JP5236132B2 - 組織の修復または再生のための多孔質組織骨格形成材料 - Google Patents
組織の修復または再生のための多孔質組織骨格形成材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5236132B2 JP5236132B2 JP2000199398A JP2000199398A JP5236132B2 JP 5236132 B2 JP5236132 B2 JP 5236132B2 JP 2000199398 A JP2000199398 A JP 2000199398A JP 2000199398 A JP2000199398 A JP 2000199398A JP 5236132 B2 JP5236132 B2 JP 5236132B2
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2250/003—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in adsorbability or resorbability, i.e. in adsorption or resorption time
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0058—Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
- A61F2250/0067—Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/24777—Edge feature
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- Y10T428/249958—Void-containing component is synthetic resin or natural rubbers
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Description
関節軟骨は人間および動物における関節接合部を形成する全ての骨の端部を被覆している。この軟骨は力を分配する機構および異なる骨の間の支持面として関節内において作用する。この関節軟骨がなければ、応力集中および摩擦が生じて関節が容易に動かなくなる。また、関節軟骨が損失すると、一般的に、痛みを伴う関節炎や関節の動きの減少が生じる。図10に健康な軟骨の形態学的な特徴を概略的に示している。
勾配構造は骨/軟骨の境界領域において天然に存在する。本発明者の研究において、材料の違いが細胞機能に顕著に影響することが分かった。すなわち、一次骨芽細胞のポリマーフィルム(95/5(L)−ラクチド−コ−グリコリドコポリマー、90/10グリコリド−コ−(L)ラクチドコポリマー、95/5(L)−ラクチド−コ−ε−カプロラクトンコポリマー、75/25グリコリド−コ−(L)ラクチドコポリマーおよび40/60ε−カプロラクトン−コ−(L)ラクチドコポリマー)および編みメッシュ(95/5(L)ラクチド−コ−グリコリドおよび90/10グリコリド−コ−(L)ラクチドのコポリマー)に対する初期的および長期的応答をインビトロで評価した。この結果から、6日の培養後に骨芽細胞は全ての生体崩壊性のポリマーフィルムおよびメッシュ上に良好に付着して増殖することが分かった。40/60ε−カプロラクトン−コ−(L)ラクチドコポリマーフィルムを除いて、試験したいずれのポリマーフィルムも組織培養ポリスチレン(対照)に比して一次ラット骨芽細胞の分化に著しい助長作用を示さなかった。一方、40/60ε−カプロラクトン−コ−(L)ラクチドコポリマーにより作成したフィルムは他のフィルムおよびTCPSに比して増加したアルカリホスファターゼ活性およびオステオカルシンのmRNA発現により示される培養した骨芽細胞の助長された分化を示した。それゆえ、異なる吸収性材料により細胞機能および分化が著しく変化することが明らかである。従って、細胞増殖および分化に最適な材料を選定することにより、組成の勾配構造を有する複合材料を利用して同一の骨格形成材料内において異なる細胞種による組織再生を最適化することができる。
さらに、勾配構造を有する組織の別の例として皮膚がある。皮膚の基本的な構造は2種類の別ではあるが強固に一体となっている層を有しており、各層の厚さは身体の異なる場所で異なる。例えば、外側の層すなわち表皮は無血管で、少数の免疫細胞(ランゲルハンス細胞)および色素細胞(メラノサイト)を伴うケラチノサイトにより主に構成されている。このケラチノサイトはケラチン線維およびコルネオサイトエンベロープを生成し、これらは表皮に耐久性と保護機能性を与える。これらの構造の開発は表皮の分化状態に完全に依存している。すなわち、表皮は細胞が基底膜からさらに移動する際に異なる発現パターンで層化した上皮を形成する。この分化的に発現する細胞の層化層は表皮の機能を維持するために形成する必要がある。この表皮の下に真皮があり、この真皮は血管の多い高密度の不規則な接合組織である。この層はコラーゲン性および弾性線維で高度に密集していて、これらの線維はこの層に例外的な弾性および強度を賦与する。線維芽細胞はこの層における主な細胞種である。さらに、これらの二つの層の間に基底膜があり、この膜は表皮細胞の付着部位として作用し、これらの細胞の機能および分化を調整するように作用する。基底膜に直接付着しているケラチノサイトの層は立方体の形状をしていて高度に整列している。この付着状態および構造は表皮において高度にうろこ状の構造を生成するのに重要な条件になる。すなわち、この基底層は表皮の修復および置換のための前駆体細胞の供給源を提供する。また、うろこ状の層は傷害や感染に対する強度および抵抗性を賦与する。
勾配を有する管状構造の形成もまた本発明に関係する。外径部分に比較的大きな気孔を有してその大きさが内径部分に至るにつれて小さく遷移している、あるいは、この逆の状態のチューブを有する脈管移植片が脈管の組織培養のための内皮細胞および平滑筋細胞の培養において有用である。
