JPWO2013140607A1 - 固体電解質、固体電解質の製造方法、電池及び電池パック - Google Patents
固体電解質、固体電解質の製造方法、電池及び電池パック Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2013140607A1 JPWO2013140607A1 JP2014505934A JP2014505934A JPWO2013140607A1 JP WO2013140607 A1 JPWO2013140607 A1 JP WO2013140607A1 JP 2014505934 A JP2014505934 A JP 2014505934A JP 2014505934 A JP2014505934 A JP 2014505934A JP WO2013140607 A1 JPWO2013140607 A1 JP WO2013140607A1
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- Prior art keywords
- solid electrolyte
- battery
- positive electrode
- negative electrode
- lithium
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B18/00—Layered products essentially comprising ceramics, e.g. refractory products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/003—Titanates
- C01G23/005—Alkali titanates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
- C01G25/006—Compounds containing, besides zirconium, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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Abstract
Description
第1の実施形態によれば、セラミックス粒子の焼結体を含む固体電解質が提供される。セラミックス粒子の焼結体を含む固体電解質は、安価な方法で合成することが可能であり、その多くがセラミックス微粒子同士がネッキングにより連結された微粒子焼結体で構成されている。セラミックス粒子の配列、更には結晶中のドメイン構造がイオンの導電性に大きく影響を与える。セラミックス粒子の焼結体を含む固体電解質の多くは、電解液よりもイオン導電性が劣る。これは、粒子同士の抵抗(粒界抵抗)のほかに、固体電解質を構成する粒子間の導電チャネルの向きが揃っていないことによる導電性の低下も挙げられる。
第2の実施形態によれば、第1の実施形態に係る固体電解質の製造方法を提供することができる。この方法は、セラミックス粒子焼結体を含む固体電解質前駆体を加熱しながら、固体電解質前駆体の少なくとも一面と交差する方向に交流電場を印加する工程を含む。これにより、少なくとも一面と交差する方向に、イオン導電経路を有する結晶面が配向したセラミックス粒子焼結体を含む固体電解質が得られる。
第3の実施形態によれば、第1の実施形態に係る固体電解質を含む電解質層を用いた電池を提供することができる。電池は、正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極とをさらに含む。電解質層は、その両面と交差する方向に、イオン導電経路を有する結晶面が配向したセラミックス粒子焼結体を含む。電解質層の一方の面に正極が接合され、かつ他方の面に負極が接合されているため、結晶面が正極及び負極と交差する方向に配向している。
電解質層は、第1の実施形態に係る固体電解質から実質的になるものでもよいが、より接触面積を低減するために、非水電解質、ポリマー(高分子材料)電解質あるいは常温溶融塩材料を含むものであっても良い。
負極は、負極集電体と、負極集電体の片面若しくは両面に担持され、負極活物質および導電剤、必要に応じて結着剤等を含む負極材料層(負極活物質含有層)を有する。導電剤は集電性能の向上および集電体との接触抵抗を抑えるために配合されていることが望ましい。
正極は、集電体と、この集電体の片面もしくは両面に担持され、正極活物質および結着剤を含む正極材料層(正極活物質含有層)とを有する。
外装部材は、固体電解質に非水電解質が併用される場合、厚さ0.5mm以下のラミネートフィルムまたは厚さ1.0mm以下の金属製容器が用いられる。金属製容器は、厚さ0.5mm以下であることがより好ましい。更に、固体電解質で構成される全固体電池の場合は、外装部材としてモールド材が用いられることが好ましい。
(実施例1)
