JP5114631B2 - β−ヒドロキシ短〜中鎖脂肪酸重合体 - Google Patents
β−ヒドロキシ短〜中鎖脂肪酸重合体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5114631B2 JP5114631B2 JP2005513522A JP2005513522A JP5114631B2 JP 5114631 B2 JP5114631 B2 JP 5114631B2 JP 2005513522 A JP2005513522 A JP 2005513522A JP 2005513522 A JP2005513522 A JP 2005513522A JP 5114631 B2 JP5114631 B2 JP 5114631B2
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Description
2.腸管運動およびイオン輸送(水やイオンの吸収)の活発化
3.大腸粘膜の血流増加
4.大腸の粘液分泌増加
5.内分泌の調節(インスリン分泌促進、異化作用ホルモンの分泌抑制)
6.膵外分泌(消化液)の分泌促進
7.大腸内細菌への影響(乳酸発酵菌の増殖刺激、大腸菌の増殖抑制)
8.細胞の分化促進やアポトーシス誘導
しかしながら、かかる手段によっても投与した難消化性糖質の必ずしも全量が短鎖脂肪酸へと変換されるわけではない。即ち、炭酸ガス等に代謝されたり菌体成分として利用されたり、また乳酸やコハク酸などの他の有機酸も合わせて生産されるなどの理由から短鎖脂肪酸の生産効率は元来低い。さらに難消化性糖質の発酵速度は摂取形態や食品中での存在形態により大きく影響され、発酵速度が高まると他の有機酸の生産が多くなるなど、他の有機酸と短鎖脂肪酸の生成比率は大きく変動する。乳酸が多く生産あるいは蓄積されると下痢を起こすなど、他の生成物による悪影響が現れる場合もある。
更に本願発明の組成物は、下痢(赤痢、コレラに付随する下痢を含む)や便秘また過敏性腸症候群の予防および治療等にも好適に用いられる。
さらに、ヌクレオチドなどのリン酸化合物とのリン酸エステルも好適に用いられる。
脊椎動物の大腸内には、多くの種類の細菌が数多く生息して細菌叢を形成しており、その細菌は、胃や小腸で消化されなかった食物を発酵によって短鎖脂肪酸等に変え、脊椎動物はそれを吸収してエネルギーや栄養素として利用していることが知られている。(J.Exp.Zool.Suppl.,3,55−60(1989);Physiol.Rev.,78,393−427(1998))。大腸内の細菌叢については人や豚、羊などの哺乳類のみならず、鶏やアヒルなどの鳥類、鯉などの魚類についての研究も多くなされ、脊椎動物は全般に大腸内細菌叢を有することが解明されている(Physiol.Res.,47,259−263(1998);Comp.Biochem.Physiol.A:Mol.Integr.Physiol.,131,657−668(2002);Comp.Biochem.Physiol.A:Mol.Integr.Physiol.,132,333−340(2002);Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,68,1374−1380(2002)、これらの文献は引用により本願に含まれる)。従って、本発明の組成物は脊椎動物に有効であり、特に哺乳類、鳥類、魚類に有用である。
本発明のβ−ヒドロキシ短〜中鎖脂肪酸重合体の投与によって、従来から短〜中鎖脂肪酸の作用として知られていた下痢/軟便の抑制、糞便水分率の低下、成長促進、尿中への窒素排出割合の低下などの効果のほかに、新たに、飲水量と排尿量の減少、便臭の軽減、排便回数の増加、ストレス緩和、胃や大腸の滞留物量の減少、小腸・大腸・腎臓などの重さの減少、窒素蓄積効率の増加および窒素排出率の減少などの種々の活性が発揮されることを観察した。
別の態様において、本発明はβ−ヒドロキシ短〜中鎖脂肪酸のモノマーまたはそのオリゴマーもしくはこれらの生理的に許容される誘導体を大腸に送達され得る態様で含有する組成物を提供するが、かかる組成物の投与によってβ−ヒドロキシ短〜中鎖脂肪酸のモノマーまたはそのオリゴマーが大腸に送達され、上記と同様の活性が発揮される。
また、飼料へ配合して動物に投与させるための飼料添加剤として調製してもよい。
以下実施例により本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。
参考例1: 下記に示す培地30Lにラルストニア・ユートロファ(Ralstonia eutropha)の前培養物を接種して、30℃、アンモニア水を用いてpH6.8に制御しながら通気、攪拌下で、消費されたグルコースを適宜補給しながら増殖させた。所定の菌体濃度に達したら、アンモニア水を水酸化ナトリウム溶液に変えて重合体の蓄積を開始させた。グルコースの補給を継続して通算3日間培養してβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸重合体を含む菌体を得た。遠心機で集菌後、プロテアーゼ処理ついで過酸化水素水処理を行って重合体を単離、回収し、更に水洗後乾燥した。
