TWI321165B - Steel post having corrosion control property for embedded part - Google Patents
Steel post having corrosion control property for embedded part Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI321165B TWI321165B TW094138087A TW94138087A TWI321165B TW I321165 B TWI321165 B TW I321165B TW 094138087 A TW094138087 A TW 094138087A TW 94138087 A TW94138087 A TW 94138087A TW I321165 B TWI321165 B TW I321165B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- corrosion
- steel column
- coating
- steel
- buried
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 57
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 57
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- -1 ammonium ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- UNTBPXHCXVWYOI-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;oxido(dioxo)vanadium Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-][V](=O)=O UNTBPXHCXVWYOI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;diborate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 11
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 10
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282465 Canis Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000009933 burial Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 2
- DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatinine Chemical compound CN1CC(=O)NC1=N DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920006334 epoxy coating Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 2
- DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N (R)-camphor Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(C)C(=O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000723346 Cinnamomum camphora Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000239226 Scorpiones Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000270295 Serpentes Species 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric Acid Chemical compound N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1NC(=O)N2 LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric acid Natural products N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2NC(=O)NC21 TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000675 anti-caries Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical group [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZKIBBIKDPHAFLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N boronium Chemical class [H][B+]([H])([H])[H] ZKIBBIKDPHAFLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000846 camphor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930008380 camphor Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940109239 creatinine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(ii,iv) oxide Chemical compound O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical compound [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229940116269 uric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
- B32B1/08—Tubular products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
- B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B13/06—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
