JP5856609B2 - リチウム硫黄電流生成セルの正極に使用される固体複合材料及びその製造方法並びにリチウム硫黄電流生成セル - Google Patents
リチウム硫黄電流生成セルの正極に使用される固体複合材料及びその製造方法並びにリチウム硫黄電流生成セル Download PDFInfo
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- JP5856609B2 JP5856609B2 JP2013512844A JP2013512844A JP5856609B2 JP 5856609 B2 JP5856609 B2 JP 5856609B2 JP 2013512844 A JP2013512844 A JP 2013512844A JP 2013512844 A JP2013512844 A JP 2013512844A JP 5856609 B2 JP5856609 B2 JP 5856609B2
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- composite material
- sulfur
- lithium
- solid composite
- expanded graphite
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- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 119
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 76
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 71
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
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- IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidine;nitric acid Chemical compound NC(N)=N.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;1,3-oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=[NH+]1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=C[NH+]=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YQCIWBXEVYWRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;sulfane Chemical compound C.S YQCIWBXEVYWRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002055 nanoplate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006855 networking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000120 polyethyl acrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLABPPWWFVQMBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridin-1-ium;nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 XLABPPWWFVQMBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 235000011835 quiches Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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Description
「X. Ji et al., Nature Materials, Vol. 8 (2009)」の500〜506ページには、秩序性の強いナノ構造を備えた、Li/S電池用の炭素−硫黄正極が開示されている。当該文献においては、中空炭素棒を3〜4nm幅の溝状間隙部をもって集合させた集合体(6.5nmの厚さを有する)を含む多孔質炭素(CMK−3)が用いられている。なお、この多孔質炭素は、後に、硫黄により充填される。
固体複合材料が、該固体複合材料の全質量を基準として、
1〜75質量%の膨張黒鉛又はグラフェン、
25〜99質量%の硫黄、
0〜50質量%の一種以上の、それぞれ膨張黒鉛又はグラフェンを除く他の導電剤、及び
0〜50質量%の一種以上のバインダを含む固体複合材料。
2〜60質量%の膨張黒鉛又はグラフェン、
40〜98質量%の硫黄、
0〜40質量%の一種以上の、それぞれ膨張黒鉛又はグラフェンを除く他の導電剤、及び
0〜40質量%の一種以上のバインダを含む。
5〜45質量%の膨張黒鉛又はグラフェン、
55〜95質量%の硫黄、
0〜25質量%の一種以上の、それぞれ膨張黒鉛又はグラフェンを除く他の導電剤、及び
0〜25質量%の一種以上のバインダを含む。
好ましくは、本発明の固体複合材料において使用されるグラフェンは、機械的に剥離されたグラフェン、化学的に剥離されたグラフェン、還元されたグラフェン、及びナノグラフェンから成る群から選択される。
グラフェンは、本発明の固体複合材料の製造に使用する前に、例えばボールミル内においても良い。
(a)一種以上のイオン性電解質;及び
(b)ポリエーテル、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド、ポリイミド、ポリホスファゼン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリシロキサン、それらの誘導体、それらの混合物、及びそれらのコポリマーから成る群から選択される一種以上のポリマー;及び/又は
(c)N−メチルアセトアミド、アセトニトリル、カーボネート、スルホラン、スルホン、N−置換ピロリドン、非環式エーテル、環式エーテル、キシレン、グリムを含むポリエーテル、及びシクロヘキサンから群から選択される一種以上の電解質溶媒を含む。
