SG149057A1 - A metal palladium composite membrane or alloy palladium composite membrane and their preparation methods - Google Patents

A metal palladium composite membrane or alloy palladium composite membrane and their preparation methods

Info

Publication number
SG149057A1
SG149057A1 SG200809505-1A SG2008095051A SG149057A1 SG 149057 A1 SG149057 A1 SG 149057A1 SG 2008095051 A SG2008095051 A SG 2008095051A SG 149057 A1 SG149057 A1 SG 149057A1
Authority
SG
Singapore
Prior art keywords
composite membrane
palladium composite
alloy
palladium
preparation methods
Prior art date
Application number
SG200809505-1A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Hou Shoufu
Jiang Kui
Li Wenzhao
Xu Hengyong
Yuan Lixiang
Original Assignee
Bp Plc
Dalian Chemical Physics Inst
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bp Plc, Dalian Chemical Physics Inst filed Critical Bp Plc
Publication of SG149057A1 publication Critical patent/SG149057A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B01D71/0223—Group 8, 9 or 10 metals
    • B01D71/02231—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0069—Inorganic membrane manufacture by deposition from the liquid phase, e.g. electrochemical deposition
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0083—Thermal after-treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/105—Support pretreatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/106—Membranes in the pores of a support, e.g. polymerized in the pores or voids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/108—Inorganic support material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1213—Laminated layers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
    • C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
    • C01B3/503—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion characterised by the membrane
    • C01B3/505—Membranes containing palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/08—Specific temperatures applied
    • B01D2323/081—Heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12479—Porous [e.g., foamed, spongy, cracked, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249981—Plural void-containing components

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Chemically Coating (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
SG200809505-1A 2004-01-09 2005-01-07 A metal palladium composite membrane or alloy palladium composite membrane and their preparation methods SG149057A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CNB2004100210256A CN1327942C (zh) 2004-01-09 2004-01-09 一种复合金属钯膜或合金钯膜及其制备方法

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
SG149057A1 true SG149057A1 (en) 2009-01-29

Family

ID=34744517

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
SG200809505-1A SG149057A1 (en) 2004-01-09 2005-01-07 A metal palladium composite membrane or alloy palladium composite membrane and their preparation methods

Country Status (19)

Country Link
US (1) US8052775B2 (pt)
EP (1) EP1701779B1 (pt)
JP (1) JP4528785B2 (pt)
KR (1) KR20060121927A (pt)
CN (1) CN1327942C (pt)
AT (1) ATE476249T1 (pt)
AU (1) AU2005203910B2 (pt)
BR (1) BRPI0506744A (pt)
CA (1) CA2552485A1 (pt)
DE (1) DE602005022670D1 (pt)
EA (1) EA011051B1 (pt)
ES (1) ES2350356T3 (pt)
MX (1) MXPA06007876A (pt)
PL (1) PL1701779T3 (pt)
SG (1) SG149057A1 (pt)
TN (1) TNSN06215A1 (pt)
UA (1) UA92314C2 (pt)
WO (1) WO2005065806A1 (pt)
ZA (1) ZA200605552B (pt)

