TWI248252B - High-efficiency power modulators - Google Patents

High-efficiency power modulators Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI248252B
TWI248252B TW090102223A TW90102223A TWI248252B TW I248252 B TWI248252 B TW I248252B TW 090102223 A TW090102223 A TW 090102223A TW 90102223 A TW90102223 A TW 90102223A TW I248252 B TWI248252 B TW I248252B
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Taiwan
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signal
power
modulator
calibration
generate
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TW090102223A
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Earl W Mccune Jr
Wendell B Sander
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Tropian Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
    • H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
    • H03F1/0211—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers with control of the supply voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C5/00—Amplitude modulation and angle modulation produced simultaneously or at will by the same modulating signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3247—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits using feedback acting on predistortion circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3282—Acting on the phase and the amplitude of the input signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3282—Acting on the phase and the amplitude of the input signal
    • H03F1/3288—Acting on the phase and the amplitude of the input signal to compensate phase shift as a function of the amplitude
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/207—A hybrid coupler being used as power measuring circuit at the output of an amplifier circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/324—An amplitude modulator or demodulator being used in the amplifier circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/451—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier being a radio frequency amplifier
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/504—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the supply voltage or current being continuously controlled by a controlling signal, e.g. the controlling signal of a transistor implemented as variable resistor in a supply path for, an IC-block showed amplifier

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)

