KR100692435B1 - 액정 표시 장치 및 그 제조 방법, 및 배향 처리 장치 및배향 처리 방법 - Google Patents
액정 표시 장치 및 그 제조 방법, 및 배향 처리 장치 및배향 처리 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR100692435B1 KR100692435B1 KR1020000040108A KR20000040108A KR100692435B1 KR 100692435 B1 KR100692435 B1 KR 100692435B1 KR 1020000040108 A KR1020000040108 A KR 1020000040108A KR 20000040108 A KR20000040108 A KR 20000040108A KR 100692435 B1 KR100692435 B1 KR 100692435B1
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- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- orientation
- alignment
- alignment film
- slit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133753—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers with different alignment orientations or pretilt angles on a same surface, e.g. for grey scale or improved viewing angle
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/13378—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by treatment of the surface, e.g. embossing, rubbing or light irradiation
- G02F1/133788—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by treatment of the surface, e.g. embossing, rubbing or light irradiation by light irradiation, e.g. linearly polarised light photo-polymerisation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133711—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by organic films, e.g. polymeric films
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133742—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers for homeotropic alignment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133753—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers with different alignment orientations or pretilt angles on a same surface, e.g. for grey scale or improved viewing angle
- G02F1/133761—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers with different alignment orientations or pretilt angles on a same surface, e.g. for grey scale or improved viewing angle with different pretilt angles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133765—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers without a surface treatment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/02—Materials and properties organic material
- G02F2202/022—Materials and properties organic material polymeric
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP21787899 | 1999-07-30 | ||
| JP99-217878 | 1999-07-30 | ||
| JP2000-163607 | 2000-05-31 | ||
| JP2000163607A JP4401538B2 (ja) | 1999-07-30 | 2000-05-31 | 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20010015316A KR20010015316A (ko) | 2001-02-26 |
| KR100692435B1 true KR100692435B1 (ko) | 2007-03-09 |
Family
ID=26522264
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020000040108A Expired - Fee Related KR100692435B1 (ko) | 1999-07-30 | 2000-07-13 | 액정 표시 장치 및 그 제조 방법, 및 배향 처리 장치 및배향 처리 방법 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US6583835B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP4401538B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100692435B1 (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TW479266B (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019209622A1 (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2019-10-31 | Corning Incorporated | Liquid crystal display for polymer sustained alignment |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6808766B1 (en) * | 1998-08-26 | 2004-10-26 | Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal alignment agent and liquid crystal device using the liquid crystal alignment and method for alignment of liquid crystal molecules |
| JP4401538B2 (ja) * | 1999-07-30 | 2010-01-20 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法 |
| KR100617024B1 (ko) * | 2000-09-20 | 2006-08-29 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | 액정표시소자 |
| KR100601454B1 (ko) * | 2000-10-04 | 2006-07-14 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | 멀티 도메인 액정표시장치 및 그 제조방법 |
| JP4334166B2 (ja) | 2001-08-01 | 2009-09-30 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及び配向膜の露光装置及び配向膜の処理方法 |
| US7113241B2 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2006-09-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display and method of manufacturing the same |
| CN1327279C (zh) * | 2002-02-04 | 2007-07-18 | 夏普株式会社 | 液晶显示装置及其制造方法 |
| EP1353217A1 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-15 | JSR Corporation | Optical alignment method and liquid crystal display element |
| US7248318B2 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2007-07-24 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device and method of producing the same |
| JP2004029180A (ja) * | 2002-06-24 | 2004-01-29 | Nitto Denko Corp | 紫外線偏光光源装置及びそれを用いた液晶配向膜の製造方法 |
| JP4504626B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-31 | 2010-07-14 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法 |
| JP3888344B2 (ja) * | 2003-09-12 | 2007-02-28 | ソニー株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及び光学ブロック |
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| KR100685430B1 (ko) * | 2004-11-26 | 2007-02-22 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | Ocb 모드 액정층을 구비하는 액정표시장치 |
| JP4738096B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-18 | 2011-08-03 | 東芝モバイルディスプレイ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法 |
| US8130348B2 (en) | 2005-12-02 | 2012-03-06 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Production method of liquid crystal display including scanning exposure |
| CN102298228B (zh) | 2006-01-26 | 2014-04-23 | 夏普株式会社 | 液晶显示装置的制造方法和液晶显示装置 |
| US8593602B2 (en) | 2006-04-27 | 2013-11-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Production method for liquid crystal display device and exposure device including exposure of alignment layers |