Families Citing this family (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5000115B2 (ja) * 2005-09-26 2012-08-15 株式会社日本製鋼所 水素透過合金
US7531215B2 (en) 2005-11-15 2009-05-12 Praxair Technology, Inc. Hydrogen transport membrane fabrication method
JP2007229616A (ja) * 2006-02-28 2007-09-13 National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology 水素分離複合体及びその製造方法
CN101135052B (zh) * 2006-08-30 2010-08-18 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 一种制备金属复合膜的方法
JP4912290B2 (ja) * 2006-12-28 2012-04-11 信越ポリマー株式会社 選択透過材料及び空調システム
KR100888308B1 (ko) * 2007-11-14 2009-03-11 현대자동차주식회사 차량 전복 감지 방법
KR20110016434A (ko) * 2008-04-08 2011-02-17 후지필름 매뉴팩츄어링 유럽 비.브이. 막의 제조 공정
CN101481263B (zh) * 2009-02-26 2012-02-15 南京工业大学 一种制备负载型钯或钯合金膜的方法
WO2010100432A2 (en) 2009-03-06 2010-09-10 Institute Of Metal Research, Chinese Academy Of Sciences Sealing technology
JP5526387B2 (ja) * 2010-03-29 2014-06-18 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 無欠陥化水素分離膜、無欠陥化水素分離膜の製造方法及び水素分離方法
WO2011122414A1 (ja) * 2010-03-29 2011-10-06 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 多孔性フィルターを支持体とする水素分離膜、欠陥の封止方法
US9216390B2 (en) 2010-07-15 2015-12-22 Ohio State Innovation Foundation Systems, compositions, and methods for fluid purification
JP6046039B2 (ja) * 2010-08-30 2016-12-14 シュティヒティン・エネルギーオンデルツォイク・セントラム・ネーデルランド 選択性薄膜層の析出のための新しいシーディング方法
NL2005290C2 (en) * 2010-08-30 2012-03-01 Stichting Energie New seeding method for deposit of thin selective membrane layers.
US8865266B2 (en) 2011-02-16 2014-10-21 Dow Corning Corporation Method of coating a porous substrate
CN102565158B (zh) * 2011-10-26 2014-05-21 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 一种用于电催化甲醇的Pd/γ-AlOOH修饰的玻碳电极及其制备方法
CN102527259A (zh) * 2012-02-10 2012-07-04 南京工业大学 一种复合碳分子筛膜及其制备方法和应用
JP6222625B2 (ja) * 2012-02-16 2017-11-01 富士フイルム株式会社 複合型分離膜、それを用いた分離膜モジュール
CN102698615A (zh) * 2012-06-28 2012-10-03 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 一种制备钯膜及其复合膜的方法
CN103252170B (zh) * 2013-04-16 2015-12-09 南京工业大学 一种基体材料及其制备工艺
US9616379B2 (en) * 2013-07-25 2017-04-11 Korea Institute Of Energy Research Method for preparing hydrogen separation membrane and device for preparing hydrogen separation membrane
KR20160138030A (ko) * 2014-03-25 2016-12-02 다우 코닝 코포레이션 개질된 탄성중합체 표면
US9564251B2 (en) * 2014-07-17 2017-02-07 Ut-Battelle, Llc Apparatus and method for stripping tritium from molten salt
KR101763609B1 (ko) * 2014-08-13 2017-08-02 한국과학기술연구원 폴리벤지이미다졸계 고분자 막을 지지체로 하는 팔라듐 도금 분리막 및 그 제조 방법
US20160225470A1 (en) 2015-02-03 2016-08-04 Westinghouse Electric Company Llc Apparatus for degassing a nuclear reactor coolant system
CN104998553B (zh) * 2015-05-21 2017-07-07 清华大学 一种钯修饰的炭复合膜的制备方法
CN106310956B (zh) * 2015-06-19 2018-12-25 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 一种填补致密膜缺陷的方法
CN105233701B (zh) * 2015-09-19 2017-08-25 辽宁工业大学 一种大孔载体表面制备钯膜的方法
US10882278B2 (en) 2016-08-15 2021-01-05 Ali Akbar Babalou Palladium composite membrane
CN107585741B (zh) * 2017-09-30 2020-04-24 西北有色金属研究院 一种超高纯氢分离器
KR101842491B1 (ko) 2017-11-03 2018-03-27 장승준 촉매 코팅 멤브레인 및 이의 제조방법
CN109837562A (zh) * 2017-11-24 2019-06-04 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 一种化学镀/电镀制备钯管的方法
US11177498B1 (en) 2018-10-15 2021-11-16 Ampcera Inc. Redox flow batteries, components for redox flow batteries and methods for manufacture thereof
