JP6895718B2 - 関節リウマチの治療、診断及びモニターするための方法 - Google Patents
関節リウマチの治療、診断及びモニターするための方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2009年9月3日に出願の米国仮出願番号第61/275,948号及び2009年10月16日に出願の米国仮出願番号第61/252,424号の優先権の利益を請求し、両出願の全ては本明細書に出典明示により援用されたものとする。
関節リウマチの同定方法、診断方法及び予後診断方法、ならびに関節リウマチの治療方法が提供される。有効な関節リウマチ治療薬の同定方法及び関節リウマチ治療薬に対する反応性を予測する方法も提供する。
関節リウマチ(RA)は、臨床的に重要な慢性全身性自己免疫炎症性疾患であり、アメリカ合衆国の130万人から210万人が発症している(Alamanosa and Drosos, Autoimmun. Rev., 4:130−136 (2005)を参照のこと)。RAは、病因論が未知の自己免疫疾患である。大部分のRA患者は、現在利用可能な治療によっても進行性の関節の破壊、奇形、障害及び早発性の死亡さえ引き起こす、疾患の慢性的な経過を経験する。年間900万人以上の医師の訪問及び250,000回以上の入院がRAにより生じる。
本発明の組成物及び方法は、少なくとも部分的に、関節リウマチ(RA)の4つの新規かつ異なる分子表現型(本明細書において分子サブタイプとも称される)の定義に基づく。本明細書に記載されるこれらの4つのRA分子サブタイプは、サブタイプと、それぞれの分子サブタイプの関節病理学の特定の組織学的指標及び特定の生物学的経路との重要な関連性との間の差次的な遺伝子発現に基づいて定義された。用語「分子表現型」及び「分子サブタイプ」は、本明細書では交換可能に用いられる。
本明細書を解釈する目的のために、以下の定義が適用され、適切な場合にはいつでも、単数形で使用される用語は複数も含み、その逆もある。以下に説明される任意の定義が、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる任意の文書と矛盾する場合には、以下に説明される定義が統制するであろう。
関節リウマチ
特定のRA治療薬
関節リウマチ分子バイオマーカー
本発明の実施は、特に明記しない限り、当業者の技術範囲内の分子生物学(組換え技術を含む)、微生物学、細胞生物学、生化学及び免疫学の従来技術を用いる。このような技術は、文献、例えば、”Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual”, second edition(Sambrook et al., 1989);”Oligonucleotide Synthesis”(M.J.Gait,編,1984);”Animal Cell Culture”(R.I.Freshney,編,1987);”Methods in Enzymology”(Academic Press,Inc.);”Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”(F. M. Ausubel et al.,編, 1987, and periodic updates); ”PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction”,(Mullis et al.,編,1994)に完全に説明されている。
本明細書記載された方法の何れかに係る核酸は、ゲノムDNAから転写されたRNA、又はRNAから生成されたcDNAであり得る。核酸は、脊椎動物、例えば哺乳動物に由来し得る。核酸は、それがその起源から直接得られた場合、または、それが、その起源で見つかった核酸のコピーである場合に、特定の起源「に由来する」と言われる。
本明細書で記述され又は提言される用途における使用のため、キット又は製造品も提供される。このようなキットは、バイアル、チューブなどのような一又は複数の容器手段を密に閉じ込めて収容するように区画化されている運搬手段を含む場合があり、容器手段の各々は該方法で使用される別個の手段の一つを含む。例えば、容器手段の一つは、標識されているか又は検出可能に標識されうるプローブを含みうる。そのようなプローブは、遺伝子発現特性の遺伝子を含むポリヌクレオチドに対して特異的なポリヌクレオチドでありうる。キットが標的核酸を検出するために核酸ハイブリダイゼーションを利用する場合、キットは、標的核酸配列の増幅のためのヌクレオチドを収容する容器、及び/又は酵素、蛍光又は放射性標識などのリポーター分子に結合した、アビジン又はストレプトアビジンなどのビオチン結合タンパク質のようなレポーター手段を含む容器を有していてもよい。
また、本発明には、そこからサンプルを得て、本明細書に開示されるように遺伝的変異の存在を示すRAの患者又は患者集団を治療するための、薬剤又は薬学的組成物の使用を促す、指示する、及び/又は明確に述べることを含む、RA治療薬又はその薬学的に許容可能な組成物をマーケティングするための方法が包含される。
使用されるマーケティングの種類は、到達されるべきターゲト層、例えば、病院、保険会社、クリニック、医師、看護師、及び患者、並びに、コストの考慮、及び医薬と診断のマーケティングを規制する関連法律及び規制など、多くの要因に依存する。マーケティングは、サービスの相互作用及び/又はユーザーの人口統計及び地理的な場所など他のデータによって定義されたユーザの特性評価に基づいて、個別化又はカスタマイズされ得る。
