JP5675338B2 - ターゲット核酸を急速に多重増幅するための方法 - Google Patents
ターゲット核酸を急速に多重増幅するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
この出願は、米国特許法第119条(e)に基づいて、米国仮出願第60/921,802(出願日;2007年4月4日)、米国仮出願第60/964,502(出願日;2007年8月13日)、および、米国仮出願第61/028,073(出願日;2008年2月12日)における出願日の利益を主張する。これらのそれぞれは、本明細書によって参照されることにより、その全体がここに組み込まれている。この出願は、さらに、この出願と同じ日付で申請された2つの米国特許出願を参照することにより、その全体を組み込んでいる。これらの1つは、「INTEGRATED NUCLEIC ACID ANALYSIS(一体化された核酸の分析)」と題された出願(代理人整理番号第07−801−US)であり、もう1つは、「PLASTIC MICROFLUIDIC SEPARATION AND DETECTION PLATFORMS(プラスチックのマイクロ流体に関するプラットフォームの分離および検出)」と題された出願(代理人整理番号第07−865−US)である。
本発明における他の態様にしたがうバイオチップ(すなわち、本発明のサーマルサイクラーとともに使用するための基板)の実施形態は、例示の目的で、図1Bに示されている。このバイオチップは、16個のマイクロ流体システムを有しており、これらのそれぞれが、バイオチップ内に形成されている反応チャンバーのそれぞれとの流体連通における流入口および流出口を有している。しかしながら、このような開示は、限定する目的のものではない。むしろ、当業者であれば容易に認識することではあるが、バイオチップは、他の数量のマイクロ流体システム(後述する)を備えることが可能であり、1つのシステムを有するバイオチップ、および、2つ以上のシステムを有するバイオチップもある。ここで使用されている「複数の」という用語は、2つ以上、4つ以上、8つ以上、16個以上、32個以上、48個以上、64個以上、96個以上、128個以上、あるいは、2〜16個、2〜32個、2〜48個、2〜64個、2〜96個、2〜128個、8〜128個、8〜64個、あるいは8〜32個のマイクロ流体チャネルを意味している。
マイクロ流体を利用することによって、単一のバイオチップにおいて1つより多くの機能を実行するための構成を製造することが可能となる。これらの機能は、核酸抽出、核酸精製、PCRの前の核酸浄化、PCRの後の浄化、シークエンシングの前の浄化、シークエンシング、シークエンシングの後の浄化、核酸分離、核酸検出、逆転写、逆転写の前の浄化、逆転写の後の浄化、核酸ライゲーション、核酸の混成および定量化を含むことが可能である。サンプルの逐次的なプロセスを可能とするために、これらの機能の2つ以上を、マイクロ流体的に接続することが可能である。この結合は、一体化(integration)と呼ばれる。
さらに他の態様では、本発明は、1つあるいは複数のターゲット核酸における複数の核酸遺伝子座を、急速ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)によって同時に増幅するための方法を提供する。このような方法は、1つあるいは複数の反応溶液を、1つあるいは複数の反応チャンバーに供給するステップを含んでいる。そして、各反応溶液は、(i)少なくとも1つのターゲット核酸における少なくとも1つのコピー(各ターゲット核酸は、同一であるかあるいは異なっており、さらに、各ターゲット核酸は、独立して、増幅されるべき複数の遺伝子座を備えている)、(ii)1つあるいは複数のバッファ、(iii)1つあるいは複数の塩、(iv)増幅されるべき複数の遺伝子座に対応するプライマーのセット、(v)核酸ポリメラーゼ、および、(vi)ヌクレオチドを備えている。
