JPWO2008153016A1 - 水素分離膜、及び選択透過膜型反応器 - Google Patents
水素分離膜、及び選択透過膜型反応器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
まず、本発明の水素分離膜の一の実施形態について具体的に説明する。本実施形態の水素分離膜は、パラジウムと、他の異なる二種類の金属である添加金属A及び添加金属Bとを含むパラジウム合金からなり、前記添加金属Aと前記添加金属Bのそれぞれは、パラジウムに対してそれぞれ全率固溶するものであるとともに、前記添加金属Aと前記添加金属Bは、平衡状態図において3重点を有し、かつ、金属間化合物を形成しないものである。
本実施形態の水素分離膜に用いられるパラジウム合金は、上記したようにパラジウムと、他の異なる二種類の金属である添加金属A及び添加金属B(以下、単に「添加金属」ということがある)とを少なくとも含むものである。
次に、本実施形態の水素分離膜の製造方法について説明する。なお、ここでは、パラジウム、銀、及び銅からなるパラジウム合金を用い、多孔質の基体(基材)の表面に配置した水素分離膜を製造する。
次に、本発明の水素分離体の一の実施形態について説明する。図1に示すように、本実施形態の水素分離体31は、セラミックス、又は金属を主成分とし、一の表面34から他の表面にかけて複数の細孔が形成された多孔質基体32と、多孔質基体32の一の表面34上に配置された、これまでに説明した本発明の水素分離膜35とを備えたものである。ここで、図1は、本発明の水素分離体の一の実施形態を模式的に示す断面図である。なお、本明細書における「主成分」とは、その物質を構成する成分中、50質量%以上含有する成分のことをいう。
次に、本発明の選択透過膜型反応器の一の実施形態について具体的に説明する。図2は本実施形態の選択透過膜型反応器を模式的に示す断面図であり、図3は、図2に示す選択透過膜型反応器の中心軸を含む平面で切断した断面図である。
図2及び図3に示すような本実施形態の選択透過膜型反応器1の反応管2は、筒状体、例えば、円筒体で構成されている。そして、この筒状体の一端部がガスの入口21(以下、「ガス入口21」ということがある)で、他端部がガスの出口22(以下、「ガス出口22」ということがある)となる。そして、この筒状体の内部に供給された原料ガスを、触媒4によって反応させて水素を含むガスを生成する。
分離管3は、上記した反応管2内に挿入された、表面に水素を選択的に透過させる選択透過膜10を有するものである。水素を分離する選択透過膜10は膜厚が薄く、単独では機械的強度が低いため、多孔体等の基材11の表面に選択透過膜10を配置した分離管3が用いられている。
触媒4は、反応管2と分離管3との間の空間(以下、「反応空間13」ということがある)に配置された、原料ガスの改質等の反応を促進する触媒である。この触媒4には、触媒活性成分として、鉄(Fe)、コバルト(Co)、ニッケル(Ni)、銅(Cu)、モリブデン(Mo)、ルテニウム(Ru)、ロジウム(Rh)、パラジウム(Pd)、銀(Ag)、タングステン(W)、レニウム(Re)、オスミウム(Os)、イリジウム(Ir)、白金(Pt)及び金(Au)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属が含有されていることが好ましい。
ここで、図2及び図3に示すような本実施形態の選択透過膜型反応器を用いた水素の製造方法について具体的に説明する。水素の製造方法としては、図3に示すように、原料ガスを反応管2のガス入口21から反応管2の内部に供給する工程と、原料ガスを触媒4が設置された反応空間13において反応させ、水素を含有する反応ガスを生成する工程と、選択透過膜10によって、反応ガスから水素を分離部12側に分離する工程とを備えた製造方法である。なお、この水素の製造方法においては、メタンと水蒸気との反応系(例えば、CH4+2H2O→CO+4H2という反応式で表されるメタンの水蒸気改質反応)について主に説明するが、他の原料系においても同様に実施できる。
基材として、外径10mm、長さ100mmの円筒管形状を有し、表面の平均細孔径が0.1μmであるα−アルミナ管を使用し、この円筒管形状の基材の表面に、めっき法によって、パラジウム、銅、銀を順次成膜した。パラジウムと銀と銅との割合は、パラジウム100質量部に対して、銀が25質量部で、銅が9質量部となるようにした。これをアルゴンガス中700℃で1時間加熱処理することによって合金化を行い、パラジウム合金からなる水素分離膜を得た。水素分離膜の厚さは、2μmとなるように調製した。
パラジウム合金を構成する銅の量を、表1に示すような量にしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして水素分離膜を形成して水素分離器を製造した。水素透過試験の測定結果を表1に示す。