| JP4937787B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-23 | 2012-05-23 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法 |
| US7684001B2 (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2010-03-23 | Au Optronics Corporation | Liquid crystal display panel having photo-alignment film and patterned pixel electrodes with micro slits disposed therein, electronic apparatus, and manufacturing method thereof |
| US8094284B2 (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2012-01-10 | Au Optronics Corporation | Liquid crystal display panel including patterned pixel electrodes having micro slits, electronic apparatus and manufacturing method thereof |
| US8436971B2 (en) | 2008-07-15 | 2013-05-07 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device |
| TWI380098B (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2012-12-21 | Au Optronics Corp | Method of forming a display panel |
| WO2010119659A1 (ja) | 2009-04-17 | 2010-10-21 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
| US8564751B2 (en) | 2009-04-17 | 2013-10-22 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device |
| JP2009187043A (ja) * | 2009-05-29 | 2009-08-20 | Sharp Corp | 液晶表示装置 |
| US20120092574A1 (en) * | 2009-06-11 | 2012-04-19 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device |
| JP5184492B2 (ja) | 2009-11-19 | 2013-04-17 | 株式会社ジャパンディスプレイイースト | 液晶表示装置およびその製造方法 |
| CN103119481B (zh) * | 2010-07-26 | 2015-07-01 | Lg化学株式会社 | 掩膜及包括该掩膜的滤光片制造设备 |
| US8537315B2 (en) * | 2010-09-07 | 2013-09-17 | Chimei Innolux Corporation | Liquid crystal display having alignment areas and electrode areas with particular boundaries and openings |
| CN102402078A (zh) * | 2010-09-13 | 2012-04-04 | 群康科技(深圳)有限公司 | 液晶显示结构 |
| US9798179B2 (en) | 2010-10-14 | 2017-10-24 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Liquid crystal display device |
| WO2012050179A1 (ja) * | 2010-10-14 | 2012-04-19 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置の製造方法 |
| JP5250014B2 (ja) * | 2010-11-05 | 2013-07-31 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその駆動方法 |
| US9057916B2 (en) * | 2011-02-25 | 2015-06-16 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display apparatus |
| US9001296B2 (en) * | 2011-02-25 | 2015-04-07 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display apparatus |
| JP5086458B2 (ja) * | 2011-04-01 | 2012-11-28 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法 |
| WO2013054828A1 (ja) | 2011-10-11 | 2013-04-18 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
| JP5689436B2 (ja) * | 2012-04-03 | 2015-03-25 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
| JP5953512B2 (ja) | 2012-07-05 | 2016-07-20 | 株式会社ブイ・テクノロジー | 光配向露光装置及び光配向露光方法 |
| JP2015036721A (ja) * | 2013-08-12 | 2015-02-23 | 株式会社ジャパンディスプレイ | 液晶表示パネル及び液晶表示パネルの製造方法 |
| EP2963489B1 (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2019-06-19 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Curved display device |
| US20220050337A1 (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2022-02-17 | Sakai Display Products Corporation | Liquid crystal display panel and method for manufacturing same |
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| JP4162313B2 (ja) * | 1998-12-28 | 2008-10-08 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
| TW500747B (en) * | 1999-01-19 | 2002-09-01 | Hayashi Telempu Kk | Alignment layer and a liquid crystal display using the same |
| JP2000212310A (ja) | 1999-01-19 | 2000-08-02 | Hayashi Telempu Co Ltd | 配向膜およびその製造方法、液晶表示装置 |
| JP4401538B2 (ja) * | 1999-07-30 | 2010-01-20 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法 |
| US6493050B1 (en) * | 1999-10-26 | 2002-12-10 | International Business Machines Corporation | Wide viewing angle liquid crystal with ridge/slit pretilt, post spacer and dam structures and method for fabricating same |
| JP2001174824A (ja) * | 1999-12-20 | 2001-06-29 | Nec Corp | 配向分割型液晶表示装置、その製造方法及びその画像表示方法 |
-
2000
- 2000-05-31 JP JP2000163607A patent/JP4401538B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-07-11 TW TW089113775A patent/TW479266B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-07-13 KR KR1020000040108A patent/KR100692435B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-07-31 US US09/629,287 patent/US6583835B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-04-24 US US10/422,253 patent/US20030202143A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-05-04 US US11/800,283 patent/US7859624B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-11-18 US US12/949,236 patent/US8416379B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08334771A (ja) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-17 | Internatl Business Mach Corp <Ibm> | 配向膜形成材料及びそれを用いた配向膜及びその配向膜を用いた液晶表示装置、及び配向膜形成材料の製造方法及び配向膜の製造方法 |
| JPH10123521A (ja) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-05-15 | Fujitsu Ltd | 液晶表示装置の製造方法およびその製造装置ならびに液晶表示装置 |
| KR19980086371A (ko) * | 1997-05-29 | 1998-12-05 | 윤종용 | 광시야각 액정 표시 장치 |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019209622A1 (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2019-10-31 | Corning Incorporated | Liquid crystal display for polymer sustained alignment |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8416379B2 (en) | 2013-04-09 |
| JP2001108994A (ja) | 2001-04-20 |
| US7859624B2 (en) | 2010-12-28 |
| US20070273818A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
| KR20010015316A (ko) | 2001-02-26 |
| US6583835B1 (en) | 2003-06-24 |
| US20110063554A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
| JP4401538B2 (ja) | 2010-01-20 |
| TW479266B (en) | 2002-03-11 |
| US20030202143A1 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
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