JPWO2007123193A1 - スプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤およびそれを用いた投与システム - Google Patents
スプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤およびそれを用いた投与システム Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2007123193A1 JPWO2007123193A1 JP2008512157A JP2008512157A JPWO2007123193A1 JP WO2007123193 A1 JPWO2007123193 A1 JP WO2007123193A1 JP 2008512157 A JP2008512157 A JP 2008512157A JP 2008512157 A JP2008512157 A JP 2008512157A JP WO2007123193 A1 JPWO2007123193 A1 JP WO2007123193A1
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- gel
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- skin
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Abstract
Description
鼻腔軟膏型製剤は通例指で塗布するために衛生的ではなく、また指で塗布するだけでは鼻腔深部の粘膜まで到達せず、一定量の活性薬物を投与することが困難である。
ドロップレッド(液滴)型製剤は、過去において最もシンプルで簡便な方法だが、正確な量を投与するのが難しいのに加え、ムコシリアリークリアランスによって速やかに鼻腔から咽頭側へ除去されてしまう。
スプレー型製剤は薬液製剤をポンプによって吸い上げ、霧状にして鼻腔内に噴霧するため、ドロップレッド(液滴)型製剤よりも分散性が良好である。
パウダー(粉末)型製剤は、溶液中で分解しやすい薬物や鼻腔内での滞留性を確保したい場合に利用される。しかし、鼻に投与したときの違和感や粘膜障害性がみられることもあり、粒子系の均一化等製剤設計が難しい。
また、上記の液体スプレー装置は、外気を取り込むシステムとなっているため、一定量の防腐剤等の使用を余儀なくされていた。
しかし、滞留性を上げるために高粘度の噴霧用ゲル剤を調製しても、噴霧操作によってその粘度の低下があることも既に知られた問題点であった。
また、該噴霧用ゲル製剤は高粘度を有するために、スプレー型製剤として用いるとスプレー容器の中の側壁に付着し、容器の外に噴射されず容器内に製剤が残存する残存率が通常の液剤と比較して高く、また、内容製剤の液体がスプレー容器内を容易に素早く流動しないため、急激な噴射角度の変更等によっては、一定量の安定した噴霧量を担保することが困難な場合があった。加えて、その粒度分布から噴霧により製剤粒子が鼻腔深部に到達しにくいことおよび噴射角度が調整できなく、均等な密度で噴霧させることが困難であるという欠点もあった。
更に、複雑な鼻腔内の構造に対して、鼻甲介の広範囲に噴霧製剤を行き渡らせるには、スプレーの投与する角度を鼻腔内の構造に合わせて投与するなどの手法が有効と考えられるが、従前の点鼻スプレー型製剤では、投与する角度にも一定の限界があり、有効な角度で投与して鼻甲介の広範囲に噴霧製剤を行き渡らせる投与システム、並びにそれを可能にする点鼻製剤の開発が必要であった。
また、手、指、足、体部、股部、頭皮、肛門周囲、性器周囲等の皮膚への噴霧投与製剤においても、上記点鼻製剤と類似の問題点があった。
特にこの製剤およびシステムを用いた点鼻製剤においては、投与体位(頭部の角度)とスプレー容器を有効な角度でセットして鼻腔に噴霧したときに、鼻甲介の広範囲に製剤を行き渡らせることができる。
ここで粘度調節剤は、塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウムおよび塩化カルシウムよりなる群から選ばれることが望ましい。調整される粘度は通常50mPa・sから5000mPa・sであり、好ましくは100mPa・sから4000mPa・sであり、更に望ましくは500mPa・sから3000mPa・sであり、最も好ましくは2000mPa・sから2500mPa・sである。
また本発明では、ゲル製剤の粘度が外部からのせん断力により50mPa・sから5000mPa・sの範囲に調整されたゲル製剤を含む、噴霧操作によって得られる噴霧された製剤粒子の粘度保持率が90%以上である上記の投与システムを提供する。
