JP6600087B2 - 二次電池用正極活物質およびこれを含む二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極活物質およびこれを含む二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6600087B2 JP6600087B2 JP2018517825A JP2018517825A JP6600087B2 JP 6600087 B2 JP6600087 B2 JP 6600087B2 JP 2018517825 A JP2018517825 A JP 2018517825A JP 2018517825 A JP2018517825 A JP 2018517825A JP 6600087 B2 JP6600087 B2 JP 6600087B2
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- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- metal oxide
- lithium composite
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 130
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 165
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 165
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 159
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 125
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 125
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 123
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 122
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 121
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 102000046669 Surf-1 Human genes 0.000 claims description 11
- 102100030638 Surfeit locus protein 2 Human genes 0.000 claims description 11
- 101710093351 Surfeit locus protein 2 Proteins 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 101150081019 surf1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910017095 Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003775 Density Functional Theory Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
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- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[1-oxo-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propan-2-yl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(C(C)NC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical class Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 101100513612 Microdochium nivale MnCO gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ZHGDJTMNXSOQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O Chemical compound NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O ZHGDJTMNXSOQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGMOXNFVYWQBSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[O].[Co] Chemical compound [O].[O].[Co] PGMOXNFVYWQBSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- AJELVSDAOKZZHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O AJELVSDAOKZZHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003660 carbonate based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IUYLTEAJCNAMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Co+2] IUYLTEAJCNAMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007850 degeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002050 diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ga+3].[Ga+3] AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;[oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].O=BOB([O-])OB([O-])OB=O PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
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- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Chemical group CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004210 ether based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002259 gallium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001195 gallium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011357 graphitized carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002604 lanthanum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011254 layer-forming composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940071125 manganese acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014872 manganese citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011564 manganese citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940097206 manganese citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese oxide Inorganic materials [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011325 microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydroxide Substances [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYXIGTJNYDDFFH-UHFFFAOYSA-Q triazanium;borate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] WYXIGTJNYDDFFH-UHFFFAOYSA-Q 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003682 vanadium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003748 yttrium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/66—Nickelates containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrNiO3, SrNiO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/70—Nickelates containing rare earth, e.g. LaNiO3