ここに記載したアプローチを用いて、市販されている多くのポリメラーゼを、急速PCR用途に適用することも可能である。一般的に、核酸ポリメラーゼは、少なくとも100塩基/秒の伸長速度を有している。サーマス・アクアチクス(Taq)、パイロコッカス・フリオサス(Pfu)、パイロコッカス・ウォーセイ(Pwo)、サーマス・フラバス(TfI)、サーマス・サーモフィルス(Tth)、サーマス・リトリス(TIi)およびサーモトーガ・マリティム(Tma)を含む多数のポリメラーゼが、PCR増幅に関して有用である。これらの酵素、これらの酵素の改良バージョン、および、これらの酵素を組み合わせたものは、Roche、Invitrogen、Qiagen、Strategene、およびApplied Biosystemsを含むベンダーから市販されている。代表的な酵素は、PHUSION(New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA)、Hot MasterTaq(商標)(Eppendorf)、PHUSION Mpx(Finnzymes)、PyroStart(Fermentas)、KOD(EMD Biosciences)、Z-Taq(TAKARA)、および、CS3AC/LA (KlenTaq, University City, MO)を含んでいる。STRタイピングのためのPCR増幅に関して広く使用されている酵素は、Taqポリメラーゼである。また、TaqGoldの改良型が、Identifiler(商標)、Profiler(商標)、およびCOfiler(商標)キットに同梱されている。
実施例1
カスタムサーマルサイクラーおよびマイクロ流体バイオチップ
PCR反応溶液温度を急速に、制御可能に、かつ再現的に加熱冷却することができることによって高速サイクリングを行うために、図1Aに示すような本発明のサーマルサイクラーを使用した。この器具は、16−チャンバーのマイクロ流体バイオチップを受容し、高性能ヒートシンクに取り付けられている高出力熱電冷却器/加熱器からなる。16のPCR反応溶液のそれぞれを、クランプ機構を用いて圧縮圧力0.2MPaを印加することによってヒートポンプに結合するマイクロ流体バイオチップの個々のチャンバーに入れた。図1Bは、16−サンプルの使い捨て可能なプラスチック製マイクロ流体バイオチップの写真を示している。各PCRチャンバーは、深さが500μm、幅が約1mmであり、7μlのPCR反応溶液が入っている。
以下の実施例では、Eppendorf Mastercyler(商標)ep gradient S(Eppendorf North America,Westbury,NY)を用いて、管内のあらゆる増幅反応を行った。ブロックに直接取り付けられている直径127μmの型式Kの熱電対センサーを使用して、上記の器具のブロック温度プロファイルを得た。反応溶液プロファイルのために、直径127μmの型式Kの熱電対センサーを、薄肉のPCRチューブ内の20μLの反応溶液に載置した。100Hzの速度でデータを取得するように、Omega HH506RA Multiloggerサーモメーターセットでデータ収集を行った。
9947AゲノムDNA(Promega,Madison,WI)をテンプレートとしてthe AmpFlSTR(登録商標) Profiler Plus(登録商標)IDPCR Amplification Kit(Profiler Plus IDキット)(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA)で多重PCR反応を行った。増幅に使用したポリメラーゼは、Profiler Plus IDキットに供給されているAmpliTaq Gold(登録商標) DNAポリメラーゼ(TaqGold(商標))か、または他のポリメラーゼ、すなわち、SpeedSTAR HS DNA Polymerase(SpeedSTAR)(Takara BIO USA Inc., Madison, WI)、KOD Hot Start DNAポリメラーゼ(KOD)(EMD Biosciences Inc., Gibbstown, NJ)、またはPyroStart(商標)Fast PCR Master Mix(PyroStart)(Fermentas Inc., Glen Burnie, MD)のいずれかであった。ポリメラーゼ特定のバッファとデオキシヌクレオチド三リン酸とを組み合わせて、Profiler Plus IDキットからのラベル付き多重プライマーを使用して、他のポリメラーゼを用いた多重PCRを行った。Eppendorf Mastercyler(商標)ep gradient Sを使用して、0.2mLの薄肉のPCRチューブ(Eppendorf North America, Westbury, NY)であらゆるチューブPCRを行った。16−サンプルのバイオチップを使用して、あらゆるバイオチップ反応が図1Aのサーマルサイクラーで増幅した。