ここで行うせん断力を与える操作については、当業者に公知の方法で行われ、具体的にせん断力を与える装置は、高速回転型乳化装置、コロイドミル型乳化装置、高圧乳化装置、ロールミル型乳化装置、超音波式乳化装置および膜式乳化装置を用いることができる。特にホモミキサー型、櫛歯型および断続ジェット流発生型の高速回転型乳化装置が好ましい。
ここで調整される粘度は、通常50mPa・sから5000mPa・sであり、好ましくは100mPa・sから4000mPa・sであり、更に望ましくは500mPa・sから3000mPa・sであり、最も好ましくは2000mPa・sから2500mPa・sである。
また、ここで噴射角度とは、噴射口からまっ直ぐ噴射される製剤を0°とし、そこから広がって噴射されたゲル製剤の角度をいう。また噴射密度は、噴射したゲル製剤の広がりの中で均等さを示す指標をいう。具体的には均等に噴霧、外周に偏るなどと表す。なおこの噴射密度の評価は、噴射口から板に向かって噴霧してそこに付着したゲル製剤を目視で観察して判断した。
本発明において用いられる「皮膚・粘膜」とは、「皮膚および/または粘膜」であることを意味し、例えば、肛門周囲や性器周囲のように皮膚と粘膜が共存し区別しにくい患部も包含できるように表記する趣旨である。
本発明のゲル製剤においては粘度が通常50mPa・sから5000mPa・sであり、好ましくは100mPa・sから4000mPa・sであり、更に望ましくは500mPa・sから3000mPa・sであり、最も好ましくは2000mPa・sから2500mPa・sである。
本発明においては、噴霧操作によって得られる噴霧された製剤粒子の粘度保持率が50%以上であることが好ましい。
ここで平均粒子径は10μmから100μmの範囲が好ましく、さらに好ましくは50μmから100μmの範囲である。
本発明においては、上記残存率が通常20%以下であり、好ましくは15%以下であり、更に好ましくは10%以下である。
本発明においては、上記設定値の±10%以内の範囲で噴霧される率が70%以上であることが好ましく、更に好ましくは80%以上である。
ここで、頭を後ろに倒し容器投与角度を65〜180°で使用することにより、鼻甲介(鼻道)が平行方向から垂直方向へ変化していくことになり、最初に鼻甲介の先端部分に確実に分散させて付着させることができると考えられ、鼻甲介に捕捉沈着した製剤は、重力による流れと粘膜を覆う繊毛細胞の繊毛運動により後方に運ばれ、鼻甲介広範囲に製剤がいきわたることになる。
したがって、投与体位とスプレー容器との投与角度としては、0°〜180°のいずれの角度でもよく、好ましくは45°〜180°、更に好ましくは65°〜180°、最も好ましくは135°付近の鼻甲介(鼻道)が垂直方向であり、鼻甲介の広範囲に製剤を行き渡る角度が最も有利で望ましい。また投与の際の姿勢は、起立状態、座位、仰臥位、横臥位等いずれでもよく、本発明の点鼻製剤はいずれの投与角度でも使用することができる。
なお、以下の実施例および試験例において、粘度はC形粘度計を用いて20℃で測定した。
実施例1〜3についてはせん断を加えずに粘度調節剤である塩化ナトリウムを同一量加えて調製したゲル製剤で、それぞれ1000、2000および3000mPa・sの粘度を有する。(実施例1〜3において粘度調節剤である塩化ナトリウムが添加されていない場合、その粘度は実施例1では31000mPa・s、実施例2では35000mPa・s、実施例3では36000mPa・sである。)
実施例4〜7についてはせん断を加えて調製したゲル製剤で、実施例6および7は更に粘度調節剤である塩化ナトリウムを加えてせん断力を加える。いずれも粘度は2500mPa・sに調整する。(実施例4において、せん断が加えられていない場合、その粘度は23000mPa・sであり、実施例5〜7において、せん断が加えられていないか(実施例5)、粘度調節剤である塩化ナトリウムを添加せず、せん断も加えない場合(実施例6、実施例7)の粘度は34000mPa・sである。)
実施例8については実施例4〜7と同様の組成で、せん断力を加えずに、粘度調節剤のみで、粘度を2500mPa・sに調整した製剤である。(粘度調節剤である塩化ナトリウムを添加しない場合、その粘度は34000mPa・sである。)
また、実施例4〜8の対照として、粘度調節剤も外部からのせん断力による粘度調整も行わない粘度が2500mPa・sの製剤を作成し、これを比較例とする。
試験容器としては1回の操作で約100mgを噴霧できるポンプを装填した次の噴霧容器を使用した。
本発明容器:ゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)(100mgポンプ、充填量5g)
対照容器(1):本体容器を2重構造とし内側が擂鉢型の形状を有し、容器内残量に対する配慮がなされている市販製品の噴霧容器(100mgポンプ、充填量5g)
対照容器(2):汎用型噴霧容器(100mgポンプ、充填量5g)