種々の吸収性ポリマーが発泡体の作成に使用できる。使用に適する生体許容性で生体吸収性のポリマーの例として、脂肪族ポリエステル、ポリ(アミノ酸)、コポリ(エーテル−エステル)、ポリアルキレンオキサレート、ポリアミド、ポリ(イミノカルボネート)、ポリオルトエステル、ポリオキサエステル、ポリアミドエステル、アミン基を含有するポリオキサエステル、ポリ(酸無水物)、ポリホスファゼン、生体分子、およびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択されるポリマーが含まれる。さらに、本発明の目的に沿う脂肪族ポリエステルとして、ラクチド(乳酸、D−、L−、およびメソラクチドを含む)、グリコリド(グリコール酸を含む)、ε−カプロラクトン、p−ジオキサノン(1,4−ジオキサン−2−オン)、トリメチレンカーボネート(1,3−ジオキサン−2−オン)、トリメチレンカーボネートのアルキル誘導体、δ−バレロラクトン、β−ブチロラクトン、γ−ブチロラクトン、ε−デカラクトン、ヒドロキシブチレート(反復単位)、ヒドロキシバレレート(反復単位)、1,4−ジオキセパン−2−オン(その二量体の1,5,8,12−テトラオキサシクロテトラデカン−7,14−ジオン)、1,5−ジオキセパン−2−オン、6,6−ジメチル−1,4−ジオキサン−2−オン、2,5−ジケトモルホリン、ピバロラクトン、α,α−ジエチルプロピオラクトン、エチレンカーボネート、エチレンオキサレート、3−メチル−1,4−ジオキサン−2,5−ジオン、3,3−ジエチル−1,4−ジオキサン−2,5−ジオン、6,8−ジオキサビシクロオクタン−7−オン、およびこれらのポリマー混合物のホモポリマーおよびコポリマーが含まれるがこれらに限らない。また、本発明の目的に沿うポリ(イミノカルボネート)としては、文献Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers(edited by Domb, Kost and Wisemen, Hardwood Academic Press, 1997年,第251頁乃至第272頁)におけるKemnitzer およびKohnに記載されるものが含まれる。本発明の目的に沿うコポリ(エーテル−エステル)としては、CohnおよびYounesによる文献(“Journal of Biomaterials Research”,Vol. 22,第993頁乃至第1009頁,1988年)およびCohnの文献(Polymer Preprints (ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry) Vol. 30(1),第498頁,1989年)に記載されるコポリエステル−エーテル(例えば、PEO/PLA)が含まれる。本発明の目的に沿うポリアルキレンオキサレートとしては、本明細書に参考文献として含まれる米国特許第4,208,511号、同第4,141,087号、同第4,130,639号、同第4,140,678号、同第4,105,034号および同第4,205,399号に記載されるものが含まれる。さらに、ポリホスファゼン、およびL−ラクチド、D,L−ラクチド、乳酸、グリコリド、グリコール酸、パラ−ジオキサノン、トリメチレンカーボネートおよびε−カプロラクトン等により作成されるコポリマー、ターポリマーおよびさらに高次の混合モノマーを基剤とするポリマーが本明細書に参考文献として含まれる文献Allcock (The Encyclopedia of Polymer Science, Vol. 13,第31頁乃至第41頁,Wiley Intersciences, John Wiley & Sons,1988年)、およびVandorpe、Schacht、DejardinおよびLemmouchi (Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, edited by Domb, Kost and Wisemen, Hardwook Academic Press, 1977年,第161頁乃至第182頁)に記載されている。また、ポリ(酸無水物)としては、mを2乃至8の範囲の整数とする化学式HOOC-C6 H4 -0-(CH2)m-O-C6 H4-COOHの二酸およびこの化合物と12個までの炭素原子の脂肪族アルファ−オメガ二酸とのコポリマーにより作成されるものが含まれる。さらに、ポリオキサエステル、ポリオキサアミドおよびアミン基および/またはアミド基を含有するポリオキサエステルが本明細書に参考文献として含まれる米国特許第5,464,929号、同第5,595,751号、同第5,597,579号、同第5,607,687号、同第5,618,552号、同第5,620,698号、同第5,645,850号、同第5,648,088号、同第5,698,213号、同第5,700,583号および同第5,859,150号の1個以上に記載されている。ポリオルトエステルは本明細書に参考文献として含まれる文献Heller (Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, edited by Domb, Kost and Wisemen, Hardwook Academic Press,1977年,第99頁乃至第118頁)に記載されているようなものである。
1.均一な組成による一定の厚さを通して気孔の大きさおよび/または形状が変化する構造、
2.特定の厚さに対して一つの種類および大きさの気孔があり、これに続いて別の種類および大きさの気孔がある構造、
3.一方の側に主に一つの種類の組成による勾配があり、他方の側に別の種類の組成による勾配があり、一方の側から他方の側に組成が遷移している構造、
4.小さな大きさの気孔層の低多孔質性の厚い膜があり、これに続いて大きな気孔の領域がある構造、
5.空間的組織を有する垂直方向の気孔を備える発泡体で、これらの垂直方向の気孔が栄養物拡散用の流路として作用し得る構造、
6.3次元の成形型内においてこれらの発泡体を作成して所望の微小構造を有する3次元の発泡体を形成する構造、および、
7.組成および構造的な勾配の組合せ構造である。
以下の実施例において、各ポリマーおよびモノマーはその化学組成および純度(NMR、FT−IR)、熱分析(DSC)、分子量(固有粘度)、および基準線およびインビトロでの機械的特性(インストロン応力/歪)について特徴付けられている。
不規則な微小構造(好ましくない構造)を有する発泡体の作成
工程A.1,4−ジオキサンにおける35/65PCL/PGAの5%重量/重量の均一な溶液の作成
1重量部の35/65PCL/PGAを19重量部の溶媒である1,4−ジオキサンに溶解して5%重量/重量のポリマー容積を作成した。この35/65PCL/PGAコポリマーは概ね実施例8に記載するように形成した。この溶液は磁気攪拌棒によりフラスコ内で作成した。コポリマーを完全に溶解するために、混合物を60±5℃に穏やかに加熱して最低で4時間で8時間を超えないように連続的に攪拌することが好ましい。その後、超粗目の多孔質フィルタ(フリットディスクを伴うPyrex 製抽出円筒濾紙)を通してこの粘性溶液の濾過中に乾燥窒素を使用しながら濾過することにより透明で均一な溶液を得た。
実験室規模の凍結乾燥機であるVIRTISのFreezemobile 6をこの実験に使用した。この凍結乾燥機を起動して棚チャンバーを約30分間乾燥窒素下において20℃に維持した。棚の温度をモニターするための熱電対を取り付けてモニターした。処理工程を実際に開始する前に、工程Aにおいて作成した均一なポリマー溶液を注意して成形型の中に満たした。この実験ではガラス製の成形型を用いたが、1,4−ジオキサンに対して不活性であって、良好な熱転移特性を有していて、発泡体を容易に除去できる表面を有するものであれば任意の材料により形成した成形型が使用できる。この実施例において使用したガラス成形型または皿は重量が620グラムであり、5.5mm厚の光学ガラスで、外径が21cmおよび内径が19.5cmの円筒形であった。また、この皿の口の高さは2.5cmであった。次に、以下の工程を行って2mm厚の発泡体を形成した。すなわち、