Standard TaqGold(商標)の反応物:
Standard TaqGold(商標)多重反応物は、25μLの反応容積に、9.55μLのProfiler Plus ID反応混合物と、1ngの9947AゲノムDNAと、5μLのProfiler Plus IDプライマーセットと、2.25UのTaqGold(商標)からなるものであった。製造業者の推奨に従ってサイクリング条件(ブロック温度および時間)を選択し、最初が95℃で11分間(ホットスタート)、続いて28サイクルを94℃で1分(変性)、59℃で1分(アニーリング)、72℃で1分(伸長)、最後の伸長を60℃で45分に設定した。
高速サイクルに最適化されたTaqGold(商標)反応物について、3.82μLのProfiler Plus ID反応混合物と、1ngの9947AゲノムDNAと、2μLのProfiler Plus IDプライマーセットと、0.9UのTaqGold(商標)とを含有する、10μL反応容積で行った。95℃で11分間、28サイクルを98℃で10秒、59℃で45秒、72℃で30秒、最後の伸長を72℃で15分、で反応が循環した。
チューブPCR用のSpeedSTAR PCR混合物成分は、以下の通りであった。2μLのProfiler Plus IDプライマーセットと、9947AゲノムDNAと、1xFast Buffer I(Takara BIO USA Inc., Madison, WI)と、200μMのデオキシヌクレオチド三リン酸と、0.315UのSpeedSTARとが、10μLの反応容積に入っていた。急速に実行するためのサイクリング条件は、以下に設定された。95℃で1分(酵素活性化)に続いて、28サイクルを98℃で4秒、59℃で15秒、72℃で5秒、最後の伸長を72℃で1分であった。
バイオチップPCR用に、7μLの反応混合物が、1.4μLのProfiler Plus IDプライマーセットと、9947AゲノムDNAと、1xFast Buffer Iと、200μMのデオキシヌクレオチド三リン酸と、0.42UのSpeedSTARを含有していた。サイクリングパラメーターを、95℃で70秒、28サイクルが98℃で4秒、59℃で15秒、72℃で7秒、最後の伸長を70℃で1:30分に設定した。
10μLの反応容積に入っている、2μLのProfiler Plus IDプライマーセットと、1xKODバッファ(EMD Biosciences Inc., Gibbstown, NJ)と、200μMのデオキシヌクレオチド三リン酸と、1ngの9947AゲノムDNAと、1.5mMの硫酸マグネシウム(MgSO4)と、0.2UのKODとで、KODでの増幅を行った。サイクリング条件は、以下の通りであった。95℃で2分に続いて、28サイクルを98℃で4秒、59℃で30秒、72℃で10秒、最後の伸長に72℃で1分であった。
1つの終濃度におけるPyroStartでの反応混合物はまた、10μLの反応物に2μLのProfiler Plus IDプライマーセットと、1ngの9947AゲノムDNAとを含有したものであり、以下で循環した。95℃で1分、28サイクルを98℃で4秒、59℃で20秒、72℃で30秒に続いて、最後の伸長を72℃で1分行った。
他のSTRタイピングキット(AmpFlSTR(登録商標)Identifiler(登録商標)(Identifiler)(AmpFlSTR(登録商標)Cofiler(登録商標)PCR Amplification Kit(COfiler)(Applied Biosystems))を用いた、完全なSTRプロファイルを生成するためのSpeedSTARの適合性を、上述のようなProfiler Plus IDキットでのSpeedSTAR用の反応条件で、チューブおよびバイオチップ内で検査した。これらの反応物では、Profiler Plus IDプライマーセットを、それぞれのキットからプライマーセットに置き換えた。