方法及び被検者
被検者及び滑膜の生検
ヒト被験者から得られる検体が関与する全ての手法は、ミシガン大学治験委員会の承認が得られたプロトコルの下で行われた。ヒト滑膜組織はRAの米国リウマチ学会によって開発された7つの基準のうちの少なくとも4つの存在に基づいてRAと診断された患者の発症した関節から滑膜切除術によって得られた(Arnett, F. C., et al., Arthritis Rheum., 31: 315−324 (1988))。切除された組織は、直ちに液体窒素で瞬間凍結され、−80℃で保存された。適合する組織学切片のために、試料は一次的に−20℃にして、クリオスタットで切片化され、直ちに−80℃に戻した。凍結された試料は、QiagenブランドRLT中でホモジナイズされ、RNAは製造業者推奨プロトコルに従って単離された(Qiagen, Valencia, CA)。
マイクロアレイハイブリダイゼーション
cRNAの調製及びアレイハイブリダイゼーションのための方法は、Affymetrix, Inc.(Santa Clara, CA)によって提供された。簡潔に、3μgのトータルRNAは、cDNA合成キットSuperScript Choice(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)及びT7−(dT)24オリゴマープライマー(Biosearch Technologies, Inc., Novato, CA)を用いて二本鎖cDNAに変換された。二本鎖cDNAは、親和性樹脂Sample Cleanup Module Kit(Affymetrix, Inc.)を用いて精製され、次いでエタノール沈澱された。標識されたcRNAは、インビトロ転写試薬(Enzo Diagnostics, Inc., Farmingdale, NY)中で、T7RNAポリメラーゼ及びビオチン標識ヌクレオチドを用いてcDNAから生成された。標識されたcRNAは、Affymetrix Sample Cleanup Module Kitを用いて精製された。標識されたcRNAの量は、260nmにおける吸光度を測定し、260nmにおける1ODが40g/mlのRNAに相当するという慣例を用いることで測定された。15マイクログラムの標識されたcRNAは、40mMトリス−酢酸塩pH 8.1、100mM酢酸カリウム及び30mM酢酸マグネシウム中で30分間、94℃でインキューベートすることによって断片化された。試料は、60rpmに設定されたローティッセリーオーブンで19時間、45℃でGeneChip(登録商標)Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array(Affymetrix, Inc.)にハイブリダイズされた。アレイは洗浄され、Affymetrix Fluidicsステーションにおいて染色され、GeneChip(登録商標)scanner 3000でスキャンされた。データ解析は、Affymetrix GeneChip(登録商標)オペレーティングシステム及び解析ソフトウェアを用いて行われた。
染色は、アセトンで固定されたヒト滑膜組織の5μm厚凍結切片に対して行われた。切片のいくつかは、組織学的評価のために、ヘマトキシリン‐エオジンで染色された。他の切片は、30分間10%血清でブロッキングされ、以下の系統マーカー(CD20−マウス抗ヒトクローンL26、5g/ml、Dako;CD3−ウサギ抗ヒト抗体SP7、1:200希釈、NeoMarkers;及びCD68−マウス抗ヒトクローンKP−1、2.5g/ml、Dako)を発現する細胞の検出のために染色された。全ての免疫組織化学染色は、種特異的な、ビオチン化二次抗体及び3,3’−ジアミノベンジジン(DAB)で検出された。
マイクロアレイデータの統計解析は、統計プログラミング環境R(URLで利用可能:cran.r−project.org)及び商業的に入手可能なSpotfire Decision Site(TIBCO Software Inc, Palo Alto, CA)において利用可能なオープンソースツールを用いて行われた。分子サブタイプの同定は、オープンソースのRパッケージであるPvclustを用いたマルチスケールブートストラップリサンプリングによって行われた(Shimodaira, H and Suzuki, R., Bioinformatics, 22(12), 2006)。差次的に発現された遺伝子のヒートマップ視覚化及び同定は、Spotfireにより提供される分散分析を用いて行われた。それぞれのサブタイプで有意に大きな割合を占める経路の同定は、開発者の推奨プロトコルに続いて、CoPubを用いて行われた(Frijters, R. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 36: W406−W410 (Web server issue doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn215) (2008)); URL:services.nbic.nl/cgi bin/copub/microarray_analysis.plで利用可能。簡潔には、各々のサブタイプで特異的に上方制御されたAffymetrixプローブセット識別子(上位1000にランク付けされたプローブセット)がウェブサーバーにアップロードされた。GeneChip(登録商標)Human Genome U133A Plus 2.0 Array(Affymetrix, Inc.)は背景データセットとして選択され、サーチカテゴリーは生物学的プロセスに限定し、全ての算出設定はそれらのデフォルトとした。結果データは、パソコンに保存され、Spotfireの比較ヒートマップ視覚化のためにフォーマットされた。