(i)この溶液を入れたガラス皿を20℃に維持した凍結乾燥機の棚の上に注意して(傾けないように)置いた。処理工程を開始して棚の温度を20℃で30分間維持して熱的な状態調節を行った。
(ii)その後、棚を−5℃に冷却することにより溶液を−5℃に冷却した。
(iii)−5℃で凍結処理してから60分後に、真空を供給して昇華によるジオキサンの一次乾燥を開始した。溶媒の大部分を除去するのに−5℃で真空減圧下に1時間の一次乾燥処理が必要である。この乾燥段階の終了時において、一般に、減圧レベルが約50ミリトール(6.7Pa)以下になる。
(iv)次に、50ミリトール(6.7Pa)以下の減圧下において二次乾燥処理を2段階で行って吸収されたジオキサンを除去した。第1の段階において、棚の温度を5℃に上げてこの温度で1時間維持した。この第1の段階の終了時から第2の乾燥処理の段階が開始する。この第2の乾燥処理の段階において、棚の温度を20℃に上げてこの温度で約1時間維持した。
(v)上記の第2の段階の終了時に、凍結乾燥機の温度を室温に戻して、窒素を供給して減圧を解除した。その後、チャンバー内を約30分間乾燥窒素で満たしてからドアを開けた。
垂直方向の流路を有する発泡体の作成
この実施例においては、栄養物の移送および方向付けされた組織の再生のための経路を構成し得る垂直方向の流路を有する35/65PCL/PGAの作成について説明する。
(i)この溶液を入れた皿を−17℃に予備冷却した凍結乾燥機の棚の上に置いた。処理工程を開始して棚の温度を−17℃で15分間維持してポリマー溶液を急冷した。
(ii)この15分間の−17℃への急冷処理の後に、真空を供給して昇華によるジオキサンの一次乾燥を開始して、100ミリトール(13.3Pa)で1時間維持した。
(iii)次に、5℃で1時間および20℃で1時間の条件で二次乾燥を行った。各温度において、減圧レベルは20ミリトール(2.7Pa)に維持した。
(iv)上記の第2の段階の終了時に、凍結乾燥機の温度を室温に戻して、窒素を供給して減圧を解除した。その後、チャンバー内を約30分間乾燥窒素で満たしてからドアを開けた。
構造的な勾配を有する発泡体
この実施例において、35/65ε−カプロラクトン−コ−グリコリドの10%溶液により図3に示すような発泡形態で勾配を有する発泡体の作成を説明する。このような発泡体を作成するための方法は1個の違いを除いて実施例2において説明した方法と同様である。すなわち、凍結乾燥処理の工程(ii)において、凍結工程に溶液を維持する時間を30分としている。
組成勾配の発泡体
この実施例においては、組成の勾配を有していて必ずしも形態的勾配を有していない発泡体の作成方法について説明する。このような発泡体は2種類以上のポリマーの物理的な混合物により作成したポリマー溶液により作成できる。この実施例は35/65PCL/PGAおよび40/60PCL/PLAにより作成した組成勾配を有する発泡体について説明する。
好ましい方法において、2種類の別の溶液、すなわち、(a)35/65PCL/PGAの10%重量/重量ポリマー溶液および(b)40/60PCL/PLAの10%重量/重量ポリマー溶液をまず作成した。これらの溶液を実施例1に記載したように作成した後に、等量部の各溶液を混合フラスコの中に注いだ。なお、これらの溶液を作成するために使用する各ポリマーについては実施例8および実施例9に記載している。この物理的な混合物の均一な溶液が60±5℃に穏やかに加熱して約2時間磁気攪拌棒により連続的に攪拌することにより得られた。
本発明者はコンピュータ制御およびデータモニターシステムを備えたFTS Dura凍結乾燥機を用いてこの発泡体を作成した。この発泡体の作成における第1の工程は上記工程Aにおいて記載した均一な溶液の作成である。次に、処理工程を実際に開始する直前にこの溶液を注意して皿の中に満たした。この円筒形のガラス皿は重量が117グラムであり、2.5mm厚の光学ガラス製で、外径が100mmおよび内径が95mmの円筒形であった。また、この皿の口の高さは50mmであった。次に、以下の工程を行って組成的に勾配を有する25mm厚の発泡体を形成した。すなわち、
(i)この溶液を入れたガラス皿を20℃に維持した凍結乾燥機の棚の上に置いて、20℃で30分間かけて溶液の状態調節を行った。次に、処理工程を開始して、0.5℃/分の冷却速度のプログラムにより棚の温度を−5℃に設定した。
(ii)その後、溶液を凍結条件(−5℃)で5時間維持した。
(iii)次に、真空を供給して昇華によるジオキサンの一次乾燥を開始し、100ミリトール(13.3Pa)で5時間維持した。
(iv)その後、5℃で5時間および20℃で10時間の二次乾燥処理を行った。各温度において減圧レベルを20ミリトール(2.7Pa)に維持した。
(v)上記の第2の段階の終了時に、凍結乾燥機の温度を室温に戻して、窒素を供給して減圧を解除した。その後、チャンバー内を約30分間乾燥窒素で満たしてからドアを開けた。得られた発泡体は図4,図5および図6に示すような発泡体壁部の形態を精査することにより明らかに化学組成において勾配を有している。この化学組成における勾配は以下に記載するようなNMRデータによりさらに確かめられた。
構造的に勾配を有する発泡体
この実施例においては、組成的および構造的な勾配を有していて必ずしも形態的勾配を有していない発泡体の作成方法について説明する。このような発泡体は2種類以上のポリマーの物理的な混合物により作成したポリマー溶液により作成できる。この実施例は35/65PCL/PLA(実施例9に記載するようなもの)および95/5PLA/PCL(本明細書において記載するようなHFIP測定において1.8のIVを有するランダムコポリマー)により作成した組成勾配を有する発泡体について説明する。なお、35/65PCL/PLAは軟質のエラストマーコポリマーであり、95/5PLA/PCLは比較的剛性の高いコポリマーである。これら2種類のコポリマーの組合せにより組成的および構造的な勾配が構成できる。この発泡体は実施例4において説明した諸工程により作成することができ、まず、1,4−ジオキサンにおける35/65PCL/PLAの10%重量/重量溶液および95/5PLA/PCLの10%重量/重量溶液の均一な50/50の物理的混合物の作成から始めた。このような組成的勾配を有する発泡体は骨−軟骨境界部分のような組織接合部分のための良好なテンプレートを提供することができる。
細胞培養および分化のデータ