グルコース 20g/L
硫酸アンモニウム 8g/L
硫酸マグネシウム7水和物 0.5g/L
硫酸カリウム 1.5g/L
1規定リン酸 20ml
微量ミネラル液 50ml
組成:塩化カルシウム2水和物 2.6g/L
硫酸第1鉄7水和物 0.6g/L
硫酸銅5水和物 20mg/L
塩化マンガン4水和物 90mg/L
硫酸亜鉛7水和物 100mg/L
ブタの盲腸に取り付けた付けたカニューレから採取し、Pipes緩衝液(pH6.5)で5倍に希釈後ガーゼでろ過した盲腸内液を用いた。この盲腸内液50mlに、被検試料を0.5g添加した。嫌気雰囲気下(窒素80%,炭酸ガス20%)37℃で24時間培養した。その後、イオンクロマトグラフィーで分析した。
被検試料として参考例1で得たβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸重合体の粉末および参考例3で得たβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸重合体を含有する乾燥菌体(ラルストニア・ユートロファ)を用いた。
分解生成物のピーク面積から換算した濃度からβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸重合体の分解率は参考例1の粉末が約30%、参考例3の乾燥菌体で約50%と推定された。これはβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸重合体の粒子径の差による表面積の差に起因すると考える。
参考例1で得たβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸の単独重合体、および、参考例2で得たβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸とβ−ヒドロキシ吉草酸の共重合体について、市販のアミラーゼ、ペプシン、トリプシン、リパーゼ、による分解性を調べた。
それぞれ100mg付近で秤量し、以下の胃や小腸のpH環境を模した酵素水溶液(0.1重量%濃度)50ml中に投入し、37℃で所定時間(胃を想定:6時間、小腸を想定:10時間)振とう後にろ過回収した。
いずれの場合も96%以上の回収率で重合体が得られ、操作誤差範囲内で分解は認められなかった。本試験により、本発明の組成物が胃や小腸の酸・アルカリ性環境や消化酵素によってはほとんど分解されないことを確認した。
ペプシン:胃液類似液(塩酸水溶液pH=1.5)
アミラーゼ:胃液類似液(塩酸水溶液pH=5.5、塩化カルシウム0.03重量%)
トリプシン:腸液類似液(炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液pH=8.0)
リパーゼ:腸液類似液(炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液pH=7.5、塩化カルシウム0.03重量%)
使用ラット:Wistar系雄性ラット6週齢(n=5)
基本飼料:市販固形飼料(ラボMRストック 日本農産工業(株)製 日本国:神奈川)自由摂取
被検飼料:基本飼料に参考例1で得たβ−ヒドロキシ酪酸重合体の粉末を5重量%添加 自由摂取
給水:自由摂取
その結果、糞中の重合体の含有率は平均で7.9乾燥重量%であり、大腸内の分解率に換算すると試験群平均で39.3%(標準偏差=6.2%)であった。
飼料要求率の向上(+14%)、飲水量の減少(−10%)、糞の水分率の低下(−15%)およびこれに伴う湿潤重さの減少、糞中の総アンモニア量の減少(−14%)、盲腸内pH上昇、胃内容物の減少(−61%)、臓器の重さ減少(小腸:−19%、腎臓:−4%)において統計的有意差(p<0.05)が観察された(表2)。
以上のような、消化管内の摂取物の滞留が減少し、一部の臓器の重量が減少することは、実際の飼料効率は測定値よりも良く筋肉等の増加を示唆するものである。
豚房飼育におけるブタの成長および糞便量・臭気への本発明の効果を調べた。
ブタ:3元交雑種離乳期子豚24頭使用。
群分け:1週間の馴化期間後、体重に配慮して試験群、対照群に群分けした。
飼育条件:各群を3グループ(各グループ雄2頭,雌2頭合計4頭)に分けて、グループ毎に1つの豚房にいれ不断給餌により飼育した。
試験期間:肥育前期のうち4週間
基礎飼料:離乳期ブタ用市販飼料(コロミールGS(抗菌剤未含有)日本配合飼料(株)製 日本国:神奈川)
被検飼料:基礎飼料に参考例2で得た(ヒドロキシ酪酸−ヒドロキシ吉草酸)共重合体5重量%添加
給水:自由摂取
体重増加・飼料要求率:
ブタは当初の体重10kg前後から25kg前後に成長した。離乳後の成長の速い時期に当たり、統計的には差は無かったが、飼料要求率は試験群の方が数%良い値であった(表3)。なお、実施例4で観察されたように、ブタにおいても試験群は摂取飼料の胃腸内滞留分が少ない可能性がある。このことは試験群において、筋肉等の実質の増加量が多く、有意な飼料要求率の差となる可能性を示唆する。次の実施例6で得られた窒素の蓄積率が試験群のほうが高い傾向であったという結果は、これを支持するものである。