La0.56Li0.33TiO3で表されるペロブスカイト型固体電解質を合成し、これを用いた固体電解質層を作製した。市販の試薬であるLa2O3,Li2CO3及びTiO2を用いた。これらの粉末を、所定のモル比となるように秤量し、エタノール中にて遊星ボールミル(300rpm/ジルコニアボール)で1時間、混合及び粉砕を行った。次に、電気炉に入れ、800℃で12時間仮焼した。この粉末を再び混合した後、厚さ1mm直径12mmのペレット状に一軸加圧成型した。次に、ペレットの両面を研磨して平滑にした後、白金電極を蒸着した。この電極間に外部から0.5V、1Hzの振幅で交流電場を印加しながら、1350℃で待機下において2時間焼成した。焼成した試料を、乾燥アルゴン流通下において、5Hz〜13MHzの範囲で交流インピーダンス測定することにより、25℃におけるリチウムイオン導電率を測定した。交流インピーダンス測定後、配向性を確認するために、ペレット表面の白金電極を研磨除去したのち、アルミホルダーにセットしてXRD測定を行った。次に、ペレットを粉砕したのち、回転試料台にセットしてXRD測定を行った。その結果、メインピークである(110)面を基準として、粉砕前後でC軸に沿った(001)面のピークに違いが見られた。ペレットの状態では(001)面のピークが相対強度比の変化量で約18%強く見られ、C軸方向に配向していることが確認された。ペロブスカイト型酸化物は、3次元拡散経路を有するが、加熱しながらの外部からの電場印加によってC軸方向に配向した格子を生成することが分かった。
Li7La3Zr2O12で表されるガーネット型固体電解質を合成し、これを用いた固体電解質層を作製した。出発原料を化学量論比になるように秤量し、エタノール中にて遊星ボールミル(300rpm/ジルコニアボール)で1時間、混合と粉砕を行った。出発原料の混合粉末をボールとエタノールから分離したのち、Al2O3製のるつぼ中にて、950℃、10時間大気雰囲気で仮焼を行った。その後、この粉末を再度粉砕し、得られた粉末を再び950℃、10時間大気雰囲気の条件下で再度仮焼した。その後、厚さ1mm直径12mmのペレット状に一軸加圧成型した。次に、ペレットの両面を研磨して平滑にした後、白金電極を蒸着した。この電極間に外部から0.5V、1Hzの振幅で交流電場を印加しながら、1200℃、12時間大気中の条件下で本焼結を行った。焼成した試料を、乾燥アルゴン流通下において、5Hz〜13MHzの範囲で交流インピーダンス測定することにより、25℃におけるリチウムイオン導電率を測定した。交流インピーダンス測定後、配向性を確認するために、ペレット表面の白金電極を研磨除去したのち、アルミホルダーにセットしてXRD測定を行った。次に、ペレットを粉砕したのち、回転試料台にセットしてXRD測定を行った。その結果、(220)面を基準として、粉砕前後で導電経路に沿った(024)面のピークに違いが見られた。ペレットの状態では(024)面のピークが約6%強く見られ、導電経路に沿って配向していることが確認された。2次元拡散経路が3次元的に配列するガーネット型酸化物の場合でも、加熱しながら外部から電場印加することによって、イオン導電経路を有する結晶面が、固体電解質層両面と垂直な方向に配向されることが確認できた。
実施例2の固体電解質層を用いて以下の方法によって実施例3の全固体電池を製造した。公知の方法で合成したLi7La3Zr2O12の固体電解質粉末を平均粒径が1μmとなるまで粉砕した。得られた固体電解質粉末を、市販のコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)に対して30質量%の割合で混合し、ペレット状に形成し、正極を作製した。また、Li7La3Zr2O12の固体電解質粉末を、市販のチタン酸リチウム(Li4Ti5O12)に対して30質量%の割合で混合し、ペレット状に形成し、負極を作製した。
焼成時に交流電場を与えずに合成すること以外は、実施例1,2と同様にして比較例1,2の固体電解質層を製造した。比較例1,2の固体電解質層それぞれにXRD測定を行ったところ、ペレット状態での測定結果と粉末にしてからの測定結果に強度の違いは見られず、配向していないことが分かった。
比較例2の固体電解質層を用い、かつホットプレス(熱間プレス)時に交流電場を印加しないこと以外は、実施例3と同様にして比較例3の全固体電池を得た。比較例3の全固体電池の0.05C放電時の容量維持率を下記表2に示す。
Claims (7)
- 少なくとも固体電解質一表面と交差する方向に、イオン導電経路を有する結晶面が配向しているセラミックス粒子焼結体を含むことを特徴とする固体電解質。
- 前記少なくとも固体電解質一表面の垂線を基準として30°までの範囲で交差する方向に、前記イオン導電経路を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記少なくとも固体電解質一表面と垂直に交差する方向に、前記結晶面が配向していることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記セラミックス粒子焼結体は、リチウムイオン導電性を有することを特徴とする請求項1〜3いずれか1項に記載の固体電解質。
- 正極と、負極と、前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置された固体電解質層とを含む電池であって、前記固体電解質層は、イオン導電経路を有する結晶面が前記正極及び前記負極と交差する方向に配向しているセラミックス粒子焼結体を含むことを特徴とする電池。
- 請求項5記載の電池を含むことを特徴とする電池パック。
- セラミックス粒子焼結体を含む固体電解質前駆体を加熱しながら、前記固体電解質前駆体の少なくとも一表面と交差する方向に交流電場を印加することにより、前記セラミックス粒子焼結体のイオン導電経路を有する結晶面を配向させる工程を含むことを特徴とする固体電解質の製造方法。
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