95/5PLA/PGA、90/10PGA/PLA、95/5PLA/PCL、75/25PGA/PCLおよび40/60PCL/PLAにより作成したフィルムを試験した。全てのアッセイにおいて陽性対照として組織培養ポリスチレン(TCPS)を用いた。試験を行う前に、各ポリマー円板を24−ウェルウルトラロークラスターディッシュの底部において20分間予備加湿処理した。
各ポリマーを収容した24−ウェルウルトラロークラスターディッシュ(Corning)の中に40,000個/ウェルで細胞を接種した。このウルトラロークラスターディッシュはヒドロゲルポリマーの層によりコーティングされていて、このコーティングはタンパクおよび細胞のウェルへの付着を遅らせる。そこで、各生体ポリマーへの細胞の付着性を培養の24時間後に決定した(各ポリマーに対してN=3)。付着した細胞をトリプシン処理により遊離させてその細胞の数を血球計により決定した。さらに、細胞増殖を接種後3日目および6日目に細胞数を計ることにより評価した。
アルカリホスファターゼ活性
p−ニトロフェノールホスフェート基質(Sigma 104)および製造者の取扱説明による比色検定によりアルカリホスファターゼ活性を決定した。すなわち、細胞を40,000個/ウェルの密度でフィルムまたはメッシュ上に接種して1日,6日,14日および21日培養した。6日目に細胞が密集した段階で、これらに鉱物質化媒質(10mMのβ−グリセロホスフェート、50μg/mlのアスコルビン酸を追加した培養媒質)を供給した。その後、アルカリホスファターゼ活性を上記の各時間において細胞のホモゲネート(0.05%、トリトンX−100)において決定した。Pierce社のマイクロBCA試薬により細胞抽出物内のタンパクの量を決定した。また、組織学的染色キット(Sigma)により膜結合アルカリホスファターゼに対してフィルムおよびメッシュ上で培養した一次ラット骨芽細胞を染色処理した。全てのフィルムおよびメッシュに対して、各グループについて3個のサンプルを試験した。
種々のフィルム上において培養した骨芽細胞により媒地内に分泌されたオステオカルシンをELISA(オステオカルシンELISAキット、ボストンのBiomedical Technologies 社)により定量した。ELISAによるこのタンパクの測定の前に、各ポリマーフィルムを収容するウェルからの媒地のアリコートを凍結乾燥した。各ポリマーに対して3個のサンプルを試験して、ELISAを2回繰り返した。
各ポリマーに対して3個のサンプルをフォンコッサ硝酸銀染色により鉱物質化した組織に対して染色処理した。
フィルム上において21日間培養した細胞から抽出したRNAを用いて細胞内におけるアルカリホスファターゼおよびオステオカルシンのmRNAの発現を半定量的逆転写酵素ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(RT−PCR)により評価した。接種後7日目に、培養媒地を鉱物質化媒地に置き換えた(3mMのβ−グリセロホスフェートおよび50μg/mlのアスコルビン酸を加えた)。細胞をさらに2週間培養して、合計で3週間の培養を行なった。Qiagenにより提供されるRNeasyミニキットを用いてグループ当たり4個のサンプルから全体のRNAを抽出した。各ポリマーグループについて全体のRNAの性質および量を測定した。まず、逆転写反応により(Superscript II, Gibco)全体のRNAを逆転写してcDNAを得た。次に、オステオカルシン、アルカリホスファターゼ、およびグリセロアルデヒド−3−ホスフェート−デヒドロゲナーゼ(GAPDH)に対応するcDNAを既に説明したPCRプロトコル(GIBCO BRL製造者取扱説明書)により増幅した。オステオカルシン、アルカリホスファターゼ、およびGAPDHに対応するプライマーの配列(表2)をFASTAプログラム(ウィスコンシン州マディソンのGenetic Computer Group)により得た。各プライマー(表3)に対するPCRサイクルの数を最適化してcDNAに対して対比性を示すRNAの範囲を決定するために予備的な検討も行なった。これらのPCR生成物を臭化エチジウムを含有する1%(重量)アガロースゲル上で電気泳動した。その後、これらのゲルをUV光下で写真撮影して、GAPDHに対するオステオカルシンおよびアルカリホスファターゼのmRNAの発現についてデンシトメトリーにより評価した。
生体吸収性ポリマーにおける細胞付着および増殖
種々のポリマーの間およびTCPSに比較して細胞形態における顕著な差が見られなかった。24時間の培養後において種々の生体ポリマーフィルムに対する細胞付着はTCPSと同等であった。3日目において、細胞は40/60PCL/PLAを除いて全てのフィルムにおいて良好に増殖した。なお、40/60PCL/PLAの場合はTCPSに比して増殖は60%であった。さらに、95/5PLA/PGAおよび90/10PGA/PLAフィルムはTCPSおよび40/60PCL/PLAに比べて有意差をもって(p<0.05)高い程度の細胞増殖度を支持した(図7)。
アルカリホスファターゼ酵素活性
95/5PLA/PGA、90/10PGA/PLAおよび95/5PLA/PCLフィルム上で培養した骨芽細胞により発現したアルカリホスファターゼ活性のプロファイルはTCPSにおいて見られるプロファイルに類似していた。一方、14日目および21日目における40/60PCL/PLAおよび75/25PGA/PCLフィルムにおいて培養した骨芽細胞の場合は、それぞれ、別のフィルムおよびTCPSに比べてアルカリホスファターゼ比活性が有意差をもって(p<0.05)増加した(図8)。
95/5PLA/PGA、40/60PLA/PCL、95/5PLA/PCLフィルムおよびTCPSにおいて培養した骨芽細胞に対するアルカリホスファターゼ、オステオカルシン、およびGAPDHにおけるmRNAの発現をデンシトメトリーにより評価した。これらの結果を図9に示す。なお、図8におけるデータが最良の半定量分析におけるデータであることに注意されたい。ところが、これらのデータは40/60PCL/PLAフィルムがTCPSに比べて有意差をもって(p<0.05)高い程度のオステオカルシンの発現を支持したことを示している。一方、残りのポリマー表面はオステオカルシンおよびアルカリホスファターゼのmRNA発現の両方においてTCPSと同等であった。
6日間の培養に続いて試験した異なる生体吸収性フィルムまたはメッシュの間に細胞の付着および増殖に関する顕著な差は見られなかった。さらに、これらの結果により、それぞれの分化特性に関してそれぞれの材料の間の差が比較的明瞭であることが分かった。すなわち、40/60PCL/PLAフィルムにおける細胞培養は14日および21日の培養後の別のフィルムおよびTCPSにそれぞれ比較して向上したアルカリホスファターゼ活性およびオステオカルシンmRNAの発現を示した。
豚皮膚傷治癒モデルにおける発泡体混合物のインビボでの検討