チューブおよびバイオチップの再現性の研究を、テンプレートとして1ngの9947AゲノムDNAを使用して、TaqGold(商標)およびSpeedSTARを用いて行った。チューブの再現性として、5つの個々の反応物を調製した。それぞれ8つの反応物を備えた3つのバイオチップPCRを行い、バイオチップ再現性を測定した。
チューブおよびバイオチップにおけるSpeedSTAR増幅の感応性の研究を、以下の量の9947AテンプレートDNAを使用して行った。チューブ内:4ng、2ng、1.5ng、1ng、0.5ng、0.25ng、0.125ng、0.1ng、0.05ng、0.03ng、0.02ng、0.01ng、0.006ng;バイオチップ内:4ng、2ng、1.5ng、1ng、0.5ng、0.25ng、0.1ng、0.05ng、0.025ng、0.02ng、0.015ng、0.01ng、0.006ng。各テンプレートレベルでの反応を、2回行った。
Network Biosystem Genebench-FX(商標)Series100を使用して、増幅産物を分離し、検出した(PyzowskiおよびTan, Advances in Biochip-Based Analysis:A Rapid Field-Based Approach 59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences San Antonio, TX, February 19-24, 2007)。この器具は、特にSTR分析法のために開発し、最適化された。各増幅産物が2.7μLになるまで、10.2μLのHi-Di(商標)ホルムアミドおよび0.1μLのGenescan 500 LIZ internal lane standard(両方ともApplied Biosystems, Foster City, CA)を添加した。3分間95℃で変性させ、氷上でスナップ冷却(snap cooling)した後、サンプルを分離チップに装填し、90秒間350V/cmの電界を印加することによって、分離チャネルに電気泳動的に移動させた。これに続いて、分離チャネルに沿って150V/cmの電界を加え、DNA断片を分離した。すべての分離を、50℃で行った。
GeneMarker(登録商標)HID STR Human Identification Software, Version 1.51(SoftGenetics LLC, State College, PA)を用いて、データを分析した。信号強度をinternal lane standardに標準化して、スタッターと不完全なNTAならびにPHRとの百分率を測定した。遺伝子座の小さな信号強度の対立遺伝子をより大きな信号強度の対立遺伝子で割ることによって、PHRを算出する。テンプレート断片の信号強度(−A)をアデニル化された断片の信号強度(+A)で割ることによって、不完全なNTAのレベルを算出する。
サーマルサイクル器具と従来のPCRチューブおよびマイクロ流体バイオチップの反応溶液との温度プロファイル
商業的なサーマルサイクラーを使用して薄肉のPCRチューブで、かつ実施例1のサーマルサイクラーを使用してマイクロ流体バイオチップで、増幅反応を行った。チューブ反応に、Eppendorf Mastercyler(商標)を利用した。図2Aは、従来のSTRサイクリングプロトコルを使用した、チューブ内での28サーマルサイクルのうちの1つのブロックおよび反応溶液の温度を示している。The Mastercycler(商標)加熱冷却システムは、チューブを挿入するための一体化したブロックを備えたヒートポンプに基づいている。時間および温度の設定値は、変性に98℃で1分、アニーリングに59℃で1分、および伸長に72℃で1分である。熱ブロックと反応溶液との温度プロファイルを比較すると、ブロック温度に対して溶液温度の反応の遅延が示されている。ブロックの測定加熱冷却速度は、5.6℃/秒および4.9℃/秒であり、溶液の測定加熱冷却速度は、4.8℃/秒および3.3℃/秒である。ブロックは伸長(72℃)から変性(98℃)まで14秒で温度が遷移するが、溶液は、39秒間設定値の温度に到達しない。ブロックおよび溶液ではそれぞれ、変性とアニーリング(59℃)のステップ間の遷移に、10秒および27秒かかり、アニーリングと伸長のステップ間では7秒および24秒かかる。