空の重量を測定した本発明容器、対照容器(1)および対照容器(2)の3種類の噴霧容器に、実施例1〜実施例8の製剤をそれぞれ正確に約5.0g充填し、表1および表2に示すように投与角度を0°〜180°まで変化させて、1回噴霧する度に、前後の質量差から1回の噴霧量を求め、ほぼ完全に内容物が噴霧されるまで、噴霧操作を繰り返して測定した結果を、本発明容器については表1に、対照容器については表2に示す。
その際の容器内充填製剤の使用分布(%)として、ポンプから噴霧ができなくなった時点での容器内残量(%)、容器の噴霧量として規定された設定量(100mg)の範囲内(±10%以内)で噴霧された噴霧量累計の全量(5.0g)に対する割合を表す「100±10mg範囲内量(%)」、および設定量の範囲外で噴霧された同様の割合を表す「100±10mg範囲外量(%)」を以下の式により求め、それぞれの値も表1および表2に示した。
容器内残量(%)=容器内残量(g)/初期充填量(g)×100
100±10mg範囲内(%)=100±10mg範囲内噴霧量累計(g)/初期充填量(g)×100
100±10mg範囲外(%)=100±10mg範囲外噴霧量累計(g)/初期充填量(g)×100
さらに、100±10mg範囲内で使用できた回数も示した。
以下、上記の表1および表2の結果を基に、投与角度および製剤の種類ごとに分類して、並べ替えた結果を、表3〜表8に示す。
本発明ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤と他のゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤の噴霧による平均粒子径をレーザー光散乱方式による粒子径測定装置を用いて測定し比較した(表12)。容器はすべて同一のゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)を使用した。本発明ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤は、高粘度であるにも拘らず、小さな粒子径を示し、特に鼻腔内投与型製剤として理想的な平均粒子径(50〜100μm)であることが見出された。
本発明ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤と他のゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤の噴霧による粘度の変化を噴霧前と噴霧直後を測定することにより比較した(表13)。容器はすべて同一のゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)を使用した。本発明ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤のみが、極めて高い粘度保持率を有することが見出された。特に、せん断力を加えて粘度を調整した製剤である実施例4〜7においては、噴射前後で粘度の変化は全くなく、極めて高い粘度保持率であった。
上記で調製した粘度、調製方法が異なる各ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤の噴霧による噴射角度と噴射密度を測定し、比較した(表14)。容器はすべて同一のゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)を使用した。
粘度の違いにより噴射角度が影響を受けることはなかったが(例えば、実施例1〜3を比較)、せん断力を加えて粘度を調整したゲルタイプ粘膜付着製剤である実施例4〜7では、噴射角度は狭くなる傾向にあり、またこれらの実施例の製剤の中でも、粘度調節剤である塩化ナトリウムを加えた実施例6および実施例7においては、それを加えていない同一組成の実施例5と比較して噴射角度は広くなる傾向にあった。
また、噴射密度に関してもせん断力を加えることによって影響を受けた。すなわち、せん断力を加えていない実施例1〜3および実施例8の製剤では外周に偏って噴霧されたが、せん断力を加えた実施例4〜7の製剤では噴射密度が均等に噴霧されることがわかった(図10〜13参照)。
これらの知見より、本発明ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤は、ゲル製剤の粘度を粘度調節剤と外部からのせん断力により、噴霧容器からの噴射角度、噴射密度を目的に適するようにコントロールすることが可能であるということであり、例えば、医薬活性物質がイオン性であり溶解状態にある場合、粘度調節剤と同じ役割を担うため、外部からのせん断力のみにより、噴霧容器からの噴射角度と噴射密度を均等となるように調整することが可能となる。
下記の成分を用いてジェランガムを配合したゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤を作成し、実施例4〜実施例8および比較例の製剤とともに人工鼻汁(組成は下記)による製剤の粘度変化の比較試験に供した。
