JP6243012B2 - 負極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
負極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6243012B2 JP6243012B2 JP2016516844A JP2016516844A JP6243012B2 JP 6243012 B2 JP6243012 B2 JP 6243012B2 JP 2016516844 A JP2016516844 A JP 2016516844A JP 2016516844 A JP2016516844 A JP 2016516844A JP 6243012 B2 JP6243012 B2 JP 6243012B2
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- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 57
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 44
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 43
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 5
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- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical class [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical class [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101001005719 Homo sapiens Melanoma-associated antigen 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100025082 Melanoma-associated antigen 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical class [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical class O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000800 acrylic rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011335 coal coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical class [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
- H01G11/28—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features arranged or disposed on a current collector; Layers or phases between electrodes and current collectors, e.g. adhesives
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- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/42—Powders or particles, e.g. composition thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
本発明が解決しようとする課題は、以上で言及した課題に制限されず、言及されていないまた他の課題は下記の記載から当業者に明確に理解され得るものである。
また、本発明の一実施形態によれば、前記負極活物質を含む負極を提供する。
さらに、本発明は前記負極を用いて正極、負極及び前記正極と負極との間に介在されたセパレータを含むリチウム二次電池を提供する。
本発明の一実施形態による負極活物質は、天然黒鉛及びモザイクコークス(Mosaic cokes)系人造黒鉛を含むことができる。
数式2中、
K=Scherrer定数(K=0.9)
β=半値幅
λ=波長(0.154056nm)
θ=最大ピークにおける角
一方、本発明の一実施形態による負極活物質は、前記モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛とともに天然黒鉛を含むのが好ましい。
これに反して、天然黒鉛は低価でありながらも優れた電圧平坦性及び理論容量に近い高容量を現わすので、活物質としての効用性が高い。
本発明の一実施形態によれば、前記天然黒鉛は、板状または球形のいずれも用いることができるが、球形の天然黒鉛が好ましいことがある。
一方、本発明の一実施形態による前記負極活物質の製造方法は、天然黒鉛とモザイクコークス系人造黒鉛を混合する段階を含むことができる。
本発明の一実施形態によれば、前記負極の配向指数は、前記負極活物質を負極集電体に塗布・圧延する際に加えられる圧縮力に依存することができる。
本発明の一実施形態による負極において、前記配向指数は、例えば、X線回折(XRD)で測定され得る。
−ターゲット:Cu(Kα−線)黒鉛単色化装置
−スリット(slit):発散スリット=1度、受信スリット=0.1度、散乱スリット=1度
−測定区域及びステップ角度/測定時間:
(110)面:76.5度<2θ<78.5度、0.01度/3秒
(004)面:53.5度<2θ<56.0度、0.01度/3秒、ここで2θは回折角度を表す。前記XRD測定は一例として、他の測定方法も用いられ得、前記のような方法で負極の配向指数を測定することができる。
また、本発明による正極も前記負極と同様に、当分野の通常の方法で製造され得る。
電極が製造されると、これを用いて当分野に通常用いられる、正極と負極との間に介在されたセパレータ及び電解液を備えるリチウム二次電池が製造され得る。
本発明で用いられる電解液において、電解液に含まれる有機溶媒としては、リチウム二次電池用電解液に通常用いられるものなどが制限なく用いられ得る。
本発明のリチウム二次電池の外形は特に制限がないが、缶を用いた円筒状、角型、パウチ(pouch)型またはコイン(coin)型などになり得る。
実施例1
平均粒径100μmの天然黒鉛粒子を球形化装置(Nara Hybridization System,NHS−2)に導入し、ローター速度(rotor Speed)65m/秒で10分間球形化処理して、平均粒径(D50)20μm、FWHM 7.0μm、BET比表面積2.60m2/gの球形の天然黒鉛粒子を得た。