この実施例においては、豚全厚切除傷モデルにおける1mmおよび0.5mm厚の発泡体骨格形成材料を移植した結果について説明する。発泡体組織骨格形成材料を実施例8において説明するように作成した40/60ε−カプロラクトン−コ−ラクチドおよび実施例9において説明するように作成した35/65ε−カプロラクトン−コ−グリコリドの混合物により作成した。すなわち、これらのポリマーを混合して実施例3に記載したものとほぼ同じ(冷却速度が2.5℃/分で−5℃に冷却したのみであることを除く)1mmおよび0.5mm厚の発泡体を形成した。0.5mm発泡体の走査電子顕微鏡写真を図11(A),図11(B)および図12に示す。その後、2種類の厚さ(0.5mmおよび1mm)の発泡体を傷つけた切除モデルにおいてPDGFの供給有りおよび供給無しの状態で試験して、これらの異なる4種類のサンプルを評価した。
豚をそれぞれ個別にケージ(10平方フィートの最少床面積を有する)内に収容して認識票を付けた。全ての豚に個々の動物体番号を割り当てた。すなわち、動物体番号、種類/血統、手術日、手術技法および実験の継続時間、および安楽死の期日を記載したタグを各動物体ケージに付けた。また、各動物体は永久マーカーによりその首の付け根に動物体番号を印付けした。
実験の最初の日、各評価の日および検死の日に、各動物体を拘束して、Tiletamine HCLプラスZolazepam HCL(Telazol(登録商標)、アイオワ州フォート・ドッジのFort Dodge Animal Health社、4mg/ml)およびXylazine(Rompun(登録商標)、カンザス州シャウニー・ミッションのBayer Corporationのアグリカルチャー部、Animal Health 社、4mg/ml)または鼻頭を介して投与するIsoflurane(AErrane(登録商標)、アイオワ州フォート・ドッジのFort Dodge Animal Health社)吸入麻酔剤(5%容量)のいずれかにより麻酔処理した。動物体に外科手術を施す場合には、この動物体に鼻頭を介してIsoflurane(AErrane(登録商標))吸入麻酔をかけた状態で維持した。また、各処理から回復した後に食事を与えた。
外科処理の1日前に、体重を測定して4頭の豚の背面領域を#40外科用シェービングブレードを備える電気クリッパーにより刈り込んだ。その後、毛を刈った皮膚をさらにシェービングクリームと剃刀により綿密に剃って、すすぎ洗いした。この毛を剃った皮膚および動物全体(頭部を除く)をさらにPCMX洗浄溶液(Pharmaseal(登録商標)Scrub Care(登録商標)、カリホルニア州バレンシアのBaxter Healthcare社のPharmaseal部)により外科用スクラブ・ブラシスポンジで擦り洗いしてから、HIBICLENS(登録商標)クロルヘキシジングルコネート(イリノイ州シカゴのCOE Laboratories社から入手)によりさらに擦り洗いした。この動物体を滅菌処理したタオルで拭いて乾燥した。その後、各動物体の背面上に滅菌NU-GAUZEガーゼ(テキサス州アーリントンのJohnson & Johnson Medical 社から入手)を置いて、WATERPROOF★テープ(テキサス州アーリントンのJohnson & Johnson Medical社から入手)により固定した。この動物体の胴部全体をSpandage(商標)弾性伸縮包帯(ニューヨーク州ブルックリンのMediTech International社から入手)で包んで一晩清浄な表面に維持した。
麻酔をかけてから、滅菌条件下に、メスを用いて左右の背面領域に脊柱に平行に2列に12個の全厚切除部(1.5cm×1.5cm)を各動物体に作成した。さらに、一対の鋏および/またはメスを皮膚および皮下組織の除去のために用いた。出血をスポンジタンポンにより調整した。傷と傷との間に十分な空間を置いて傷同士の干渉を避けた。切除した組織の厚さをデジタルキャリパーにより測定した。
各傷を予め準備したコード化した治療手順(各実験対象は全ての治療に対して目隠しした状態であった)で処理した。滅菌した個別の試験物品(1.5cm×1.5cmの滅菌塩類溶液に24時間浸漬したもの)から成る一次包帯を所定の計画に従って傷欠損部に配置した。次に、非付着性で、塩類溶液に浸漬した、方形のRELEASE★包帯(デキサス州アーリントンのJohnson & Johnson Medical社により製造されている)から成る二次包帯を上記の試験物品の上部に配置した。さらに、BIOCLUSIVE★包帯の層(テキサス州アーリントンのJohnson & Johnson Medical社から入手)により傷を密封して傷の湿り気を維持すると共に内部の包帯を保持した。また、Reston(商標)(ミネソタ州セント・ポールの3M社のメデイカル−サージカル部)ポリウレタン自己付着性発泡材の片状部材を各傷の間に配置して傷の流体漏れによる相互汚染を防ぐと共に傷の損傷および包帯のずれを防いだ。加えて、NU-GAUZE★ の層をBIOCLUSIVE★ 包帯およびReston(商標)発泡材の上部に配置し、WATERPROOF★ テープにより固定して各包帯を保護した。その後、動物体をSpandage(商標)弾性ネットにより包帯して各包帯を保持した。
麻酔において外科処理を行った後に、動物体を各ケージに戻して回復させた。各動物体に術後すぐおよびその次の日に鎮痛剤(バプレノルフィンヒドロクロライド(Buprenex Injectable、0.01mg/kg)英国ハルのReckitt & Colmanにより販売されている)を与えた。麻酔から回復後に、各豚の深いまたは痛みに対する挙動徴候を観察した。この結果、痛みに対する徴候は全く見られなかった。
実験の終了時(傷つけ処理後8日)に、耳周縁部の静脈を介する((オハイオ州コロンバスのButler社により販売される)Socumb(商標)ペントバルビタールナトリウムおよびフェニトインナトリウム安楽死溶液(1ml/10ポンド体重))の静脈注射を伴って各動物体を麻酔により安楽死させた。この安楽死処理の後に、呼吸機能の停止および触診可能な心臓機能が無いことを確認するために動物体を観察した。この際、聴診器が心臓機能の停止の確認を容易にする。
安楽死の直後に、各傷を下層の脂肪および小部分の周囲の皮膚と共に切除した。この組織を10%中性バッファー化ホルマリンの中に入れた。
視覚的傷評価
位置ずれ、傷反応および骨格形成材料の物理特性を含む一般的観察を1日目乃至3日目に対して記録した。さらに、詳細な臨床的評価を傷つけ後4日目乃至8日目について行った。以下のパラメータの有り/無し(有り=1/無し=0)および/または程度(点数を付ける)について記録した。
空気暴露、試験物品の位置ずれ、流通(channeling)、連通communication)およびRELEASE★ 二次包帯の水分含有量(点数付け基準:4=湿っている、3=湿っている/乾燥している、2=乾燥している/湿っている、1=乾燥している)。