人工鼻汁はヒトの鼻汁と同様のイオンを同様の濃度で配合した調製液であり、添加後均一化し、約5分後に粘度を測定した。(人工鼻汁の添加量は製剤10gに対して添加した量(g)で示した)
〔人工鼻汁の組成〕
上記、人工鼻汁は、佐分利保雄ら「鼻汁によるスギ花粉の破裂」(日本公衆衛生誌 1992年 第39巻 第6号 P341〜P346に記載されている組成を基に調製したものである。
本発明ゲルタイプ粘膜付着製剤の人工鼻汁による製剤の粘度変化を図14に示す。容器はすべて同一のゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)を使用した。すなわち、粘度調節剤による粘度調整及び外部からのせん断力により粘度調整のいずれも行っていない比較例では人工鼻汁の添加によって著しく粘度の低下が観察されたのに対し、これらの粘度調整のいずれかを行った実施例4〜10では、粘度の低下がかなり抑えられた。特に注目すべきは、ジェランガムを配合した実施例9および10では、ジェランガムを配合していない他の実施例よりも人工鼻汁の添加量の増加によって、粘度の変化に影響を受けにくいということがわかった。
0.2%ジェランガム溶液を加熱滅菌し内容製剤とし、EOG滅菌処理したゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)及び対照容器(2)に製剤5gを充填し、内容製剤量が50%になるまで2.5g噴霧し、37℃の恒温器、室温に保存し経時的に観察し微生物に対する安定性を比較した(表15)。本発明のゲル製剤用噴霧容器の方が従前の点鼻用容器に比べ、微生物に対する安定性が優れていることが示唆された。
実施例2の製剤に0.5%の濃度になるように甘みを有するサッカリンナトリウムを添加した製剤と0.5%サッカリンナトリウム水溶液を100mgを噴霧できるポンプを装填した点鼻用ゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)を用いて色々な角度で被験者(3名:A、B、C)に点鼻投与(両鼻孔に1回、合計200mg)し、投与後一定の時間後に頭位を垂直にして、投与後被験者が甘みを感じるまでの時間を種々測定し、比較した(表16〜表19)。いずれの場合においても、実施例2のゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着製剤の方が、ゲルタイプではない通常の水溶液よりも甘みを感じるまでに大幅に時間を要したことから、ゲルタイプでは鼻腔内での滞留性が十分に高いことが示唆された。
更に、上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器においても、容器内の摺動底蓋本体を改良することで、残存率が低く、しかも噴霧量が安定であることを可能とする噴霧容器を考案し、安全でしかも製造コスト面でも経済的なゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型点鼻スプレー製剤を可能とした。
したがって、本発明の点鼻スプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤およびそれを用いた投与システムを用いることで、従来の鼻炎治療等においても吸収やクリアランスの改善が図れ、しかも使用の際必要に応じた角度での投与が可能となり、しかも最後まで安定した噴霧量でほぼ使い切れるという利点を有することから、より効果的で有用な点鼻製剤などを可能とする。また、全身作用を目的とした薬物の投与経路としての鼻腔内投与型製剤の開発においても、大いに有用な投与システムとなり得るものである。
Claims (24)
- 皮膚・粘膜付着剤を含有するゲル基剤中に医薬活性物質を含むゲル製剤からなる、スプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 適用する粘膜が鼻腔、眼、耳、口腔、直腸、膣、もしくは尿道、または適用する皮膚が手、指、足、体部、股部、頭皮、肛門周囲、もしくは性器周囲である請求項1に記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 適用する粘膜が鼻腔である請求項1に記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 皮膚・粘膜付着剤としてカルボキシビニルポリマーおよび/またはジェランガムを含有する請求項1から請求項3のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 