20,776のプローブ及びクラス標識からなるフィルター処理された発現データセットを用いて、我々は、(i)その他の3つのサブタイプから各々の推定上の患者サブクラス区別する、又は(ii)互いに4つ全てのサブクラスを互いに区別することができる、一連の2−クラス及びマルチクラス分類モデルを構築することを求めた。我々は、本明細書において、そのような分類モデルを「分類指標」と呼ぶ。複数の試料が同じ患者で利用可能だった場合には、その患者の試料はモデルを始めるためにランダムに選択された。変数(プローブ)の選択及びモデル訓練は、CMAパッケージを用いて行われた(Slawski et al., BMC Bioinformatics 9:439 (2008))。2−クラスモデルの場合、変数選択は、その2−試料t−統計の絶対値又はそのロバストウィルコクソン統計値に従って、特定のクラス標識とのそれぞれのプローブの関連性をランク付けすることによって行われた。マルチクラスモデルでは、それぞれのプローブは、4つ全ての推定上のクラスについて、その一元F−統計又はそのロバストKruskall−Wallis試験統計の値によってランク付けされた。試験統計の値は、1つ抜き交差確認法(LOOCV)を48回、又はクラスサイズが十分に大きいと考えられた場合(すなわちF2、L及びM2−クラスモデルについて)は5倍交差確認法を100回以上記録した。試験統計のそれぞれのモデル及び選択のために、交差確認法のそれぞれの回において、最大かつ最も有意な試験統計値を有する上位20のプローブのリストが保持された。プローブが上位20の最も強く関連しているプローブのリストに見られた交差確認法の回数(又は割合)の算出に基づいて、プローブ特異的な投票ベースの変数重要性尺度が作成された。
例えば、RAの病因学及び進行において重要な分子経路のさらなる理解の基礎としての遺伝子発現パターンを評価するため、及び診断及び予後診断の目的のための潜在的な治療的標的及びバイオマーカーを同定するために、RAを有する患者から単離された滑膜組織についての遺伝子発現マイクロアレイ実験が行われた。50人のRA患者から切除された81の滑膜組織試料についての遺伝子発現マイクロアレイ実験は、全ゲノム発現アレイであるGeneChip(登録商標)Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array(Affymetrix, Inc.)を用いて行われた。発現データは、製造業者から提供されたソフトウェアであるMAS5を用いて正規化され、500に標準化され、対数変換及びz−スコア化された。少なくとも100の最小限の発現を有し、全ての試料におけるプローブの平均発現量と比較して少なくとも5つの試料において1.5の標準偏差で異なる場合、そのプローブは解析に含まれた。この評価から20,776のプローブが生じ、それらは10,000の反復に代えてランダムに抽出され、アグロメレーションのために距離メトリック及び平均連結法として相関を用いてクラスタリングされた。図1に示された結果として生じたデンドログラムは、試料クラスタリング及び結果として生じたブートストラップ分岐サポート値を表す。
表1.特定のLサブタイプの治療標的及びバイオマーカー
表2. 特定のMサブタイプ治療標的及びバイオマーカー。
下記の表3は、F1サブタイプの治療標的及びバイオマーカーとして同定された、表8のこれらのプローブセットの特定のサブセット(及び関連する遺伝子)を示す。表3及び4において同定された遺伝子は、細胞表面発現及び分泌の特性を共有するタンパク質をコード化する。それらの特性を有するタンパク質は、場合により、例えばモノクローナル抗体の目標となり、その場合は治療的標的であると考えられる。分泌タンパク質及び細胞膜から切断された産物は、場合によって、測定され、その場合はバイオマーカーであると考えられる。
表3.特定のF2サブタイプ治療標的及びバイオマーカー。
実施例1において同定した分子4つの分子表現型(サブタイプ)をさらに特徴づけるために、それぞれの表現型の特異的な細胞型及び生物学的プロセスを示す選択された遺伝子は、リアルタイム定量的ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応法(qPCR)を用いて特異性について試験された。非RAコントロールとして、我々は骨関節炎患者から得られた一組の滑膜試料(OA)及びRAではなく関節の外傷を患う患者から得られた一組の滑膜試料(正常[Nrml])を用いた。リアルタイムqPCRは、以下のように実行された。