一種以上の電解質溶媒は、本発明では非水性である。
1種以上の溶媒は、2種以上の溶媒の混合物であってもよい。
一種以上の電解質溶媒は、好ましくは、ジオキソランとグリムからなる群から選択される。
(a)一種以上のイオン性電解質塩;及び
(c)N−メチルアセトアミド、アセトニトリル、カーボネート、スルホラン、スルホン、N−置換ピロリドン、非環式エーテル、キシレン、グリムを含むポリエーテル、及びシクロヘキサンから群から選択される一種以上の電解質溶媒を含む。
(i)上述の固体複合材料を含む正極、
(ii)負極、
(iii)記正極及び上記負極の間に介在する電解質、
を含むリチウム硫黄電流生成セルである。
リチウム金属;リチウムアルミニウム合金、リチウムスズ合金、Li−Mg合金、及びLi−Ag合金等のリチウム含有合金;、リチウムがインターカレートされた炭素;、並びにリチウムがインターカレートされたグラファイトから成る群から選択される一種以上の負極活物質を含む。これらの全ての材料は、リチウムイオンをLi0として可逆的に吸蔵することが可能であるか、又はリチウムイオンを用いた可逆的な反応により化合物(リチウム合金及び/又はリチウム金属)に含まれた状態のリチウム(Li0)を生成することができる。リチウムが挿入される炭素材料は、可逆的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出することができる。これらの材料は、通常、結晶炭素、非結晶炭素、又はこれらの混合物を含む。
(II)工程(I)により得られたスラリーを基体にキャストし、又は工程(I)により得られたスラリーを金型に投入する工程、及び
(III)工程(II)におけるスラリーキャストから一部又は全ての液体媒体を除去し、固体複合材料を得る工程。
以下では、実施例により本発明を説明する。
1.0gの膨張黒鉛(EX TD 98 320 250 20、SC、ドイツのNGS Naturgraphit会社製)、及び10gの硫黄を混合し、硫黄を粉砕した。混合物を乳鉢で注意深く均質化し、150℃で6時間加熱した。灰色の均質な複合材料が形成された。その後、複合材料を粉砕し、グラファイト、硫黄、及び他の成分(65質量%のH2O、30質量%のイソプロパノール、5質量%の1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール)の混合物とともに溶媒中でスラリーを調製した。
3.032gの元素状硫黄、0.804gのカーボンブラック(SuperP)、0.021gの膨張黒鉛(EX 350、F5、ドイツのKropfmuhl株式会社製)、及び0.04gのポリビニルアルコールのスラリーを溶媒(65質量%のH2O、30質量%のイソプロパノール、5質量%の1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール)で調製した。
スラリーをAlホイルにキャストし、60℃で15時間乾燥させた。
3.166gの実施例1に係る複合材料、0.807gのカーボンブラック(SuperP)、及び0.04gのポリビニルアルコールバインダを溶媒(65質量%のH2O、30質量%のイソプロパノール、5質量%の1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール)に分散させた。スラリーAlホイルにキャストした。
2.003gの実施例2に係る複合材料、0.02gのポリビニルアルコールバインダを水中で分散させた。スラリーを基体(Alホイル)にキャストし、60℃で15時間乾燥させた。
硫黄、カーボンブラック、グラファイト、及びバインダを含む固体複合材料。
3.032gの元素状硫黄、0.804gのカーボンブラック(SuperP)、0.021gのグラファイト(Timcal KS6)、及び0.04gのポリビニルアルコール(Cleanese)のスラリーを溶媒(65質量%のH2O、30質量%のイソプロパノール、5質量%の1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール)で調製した。スラリーをAlホイルにキャストし、60℃で15時間乾燥させた。
電気化学セルは、実施例3〜5(本発明の実施例)に係る固体複合材料から製造されたLi−S−負極の各々を有し、また、多孔性ポリオレフィンセパレータ(厚さ15μm、Tonen、Exxon社製)を含む硫黄正極を有している。使用される電解質は、8質量%のLiTFSl(LiN(SO2CF3)2)、4質量%のLiNO3、44質量%のジオキソラン、及び44質量%のジメトキシエタンから構成される。
水/イソプロパノール中に硫黄(55質量%)、膨張黒鉛(EG−H−218/A)(40質量%)、及びバインダとしてのポリビニルアルコール(5質量%)を含んでなる負極スラリーを、シリコンプライマーが2μmの厚さで下塗りされた12μmのAlホイル上に被覆した。負極は、初めに室温で乾燥させた後に、オーブンで85〜125℃に設定した。負極活物質の密度は、1.79mg/cm2であり、負極の厚さは60μmであった。この負極の光学顕微鏡による画像を図1に示す。
5.5gの硫黄、1.75gのカーボンブラック1(Printex XE2 Degussa)、1.75gのカーボンブラック2(Vulcan XC72R,Cabot)、及び1.0gのポリテトラフルオロエチレンバインダを溶媒(65質量%のH2O、30質量%のイソプロパノール、5質量%の1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール)に分散させた。
7.15gの硫黄、3.2gのカーボンブラック(Vulcan XC72R,Cabot)、1.95gのグラフェン(Vor−X−Conductive 050)、及び2.1gのポリビニルアルコールバインダを(65質量%のH2O、30質量%のイソプロパノール、5質量%の1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール)に分散させた。スラリーAlホイルにキャストした。
11.55gの硫黄、4.20gのグラフェン(Vor−X−Conductive 050)、2.1gのカーボンブラック(Vulcan XC72R,Cabot)、及び2.1gのポリビニルアルコールバインダを(65質量%のH2O、30質量%のイソプロパノール、5質量%の1−メトキシ−2−プロパノール)に分散させた。スラリーAlホイルにキャストした。
正極材料としての固体複合材料の試験