試験物品の水分含有量(点数付け基準:4=湿っている、3=湿っている/乾燥している、2=乾燥している/湿っている、1=乾燥している)、炎症(点数付け基準:3=重度、2=中程度、1=軽度、0=無し)、再損傷(点数付け基準:3=重度、2=中程度、1=軽度、0=無し)、凝血、毛嚢炎、感染、試験物品の高さ(点数付け基準:4=極めて上昇している、3=上昇している、2=変化無し、1=下降している)、フィブリン(点数付け基準:3=重度、2=中程度、1=軽度、0=無し)、および紅斑。また、試験物品の色も観察した。
肉芽組織(面積および長さ)および表皮形成の組織学的評価を20倍乃至40倍の倍率でH&E染色した試料により評価した。肉芽組織の高さを面積を長さで割ることにより決定した。
全ての部位の大部分における基質の間隙の中に細胞の浸潤が見られた。これらの部位の大部分において、この浸潤は変化する線維芽細胞の集団、マクロファージ、マクロファージ巨細胞、および内皮類似細胞により構成される真の組織の内部成長であり、毛細管の形成も見られたように思える。組織において基質を実質的に埋める基質に対して背面側の密度の高い線維状の接合組織層の実質的な形成がPDGFを伴うおよび伴わない0.5mmの発泡体における幾つかの部位に見られる。また、1mmの基質は組織の表面にあるか脱落していた。マクロファージ巨細胞の形成は1mmの発泡体骨格形成材に対して0.5mmのものにおいてより多く見られた。1mmの発泡体が下層の肉芽組織から脱落しているか部分的に分離している部位においては、死んだ浸潤細胞が核濃縮の細胞くずの塊を形成していた。
ランダムポリ(ε−カプロラクトン−コ−グリコリド)の合成
35/65のモル組成を有するε−カプロラクトン−グリコリドのランダムコポリマーを開環重合反応により合成した。この合成法は実施例6における米国特許第5,468,253号(本明細書に参考文献として含まれる)において記載される方法とほぼ同じである。添加するジエチレングリコール開始剤の量をモノマーの1.15ミリモル/モルに調節して以下の特性の乾燥状態のポリマーを得た。すなわち、このコポリマーの固有粘度(I.V.)は25℃でヘキサフルオロイソプロパノールにおいて1.59dL/gであった。PCL/PGAのモル比はプロトンNMRにより35.5/64.5であり、0.5%の残留モノマーを含有していた。さらにこのコポリマーのガラス転移点(Tg)および融点(Tm)はDSCにより−1℃,60℃および126℃であることが分かった。
連続添加による40:60ポリ(ε−カプロラクトン−コ−L−ラクチド)の合成
グローブボックスにおいて、100μL(33μモル)の0.33モルのスズ(II)オクトエートのトルエン溶液、115μL(1.2ミリモル)のジエチレングリコール、24.6グラム(170ミリモル)のL−ラクチド、および45.7グラム(400ミリモル)のε−カプロラクトンをステンレススチール・メカニカルスターラーおよび窒素ガスブランケットを備えたシラン処理し、火炎乾燥したトゥーネックの250mL丸底フラスコの中に入れた。この反応フラスコを既に190℃に設定してあるオイルバス中に入れて保持した。また、このグローブボックス中において、62.0グラム(430ミリモル)のL−ラクチドを火炎乾燥して等圧化した滴下ロート中に入れた。このロートをヒートテープで包んで反応フラスコの第2ネックに取り付けた。190℃において6時間後に、溶融したL−ラクチドを5分かけて反応フラスコ内に添加した。この反応を一晩続けて190℃で合計24時間行った後に、反応物を放置して室温まで冷却した。その後、液体窒素において凍結し、ガラスを破壊してこのコポリマーを単離した。残留したガラス破片はベンチグラインダーによりコポリマーから取り除いた。このコポリマーを液体窒素により再び凍結して、メカニカルスターラーのパドルを取り外した。さらに、Wiley Mill(微粉砕機)によりこのコポリマーを削って風袋を軽量したガラスの広口ビンの中に入れ、真空オーブン内において一晩かけて室温まで加温した。その後、103.13グラムの40:60ポリ(ε−カプロラクトン−コ−L−ラクチド)を風袋を軽量したアルミニウム皿に入れて54時間かけて110℃で真空処理して揮発物質を除去した。この結果、98.7グラム(95.7重量%)のコポリマーを脱気処理後に回収した。固有粘度を計測した結果、25℃でCHCl3中(濃度=0.1g/dL)において1.1dL/gであった。FTIR(KBr窓上におけるCHCl3からのキャストフィルム、cm-1):2993,2944,2868,1759,1456,1383,1362,1184,1132,1094,870,および756。1H−NMR(400MHz、HFAD/ベンゼン、ppm):δ1.25、2本の幅広(broad)線(e);1.35,2本線(f);1.42、3本線;1.55、2本線;2.22、3本線;2.35、4本の幅広線;4.01、3本線;4.05、3本線;4.2、四重線;5.05、3本の幅広線;5.15、4本線。1H−NMRによるポリマー組成:41.8%PCL、57.5%PLA、0.8%L−ラクチド、<0.1%ε−カプロラクトン。DSC(20℃/分、第1熱):Tm=154.8℃、ΔHm=18.3J/g。GPC(ポリ(メチルメタクリレート)基準を用いるTHF中で決定した分子量):Mw=160,000、Mn=101,000、PDI=1.6。
95/5PLA/PCLコポリマーの合成
グローブボックスにおいて、170μL(1.8ミリモル)のジエチレングリコール、350μL(115μモル)の0.33モルのスタナスオクトエートのトルエン溶液、17.1グラム(150ミリモル)のε−カプロラクトン、および410.4グラム(2.85モル)のL−ラクチドをシラン処理して火炎乾燥した1000mL丸底フラスコに入れた。このフラスコはステンレスステンレススチール・メカニカルスターラーおよび乾燥窒素ガスブランケットを保持するための減圧解除用コネクタを備えている。この反応フラスコを既に185℃に加熱してあるオイルバスに入れて3時間保持した。その後、フラスコをオイルバスから取り出して室温まで放置冷却した。フラスコをアルミニウムホイルで包んで、これを液体窒素中で凍結することによりポリマーを単離して、ポリマーに付着したガラスを削り取った。その後、このコポリマーをWiley mill(粉砕機)において削り、削ったポリマーを80℃で24時間真空乾燥して302グラムのコポリマーを回収した。この固有粘度はクロロホルム中(25℃、濃度=0.1g/dL)で2.1dL/gであった。このポリマー組成をプロトンNMR分光分析により測定して、97.2モル%のPLAおよび2.8モル%のPCLであることが分かった。残留モノマーは全く検出されなかった。
(A)第1の部分および第2の部分を有する生体許容性の勾配構造を備える発泡体から成り、前記第1の部分から前記第2の部分にかけて、組成、剛性、柔軟性、生体吸収速度、および多孔質構造から成る群から選択される少なくとも1個の特性がほぼ連続的に遷移している生体許容性の発泡体。
(B)第1の面部および第2の面部を有する生体許容性の発泡体から成り、前記第1の面部および第2の面部の間において内部連通する気孔および流路を備えている生体許容性の発泡体。