チューブのPCR酵素の測定
多数のポリメラーゼを、高速多重STR分析法を潜在的に使用して測定し、部分的にホットスタート活性化時間および伸長速度に基づいて、候補物質を選択した。TaqGold(商標)の推奨条件と比較して実験的評価として選択した4つのポリメラーゼの報告された特性を、表1(A)に示す。
不完全なNTAに関して、SpeedSTARおよびPyroStartの両方、ならびに最適化されたTaqGold(商標)反応が、標準TaqGold(商標)反応よりも最大で3倍高いレベルを示した。ほとんどの対立遺伝子で、レベルが15%の翻訳許容限界以下になった。後述するように、高レベルの不完全なNTAを有するこれらの対立遺伝子を、15%の翻訳許容限界以下に減少させることができる。KODポリメラーゼは、3’−5’エキソヌクレアーゼ活性を備えており、A-overhangを備えた断片を生成しない。したがって、すべての対立遺伝子はこれらの対立遺伝子ラダー対応物(allelic ladder counterpart)よりも1ヌクレオチドだけ短かった。
チューブおよびバイオチップのSpeedSTARポリメラーゼを使用した高速PCRプロトコル
上記の結果に基づいて、全サイクル時間を最小限に抑えて、信号強度、PHR、不完全なNTA、およびスタッターの翻訳要件を満たす全STRプロファイルを達成することを目的として、SpeedSTARポリメラーゼをさらにバイオチップの測定のために選択した。
チューブおよびバイオチップのSpeedSTARポリメラーゼを使用した、高速PCRの対立遺伝子性質決定
実施例4aから高速PCR反応の生成物を性質決定するために、PHR、不完全なNTAおよびスタッターの数量化を行った。SpeedSTARポリメラーゼを使用したバイオチップおよびチューブ反応は、TaqGold(商標)の反応と比較して、遺伝子座間のピーク高さの不均衡が大きい。バイオチップ反応で生成される対立遺伝子のPHRは、0.70〜0.95であり、チューブでもほぼ同じである。すなわち、すべて許容の翻訳ガイドライン内にある。SpeedSTARを使用した反応は、標準TaqGold(商標)反応で測定されたものよりもPHRが約10%小さい。同様に、SpeedSTARを使用したバイオチップおよびチューブの両方の反応におけるほとんどの対立遺伝子の不完全なNTAのレベルは、ほぼ同じ(2.0および10.6%)である。すなわち、両方とも、TaqGold(商標)制御反応よりもほぼ2倍大きい。例外は、D3S1358対立遺伝子の不完全なNTAであり、これは、TaqGold(商標)を用いるよりもSpeedSTARを用いると4.8から7倍大きい。すなわち、この場合でさえも、不完全なNTAのレベルは、SpeedSTAR酵素で12%以下である。最後に、SpeedSTARを使用したバイオチップおよびチューブの両方に基づく反応のスタッターのレベルは、約6.0〜14.1%であり、標準TaqGold(商標)のチューブ反応のレベルよりも平均して約1.6倍大きい。
高速PCR反応におけるDNAテンプレートレベルおよび対立遺伝子の特徴
バイオチップ(図5A)およびチューブ(図5B)の反応でSpeedSTARポリメラーゼを使用した高速PCR反応の信号強度に関するテンプレートDNAの効果を、図5Aおよび図5Bに示す。分析法のために選択した対立遺伝子は、アメロゲニンであり、対立遺伝子は、STRプロファイルおよびFGA23および24、ならびD7S820 10および11の最大の信号レベルを備えており、対立遺伝子はそのプロファイルの最小の信号レベルを備えていた。SpeedSTARバイオチップおよびチューブの両方の反応において、DNAテンプレートレベルが0.006ngから4ngまで増加するにつれて、すべての対立遺伝子の信号強度が増加している。テンプレートレベル0.006ngでは、バイオチップの111RFUおよびチューブ反応の58RFUのアメロゲニンピークでの信号強度を観察した。テンプレートレベル4ngでは、信号強度12680RFUがバイオチップで、5570RFUがチューブの反応で見られた。両方の反応型で観察されたすべての対立遺伝子は、良好なピークモフォロジを示していた。