水素分離膜をパラジウムとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして水素分離膜を形成して水素分離器を製造した。水素透過試験の測定結果を表1に示す。また、この比較例1の水素分離器に対して、実施例1と同様の方法によって耐久試験を行い、水素分離膜のHeリーク量の測定を行った。測定結果を表2に示す。なお、比較例1においては、2サイクル目の測定において、Heリーク量が大きく増大したため、これ以降の測定は行わなかった。
水素分離膜をパラジウムと銀の合金としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして水素分離膜を形成して水素分離器を製造した。パラジウムと銀との割合は、パラジウム100質量部に対して、銀が25質量部となるようにした。水素透過試験の測定結果を表1に示す。また、この比較例1の水素分離器に対して、実施例1と同様の方法によって耐久試験を行い、水素分離膜のHeリーク量の測定を行った。測定結果を表2に示す。なお、比較例2においては、26サイクル目の測定において、Heリーク量が大きく増大したため、これ以降の測定は行わなかった。
パラジウム合金を構成する元素の割合を、表3に示すような量にしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして水素分離膜を形成して水素分離器を製造した。実施例2及び実施例4〜10の水素透過試験の測定結果を表3に示す。
表1及び図4に示すグラフにより、実施例1〜3の水素分離器に用いた水素分離膜の水素透過性能が優れていることが分かった。
Claims (15)
- パラジウムと、他の異なる二種類の金属である添加金属A及び添加金属Bとを少なくとも含むパラジウム合金からなり、
前記添加金属Aと前記添加金属Bのそれぞれは、パラジウムに対してそれぞれ全率固溶するものであるとともに、前記添加金属Aと前記添加金属Bは、平衡状態図において3重点を有し、かつ、金属間化合物を形成しないものである水素分離膜。 - 前記パラジウム合金が、前記添加金属Aと前記添加金属Bの平衡状態図における3重点の温度の上下100℃の範囲内で熱処理されたものである請求項1に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属Aと前記添加金属Bのそれぞれが、元素周期表の9族から11族の遷移金属元素より選択される金属である請求項1又は2に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属A又は前記添加金属Bが、銀である請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属A又は前記添加金属Bが、金である請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属A又は前記添加金属Bが、銅である請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属A又は前記添加金属Bが、イリジウムである請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属A又は前記添加金属Bが、ロジウムである請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属A又は前記添加金属Bが、コバルトである請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記添加金属A又は前記添加金属Bが、ニッケルである請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 前記パラジウム合金中における、パラジウムの含有量が40〜90質量%である請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- 水素分離膜の膜厚が、0.1〜10μmである請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜。
- セラミックス、又は金属を主成分とし、一の表面から他の表面にかけて複数の細孔が形成された多孔質基体と、
前記多孔質基体の前記一の表面上に配置された請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜とを備えた水素分離体。 - 一端部がガスの入口で、他端部がガスの出口である筒状の反応管と、
前記反応管内に挿入された、表面に水素を選択的に透過させる選択透過膜を有する分離管と、
前記反応管と前記分離管との間に配置された、原料ガスからの水素の生成反応を促進する触媒と、を備え、
前記選択透過膜が、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の水素分離膜である選択透過膜型反応器。 - 前記触媒が、ペレット状、フォーム状若しくはハニカム状に形成された担体に担持されたもの、又は前記触媒自身がペレット状、フォーム状若しくはハニカム状に成形されたものである請求項14に記載の選択透過膜型反応器。
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