(C)約30重量%乃至約99重量%のε−カプロラクトン反復単位を含有する組成により形成されている内部連通気孔を有する発泡体から成る生体許容性の発泡体。
(D)組織の修復または再生の方法であって、細胞を生体許容性の発泡体に接触させる工程から成り、当該生体許容性の発泡体が第1の部分および第2の部分を有する生体許容性の勾配構造を備える発泡体により構成されており、前記第1の部分から前記第2の部分にかけて、組成、剛性、柔軟性、生体吸収速度、および多孔質構造から成る群から選択される少なくとも1個の特性がほぼ連続的に遷移している方法。
(E)組織の修復または再生の方法であって、細胞を生体許容性の発泡体に接触させる工程から成り、当該生体許容性の発泡体が第1の面部および第2の面部を有する生体許容性の発泡体により構成されており、前記第1の面部および第2の面部の間において内部連通する気孔および流路を備えている方法。
(F)組織の修復または再生の方法であって、細胞を生体許容性の発泡体に接触させる工程から成り、当該生体許容性の発泡体が約30重量%乃至約99重量%のε−カプロラクトン反復単位を含有する組成により形成されている内部連通気孔を有する発泡体により構成されている方法。
(1)前記生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体が生体吸収性である実施態様(A)に記載の生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体。
(2)前記生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体が脂肪族ポリエステル、ポリ(アミノ酸)、コポリ(エーテル−エステル)、ポリアルキレンオキサレート、ポリアミド、ポリ(イミノカーボネート)、ポリオルトエステル、ポリオキサエステル、ポリアミドエステル、アミン基を含有するポリオキサエステル、ポリ(酸無水物)、ポリホスファゼン、生体ポリマーおよびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される生体吸収性のポリマーにより形成されている実施態様(A)に記載の生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体。
(3)さらに、第2の脂肪族ポリエステルが前記生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体の構成要素として存在している実施態様(A)または実施態様(1)または実施態様(2)に記載の生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体。
(4)さらに、前記生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体の中に治療剤が存在している実施態様(A)および実施態様(1)乃至実施態様(3)のいずれか1項に記載の生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体。
(5)前記生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体が生体吸収性の合成ポリマー、生体許容性で生体吸収性の生体ポリマー、生体許容性のセラミック材料およびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される生体許容性の材料で充填されている実施態様(A)および実施態様(1)乃至実施態様(4)のいずれか1項に記載の生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体。
(7)前記生体許容性の発泡体が脂肪族ポリエステル、ポリ(アミノ酸)、コポリ(エーテル−エステル)、ポリアルキレンオキサレート、ポリアミド、ポリ(イミノカーボネート)、ポリオルトエステル、ポリオキサエステル、ポリアミドエステル、アミン基を含有するポリオキサエステル、ポリ(酸無水物)、ポリホスファゼン、生体ポリマーおよびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される生体吸収性のポリマーにより形成されている実施態様(B)に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(8)さらに、第2の脂肪族ポリエステルが前記発泡体の構成要素として存在している実施態様(B)または実施態様(6)または実施態様(7)に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(9)さらに、前記生体許容性の発泡体の中に治療剤が存在している実施態様(B)および実施態様(6)乃至実施態様(8)のいずれか1項に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(10)前記生体許容性の発泡体が生体吸収性の合成ポリマー、生体許容性で生体吸収性の生体ポリマー、生体許容性のセラミック材料およびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される生体許容性の材料で充填されている実施態様(B)および実施態様(6)乃至実施態様(9)のいずれか1項に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(12)前記内部連通する気孔が約10μm乃至約200μmの範囲の気孔の大きさを有している実施態様(C)または実施態様(11)に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(13)前記生体許容性の発泡体が約20%乃至約98%の範囲の多孔質性を有している実施態様(C)または実施態様(11)または実施態様(12)に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(14)前記生体許容性の発泡体が流路を有している実施態様(C)または実施態様(11)に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(15)前記流路が少なくとも200μmの平均の長さを有している実施態様(C)または実施態様(11)乃至実施態様(14)のいずれか1項に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(17)さらに、前記生体許容性の発泡体の中に治療剤が存在している実施態様(C)または実施態様(11)乃至実施態様(16)のいずれか1項に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
(18)前記生体許容性の勾配構造を有する発泡体が当該発泡体の内部における挿入材料により形成されている実施態様(C)または実施態様(11)乃至実施態様(17)のいずれか1項に記載の生体許容性の勾配を有する発泡体。