飼育期間を通して、正常な糞をしたブタは、対照群が12頭中2頭のみであったのに対し、試験群は12頭中8頭と下痢・軟便の抑制効果が有意に認められた(p<0.05)。
対照群の排泄物の方が刺激の強い臭気であった。各臭気成分の測定の結果次のように、試験群において、揮発性脂肪酸が約25%、硫化水素及び全メルカプタン類は40%以上濃度が減少し(表4)、排泄物からの臭気が軽減する傾向や有意差が認められた。
実施例5の終了後、体重がそろうように雄を4頭ずつ選別して代謝ケージに移した。3日間そのままの餌で不断給餌を続けて馴化を行い、ブタの糞量・尿量、窒素代謝への効果を検討した。
飼料:実施例2で用いた飼料
試験期間:5日間
測定項目:体重(試験前後)、飼料摂取量、水摂取量、糞便量(1時間毎個別採取。冷蔵保存後1日分を秤量。半量を乾燥処理、残り半量は凍結保存。)、尿量(1時間毎個別採取。冷蔵保存後1日分を秤量。硫酸酸性下、冷蔵保存。)
分析項目:糞便中の本被検物質量・水分率・窒素排泄量(ケルダール法で分析)、尿中の窒素排泄量(ケルダール法で分析)
実施例1と同様にして回収した糞便中の共重合体を定量した。
その結果、試験群の糞中の重合体の含有率は平均で26.3乾燥重量%、大腸内での分解率に換算すると平均で52.2%(標準偏差=3.4%)と分解が確認された。
対照群の飼料摂取量が有意に減少したのが観察された。直前の豚房飼育の終盤の1日当りの摂取量は約1.4kgだったが、対照群では、2割以上摂取量が減少した日が起きた(平均1.75日)。試験群ではこのような現象はなく、摂取量は減らなかった。対照群のこの減少は、代謝ケージの狭い空間で飼育するストレスが原因と推定される。それに対し試験群は減らず、本発明の効果としてストレス緩和の作用が認められた。
以上のように排便回数の増加や尿量の減少など、本発明の効果に関する新しい知見が得られた。
ケルダール法によって分析した糞尿中の窒素量、および飼料乾物率(89.5%)、飼料のCP値(26.0%)と窒素量への換算係数(6.25)を用いた窒素出納を表6にまとめた。
次いで、Gastroenterology,98,694−702(1990)(引用により本願に含まれる)に記載の方法に準じ、上記対照群と試験群の飼料を、それぞれの飼料からコーンスターチを617g/kgまで減量し、デキストラン硫酸ナトリウム(DSS)を3重量%添加した大腸炎誘発飼料に交換してさらに飼育を続けた。
使用ラット:Wistar系雄性ラット8週齢(n=8、全16頭)
飼料:自由摂取
給水:自由摂取
飼育:市販固形飼料(MF オリエンタル酵母工業(株)製 日本国:東京)を与え3日間施設馴致後、更に表8の対照群飼料を4日間与え、粉末飼料に馴致させた。次いで飼料を、対照群飼料のコーンスターチを617g/kgまで減量し、DSSを3重量%となるように添加したものに代えてDSS腸炎を誘発させた。
結果、盲腸部以外の大腸において糜爛の存在に有意差はなかった。しかし盲腸部では、対照群は8頭中5頭に糜爛が観察されたのに対し試験群では8頭中1頭しか観察されず、治療効果が示唆された(p<0.1)。
使用ラット:Suprague−Dawley系雄性ラット 6週齡(n=8)
飼料:自由摂取(対照群には基礎飼料(表10)を、試験群には基礎飼料に参考例1で得たヒドロキシ酪酸重合体を5重量%添加したものを給餌した。)
給水:自由摂取
結腸腫瘍由来株化細胞HT−29を、牛胎仔血清を10%含むMcCoy’s5A培地(ペニシリン50U/ml、ストレプトマイシン50μg/ml、HEPES10mM含有)へ、7,500個/well(n=6)となるように播種し(96穴マイクロプレート使用)、95%空気/5%炭酸ガス雰囲気下、37℃で24時間前培養した。次いで、陽性対照として分化・アポトーシス作用を有することが知られている酪酸、本発明の分解物モデルとしてR(−)−β−ヒドロキシ酪酸およびS(+)−β−ヒドロキシ酪酸それぞれのナトリウム塩、さらにR(−)−β−ヒドロキシ酪酸2量体(Eur.J.Biochem.,118,177−182(1981)、本文献は引用により本明細書に含まれる)に従いR(−)−β−ヒドロキシ酪酸のオリゴマーを作製し、カラムクロマトグラフィーにより2量体を精製した。)を濃度を変えて添加し、培養を72時間継続した。MTT法で吸光度を測定して細胞数を比較した。結果を表13に示す。
流動層コーティング装置(フロイント産業(株)製 日本国:東京)を用い、顆粒状(大きさ約0.5mm)の食用色素赤色102号(ダイワ化成(株)製 日本国:埼玉)に、参考例2で得た共重合体の塩化メチレン溶液(2w/v%)を1時間噴霧して被覆した。得られた被覆物は、被覆率40重量%、計算皮膜厚さ約30μmであった。なお、被覆率は食用色素重量に対するコーティング剤重量の比率を示す。
また、実施例2で使用したブタの盲腸内液(Pipes緩衝液(pH6.5)で5倍希釈)を37℃とし、嫌気性雰囲気下にて、被覆した色素を投入し、ゆっくり攪拌しながら、経時的に目視観察により色素溶出の有無を調べた。
Claims (23)