- B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B13/12—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/18—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising iron or steel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/08—Anti-corrosive paints
- C09D5/082—Anti-corrosive paints characterised by the anti-corrosive pigment
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H12/00—Towers; Masts or poles; Chimney stacks; Water-towers; Methods of erecting such structures
- E04H12/22—Sockets or holders for poles or posts
- E04H12/2292—Holders used for protection, repair or reinforcement of the post or pole
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2350/00—Pretreatment of the substrate
- B05D2350/60—Adding a layer before coating
- B05D2350/65—Adding a layer before coating metal layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/06—Coating on the layer surface on metal layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
- B32B2255/205—Metallic coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/26—Polymeric coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/28—Multiple coating on one surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/714—Inert, i.e. inert to chemical degradation, corrosion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2590/00—Signboards, advertising panels, road signs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2597/00—Tubular articles, e.g. hoses, pipes
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
Description
九、發明說明： 【發明所屬^技術領域】 發明領域 本發月係有關一種燈座、號誌座、鏈網圍欄柱以 及其它鋼柱，其是與一在戶外被埋入之底部分一起使 用的’特別是有關於-種用於防止該等鋼柱被埋入部 分腐姓的技術。
C先前椅J 發明背景 燈柱'號誌柱等是由各種形式的材料所製得者， i_鋼材基於其在強度與價格二方面的平衡而是最常被 使用的，其是最常與被埋入在戶外的底部分一起使用 者。現今’鋼材藉由一些方*，例如，鋅鍍敷或塗覆 等方法纟避免被腐餘。此等腐触預防方法設計成藉 由遮蔽該鋼材使之免受到雨、風、冷凝作用或其它二 蝕因素而保護位在地面上至多幾尺之部分。 但’即使保護此等部分以免腐蝕，已知位在該被 埋入座正上方的部分是容易被腐蝕的（47th Zairyo to-Kankyo Conference Preprints, 195 (2000)) 〇 在此情況下，習知揭示一種對該埋入位置之上方與下 方的處提供-防腐姓層的方法作為一種抑制腐钱的方 法（Japanese Patent Publication (A) No. 2001-371372)。此種防腐蝕的方式是因在被包在水泥中 的部分與在水泥正上方的部分之間的電化學 -5- 1321165 反應而防止腐蝕。但是，鋼柱是沿著人行道設置或設 置在公園或其它人們常常帶著會標記狗地域的狗一起 行走之地點。亦有報告指示此會造成腐蝕的問題（25th Japan Road Conference Preprints, 0601/ (2003)) 〇 在此方面，已有報告指出最常使用的鋼柱是被狗 標記地域者，且常常會因此造成腐蝕進而傾倒。因此 有必要提供一種可以對狗地域標記具有耐久性者。 【潑h明内笔1】 發明概要 本發明的一目的就是要提供一種鋼柱，其縱使為 諸如狗之類用來標記其地域性，其被埋入部分在腐蝕 可控制性是較優者。 本案發明人對於因犬類尿液所製成的腐蝕作用進 行詳盡的實驗研究並檢視因犬類尿液而造成的腐蝕加 速的現象。基於各種研究發現，雖然犬類尿液中含有 濃度在lOppm或更低之銨離子，該尿液會被外在環境所 分解並改變’而造成銨離子濃度上有1〇〇_倍的增加，並 產生一包含有0.1%或更高該離子的溶液，此等銨離子 是造成鋼材料及座材料之鋅鍍敷層、油焦環氧樹脂塗 層及其它防腐蝕塗層受到破壞的主因。發明人因此藉 由增加對於含銨離子水性溶液的耐久性’因而解決因 狗的地域標示而造成的腐蝕問題。也就是，他們建立 了下列内容： (1)一種被埋入部分具有腐蝕可控制性之鋼柱，其 -6- 1321165 包含有-鋼柱，該鋼柱係在該鋼柱與該被埋入村料彼 此交界U面的頂端上’沿著該鋼柱的外側，且在上 至大氣層側而下到該被埋入物質側設置有一至少5〇 mm的防腐蝕性之塗層，該塗層是由一對抗含銨離子水 性溶液具有好的耐久性所構成者。
(2)種被埋入Dp分具有腐姓可控制性之鋼柱，其 包含有-鋼柱’在該鋼柱與該被埋入材料彼此相接觸 之界面的頂端上，且沿著柱的外側，在上至大氣層側 mm之以鋅為 而下到該被埋入物質側設置有—至少5〇 主的鍍敷防腐蝕性材料 該材料是由一對抗含銨離子 水性溶液具有好的耐久性所構成者。 (3)如刖述（1)或所述之一種被埋入部分具有腐 姓可控制性之鋼柱，其中該防腐钱性材料係為一在鋼 柱外側厚度至少為〇 lmm且含有—有機樹脂結合層之 抗腐蝕金屬材料。
()如別述（1)或（2)所述之一種被埋入部分具有腐 =可控制性之錦柱’其中該防腐㈣材料係為厚度至 >5〇ϋΠ1且含有1 Wt%至30糾％之具有中和銨離子能 力色素且以環氧樹脂為主之塗層。 題错由使用本發明的鋼柱，在埋入部分之腐姓問 特別疋因狗的地域標示行為而造成的腐姓，是可 以被解決的 、’，且可以避免該柱的傾倒而危及人行道盥 礙阻交通。i '、 者，由於材料的壽命增長，燈柱的更槔 期間可以h X 、 八，進而減低維修地面、公園所需要的成 1321165 本。 圖式簡單說明 本發明的此等與其它目的及特徵可由下列的較佳 實施態樣同時參考所附的圖式而變得清楚，其中 第1圖係為一解釋本發明構型的圖式。 第2圖係為本發明實施例測試樣品的構型示意 圖0
C實施方式；j 較佳實施例之詳細說明 以下’本發明係參照第1圖來詳細說明。第1 為一解釋本發明構型的圖式。如第1圖所示，本發 係提供一鋼柱1，其具有一防腐蝕塗層（Zn鍍敷層）2 且在該鋼柱1與該被埋入在（混凝土或地面）4之材料.