Description

1248252 A7 ----B7 五、發明説明（~----- 本發明之背景 1 ·本發明之範圍 本發明係關於射頻（RF)功率放大器。 2 .技藝說明 在射頻通信區域中，由於對傳輸通過量較大成長之需 求，所要之#號必須顯示高度之資料效率。一般而言，高 度資料效率信號呈現變化波轉之特性。此種波封變化信號 通常要求線性電路操作。 在傳統之無線電發射機中，調變器與功率放大器"A)乃 係分開之機能，如圖1中所示。調變器1〇1將送至發射機之 資訊輸入信號103轉換成通帶信號1〇5，通常為射頻，該信 號可有一不變之波封（平均信號功率等於峯值信號功率）或 變化之波封（平均#號功率小於峯值信號功率）。該通帶信 號105係施加於一功率放大器（ΡΑ) 1〇7，產生一足夠功率之 輸出信號109，以輻射通過所要之距離。在無線電技藝中 可瞭解者為僅支援不變波封信號之電路較之支援波封變動 信號之電路在本質上能具有較高之能量效率因為波封變動 之信號要求線性電路工作特性之故由於波封變化信號係較 普遍使用，本案乃集中於此種信號之產生。 經已廣泛認可者，線性操作與高能量效率之所要聯合目 標乃係互相排斥，即具有高能量效率之放大器並不以線性 方式操作，及相似者，以線性方式操作之放大器並不展現 南能量效率。 因為增進一線性放大器（至50%或更高）之能量效率在過 . -5 _ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) Α4規格(210X297公釐) 1248252 A7 _____B7 五、發明説明（2 ) 去已證明實際上為不可能，最大之努力集中於採用一更有 效之非線性放大器及改進其線性。此等方法包括前饋線性 化’預矯正，反饋預矯正及調變器反饋。茲將此等方法簡 述於下。 在圖2所示之前饋線性化方法中，PA(功率放大器）2〇7被 首先賦予該放大器將使信號產生何種失真之特性。此等失 真之反相係由一前饋部份211在外部產生，然後與來自該 P A之輸出209相加以形成一線性化輸出信號215。此應消 除來自該P A本身之各項失真，導致改進之線性操作。 在圖3所示之預矯正方法中，pa 307又係首先被賦予該 放大器將使信號產生何種失真之特性。此等失真之反相係 由一預墙正裝置310產生，以製成一修正之通頻帶信號3〇5, 而施加於該PA之輸入。該PA應消除來自預矯正器之各項 失真’導致改進之線性操作。 在圖4所示之反饋預墙正方法中，p a復係首先賦予該放 大器將對信號產生何種失真之特性。此等失真之反相係在 外部產生，然後施加於該p A之輸入。該P A應消除來自預 矯正器之各項失真，結果導致改良之線性操作。在預矯正 中之任何誤差係在PA之輸出處感測，以信號4 12之形式反 饋及用以校正該預矯正器，用於此技術中之預矯正裝置 41(V通常稱為適應式預矯正器。 最近已開始努力將在PA四周之連續反饋放回入該調變 器’故可繼續不斷地地校正p A之誤差。圖5中，顯示者係 適應式預矯正器方法之延伸，其中該預矯正器功用乃包括 6 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(21〇χ297公董)
裝 訂
1248252 A7 __ B7 五、發明説明（3 ) 於碉變器5 Ο Γ内。因為此係一反饋技術，反饋環路之穩定 性（包括反饋信號5 121)乃係特別重要。保持環路之穩定性 係以包括已知之非線性組件（PA)於該環路内作進一步之加 重。此外，該信號調變之許可頻帶寬係受反饋環路動態之 限制。此種技術之一範例為組合之模擬鎖定環路通用調變 器（CALL UM) ’該碉變器乃欽述於1998年8月之1998 IEEE 無線電會議錄（RAWCON) 137-140頁所發佈D. J. Jennings，， J· Ρ· McGreehani”使用VCO導出之综合之高效率射頻發射 機：CALLUM”一 文中。 LINC技術（IEEE通信學報，1974年12月通信·23號1942-5 頁中D. C. Cox之’’具有非線性組件之線性放大”）係一種放 大器方法，該方法使用多個非線性放大器組成之一 LINC放 大器607’以放大圖6中所示之一波封變化信號。其要點為 表示一適宜帶通（無線電）信號作為兩不變波封相位調變信 號之向量和。此兩個不變波封之信號係在高效率非線性放 大器中予以各別放大，所述之放大器乃各測定大小以提供 所要輸出功率峰值之一半者，然後將該兩信號組合成最後 之輸出信號（通常在一無源網路中）。此組合器在輸出信號 之數值為低時必須在内部消耗來自該兩非線性p A之輸出 功率。因此，LINC技術喪失各單獨非線性放大器之許多固 有效率。 另一放大具有同時高能量效率的波封變化信號之現用方 法為波封消除及恢復（EER)，該方法係敘述於固態電路之 IEEE雜該（1998年12月第33卷2252-2258頁）發表之D. K. Su， 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公爱）
裝 訂
1248252 A7 B7 五、發明説明（4 ) W. J. McFarland所著使用波封消除及恢復以使射頻功率放 大器線性化之I C，’ 一文中。如同LINC技術，EER技術係用 於如圖7中所示緊隨調變器後之一分離放大器。EER放大 器709”必須先將來自所施加輸入信號之振幅變化解調，然 後限制該輸入信號以便在一非線性（較佳者為開關式）放大 器中放大。波封恢復係在最後輸出級中達成、在波封恢復 程序前後，常用一反饋環路以使輸出信號波封與來自輸入 信號所測得之波封更密切匹配。如同使用任何反饋控制環 路，環路動態限制可獲得之調變頻帶寬度。 仍有使操線電通仏#號以適合傳輸之功率產生而同時呈 現高度直流至射頻轉換效率之需要。又如此產生之信號品 貝必須付合常係嚴格之性能規格，例如Gsm-EDGE規格。 本發明之概述 一般而言，本發明使用極性調變技術合併功率放大器作 為-調變器之基本組件。因此能達成過去所不能之精確信 號產生（包括波封變化）與高能量效率之組合。根據本發明 一具體實例，一調變之無線電（通頻帶）信號產生器製造一 類型之高品質信號，特別包括具有變化波封之信號。信號 係以所施加直流功率轉換成輸出射頻功率中之高能量效率 產生。，結果為產品例如行動電話手機之較長電池壽命。戲 劇性增進之效率亦可使無線電發射機用之任何所需之散熱 器在尺寸上有引人注意之縮滅（1〇至1或更大），此可大為 降低成本及尺寸，此外，能使此等無線電發射機之連續操 作，可使用小型之散熱器或甚至不用任何散熱組件而僅有 -8 - 1248252 五 、發明説明（5 之工^上升。此提供高度之操作可#性及^於許多較長 宽廣頻帶寬之卜：t 發明之另一特色為可有具 需要。此更因：：」5號產生而無在操作期間連續反饋之 而減低成本。 發射機電路之設計，製造及複雜性 圖式之簡單說明 中本發明可從下列說明與附圖有進一步之瞭解，在附圖 圖1為顯不一無線電發射機之標準結構之方塊圖。 圖2為顯示一已知功率放大器（PA)之前饋線性化器之方 塊圖。 时圖3為顯不用以使功率放大器線性化之傳統輸入預矯正 器之方塊圖。 圖4為顯示用以使一功率放大器線性化之已知反饋預矯 正器之方塊圖。 圖5為使用調變器反饋之一已知功率放大器之方塊圖。 圖6為使用已知LINC技術之一放大器之方塊圖。 圖7為使用已知EER放大器技術之一放大器之方塊圖。 圖8為顯示一功率放大器之三通道典型之方塊圖。 圖9為根據本發明之一具體實例之功率調變器之方塊 圖，具有Ρ Α之校準測量。 圖1 0為顯示功率調變器之一實例之更進一步詳情之方塊 圖。 圖1 1為使用正交（矩形）調變變換器之一功率調變器之方 -9 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家摞準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐） 1248252 A7 B7 五、發明説明（1〇 ) 信號圖相容。此係顯示於圖1 1，及使用正校座標相等於表 1之信號圖顯示於表2代替極化信號圖，可使用一矩形信號 圖。一矩形極化變換器1126乃用以轉換結果所得之I，Q信 號至極化形式。 表2 :用於方形16 QAM之笛卡爾信號圖 符號 X y 0 0.236 0.236 1 0.236 0.707 2 0.236 0.236 3 0.236 -0.707 4 0.707 0.236 5 0.707 0.707 6 0.707 -0-236 7 0.707 -0.707 符號 X y 8 -0.236 0.236 9 -0.236 0.707 A -0.236 -0.236 B -0.236 -0.707 C -0.707 0.236 D -0.707 0.707 E -0.707 -0.236 F -0.707 -0.707 裝 訂 又可使用正交調變器於相位調變信號之生產。此係顯示 於圖1 2中。代替矩形至極化變換器，使用一矩形至數值變 換器1227以產生用於數值控制器1227之數值信號。一正交 相位調變信號產生器1229直接使用I，Q信號。使用正交相 位調變信號產生器1229時，圖1 1之直接相位校正特性不能 再用’縱使數值校正可使用數值測量裝置12 3 3及校準表 1211·實施之。由於在正交調變器中精確相位控制之困難， 以及通常不能使用正交調變器以獨立調整其輸出信號之相 -14- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐)