US11819806B1 (en) * 2018-10-15 2023-11-21 Ampcera Inc. Methods for manufacturing a solid state ionic conductive membrane on a macro porous support scaffold
CN111111463B (zh) * 2018-11-01 2021-09-28 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 一种具有间隙结构的指型钯基复合膜及制备和应用
US11600853B1 (en) 2019-05-14 2023-03-07 Ampcera Inc. Systems and methods for storing, transporting, and handling of solid-state electrolytes
CN111389239B (zh) * 2020-03-20 2022-04-22 西安工程大学 一种Pd/Ag/SiO2复合膜的制备方法
CN112125375A (zh) * 2020-09-23 2020-12-25 东北林业大学 一种能够同步油水分离和染料降解的钯-木材膜的制备方法
CN112191109A (zh) * 2020-10-10 2021-01-08 李新中 氢气提纯的Pd基/CeO2/多孔支撑体复合膜的制备方法
CN114797391A (zh) * 2022-06-01 2022-07-29 中国核动力研究设计院 一种氢气分离器、调控方法及研究堆冷却剂净化系统
CN116651219B (zh) * 2023-06-06 2024-02-09 广东省科学院中乌焊接研究所 一种用于氢气分离的钯铜锌合金膜及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3353982A (en) * 1964-05-01 1967-11-21 Selas Corp Of America Process for making a filter
US3458409A (en) * 1964-10-12 1969-07-29 Shinichi Hayashi Method and electrolyte for thick,brilliant plating of palladium
NL6611322A (pt) * 1965-09-18 1967-03-20
US3689611A (en) * 1970-08-06 1972-09-05 American Can Co Method of making glazed ceramic bonded expanded vermiculite articles
US3918927A (en) * 1974-06-20 1975-11-11 Phillips Petroleum Co Electroplating polypropylene
JPS62160121A (ja) * 1985-12-28 1987-07-16 Ngk Insulators Ltd 多孔質隔膜
JPS63105977A (ja) * 1986-10-22 1988-05-11 Ise Kagaku Kogyo Kk 薄膜を形成させる方法
JPH01131004A (ja) * 1987-11-16 1989-05-23 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 水素分離膜の製造方法
JP2955062B2 (ja) * 1991-05-29 1999-10-04 三菱重工業株式会社 水素ガス分離膜
JPH10113545A (ja) * 1996-07-08 1998-05-06 Ngk Insulators Ltd ガス分離体
JP3621785B2 (ja) * 1996-07-12 2005-02-16 トヨタ自動車株式会社 水素分離構造体
TW377306B (en) * 1996-12-16 1999-12-21 Asahi Chemical Ind Noble metal support
CN1065852C (zh) * 1997-01-31 2001-05-16 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 钯/陶瓷复合膜反应器中的气相催化脱氢和加氢耦合反应
US6180559B1 (en) * 1999-03-02 2001-01-30 Eastman Chemical Company Supported catalysts and catalyst support materials and process for the manufacture of 1,2-epoxybutane
US6398926B1 (en) * 2000-05-31 2002-06-04 Techpoint Pacific Singapore Pte Ltd. Electroplating apparatus and method of using the same
FR2811313B1 (fr) * 2000-07-07 2002-08-30 Ceca Sa Procede de preparation de zeolites x et lsx agglomerees et echangees au lithium
JP2002052326A (ja) * 2000-08-10 2002-02-19 Toyota Motor Corp 水素分離膜の製造方法
DE10039596C2 (de) * 2000-08-12 2003-03-27 Omg Ag & Co Kg Geträgerte Metallmembran, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung
WO2002045832A1 (fr) * 2000-12-05 2002-06-13 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Structure permeable a l'hydrogene
TWI296571B (en) * 2001-08-13 2008-05-11 Clopay Corp Mulyilayer microporous films and methods
JP4112856B2 (ja) 2001-12-26 2008-07-02 日本碍子株式会社 ガス分離体の製造方法
US6899744B2 (en) * 2002-03-05 2005-05-31 Eltron Research, Inc. Hydrogen transport membranes
JP3866208B2 (ja) * 2002-03-25 2007-01-10 財団法人地球環境産業技術研究機構 限外濾過膜及び水素分離膜、その製造方法並びに水素の分離方法
DE10222568B4 (de) * 2002-05-17 2007-02-08 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh Kompositmembran und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
JP4349926B2 (ja) 2004-01-30 2009-10-21 因幡電機産業株式会社 ドレン排水案内構造