上記のように、Lサブタイプは、滑膜組織の組織学的切片において、系統的なリンパ系の構成の存在と関連していた。これらのリンパ系クラスターは、多数のB細胞を含むことも示された(図3H参照)。さらにまた、胚中心に類似しているクラスターの形態に基づくと、リンパ系クラスターが抗体分泌プラズマ細胞を含む可能性が高い。さらに、上記の通り、Lサブタイプは、B細胞、プラズマ細胞及び他の細胞の遺伝子特性の発現と関連していた。そのような遺伝子は、表1に示されるように、IRTA2(FcRH5)及びCXCL13を含む。CXCL13は全身で検出される可溶性ケモカインであるが、完全長FcRH5はB細胞に限定された膜結合タンパク質である。しかしながら、それは一次mRNAの選択的スプライシングによって、切断された可溶性タンパク質として発現する(Hatzivassiliou, G., et al., Immunity 14:277−289, doi:S1074−7613(01)00109−1 [pii] (2001); Ise, T., et al., Leukemia 21:169−174, doi: 2404445 [pii] 10.1038/sj.leu.2404445 (2007))。したがって、我々は、sFcRH5及びCXCL13がRA患者の血清において測定可能で、その場合はLサブタイプの血清バイオマーカーとして役立ち得ると仮定した。さらに、例えばリツキシマブなどの抗CD20治療的抗体を含む多くの治療剤がB細胞を標的とすることから、我々は、血清sFcRH5及び/又はCXCL13がそのような治療薬への患者の反応性を予測するためのバイオマーカーとして有用かどうかを決定しようとした。
Claims (12)
- 被検体において、関節リウマチ(RA)のサブタイプを分類する方法であって、
RAのサブタイプはRA治療薬に対して臨床応答性を有し、
被検体から得た生物学的試料においてICAM1遺伝子、CXCL13遺伝子、又はこれらの組み合わせの発現、あるいはICAM1遺伝子、CXCL13遺伝子、又はこれらの組み合わせによりコードされるICAM1タンパク質、CXCL13タンパク質、又はこれらの組み合わせの発現を測定することを含み、
ICAM1の発現の上昇がRAの骨髄性リッチ(M)サブタイプを示す、又はCXCL13の発現の上昇がRAのリンパ系リッチ(L)サブタイプを示す、方法。 - 生物学的試料が血清である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ICAM1タンパク質、CXCL13タンパク質、又はこれらの組み合わせの発現がイムノアッセイを使用して測定される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- イムノアッセイがELISAである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 血清中のRFを測定すること、及び血清がRFについて陽性であるか又は陰性であるかを決定することを更に含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 生物学的試料が滑液{かつえき}組織である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ICAM1遺伝子、CXCL13遺伝子、又はこれらの組み合わせの発現がPCR法又はマイクロアレイチップを使用して測定される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 測定が、ICAM1遺伝子又はICAM1タンパク質の発現が上昇していることを決定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 測定が、CXCL13遺伝子又はCXCL13タンパク質の発現が上昇していることを決定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 測定が、ICAM1遺伝子又はICAM1タンパク質の発現が上昇していないことを決定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 測定が、CXCL13遺伝子又はCXCL13タンパク質の発現が上昇していないことを決定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ICAM1タンパク質がsICAM1である、請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の方法。
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EP3211094A3 (en) | 2017-11-01 |
CN102597268B (zh) | 2017-09-22 |
RU2539112C2 (ru) | 2015-01-10 |
IN2012DN02485A (ja) | 2015-08-28 |
CA2772929A1 (en) | 2011-03-11 |
MX353186B (es) | 2018-01-05 |
EP2473637A4 (en) | 2013-05-01 |
JP5996429B2 (ja) | 2016-09-21 |
RU2014145058A (ru) | 2016-05-27 |
WO2011028945A1 (en) | 2011-03-10 |
US20140341887A1 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
CN107385034B (zh) | 2021-08-17 |
JP2017000141A (ja) | 2017-01-05 |
RU2012112822A (ru) | 2013-10-10 |
BR112012004777A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
KR20120104517A (ko) | 2012-09-21 |
JP2013503643A (ja) | 2013-02-04 |
EP2473637B1 (en) | 2017-03-29 |
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