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
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Description
[化1]
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM2zM3wO2
前記化学式1中、
M1は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−0.5eV以上の金属元素、M2は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV以上−0.5eV未満の金属元素、M3は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV未満の金属元素であり、1.0≦a≦1.5、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0<z≦0.05、0.002≦w≦0.1、0<x+y≦0.7である。
[数1]
△Esurf=Esurf2−Esurf1
=(Eslab2−Ebulk)−(Eslab1−Ebulk)
前記数学式1中、Esurf2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において最外側表面を指向する程度を示し、Esurf1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において中心部を指向する程度を示し、Eslab1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の中心部にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子のスラブモデル(slab model)のエネルギーであり、Eslab2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の表面にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子のスラブモデルのエネルギーであり、Ebulkは、各スラブモデルに相当するバルクモデル(bulk model)のエネルギーである。
下記化学式1で表されるリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子を含む。
[化1]
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM2zM3wO2
前記化学式1中、
M1は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−0.5eV以上の金属元素、
M2は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV以上−0.5eV未満の金属元素、
M3は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV未満の金属元素であり、
1.0≦a≦1.5、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0<z≦0.05、0.002≦w≦0.1、0<x+y≦0.7である。
[数1]
△Esurf=Esurf2−Esurf1
=(Eslab2−Ebulk)−(Eslab1−Ebulk)
前記数学式1中、
Esurf2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において最外側表面を指向する程度を示し、
Esurf1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において中心部を指向する程度を示し、
Eslab1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の中心部にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子のスラブモデル(slab model)のエネルギーであり、
Eslab2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の最外側表面にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子のスラブモデルのエネルギーであり、
Ebulkは、各スラブモデルに相当するバルクモデル(bulk model)のエネルギーである。
[化1]
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM2zM3wO2
前記化学式1中、
M1は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−0.5eV以上の金属元素、
M2は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV以上−0.5eV未満の金属元素、
M3は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV未満の金属元素であり、
1.0≦a≦1.5、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0<z≦0.05、0.002≦w≦0.1、0<x+y≦0.7である。
[数1]
△Esurf=Esurf2−Esurf1
=(Eslab2−Ebulk)−(Eslab1−Ebulk)
前記数学式1中、Esurf2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において最外側表面を指向する程度を示し、Esurf1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において中心部、すなわち真中を指向する程度を示す。Esurf1およびEsurf2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の中心部および最外側表面に位置する時のスラブモデル(slab model)のエネルギーの値とバルクモデル(bulk model)のエネルギーの値との差を示す。また、Eslab1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の中心部にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子スラブモデルのエネルギーである。Eslab2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の最外側表面にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子のスラブモデルのエネルギーである。Ebulkは、各スラブモデルに相当するバルクモデルのエネルギーであり、リチウム複合金属酸化物内の金属元素の位置に関係なく化学量論的に計算される。
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM2zM3wO2・M2´z´M3´w´
前記化学式2中、M1、M2、M3、a、x、y、z、およびwは、前記で定義したとおりであり、
M2´およびM3´は、それぞれ、前記リチウム複合金属酸化物の表面上に位置するM2およびM3であり、
w´およびz´は、それぞれ、M3´およびM2´のコーティング量であり、w´は、M3の全体量を基準として0.01〜10原子%であり、z´は、M2全体量を基準として5〜30原子%である。
[化3]
Lim(M2pM31−p)O(m+n)/2
前記化学式3中、M2は、Zr、Ti、Ta、Hf、Sn、Cr、Sb、Ru、GdおよびOsからなる群から選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、M3は、W、V、Nb、NdおよびMoからなる群から選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の元素であり、2≦m≦10、nは、M2とM3の酸化数の和であり、0≦p≦1である。
Ni1−x−yCoxM1yM2zM3w(OH1−a)2
(前記化学式4中、M1、M2、M3、x、y、zおよびwは、前記で定義したとおりであり、0≦a≦0.5である)
以下、本発明が属する技術分野において通常の知識を有する者が容易に実施することができるように、本発明の実施例について詳細に説明する。しかし、本発明は、様々な相違する形態に実現されてもよく、ここで説明する実施例に限定されない。
3L湿式反応器用タンクに蒸留水2Lを充填した後、窒素ガスをタンクに1L/minの速度で取り込み、溶存酸素を除去した。この際、タンク中の蒸留水の温度を、温度維持装置を用いて45℃に維持した。また、タンクの外部に設置されているモータと連結されているインペラを用いて、タンク内部の蒸留水を1,200rpmの速度で攪拌した。
前記参考例1−1でドーパントのAlの代りに、Mn、Mg、Y、Zn、In、Ti、Hf、Sn、Cr、Zr、Sb、Ta、Ru、Gd、Os、V、Nb、W、Mo、またはNdでそれぞれドープする以外は、前記参考例1と同じ方法で実施して正極活物質を製造した。
正極活物質内の金属元素の位置指向性を予測するために、前記参考例1−1〜1−21で製造した正極活物質に対して、DFT方法を用いたモデリング計算により、表面エネルギーの値(Esurf)およびドーパントが好む位置を予測した。分析結果を下記表1に示した。
△Esurf=Esurf2−Esurf1
=(Eslab2−Ebulk)−(Eslab1−Ebulk)
(前記数学式1中、Esurf1、Esurf2、Eslab1、Eslab2、およびEbulkは、前記で定義したとおりである)
