JP6092489B1 - 無電解めっきのための前処理方法 - Google Patents
無電解めっきのための前処理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6092489B1 JP6092489B1 JP2016553445A JP2016553445A JP6092489B1 JP 6092489 B1 JP6092489 B1 JP 6092489B1 JP 2016553445 A JP2016553445 A JP 2016553445A JP 2016553445 A JP2016553445 A JP 2016553445A JP 6092489 B1 JP6092489 B1 JP 6092489B1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/1803—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces
- C23C18/1824—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces by chemical pretreatment
- C23C18/1837—Multistep pretreatment
- C23C18/1841—Multistep pretreatment with use of metal first
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/20—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins
- C23C18/28—Sensitising or activating
- C23C18/30—Activating or accelerating or sensitising with palladium or other noble metal
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/31—Coating with metals
- C23C18/32—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/31—Coating with metals
- C23C18/42—Coating with noble metals
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/48—Coating with alloys
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/48—Coating with alloys
- C23C18/50—Coating with alloys with alloys based on iron, cobalt or nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
- C23F1/02—Local etching
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- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
- C23F1/10—Etching compositions
- C23F1/14—Aqueous compositions
- C23F1/16—Acidic compositions
- C23F1/30—Acidic compositions for etching other metallic material
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
- C23F1/44—Compositions for etching metallic material from a metallic material substrate of different composition
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- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/10—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
- H05K3/18—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material
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- H05K3/187—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material by electroless plating means therefor, e.g. baths, apparatus
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- H05K3/22—Secondary treatment of printed circuits
- H05K3/24—Reinforcing the conductive pattern
- H05K3/244—Finish plating of conductors, especially of copper conductors, e.g. for pads or lands
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、プリント回路基板(PCB)、IC基板、マイクロチップおよび関連する電子デバイスの製造における表面処理方法に関する。本発明による方法は、貴金属イオンでの活性化後にその上に無電解(自己触媒)めっきにより金属または金属合金層を析出させる際に、パターン形成された銅表面を有する基材上での金属または金属合金の不要なめっきやスキップめっきを抑制するために用いられる。
プリント回路基板、IC基板、マイクロチップおよび関連する電子デバイスの製造においては、金属を析出させるための表面処理方法が用いられ、それによってボンディング可能なおよび/またはソルダリング可能な表面領域が提供され、この表面領域上で能動素子や受動素子を電子デバイスに機械的および電気的に接触させることができる。しばしば適用される表面処理方法は、ENIG法(Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold)やNi/Pd(/Au)法である。これらのどちらの種類の方法においても、電子デバイスの銅表面を貴金属イオン含有活性組成物で活性化させた後で、その上に金属または金属合金層を無電解(自己触媒)析出させる。
US2001/0040047は、めっき中に生じうるブリッジングを低減する方法を教示している。この方法は以下の工程を含む:回路基板と膨潤剤とを接触させ、この基板を、アルカリ性過マンガン酸塩、クロム酸塩または亜塩素酸塩の組成物で処理し、次いでこの基板の処理された回路部上に金属層を施与する。この方法は、貴金属イオン活性化を適用しない本発明による方法の代替法の一つである。