相交界之界面的頂端上，且沿著該鋼柱的外側在 大氣層側而下到邊被埋入物質側設置有一至少 m的防腐蝕性材料3 ’該防腐蝕性材料3是為一對抗 錢#子水性j谷液具有好的耐久性者。 本發明的防腐飯n冷思* 柄蚀f生盒層並不特別受限，只要其 。'曰方式轭用俾用於保護該鋼柱免於大氣的腐蝕 3其包含有焦油環氧化物為主或聚酯為主的塗層 ♦乙稀或PVC樹脂襯塾等。 丹者，在本發明中，該鋼 父佳疋一具有鋅鍍敷者。士 Ί 也政疋，本發明即使是使 上述防腐蝕塗層材料 疋有效的’但如實施例所 1321165 者’對於鋼柱而，本發明传用以相^ Λ 赞月便用以鋅為主之鍍敷塗層事 實上是特別好的。 在此針對以鋅為主的鍍敷而 JIS-H8641中所述的鍍敷方式。再者
Al，Mg，或其它合金成份加入其中的合金錢敷亦具有相 似的效用。本發明所稱之「鋼柱」_詞是指一柱，其 鋼核心物質所形成’且一般是鋼管形狀，❻其亦包含 有直控漸漸改變之具有斜面之鋼柱、1角形管狀、柱 狀或鋼剖面等，其在形狀上並沒有特別限制且可包 含具有複雜設計的形狀。
言，可以使用在 ’包含有鋅以及有 在本發明中，對於含敍離子水性溶液具有好财久 性的抗腐蝕材料在該鋼柱丨與該被埋入之材料彼此相 交界之界面的頂端上係至少5Q_，是覆蓋在鋼柱的外 側上且上至大氣们則、下至被埋入之物質側。在該鋼 柱1與該被埋入之材料彼此相交界之界面的頂端上在 鋼柱的外側上且上至大氣層側、下至被埋入之物質側 的覆蓋，若是低於50mm，其結果是會塗層在—長度 即在該長度下，在該柱被埋入時會發生有因電化學反 應而造成的電化學反應。但若*5〇mm或更高，該電化 學反應就會變得相當小且不會造成任何實用上的問 題。再者，為了得到一可以完成忽略的程度，是需要 延伸長達150 mm或更長的程度。該覆蓋層的上限並沒 有特別限制，但考量到狗會進行標示範圍之高度問 題，1000 mm就已足夠了。 1321165 又，在本發明中’對於含銨之水性溶液具有耐久 性的抗腐蝕材料較佳是一種在鋼柱外側厚度至少為 0.1 mm且含有一有機樹脂結合層之抗腐蝕金屬材料。
對銨具有抗腐蝕性的金屬現今包含有鈦、鈦合 金、鎳以及鎳合金、高度抗腐蝕性不鏽鋼、金、銀' 白金等。但是，—般被認為是具有高度抗腐蝕性之銅 合金對於敍離子水性溶液的抗腐姓性⑯，因&不能使 用。由實用效能方面來看，戶斤需要的是在浸於一具有 PH12.5的含銨離子水溶液中達丄週後該被腐蝕的量是 低於檢測極限。 再者，在本發明中，該抗腐姓金屬厚度較佳係為 0.1 mm或更高。原則上，使用對録離子具有抗性的金 屬’厚度是不重要的，但在實際上，#覆蓋在一其後 要被埋入以供設置的鋼柱時，其若低於〇1_，小孔會
〜战且腐姓會自此等小 需要至少0.1 ram的/1由 描十r 厚又。厚度的上限並沒有特別 制’但若考量到成本與生成效率，低於1随是適當έ 再者，使用於本發明中之有機樹脂結合層較佳 為—能夠強力結合至該鋼柱與該抗錢金屬材料且 ::期的耐久性者。被塗覆有環氧化物為主或胺基 :酷為主之結合劑或丙烯酸為主黏合劑之丁基橡耀 :聚乙烯發泡體片皆可以使用。再者，該等結合劑 :度上並沒有特別限制’但是下限(即超過該值該抗 ά金屬材料與鋼柱不會電結合）較佳是Η)〇 μηΐ，而由 ，10- 本的觀點其上限值較佳是3 mm。 又，在本發明中，對於含銨離子水性溶液具有較 佳的抗腐蝕性材料可以是一種為厚度為5 〇 u m或更高且 含有1 wt%至3〇 wt%之具有中和敍離子能力色素之以 環氧樹脂為主的塗層。在此，「有中和銨離子能力」意 指當其被溶解於一含銨離子溶液時有能力降低pH者。 在本發明中，則顯示於下列内容中。 即，一商業上可取得的氨水（濃度28%)係被稀釋 5.6-倍而製得—含有5%敍離子水性溶液。此邱係約為 12,〇。當加上述呈粉末狀態的色素至其中而成為ι%(即 當加入lg至100g的水性溶液），該pH值降i，即成為u 〇 或更低。此情況下即視為一種具有中和銨離子能力者。 具有中和銨離子能力之色素包有鉬酸鹽、硼醆 鹽、釩酸鹽（vanadinates)、磷酸鹽與硫酸鹽等化合物。 在其中，適合作為塗層色素者係為該等對水具有低溶 解度者。例如，磷酸鈣、磷酸鎂、磷酸鋁、磷酸鋅、 硼酸鋅、硫酸鈣與釩酸銨、釩氧化物等以及其等二者 或多者的混合物皆可以增加中和銨離子的能力。在 此，包含有1 %或更高之量的此等色素能夠使上述效能 被充份地確保。而超過30%時，該塗層本身變得易碎， 反而會降低該对久性。 在本發明中該以環氧化物為主的塗層並沒有特別 限制，但是由典型是由一包含有環氧化物端基並以 胺、聚胺或異氰酸脂所固化的清漆塗覆材料所獲得的 -11 - 1321165 - 塗層是較佳的。若有需要，一疏鬆色素或溶液、一反 應助劑、反應稀釋劑等亦可加入其中。再者，在本發 明中，由該以壤氧化物為主所構成的該抗腐蝕材料可 具有50μηι或更尚的厚度。若厚度低於5〇 μπι，在塗層上 小孔形成作用會變得難以抑制，該小孔會使得位於其 下的鋼材溶解因而無法確保該耐久性。更佳的，該厚 度係為150 μηι或更高，如此耐久性會被改進。