3Lの湿式反応器用タンクに蒸留水2Lを充填した後、窒素ガスをタンクに1L/minの速度で取り込み、溶存酸素を除去した。この際、タンク中の蒸留水の温度を、温度維持装置を用いて45℃に維持した。また、タンクの外部に設置されているモータと連結されているインペラを用いて、タンク内部の蒸留水を1,200rpmの速度で攪拌した。
前記実施例1−1でチタン酸化物(TiO2)の代りにジルコニウム酸化物(ZrO2)を同一含有量で使用する以外は、前記実施例1−1と同じ方法で実施し、正極活物質(Li1.05(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)0.935W0.005Zr0.01O2)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1でタングステン酸化物(WO3)の代りにニオブ酸化物(Nb2O5)を同一含有量で使用する以外は、前記実施例1−1と同じ方法で実施し、正極活物質(Li1.05(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)0.935Nb0.005Ti0.01O2)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1で硫酸マンガンの代りに硫酸アルミニウムを同一含有量で使用する以外は、前記実施例1−1と同じ方法で実施し、正極活物質(Li1.05(Ni0.6Al0.2Co0.2)0.935W0.005Ti0.01O2)を製造した。
3L湿式反応器用タンクに蒸留水2Lを充填した後、窒素ガスをタンクに1L/minの速度で取り込み、溶存酸素を除去した。この際、タンク中の蒸留水温度を、温度維持装置を用いて45℃に維持した。また、タンクの外部に設置されているモータと連結されているインペラを用いて、タンク内部の蒸留水を1,200rpmの速度で攪拌した。
前記実施例1−1でチタン酸化物の代りにモリブデン酸化物(MoO3)を同一含有量で使用する以外は、前記実施例1−1と同じ方法で実施し、正極活物質(Li1.05(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)0.935W0.005Mo0.01O2)を製造した。
参考例1−1の正極活物質を用いた。
参考例1−7の正極活物質を用いた。
前記実施例1−1〜実施例1−4、比較例1−1〜比較例1−4で製造した正極活物質をそれぞれ用いて、リチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記実施例1−1および比較例1−2による正極活物質粒子に対して、リチウム複合金属酸化物内に含まれた金属元素の分布を確認するために、活物質をHClを用いて様々な時間の間にエッチングを実施し、ICP分析によりエッチング時間または溶解時間による元素溶出量を分析し、その結果から活物質粒子内のリチウム複合金属酸化物の組成を確認した。その結果を表2および表3に示した。
前記実施例1−1〜実施例1−4、比較例1−1〜比較例1−4で製造した正極活物質に対して、平均粒径、比表面積およびタップ密度を測定し、結果を下記表4に示した。
前記実施例1−1〜実施例1−3、比較例1−1〜比較例1−4での正極活物質をそれぞれ含むリチウム二次電池(実施例2−1〜2−3、比較例2−1〜比較例2−4)に対して、下記のような方法で電池特性を評価した。
Claims (14)
- 下記化学式1で表されるリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子を含む、二次電池用正極活物質。
[化1]
LiaNi1−x−yCoxM1yM2zM3wO2
前記化学式1中、
M1は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−0.5eV以上の金属元素であり、
M2は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV以上−0.5eV未満の金属元素であり、
M3は、下記数学式1により計算された表面エネルギー(△Esurf)が−1.5eV未満の金属元素であり、
前記表面エネルギー(△E surf )は、Li(Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 ) 0.998 M 0.002 O 2 に対してDFT方法を用いたモデリング計算によって決定され、Mは、前記M1、前記M2又は前記M3であり、
前記M1は、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の表面から中心部区間までの濃度プロファイルの平均傾きが0または正(+)になるように分布しており、
前記M2およびM3は、それぞれ独立して、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の表面から中心部区間までの濃度プロファイルの平均傾きが負(−)になるように分布しており、
1.0≦a≦1.5、0<x≦0.5、0<y≦0.5、0.002≦w≦0.1、0<z≦0.05、0<x+y≦0.7である。
[数1]
△Esurf=Esurf2−Esurf1
=(Eslab2−Ebulk)−(Eslab1−Ebulk)
前記数学式1中、
Esurf2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において最外側表面を指向する程度を示し、
Esurf1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子において中心部を指向する程度を示し、
Eslab1は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の中心部にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子のスラブモデル(slab model)のエネルギーであり、
Eslab2は、金属元素がリチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の最外側表面にある時のリチウム複合金属酸化物のスラブモデルのエネルギーであり、
Ebulkは、各スラブモデルに相当するバルクモデル(bulk model)のエネルギーである。 - 前記M1は、Al、Mg、Y、Zn、InおよびMnからなる群から選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上を含む、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記M2は、Zr、Ti、Ta、Hf、Sn、Cr、Sb、Ru、GdおよびOsからなる群から選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上を含む、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記M3は、W、V、Nb、Nd、およびMoからなる群から選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上を含む、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子は、コアと、前記コアの表面上に位置するシェルとを含むコア−シェル構造を有し、
前記M1は、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の表面から中心部区間までの濃度プロファイルの平均傾きが0になるように含まれ、
前記M2は、前記コアに1〜25モル%、シェルに75〜99モル%の濃度で含まれ、
前記M3は、前記コアに1〜10モル%、シェルに90〜99モル%の濃度で含まれる、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記コアおよびシェルは、50:50〜80:20の体積比で含まれる、請求項5に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記化学式1において、ニッケルおよびコバルトの少なくともいずれか一つの金属元素は、前記リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子内で変化する濃度勾配を示す、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記化学式1において、ニッケルおよびコバルトは、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の全体にわたり、それぞれ独立して変化する濃度勾配を示し、
前記ニッケルの濃度は、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の中心から表面に向かって濃度勾配を有して減少し、
前記コバルトの濃度は、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の中心から表面に向かって濃度勾配を有して増加する、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質粒子の表面上に、前記M2およびM3からなる群から選択される少なくともいずれか一つの金属元素;または、前記少なくともいずれか一つの金属元素を含むリチウム酸化物を含むコーティング層をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 平均粒径(D50)が4μm〜20μmである、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- BET比表面積が、0.3m2/g〜1.9m2/gである、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 1.7g/cc〜2.8g/ccのタップ密度を有する、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1から12のいずれか1項に記載の正極活物質を含む、二次電池用正極。
- 請求項13に記載の正極を含む、リチウム二次電池。
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