本発明の目的は、銅表面を含む基材上に金属または金属合金層を無電解(自己触媒)めっきするための方法であって、前記銅表面、例えば銅コンタクトパッドの個々の素材の間での金属または金属合金の不要な望ましくない形成を抑制すると同時に、前記銅表面の個々の素材上に金属または金属合金の破壊されていない層を生じさせる前記方法を提供することである。
前記課題は、以下の工程を以下の順序で含む、本発明による金属および金属合金の無電解(自己触媒)めっきのための方法により解決される:
i.銅表面を含む基材を準備する工程、
ii.前記基材と貴金属イオン含有組成物とを接触させる工程、その後、
iii.前記基材と水性前処理組成物とを接触させる工程、ここで、前記水性前処理組成物は、酸と、ハロゲン化物イオンの供給源と、以下:
チオ尿素、
式(1)
R1、R2およびR3は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択され、かつ、
R4は、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、非置換のC1〜C6アルキル、および−N(R7)−C(S)−NR5R6からなる群から選択され、
ここで、R5、R6およびR7は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択される]
による化合物、
式(2)
R8−C(S)−NR9R10 (2)
[式中、
R8は、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択され、かつ、
R9およびR10は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択される]
による化合物、および
チオ尿素基含有ポリマー
からなる群から選択される添加剤とを含み、
その際、前記添加剤の濃度は1〜200mg/lの範囲であるものとする、および
iv.無電解(自己触媒)めっきにより前記基材上に金属または金属合金層を析出させる工程。
貴金属イオンやそれから形成される析出物の析出は、金属および金属合金の無電解(自己触媒)めっき用に定められた銅表面を含む基材の表面領域上でのみ生じることが望ましい。このことは、本発明による金属および金属合金の無電解めっきのための水性前処理組成物の適用により達成することができる。この水性前処理組成物は、酸と、ハロゲン化物イオンの供給源と、チオ尿素、チオ尿素誘導体およびチオ尿素基含有ポリマーからなる群から選択される添加剤とを含み、その際、この添加剤の濃度は1〜200mg/lの範囲である。
R1、R2およびR3は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択され、かつ、
R4は、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、非置換のC1〜C6アルキル、および−N(R7)−C(S)−NR5R6からなる群から選択され、
ここで、R5、R6およびR7は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択され、
好ましくは、R1、R2およびR3は、独立して、H、メチル、エチル、プロピルおよびブチルからなる群から選択され、かつ、
R4は、H、メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチル、および−N(R7)−C(S)−NR5R6からなる群から選択され、かつ、
R5、R6およびR7は、独立して、H、メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチルからなる群から選択される]
で表される化合物、
および、式(2)
R8−C(S)−NR9R10 (2)
[式中、
R8は、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択され、かつ、
R9およびR10は、独立して、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択される]
による化合物である。
本発明を、以下の非限定的な実施例を参照して説明する。
全ての実施例を通じて、銅コンタクトパッドとこの銅パッドの周囲のソルダーマスク層とを含むPCB基材を使用した。これら全てのPCB基材上には、この銅コンタクトパッドとソルダーマスク層との間に約10〜20μmの間隙が存在しており、むき出しの誘電体基材材料(補強されたエポキシ樹脂材料)が露出していた。
PCB基材を、60g/lの硫酸および5g/lの塩化物イオンからなる水性前処理溶液で20℃で5分間リンスし(本発明の工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。ニッケルの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、20g/lの硫酸、5g/lの塩化物イオンおよび100mg/lのビス(ナトリウムスルホプロピル)−ジスルフィドからなる前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。ニッケルの無電解析出後に、PCB基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、20g/lの硫酸および10mg/lのチオシアン酸塩からなる前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。ニッケルの無電解析出後に、PCB基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、15g/lの硫酸および10mg/lのチオ尿素からなる水性前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。したがって、利用したこの水性前処理溶液は、ハロゲン化物イオンを含んでいなかった。ニッケルの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、20g/lの硫酸、3g/lの塩化物イオンおよび250mg/lのチオ尿素からなる水性前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。したがって、利用したこの水性前処理溶液中のチオ尿素濃度は過度に高かった。ニッケルの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、15g/lの硫酸、10g/lの塩化物イオンおよび10mg/lのチオ尿素からなる水性前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。ニッケルの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、20g/lの硫酸、3g/lの塩化物イオンおよび50mg/lのN,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルチオ尿素からなる水性前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。ニッケルの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、20g/lの硫酸、3g/lの塩化物イオンおよび50mg/lのN,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルチオ尿素からなる水性前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。パラジウムの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、2.2g/lのナトリウム塩化物イオンおよび50mg/lのN,N−ジメチルチオ尿素からなる水性アルカリ性(pH=9)前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。パラジウムの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