(19)前記生体許容性の勾配を有する発泡体が生体吸収性である参考例(D)に記載の方法。
(20)前記生体許容性の勾配を有する発泡体が脂肪族ポリエステル、ポリ(アミノ酸)、コポリ(エーテル−エステル)、ポリアルキレンオキサレート、ポリアミド、ポリ(イミノカーボネート)、ポリオルトエステル、ポリオキサエステル、ポリアミドエステル、アミン基を含有するポリオキサエステル、ポリ(酸無水物)、ポリホスファゼン、生体ポリマーおよびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される生体吸収性のポリマーにより形成されている参考例(D)に記載の方法。
(22)前記生体許容性の発泡体が生体吸収性である参考例(E)に記載の方法。
(23)前記生体許容性の発泡体が脂肪族ポリエステル、ポリ(アミノ酸)、コポリ(エーテル−エステル)、ポリアルキレンオキサレート、ポリアミド、ポリ(イミノカーボネート)、ポリオルトエステル、ポリオキサエステル、ポリアミドエステル、アミン基を含有するポリオキサエステル、ポリ(酸無水物)、ポリホスファゼン、生体ポリマーおよびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される生体吸収性のポリマーにより形成されている参考例(E)または実施態様(22)に記載の方法。
(24)前記生体許容性の発泡体が抗感染剤、ホルモン、鎮痛剤、抗炎症剤、増殖因子、化学療法剤、抗拒絶剤、プロスタグランジン、RDGペプチド、およびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される薬剤を含有している参考例(E)または実施態様(22)または実施態様(23)に記載の方法。
(25)前記生体許容性の発泡体が抗感染剤、ホルモン、鎮痛剤、抗炎症剤、増殖因子、化学療法剤、抗拒絶剤、プロスタグランジン、RDGペプチド、およびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される薬剤を含有している参考例(F)に記載の方法。
Claims (15)
- 骨格形成材料内への栄養物の移送および細胞の湿潤の少なくともいずれかを容易にする内部連通した気孔および流路を有し勾配構造を備える生体許容性の発泡体であって、前記流路は、前記発泡体の一端側の表面から前記発泡体の厚さ方向に横切って延在し、前記発泡体は、ポリマー溶媒混合物が完全に凝固する前の見かけ上において凝固した状態の前記ポリマー溶媒混合物に真空減圧下で行われる昇華工程を含む凍結乾燥工程によって得られ、
前記生体許容性の発泡体が30重量%乃至99重量%のε−カプロラクトン反復単位を含有する組成により形成されている内部連通気孔を有する発泡体により構成され、
前記気孔は、10μm乃至200μmの範囲の大きさの内部連通した気孔であり、
前記流路は、少なくとも30μmの直径を有し、前記流路の平均直径の少なくとも2倍の平均の長さを有している、
生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記流路は、前記流路の平均直径の少なくとも4倍の長さを有している、請求項1に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記流路が少なくとも200μmの長さを有している請求項1または2に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記流路の直径は、前記気孔の平均直径の少なくとも1倍である、請求項1から3のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記発泡体が生体吸収性である、請求項1から4のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記発泡体が、生体吸収性の脂肪族ポリエステルから形成されている、請求項1から5のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- さらに、第2の脂肪族ポリエステルが前記発泡体の構成要素として存在している、請求項6に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- さらに、前記発泡体の中に治療剤が存在している、請求項1から7のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記発泡体が、抗感染剤、ホルモン、鎮痛剤、抗炎症剤、増殖因子、化学療法剤、抗拒絶剤、プロスタグランジン、RDGペプチド、およびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される薬剤を含有している、請求項8に記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記発泡体が、生体吸収性の合成ポリマー、生体許容性で生体吸収性の生体ポリマー、生体許容性のセラミック材料およびこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される生体許容性の材料で充填されている、請求項1から9のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記発泡体が、第1の部分および第2の部分を有しており、当該第1の部分から第2の部分にかけて、組成、剛性、柔軟性、生体吸収速度、および多孔質構造から成る群から選択される少なくとも1個の特性がほぼ連続的に遷移している、請求項1から10のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記発泡体が、20%乃至98%の範囲の多孔質性を有している、請求項1から11のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記流路が少なくとも200μmの平均の長さを有している、請求項1から12のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 前記生体許容性の、勾配構造を有する発泡体が、前記発泡体の内部における挿入材料により形成されている、請求項1から13のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
- 組織の修復または再生のために使用される、請求項1から14のいずれか1つに記載の生体許容性の発泡体。
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CA2313067C (en) | 2011-04-12 |
US6306424B1 (en) | 2001-10-23 |
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