反復性および再現性の研究
SpeedSTARポリメラーゼを使用した高速のバイオチップ(表3A)およびチューブ(表3B)の反応の反復性および再現性を、3つのPCRバイオチップで24の同じPCR反応を行い、5つの同じチューブ反応を行うことによって算出した。バイオチップ反応では、信号強度の信頼値(CV)が17から24%まで変化し、チューブ反応では15から34%まで変化する。標準TaqGold(商標)反応でのCVは、6%〜21%である。
他の市販のSTRキットとの適合性
上述と同一の高速バイオチップおよびチューブの条件を使用して、プライマーセットを使用した一連のサンプルをCOfiler(商標)およびIdentifiler(商標)キットから算出した。図9Aおよび図9Bは、本願明細書において記載されている本発明のサーマルサイクラー、SpeedSTAR酵素、およびプロトコルを使用したこれらのプライマーセットを使用した、全プロファイルの達成を示している。それぞれは、これらの市販のキットに同様に適している。全プロファイルが達成されたにもかかわらず、遺伝子座にわたる信号強度の不均衡を観察した。
サーマルサイクラーを用いた高速シークエンシング
サーマルサイクル器具および方法論は、高速DNAシークエンシング反応に適用可能である。高速サーマルサイクラーをこのように実現するには、計測およびバイオチップは、PCRに使用したものと同一である。シークエンシングに、異なる反応溶液、ポリメラーゼ、およびサイクリング温度を適用する。現在市販のシークエンシング反応には、49分(GE Amersham DYEnamic(商標)ET Terminato Cycle Sequencingキットで)、および2.25時間(AB Big Dye V3.1で)かかる。従来の試薬とともにNetBioサーマルサイクラーを利用することによって、シークエンシング反応時間を21分まで短縮することができた。
Claims (6)
- サーマルサイクラーシステムであって、
第1の表面を有する温度制御素子(TCE);
溶液を保持するサンプルチャンバーおよび検知チャンバーを含むバイオチップ、ここで前記サンプルチャンバーは、前記第1の表面と熱伝導するよう位置されており、前記検知チャンバーはサーモセンサーを有しており、
ここで前記検知チャンバーは、前記サンプルチャンバーと同一の積層物質を有するように製造され、および、前記サンプルチャンバー内における状況をシミュレートするために、前記バイオチップ内で前記サンプルチャンバー内のサンプルの位置と類似した位置に設定および位置される;および
前記サーモセンサーからの入力を受容するように構成されたコントローラー;
を備えており、
前記サーモセンサーが、前記TCEを加熱または冷却して、所望される温度にサンプルを設定あるいは維持するために、前記TCEにフィードバックを与えている、
サーマルサイクラーシステムであって、
前記バイオチップは、マイクロ流体バイオチップである、
サーマルサイクラーシステム。 - 前記TCEにおける第1の表面上に配置されたチップ圧縮素子(CCE)をさらに備えており、これにより、CCEとTCEとの間におけるバイオチップの挿入を可能とし、このCCEが、TCEとバイオチップとの間の熱伝導を与えている、請求項1記載のサーマルサイクラーシステム。
- 前記マイクロ流体バイオチップは、基板層を有し、および、
前記基板層は、グルーブおよび/またはくぼみを備えた複数のマイクロ流体システムがパターン化されている、
請求項1または2記載のサーマルサイクラーシステム。 - 0.4℃/W以下の熱抵抗を有するヒートシンクをさらに備えている、請求項1〜3いずれかに記載のサーマルサイクラーシステム。
- 前記TCEの第1の表面と熱伝導するバイオチップ中でサンプルの+/−1.0℃の温度安定性を有する、請求項1〜4いずれかに記載のサーマルサイクラーシステム。
- 前記TCEが、ヒートポンプあるいはペルチェデバイスを備えている、請求項1〜5いずれかに記載のサーマルサイクラーシステム。
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