又該厚 • 度上限並沒有特殊限制，但厚度超過500 μΐη，其事實上 就不會再有改進效用，且成份會因量而增大，因此， 5 00 μηι是較佳的。 實施例1 製造一顯示於第2圖的測試樣品。該測試樣品（鋼 柱）具有60.5 mm之戶外直徑、2〇〇 mm長度與3 8 厚 度。該測試樣品5事前係被施予一顯示於第2表中的抗 腐蝕塗層，且進一步被覆蓋以一顯示於第2表中之以 籲金屬為主的抗腐㈣料m被埋人—直徑為⑽ mm之混凝土 6 ’且被埋入至該混凝土 2〇〇mm長度方向的 —半。又，20 mm高的Pvc架7係被置於該混凝土上。 其破填充以一埋入材料8，該埋入材料係包含有商業上 可取得的庭園用土壤與分解中的葉子等的混合物。該 測試樣品係一天一次被喷以如第j表所示且實質上具 有相同於平均犬類尿液的水性溶液。6個月後，觀察 該腐蝕的發生情況與該腐蝕的情況凹陷情況來評價腐 蝕狀態。測試材料與其測試結果係顯示於第2表。本 •】2· 1321165 發明之鋼柱明顯地在組合有犬尿液與土壤的溶液下顯 示出優異的对久性。 第1表 成份 組成％ ( w t % ) 尿素 0.67 尿酸 0.0069 肌酸酐 0.090 NaCl 0. 28 KC1 0. 22
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谳ζ搬 nJ a 画 1 堤 薜 鹿 m m 薜 苠 鹿 薜 薜 蕻 *~1 薜 蕻 薜 I 1 I 1 i ! 1 1 1 i I I & 1 m 1 觸 m I 1 y I 1 葚 1 m 1 δ ^ ii 1 m 1 窗 S 議 $ 1 ii m S s s s s s s S g s s • • ? S Me as 5 (N O 04 (N <Ν <N <N 5 - ο <^4 1 s CO 3 IA g P P P Ρ P t= p 戡 鹿 壊 m « 鹿 t= δ M m I r u-i »n U"J m· OO C5 r*； C5 ΙΛ Γ^) in «η V) • * ΠΊ rn 1 + sjs 1 i 怨 1 r-* i m + !&、 義 i ΗΠ 1 m I 1 1 tss i HC 1 δ 聆 1 + i S I 議 i i + ；S、 1 罪 ^Π I i m i a + 5¾ 1 薜 薜 蕻 堤 i 1 m i •9Π 1 m I 8 (5 i t5 義 t5 1 t5 1 r5 1 獅臟化物!綱（ΙΟΟμηι) 1 I ri w 1 1 1 (5 g 義 < •3^ 1 t5 > s < 義 t5 顏 <5 _ t5 u-i &0 1 t5 K < 1 蹦腦或化物鹽__ I I 1 漏 羅 顏 1¾ 1 t5 1 i i ·«¥： S 1 i 宇 1 甲 i τ 1 1 i T 騷 <Ψ^ _ 甲 宇 i H： T Ή： 甲 孽 i 甲 1 霞 m <ψί 1 m - OJ r*·. V. 卜 oc CN Ο - r~. *r. vC 卜 OC σ' 。长圈邑"^-* smlcje^^M^T'--J^YHS/am"--* (-ί: -14- 實施例2 在JIS H 864i所述的條件下，一被鋅鍍敷之鋼管 (外側直徑為43mm(〇、長度為100 mm且厚度為3 5 mm) 的外表面上被刷覆以一般溫度固化的環氧化物塗層該 塗層（以該塗層之wt%為準）是由一包含有49 環氧 樹脂清漆、3〇 Wt%膨鬆色素(氧化鈦）、約2 _其它的 添加劑以及…的溶劑的溶液所構成，並以13糾％ _㈣合’而顯示於第3表中的色素以該塗層之心 為準力σ入固化劑中，葬卜 ㈢匕形成抗腐蝕材料的塗層。此 二為測量各色素中各錄離子的能力，製備一種含有 :離子的〜水性溶液，在該表中所揭 = 量加入，當…，該加入之量 .，·，和銨離子的能力。再者，科旧外^ 氛劑而言，使用異 者t # ra ^曰者以及使用聚醯胺胺類為主的樹脂 者亦使用於此—測試中。 此等測試鋼管未丨
層切割成寬且長；7刀在長方向上以下至鋅鍵敷 NaClitl個月、在為π删並在敬下浸於3% 水性溶液達h 奴溫度下浸於〇·〇1 m〇I/kg NaOH 氨水溶液遠1:月’並在一般溫度下浸於〇·01 mol/kg 腐姓性與腫大情固：’：後以平均值來評估該切割部分之 了解到，本發明實果則顯示於第3表。由其結果 是優異的。再者在對含敍離子水性溶液的对久性 若厚度超過5〇，由此了解到具有1 i 3〇%色素的塗層 μηι ，其所具有中和銨離子的能力在耐 -15- 1321165 1321165