Claims (1)

  1. 中文申請專利範圍替換本(94年8月）漂 A8 B8 C8 D8
    1· 一種射頻功率調變器，包含： 一種三通道之功率放大器，具有一信號輸入，一信號 輸出及以控制方式變更之一功率供應輸入； 一調變器驅動器，響應於資訊輸入以產生施加於該三 通道功率放大器之信輸入之一輸入信號，及施加於該功 率供應輸入之一控制功率供應源； 其中該調變驅動器包含響應於資訊信號之一信號圖， 以產生至少第一及第二數值，一相位調變信號產生器響 應於此等數量之至少一數值，以產生該三通道功率放大 器之輸入信號，以及一數值控制器響應於至少此等數值 之一，以產生控制之功率供應源； 用以產生一校準因素之裝置，該校準因素是由該三通 道功率放大器之一輸出信號之至少一特性之測量所獲 得’該校準因素被施加至該調變器驅動器，以造成該輸 入信號與該可控制功率供應源中之一改變； 其中該三通道功率放大器係在硬性接通（hard-〇n)與硬 性關閉（hard-off)之兩狀態間予以驅動，而不在可感知之 時間百分比之線性工作區域中使該功率放大器操作，藉 以產生一RF輸出信號，該調變器驅動器及該校準電路是 以開路迴路方式相對於該RF輪出信號來操作。 2·如申請專利範圍第1項之功率調變器，其中該信號圖係 一極化信號圖及此等數量包括一數值量及一角度量。 3.如申請專利範圍第1項之功率調變器，其中該信號圖係 正父#號圖’另包含用以實施正交至極化轉、換之裝 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1248252 六、申請專利範圍 置，因而產生一數值量與一角度量。 4· ί申請專利範圍第1項之功率調變器，其中第一數值及 =二數值為〗及(^信號，及其中該相位調變信號產生器係 響應於I及Q信號以產生輸入信號。 5.如申請專利範圍第2項之功率調變器，另包含時間對準 裝置，用以使該數值量及角度量在互相有關之一特殊時 間對準中發生。 6·如^請專利範圍第Η之功率調變器，另包含在數值量 <信號路徑中之第一頻帶限制濾波器及在 路徑中之第二頻帶限制滤波器。 …以 7·如申請專利範圍第1項之功率調變器，包含第一及第二 :準路徑，各包括用以測量代表該三通道：率放大器： 一輸出信號相關之至少一數值之裝置。 8·:申請專利範圍第7項之功率調變器，其中該校準路徑 執仃角度校準及另一校準路徑執行數值校準。 利範圍第8項之裝置，其中用以執行角度校 準<杈準路徑包括一直接數位相位量化器。 -2- 本紙張尺度_ t g Α4_(2ι()χ297_ 1248252 年汐月23日修正射/補矣 第090102223號專利申請案 中文圖式替換頁(94年6月） S11
    1W1-
TW090102223A 2000-02-02 2001-02-02 High-efficiency power modulators TWI248252B (en)

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US (1) US6366177B1 (zh)
EP (1) EP1262018B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP2004501527A (zh)
KR (1) KR100788586B1 (zh)
CN (2) CN101039103A (zh)
AT (1) ATE387749T1 (zh)
AU (1) AU2001233243A1 (zh)
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TWI423045B (zh) * 2006-02-06 2014-01-11 Advantest Singapore Pte Ltd 用以產生具有相關功率頻譜的最小化激勵信號之方法、激勵信號產生器及非暫時性電腦可讀取媒體

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