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、炎症性腸疾患の予防および/または治療用医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、過敏性腸症候群の予防および/または治療用医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、ストレスの緩和のための医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、脂肪の動員を促進するために用いられる医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、大腸癌の予防および/または治療用医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、便通を正常に保つための医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、下痢の予防および/または治療用医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、便秘の予防および/または治療用医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、高脂血症の予防および/または治療用医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される態様で含まれる、尿中窒素排出率の軽減のための医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが、β−ヒドロキシ酪酸、β−ヒドロキシプロピオン酸、β−ヒドロキシ吉草酸、β−ヒドロキシカプロン酸、β−ヒドロキシカプリル酸、β−ヒドロキシカプリン酸からなる群から選択されるモノマー、単独オリゴマー、共重合オリゴマーおよびこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項1〜10いずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸および/またはそのオリゴマーが大腸へ送達される形態で含まれる医薬組成物が、重合度10以上の炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体を含有し、経口投与、経鼻投与、胃内直接投与または大腸内直接投与により投与されるものである、請求項1〜11いずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体が、炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸の単独重合体である、請求項12に記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体が、炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸の共重合体である、請求項12に記載の医薬組成物。
- β−ヒドロキシ酪酸の単独重合体もしくは共重合体である、請求項13または14に記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体が水不溶性である、請求項12〜15いずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体の重量平均分子量が1,000〜20,000,000である、請求項12〜16いずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体が微生物により産生されたものである、請求項12〜17いずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体を含有する微生物を含有する、請求項18記載の医薬組成物。
- 微生物が、セレン、コバルト、マンガン、亜鉛および銅からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含有する請求項19記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体が植物により産生されたものである、請求項12〜17いずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 炭素数3〜12のβ−ヒドロキシ飽和脂肪酸重合体を含有する植物を含有する、請求項21記載の医薬組成物。
- 経口投与により投与される、請求項12〜22いずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
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CN1972698A (zh) | 2007-05-30 |
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