嗽e濉 ΓΟ S ! 雲 画 1 農 福 g Μ 苺 i i § On C-4 〇 (N 0C Vi vd »〇 ri - 〇 r% 对· ?； SO (N 2 5 SD cS 3 ΓΊ SO »〇 <N 00 w 00 8 X ο 受 =. Vi ? 〇 u-1 ? m «〇 ? «〇 ? :· »n ? VI V «Ο ? ? ? V*J w-i ? »n m ? W"; 00 to <s <N D 2 cs H p Tj; 卜 00 C5 ? 二 σ； oo (Ν ri rJ ri 〇J \〇 VO s£5 (N S S s so On 00 m ® m 顆 I >〇 C^J 04 s q $ 艺 | CS s r"i rS 茬 K 对 s Ol 1 oo S cs I 踺 I g s S s «η 〇 u-j <s o »n ο 〇 »Λ o \Ti O u-i ?, oo ? O •/S 1 s 〇 »/S 1 ϋ ϋ ϋ Ο o ϋ ϋ a o ϋ O ϋ O o a Ό ϋ o ϋ t a. a. | 固 州 m I an I 璐 1 I m W 1 I m K w am i 震 w 雜 I 1 BS W as 1 m BS 蛇 8 1 as w as I 1 球 州 sg 1 m 4Η 磓 i m 州 SE 3IC 1 辄 Ή m I 藤 4fi 鑛 顆 靥 € •w St I i 輒 m 23 1 i Bg 雊 1 麗 ES Ή m i m ΉΊ 霞 i BS +H 1 1 I 1 州 m I i En\ 雔 am 麗 s 1 τ. τ . • <Ν CM <N <N • 对 对 - ri <N =+ <s 0i (N 0i 〇>< ri ' * • • €3 1 < i + 璧 m < I + 1 i W； m r5 M δ 期 m < i + 你 m a 餐 f < i + &0 i I c5 f < m m + 物' i ΰ «5 ΰ 1 & CO Σ 你 i δ 餐 < «« S I + m + 婪一 ΐ蜃 围 5 1 + &( 養 + t5 窆 m t5 你 I + m m S 1 + i δ i < «e< 鲞 + 證 ΰ 你 i 十 I i + «« i ΰ i I i + «X i o 1 1 1 §s 9 iCi a 〇 P. ρ P oc o ol -17 - 1321165 實施例3 内徑為15〇_Φ、厚度為6_且長度為6咖的 鋼管係經m刪41法作㈣敷且為顯示於實施例丄 之規格1的防腐蝕材料由該表面的底端起算5〇〇mm處 5起覆蓋5〇0_的範㈣實施例丄之規格了的防腐蝕 材料所覆蓋、或為實施例2之規格26的防腐蝕材料所 覆蓋，而作為比較例者則是未以防腐蝕材料覆蓋的鋼 材。此等鋼管係被包埋在混凝土中，以使得自底端起 750mm位置皆被暴露在混凝土表面。土壌係覆蓋於此 10等上方而達50mm的厚度，俾以得到測試樣品。 此等樣品係一天一次被噴以一具有顯示於第丄表 份成的溶液。在一年後檢測此等樣品，此時發現比 較材料係被腐蝕且在被埋入土壤位置之鍍敷層亦是鑛 紅色的’但是本發明二個鋼管一點也沒有腐蝕。此顯 15 示本發明在耐久性是優異的。 雖然本發明已參照選來用來例示說明的實施例加 以描述，但許多的變化熟悉此技術者可以在未偏離本 發明之基本概念與範疇下而作出者。 20 【圖式簡單說明】 第1圖係為一解釋本發明構型的圖式。 第2圖係為本發明實施例測試樣品的構型示竟 圖。 -18- 1321165 【主要元件符號說明】 1 鋼柱 2 防腐蝕塗層（Zn鍍敷層） 3 防腐蝕性材料 5 4 混凝土或地面 5 測試樣品 6 混凝土 7 PVC架半
8 埋入材料 •19-
Claims (1)
1321165 η 第94138087號專利申請案申請專利範圍修正本98年08月17日 十、申請專利範圓： 1. 一種被埋入部分具有腐蝕可控制性之鋼柱，其包含有一被 埋入於一材料内的鋼柱，該材料包含土壌混凝土與舖築 用料的至少一者，該鋼柱係自該鋼柱與埋入該鋼柱的該被 材料彼此相接觸之界面的頂端上，且在上至大氣層侧而下 到該被埋入物質側，沿著該鋼柱的外側，設置有—至少50 mm之防腐蝕性塗層，該塗層是由一對抗含銨離子水性溶液 具有好的耐久性所構成， 其中該防腐蝕性材料係為厚度至少5〇um且含有lwt% 至30 wt%之具有中和銨離子能力的色素之以環氧化物為主 的塗層，s亥環氧化物為主的塗層則主要由一包括環氧化物 端基並以胺、聚胺或異氰酸脂所固化的清漆之一類的塗覆 材料所獲得的，以及 15
其中s亥色素包含選自於以下的至少一者：鱗酸辦、碟 酸鎂、磷酸鋁、磷酸鋅、硼酸鋅、硫酸鈣與釩酸銨與釩氧 化物以及其等的混合物。 2.如申請專利範圍第1項之被埋入部分具有腐蝕可控制性之 鋼柱，其中該防腐蝕性塗層係一以鋅為主的鍍層。 20 20
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| JP2004320301A JP4313750B2 (ja) | 2004-11-04 | 2004-11-04 | 埋設地際部の腐食防御性を有する鋼製柱 |
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| TWI321165B true TWI321165B (en) | 2010-03-01 |
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| TW094138087A TWI321165B (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2005-10-31 | Steel post having corrosion control property for embedded part |