前記球形の天然黒鉛及びモザイクコークス系人造黒鉛を1:0.3重量比で混合して、モルタルを用いて均一に撹拌して負極活物質を製造した。
前記球形の天然黒鉛及びモザイクコークス系人造黒鉛を1:1重量比で混合したことを除いては、実施例1と同じ方法で負極活物質を製造した。
モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛を用いずに、球形の天然黒鉛を100%用いたことを除いては、実施例1と同じ方法で負極活物質を製造した。
前記球形の天然黒鉛及びモザイクコークス系人造黒鉛を1:0.05重量比で混合したことを除いては、実施例1と同じ方法で負極活物質を製造した。
前記球形の天然黒鉛及びモザイクコークス系人造黒鉛を1:1.2重量比で混合したことを除いては、実施例1と同じ方法で負極活物質を製造した。
実施例3
負極の製造
前記実施例1で得た負極活物質、バインダーとしてSBR(styrene−butadiene rubber)、増粘剤としてCMC(carboxy methyl cellulose)及び導電材としてアセチレンブラックを95:2:2:1の重量比で混合し、これらを溶媒である水(H2O)と共に混合して均一な負極スラリーを製造した。製造された負極スラリーを銅集電体の一面に65μmの厚さでコーティングして、乾燥及び圧延した後、必要な大きさにパンチング(punching)して負極を製造した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)を30:70の体積比で混合して、前記非水電解液溶媒にLiPF6を添加して1M LiPF6非水電解液を製造した。
前記実施例2で製造された負極活物質を用いたことを除いては、実施例3と同じ方法で負極及びリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記比較例1から3で製造された負極活物質を用いたことを除いては、実施例3と同じ方法で負極及びリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記実施例2で製造された負極活物質を用いて負極の製造時に導電材を添加しないことを除いては、実施例3と同じ方法で負極及びリチウム二次電池を製造した。
モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛の代わりに、ニードルコークス系人造黒鉛を天然黒鉛と1:1の重量比で混合したものを負極活物質として用いて、負極の製造時に導電材を添加しないことを除いては、実施例5と同じ方法で負極及びリチウム二次電池を製造した。
実施例3及び比較例4で製造された負極に対してCu(Kα−線)を用いたXRD回折測定を行った。配向指数は、負極に含まれた負極活物質の(110)面と(004)面をXRDで測定した後、(110)面と(004)面のピーク強度を積分して得られた面積比((110)/(004))で計算した。さらに具体的に、XRD測定条件は次の通りである。
−ターゲット:Cu(Kα−線)黒鉛単色化装置
−スリット(slit):発散スリット=1度、受信スリット=0.1度、散乱スリット=1度
−測定区域及びステップ角度/測定時間:
(110)面:76.5度<2θ<78.5度、0.01度/3秒
(004)面:53.5度<2θ<56.0度、0.01度/3秒、ここで2θは回折角度を表す。
K=Scherrer定数(K=0.9)
β=半値幅
λ=波長(0.154056nm)
θ=最大ピークにおける角
実施例3と4、及び比較例4から6で得たリチウム二次電池を、常温で0Vから1.5Vの電圧範囲で律速特性を測定した。電池の充電は、1.5Vまで0.1Cの定電流/定電圧(CC/CV)の条件で充電した後、5mVで電流が0.1Cに到逹するまで定電流モードで放電した後に終了した。
天然黒鉛と混合される人造黒鉛の形態による律速特性を調べるため、実施例5及び比較例7のリチウム二次電池の充電及び放電時の律速特性を評価した。充電は、それぞれ0.2Cの定電流/定電圧(CC/CV)、0.2Cの定電流、0.5Cの定電流及び1.0Cの定電流条件で0.005Vまで充電時の律速を測定し、放電は、常温で0.005Vから1.5Vの電圧範囲で0.2C、0.5C、1C及び2Cそれぞれの放電時の律速を測定し、その結果を下記表2に示した。
球形の天然黒鉛とモザイクコークス系人造黒鉛を含む負極を用いた実施例3のリチウム二次電池と、球形の天然黒鉛のみを含む負極を用いた比較例4のリチウム二次電池とを長期間充放電した後、電極の抵抗を測定した。その結果を図5に示した。測定の条件は、次の通りである。
−インピーダンス振動数の範囲:100,000〜0.005Hz
Claims (8)
- 負極活物質であって、
天然黒鉛と、
モザイクコークス(Mosaic cokes)系人造黒鉛とを含んでなり、
前記天然黒鉛と前記モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛との含量比が、1:0.1から1:1重量比であり、
前記モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛は、XRD測定時にC軸方向の結晶子の大きさであるLc(002)が21.6nmから21.9nmであり、
前記天然黒鉛が、球形であることを特徴とする、負極活物質。 - 前記モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛の平均長軸の長さが、5μmから30μmであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛は、XRD測定時に(002)面の面間隔d002が0.3377nm以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記モザイクコークス系人造黒鉛は、3.0m2/gから4.0m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記天然黒鉛の平均粒径(D50)が、5μmから30μmであることを特徴とする、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記天然黒鉛の比表面積(BET)が、2m2/gから8m2/gであることを特徴とする、請求項1〜5の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 集電体、及び前記集電体の少なくとも一面に形成された請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質を含むことを特徴とする、負極。
- 請求項7に記載の負極を備えてなることを特徴とする、リチウム二次電池。
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