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1640530A (zh) 2005-07-20
KR20060121927A (ko) 2006-11-29
JP2007517655A (ja) 2007-07-05
ATE476249T1 (de) 2010-08-15
US8052775B2 (en) 2011-11-08
PL1701779T3 (pl) 2011-05-31
DE602005022670D1 (de) 2010-09-16
CA2552485A1 (en) 2005-07-21
ES2350356T3 (es) 2011-01-21
EA200601293A1 (ru) 2007-04-27
EA011051B1 (ru) 2008-12-30
EP1701779A1 (en) 2006-09-20
MXPA06007876A (es) 2007-03-01
US20090130477A1 (en) 2009-05-21
ZA200605552B (en) 2008-04-30
EP1701779B1 (en) 2010-08-04
AU2005203910A1 (en) 2005-07-21
UA92314C2 (ru) 2010-10-25
TNSN06215A1 (en) 2007-12-03
CN1327942C (zh) 2007-07-25
JP4528785B2 (ja) 2010-08-18
AU2005203910B2 (en) 2010-05-27
BRPI0506744A (pt) 2007-05-15
WO2005065806A1 (en) 2005-07-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
SG149057A1 (en) A metal palladium composite membrane or alloy palladium composite membrane and their preparation methods
WO2007007343A8 (en) Composite membranes and methods for their preparation
EP2243760A3 (en) Oxidation inhibition of carbon-carbon composites
EP2247372A4 (en) METHOD FOR MAKING A FUNCTIONALIZED MEMBRANE
AU2003221816A8 (en) Process for preparing palladium alloy composite membranes for use in hydrogen separation, palladium alloy composite membranes and products incorporating or made from the membranes
MY144909A (en) Method for producing porous surfaces on metal components
WO2010123729A3 (en) Rhenium-promoted epoxidation catalysts and methods of making and using them
PT1749134E (pt) Vectores lentivirais para a preparação de composições imunoterapêuticas
MXPA05013773A (es) Metodo para elaborar carboxialquilcelulosa.
EP1935480A4 (en) POROUS MULTILAYER HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE AND CORRESPONDING PRODUCTION PROCESS
MX2007007723A (es) Un biomaterial implantable y un metodo para producirlo.
EP1693484A3 (en) Plating Method
WO2008051680A3 (en) Medical device hydrogen surface treatment by electrochemical reduction
WO2005072706A3 (en) Nanosuspensions of anti-retroviral agents for increased central nervous system delivery
EP1825905A4 (en) SEMI-PERMEABLE COMPOSITE MEMBRANE AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF SAID MEMBRANE
TW200730248A (en) Palladium complex and catalyst-imparting treatment solution using the same
EP1970359A3 (en) Composite article and fabrication method
EP2383035A4 (en) Formyl group-containing porous support, adsorbent using same, method for producing same, and method for producing the adsorbent
WO2007140910A3 (en) Porous membrane comprising a biocompatible block-copolymer
TW200602262A (en) Manufacture of porous diamond films
EP2351612A4 (en) POROUS OBJECT FROM RANEY NICKEL, MANUFACTURING METHOD AND CATALYST
WO2009059915A3 (de) Goldhaltige nickelschicht
ATE380066T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von membranen
TW200622024A (en) Copper(I) complexes for deposition of copper films by atomic layer deposition
WO2009059917A3 (de) Silberhaltige nickelschicht