黏度[ηsp/C]為1.21dl/g,確認構造為由前述通式(10)中,下述重複單位及組成所成之PC共聚
物。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.70
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.30
表1中顯示實施例1至4及比較例1至4之評價結果。比較實施例1至4與比較例1至3時,實施例1至4之PC共聚物及電子照相感光體,確認到極良好的耐磨耗性、對有機溶劑之安定溶解性、及良好之電特性。且,關於比較例4,耐磨耗性與實施例1~4同樣良好,但溶解性差而產生白濁。其影響亦出現在電子照相感光體之評價中,曝光感度及殘留電位極惡化。
Claims (5)
- 一種聚碳酸酯共聚物,其特徵為具有以下述通式(1)表示之重複單位A及以下述通式(2)表示之重複單位B,且以Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)表示之存在比為35莫耳%以上75莫耳%以下,以Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)表示之存在比為25莫耳%以上65莫耳%以下,
- 如請求項1之聚碳酸酯共聚物,其中以前述通式(1)及前述通式(2)表示之重複單位之鏈末端係以1價芳香族基或1價含氟脂肪族基封端。
- 如請求項1之聚碳酸酯共聚物,其中以前述通式(4)表示之基為由2,2-雙(4-羥基苯基)丁烷衍生之2價基。
- 一種塗佈液,其特徵為包含如請求項1至3中任一項之聚碳酸酯共聚物及有機溶劑。
- 一種電子照相感光體,其特徵係於導電性基板上設置有感光層,且包含如請求項1至3中任一項之聚碳酸酯共聚物作為前述感光層之一成分。
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