PCB基材を、2.2g/lのナトリウム塩化物イオンおよび50mg/lのチオ尿素からなる水性アルカリ性(pH=9)前処理溶液で45℃で3分間リンスし(工程iii.)、次いで水でリンスした。パラジウムの無電解析出後に、基材表面をSEMを用いて調べた。
Claims (13)
- 以下の工程をこの順序で含む、金属および金属合金の無電解(自己触媒)めっきのための方法:
i.銅表面を含む基材を準備する工程、
ii.前記基材と貴金属イオン含有組成物とを接触させる工程、
iii.前記基材と水性前処理組成物とを接触させる工程、ここで、前記水性前処理組成物は、酸と、ハロゲン化物イオンの供給源と、以下:
チオ尿素、
式(1)
R1、R2およびR3は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択され、かつ、
R4は、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、非置換のC1〜C6アルキル、および−N(R7)−C(S)−NR5R6からなる群から選択され、
ここで、R5、R6およびR7は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択される]
による化合物、
式(2)
R8−C(S)−NR9R10 (2)
[式中、
R8は、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択され、かつ、
R9およびR10は、独立して、H、置換されたC1〜C6アルキル、および非置換のC1〜C6アルキルからなる群から選択される]
による化合物、および
チオ尿素基含有ポリマー
からなる群から選択される添加剤とを含み、
その際、前記添加剤の濃度は1〜200mg/lの範囲であり、かつ前記水性前処理組成物のpH値は≦3であるものとする、および
iv.めっき浴を利用した無電解(自己触媒)めっきにより前記基材上に金属または金属合金層を析出させる工程。 - 貴金属イオンがパラジウムである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 酸が、無機酸、カルボン酸、スルホン酸およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- ハロゲン化物イオンの供給源が、塩化リチウム、塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウムおよび塩化アンモニウムからなる群から選択される、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 水性前処理組成物中のハロゲン化物イオンの濃度が、0.01〜100g/lの範囲である、請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 水性前処理組成物中の添加剤の濃度が、5〜150mg/lの範囲である、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- R1、R2およびR3が、独立して、H、メチル、エチル、プロピルおよびブチルからなる群から選択され、R4が、H、メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチルからなる群から選択され、かつ、R8が、H、メチル、エチル、プロピルおよびブチルからなる群から選択され、かつ、R9およびR10が、独立して、H、メチル、エチル、プロピルおよびブチルからなる群から選択される、請求項1から6までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 水性前処理組成物中の添加剤が、式(1)[式中、残基対R1/R3およびR2/R4が、独立して、H、メチル、エチル、プロピルおよびブチルからなる群から選択される同一の置換基を有する]による化合物から選択される、請求項1から7までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 水性前処理組成物中の添加剤が、式(1)[式中、残基R1、R2、R3およびR4が全て同一であり、かつ、H、メチル、エチル、プロピルおよびブチルからなる群から選択される]による化合物から選択される、請求項1から8までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 水性前処理組成物がさらに、アミノカルボン酸、ヒドロキシカルボン酸およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される錯化剤を含む、請求項1から9までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 水性前処理組成物を、工程iii.の間に20〜80℃の範囲内の温度で保持する、請求項1から10までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 銅表面を含む基材を工程iii.において水性前処理組成物と10秒間〜20分間接触させる、請求項1から11までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 工程iv.において析出される金属または金属合金が、ニッケル、Ni−P合金、Ni−B合金、Ni−B−P合金、Ni−Mo−P合金、Ni−Mo−B合金、Ni−Mo−B−P合金、Ni−W−P合金、Ni−W−B合金、Ni−W−B−P合金、Ni−Mo−W−P合金、Ni−Mo−W−B合金、Ni−Mo−W−B−P合金、コバルト、Co−P合金、Co−B合金、Co−B−P合金、Co−Mo−P合金、Co−W−P合金、Co−W−B合金、Co−W−B−P合金、Co−Mo−W−P合金、Co−Mo−W−B合金、およびCo−Mo−W−B−P合金、パラジウム、Pd−B合金、Pd−P合金、およびPd−B−P合金からなる群から選択される、請求項1から12までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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