電気化学セルは、実施例9〜11(比較例及び本発明の実施例)に係る固体複合材料から製造された正極材料の各々を有し、また、多孔性ポリオレフィンセパレータ(厚さ15μm、Tonen、Exxon社製)を含むリチウム正極を有している。使用される電解質は、8質量%のLiTFSl(LiN(SO2CF3)2)、4質量%のLiNO3、44質量%のジオキソラン、及び44質量%のジメトキシエタンから構成される。
0.02gのポリビニルアルコール、16.0gの水/イソプロパノール、[w]gのカーボンブラック(Super P、スイスのTmcal社)、[x]gの合成グラファイト(KS−6、スイスのTmcal社)[y]gの膨張黒鉛(200 95 40 SC、ドイツのNGS Naturgraphit会社製)、及び[z]gの硫黄を製造した。[w]、[x]、[y]、及び[z]の厳密な値は、表3a)に示した。また、水による除去の後に得られた固体複合材料、及びイソプロパノールを表3b)に示した。
Claims (17)
- リチウム硫黄電流生成セルの正極に使用される固体複合材料であって、
上記固体複合材料の全質量を基準として、
1〜75質量%の膨張黒鉛、
40〜98質量%の硫黄、
1〜50質量%の、膨張黒鉛を除く一種以上の他の導電剤、及び
0〜50質量%の一種以上のバインダ、
を含むことを特徴とする固体複合材料。 - 上記固体複合材料の全質量を基準として、
5〜45質量%の膨張黒鉛、
55〜94質量%の硫黄、
1〜50質量%の、膨張黒鉛を除く一種以上の他の導電剤、及び
0〜25質量%の一種以上のバインダ、
を含む請求項1に記載の固体複合材料。 - 膨張黒鉛における膨張された層間距離の平均値が、
1〜5μmである請求項1又は2に記載の固体複合材料。 - 上記固体複合材料の全質量を基準として5〜25質量%の、膨張黒鉛を除く一種以上の他の導電剤を含む請求項1〜3の何れか1項に記載の固体複合材料。
- 一種以上の導電剤が、
カーボンブラック、グラファイト、グラフェン、炭素繊維、カーボンナノチューブ、活性炭、コルク若しくはピッチを熱処理して製造される炭素、金属フレーク、金属粉、金属化合物、及びこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される請求項4に記載の固体複合材料。 - 上記一種以上のバインダが含まれる請求項1〜5の何れか1項に記載の固体複合材料。
- 上記一種以上のバインダが、
ポリビニルアセテート、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリビニルピロリドン、アルキル化ポリエチレンオキシド、架橋ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリビニルエーテル、ポリ(メチルメタ上記アクリレート)、ポリビニリデンフルオライド、ポリヘキサフルオロプロピレン及びポリビニリデンフルオライドのコポリマー、ポリ(エチルアクリレート)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリビニルピリジン、ポリスチレン、ポリピルロール、ポリチオフェン、これらの誘導体、これらの混合物、並びにこれらのコポリマーから成る群から選択される請求項6に記載の固体複合材料。 - 一種以上の電解質をさらに含む請求項1〜7の何れか1項に記載の固体複合材料。
- (i)請求項1〜8の何れか1項に記載の固体複合材料を含む正極、
(ii)負極、
(iii)上記正極及び上記負極の間に介在する電解質、
を含むことを特徴とするリチウム硫黄電流生成セル。 - 上記負極が、
リチウム金属、リチウム含有合金、リチウムがインターカレートされている炭素;、並びにリチウムがインターカレートされているグラファイトから成る群から選択される一種以上の負極活物質を含む請求項9に記載のリチウム硫黄電流生成セル。 - 上記正極及び上記負極の間に介在する電解質が、
液体電解質、ゲルポリマー電解質、及び固体ポリマー電解質から成る群から選択される一種以上の物質を含む請求項9又は10に記載のリチウム硫黄電流生成セル。 - 上記正極及び上記負極の間に介在する電解質が、
(a)一種以上のイオン性電解質塩、及び
(b)ポリエーテル、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド、ポリイミド、ポリホスファゼン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリシロキサン、それらの誘導体、それらの混合物、及びそれらのコポリマーから成る群から選択される一種以上のポリマー、
(c)N−メチルアセトアミド、アセトニトリル、カーボネート、スルホラン、スルホン、N−置換ピロリドン、非環式エーテル、環式エーテル、キシレン、グリムを含むポリエーテル、及びシクロヘキサンから群から選択される一種以上の電解質溶媒、
を含む請求項9〜11の何れか1項に記載のリチウム硫黄電流生成セル。 - 上記正極が、さらに、
電流コレクタを含む請求項9〜12の何れか1項に記載のリチウム硫黄電流生成セル。 - 上記負極と上記正極の間にセパレータをさらに有する請求項9〜13の何れか1項に記載のリチウム硫黄電流生成セル。
- (I)硫黄、膨張黒鉛、及び任意に他の成分を液体媒体中に分散させることにより、硫黄、膨張黒鉛、及び任意に他の成分を液体媒体中に含むスラリーを調製する工程と、
(II)工程(I)により得られたスラリーを基体にキャストし、又は工程(I)により得られたスラリーを金型に投入する工程と、
(III)工程(II)におけるスラリーキャストから一部又は全ての液体媒体を除去し、上記固体複合材料を得る工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の固体複合材料の製造方法。 - 膨張黒鉛及び膨張黒鉛以外の一種以上の他の導電剤とともに、硫黄を融解する工程と、
その後、冷却された固体混合物を、工程(I)における混合物中に含まれる成分として用いる前に、粉砕する工程と、
を有する請求項15に記載の固体複合材料の製造方法。 - リチウム含有合金が、リチウムスズ合金、Li−Mg合金、及びLi−Ag合金から選択される一種以上の合金を含む請求項10に記載のリチウム硫黄電流生成セル。
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CN102918684B (zh) | 2016-09-14 |
US9577243B2 (en) | 2017-02-21 |
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KR20130121001A (ko) | 2013-11-05 |
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