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| US (1) | US20060101778A1 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP1657325B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP4313750B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100700084B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN100402785C (zh) |
| MY (1) | MY140091A (zh) |
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| ITUD20060276A1 (it) * | 2006-12-27 | 2008-06-28 | Valente Pali Precompressi S P A | Palo di sostegno per vigneti, per applicazioni agricole, o per esterni e relativo procedimento di realizzazione |
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| JP5386540B2 (ja) * | 2010-05-31 | 2014-01-15 | 一雄 杉中 | 地中埋設用金属支柱 |
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| JP6362866B2 (ja) * | 2014-01-14 | 2018-07-25 | 東京電力ホールディングス株式会社 | 鋼管構造物の腐食進行防止方法 |
| JP6470511B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-25 | 2019-02-13 | 日鉄住金防蝕株式会社 | 被覆層付き鋼製柱および既設鋼製柱の防食施工方法 |
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-
2004
- 2004-11-04 JP JP2004320301A patent/JP4313750B2/ja active Active
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2005
- 2005-10-31 TW TW094138087A patent/TWI321165B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 2005-10-31 MY MYPI20055138A patent/MY140091A/en unknown
- 2005-11-02 US US11/265,904 patent/US20060101778A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-11-03 KR KR1020050105109A patent/KR100700084B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP4313750B2 (ja) | 2009-08-12 |
| EP1657325B1 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
| MY140091A (en) | 2009-11-30 |
| US20060101778A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
| KR20060052451A (ko) | 2006-05-19 |
| CN1782304A (zh) | 2006-06-07 |
| JP2006132128A (ja) | 2006-05-25 |
| KR100700084B1 (ko) | 2007-03-28 |
| EP1657325A1 (en) | 2006-05-17 |
| TW200619427A (en) | 2006-06-16 |
| CN100402785C (zh) | 2008-07-16 |
| SG122024A1 (en) | 2006-05-26 |
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