皮膚・粘膜付着剤として0.1重量%から2.0重量%のカルボキシビニルポリマーまたはジェランガムを含有する、請求項4に記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 皮膚・粘膜付着剤としてその合計が0.2重量%から4.0重量%のカルボキシビニルポリマーおよびジェランガムを含有する、請求項4に記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 皮膚・粘膜付着剤として0.1重量%から2.0重量%のカルボキシビニルポリマーを含有し、外部からせん断力を与えて粘度を調整した請求項1から請求項3のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 皮膚・粘膜付着剤として0.1重量%から2.0重量%のカルボキシビニルポリマーを含有し、外部からせん断力を与えて粘度を50mPa・sから5000mPa・sに調整した請求項7に記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 皮膚・粘膜付着剤として0.1重量%から2.0重量%のカルボキシビニルポリマーを含有し、粘度調節剤および外部からせん断力を与えて粘度を50mPa・sから5000mPa・sに調整した請求項1から請求項3のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 粘度調節剤が、塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウムおよび塩化カルシウムよりなる群から選ばれた請求項9に記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 中性または塩基性の水溶性アミノ酸から選ばれるカルボキシビニルポリマーの増粘化剤を、カルボキシビニルポリマーに対する重量比で1:0.5から1:3の範囲で含有する請求項4から請求項10のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 増粘化剤がアルギニン、リジン、および/またはオルニチンである請求項11に記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 医薬活性物質が0.001〜10重量%含まれるゲル製剤である、請求項1から請求項12のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 医薬活性物質が溶解状態にある、請求項1から請求項13のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 医薬活性物質が懸濁状態にある、請求項1から請求項13のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 医薬活性物質が乳化状態にある、請求項1から請求項13のいずれかに記載のスプレー用ゲルタイプ皮膚・粘膜付着型製剤。
- 請求項1から請求項16に記載のいずれかのスプレー用ゲルタイプ粘膜付着型製剤を、ゲル製剤用噴霧容器(上方排圧エアレス式噴霧容器)に充填して、噴霧容器の投与方向を任意に設定して処置する患部に噴霧し、ゲル基剤をすべての角度に噴霧できることを特徴とする投与システム。
- ゲル製剤の粘度が50mPa・sから5000mPa・sの範囲であり、噴霧操作によって得られる噴霧された製剤粒子の粘度保持率が50%以上である請求項17に記載の投与システム。
- 粘度が外部からせん断力を与えられて50mPa・sから5000mPa・sの範囲に調整されたゲル製剤を含む、噴霧操作によって得られる噴霧された製剤粒子の粘度保持率が90%以上である請求項17に記載の投与システム。
- 噴霧された製剤粒子の平均粒子径が10μmから100μmの範囲である請求項17から請求項19に記載の投与システム。
- 粘度が外部からせん断力を与えられて50mPa・sから5000mPa・sの範囲に調整されたゲル製剤を含む、噴霧容器からの噴射角度を10°から70°の範囲にし、噴射密度を均等乃至外周に集中させた請求項17に記載の投与システム。
- 使用により完全に噴霧され噴霧ができなくなった時点での容器中のゲル製剤の残存率が20%以下であり、設定量の±10%以内の範囲で噴霧される率が70%以上である請求項17から請求項21のいずれかに記載の投与システム。
- 使用により完全に噴霧され噴霧ができなくなった時点での容器中のゲル製剤の残存率が15%以下であり、設定量の±10%以内の範囲で噴霧される率が80%以上である請求項17から請求項21のいずれかに記載の投与システム。
- 噴霧容器の投与角度が0°から360°のいずれかの角度または角度の範囲である、請求項17から請求項23のいずれかに記載の投与システム。
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