JP4733388B2 - Gsk−3のインヒビターとして有用なピラゾール組成物 - Google Patents
Gsk−3のインヒビターとして有用なピラゾール組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4733388B2 JP4733388B2 JP2004526255A JP2004526255A JP4733388B2 JP 4733388 B2 JP4733388 B2 JP 4733388B2 JP 2004526255 A JP2004526255 A JP 2004526255A JP 2004526255 A JP2004526255 A JP 2004526255A JP 4733388 B2 JP4733388 B2 JP 4733388B2
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Description
本願は、2002年8月2日に出願された米国仮特許出願60/400,967優先権を主張する。その内容は、本明細書中で参考として援用される。
本発明は、プロテインキナーゼ、特に、セリン/スレオニンプロテインキナーゼであるグリコーゲンシンターゼキナーゼ−3(GSK−3)のインヒビターに関する。本発明はまた、本発明のインヒビターを含有する組成物、およびこれらの組成物を種々の障害(例えば、糖尿病、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン病、パーキンソン病、多発性硬化症(MS)、脳卒中、神経系障害および神経変性障害、ならびに精神障害)の処置において利用する方法を提供する。
新しい治療薬の探索は、近年、標的疾患に関連する酵素および他の生体分子の構造のより良い理解によって、非常に助けられている。広範な研究の目的になっている酵素のうちの1つの重要なクラスは、プロテインキナーゼである。
GSK−3はまた、毛髪成長にも関連する。というのも、Wnt/β−カテニンシグナル伝達は、毛包の形態形成および分化において主要な役割を果たすことが示されているからである(Kishimototら,Genes Dev,14:1181,2000;Millar,J Invest Dermatol,118:216,2002)。皮膚におけるWntシグナル伝達のインヒビターを構成的に発現させると、毛包が発達できなかったことが見出された。Wntシグナル伝達は、毛包の初期発達に必要とされ、GSK3は、β−カテニンを阻害することにより、Wnt経路を構成的に調節する(Andlら,Dev Cell 2:643,2002)。一過的なWntシグナルは、β−カテニンおよび内皮毛包前駆体におけるTCFにより調節される遺伝子転写を活性化することにより、新規の毛髪成長サイクルの開始に重要な初期刺激を提供する。(Van Materら,Genes Dev,17:1219,2003)。
本発明は、式I:
本発明は、以下の式I:
Wは、窒素またはCHであり;
R1は、水素またはフッ素から選択され;そして
Ryは、必要に応じてN(R2)2で置換されたC1〜4の脂肪族基、または窒素、酸素または硫黄から独立して選択される1〜2個のヘテロ原子を有する飽和5〜6員環であり、ここで;
各R2は、水素または必要に応じてOH、N(R2)2で置換されたC1〜3の脂肪族基、あるいは窒素、酸素または硫黄から独立して選択される1〜2個のヘテロ原子を有する飽和5〜6員環から独立して選択され;そしてここで:
各R3は、水素またはC1〜3の脂肪族基から独立して選択され;
但し:
R1が水素であり、そしてWがCHである場合、Ryはメチル以外である。
これらの油溶液または油懸濁物はまた、長鎖アルコール希釈剤または長鎖アルコール分散剤(例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロース)または薬学的に受容可能な投薬形態(エマルジョンおよび懸濁物を含む)の処方において一般的に使用される同様の分散剤も含み得る。他の一般的に使用される界面活性剤(例えば、Tween、Span、および薬学的に受容可能な固体、液体、もしくは他の投薬形態の製造において一般的に使用される他の乳化剤もしくはバイオアベイラビリティ増強剤)もまた、処方目的のために使用され得る。
前記さらなる治療薬剤は、処置される疾患に対して適切であり;そして、
前記さらなる治療薬剤は、単一投薬形態として前記組成物と一緒に、または複数投薬形態の一部として前記組成物と分けて投与される。
前記患者に、さらなる治療薬剤を分けて投与する、さらなる工程を包含する。それらのさらなる治療薬剤を分けて投与する場合、それらは、本発明の化合物の投与前、投与に連続して、または投与後に、投与され得る。
カラム:C18、3μm、2.1×50mm、Jones Chromatographyによる「Lighting」。
6−メチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オン:エタノール(20mL)中の2−トリフルオロメチル−ベンズアミジン(2.13g、4mmol)およびナトリウムエトキシド(0.83g、12mmol)の混合物をアセト酢酸メチル(0.44mL、4mmol)で処理し、そして24時間加熱した。反応物を冷却し、濃縮し、水で希釈し、そして2N塩酸で酸性にした。得られた溶液を酢酸エチルで抽出し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、そして濃縮した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー[SiO2、メタノール:ジクロロメタン(3:97)]による精製によって、表題化合物(0.51g、50%の収率)が黄色固体として提供された;
4−クロロ−6−メチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン:オキシ塩化亜リン酸(39mL、419mmol)中の6−メチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オン(10.7g、41.9mmol)の溶液をトリ−n−プロピルアミン(16mL、83.9mmol)で処理し、そして110℃〜120℃において1時間にわたって還流した。溶媒をエバポレートし、トルエンとともに3回共沸し、次いで減圧しながら乾燥した。残渣を酢酸エチル中に溶解し、1N水酸化ナトリウム、水およびブラインで順番に洗浄し、次いで硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥して濃縮した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー[SiO2、酢酸エチル:ヘキサン(1:9)]による精製により、表題化合物(9.61g、84%の収率)が橙色オイルとして提供された。
(5−フルオロ−1H−インダゾール−3−イル)−[6−メチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン−4−イル]アミン(I−2):4−クロロ−6−メチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン(0.10g、0.37mmol)および5−フルオロ−1H−インダゾール−3−イルアミン(0.072g、0.48mmol)の混合物を、160℃〜170℃において8時間、ニートで加熱した。得られた残渣を室温まで冷却し、次いでN−メチル−ピロリジノン(2mL)中に溶解した。この混合物を水(20mL)中に注ぎ、そして重炭酸ナトリウム(5mL)を添加し、そして得られた混合物を濾過し、水で洗浄した。分取HPLCによる精製により、表題化合物(0.081g、43%の収率)が黄褐色固体として提供された。
6−tert−ブチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オン:エタノール(50mL)中の2−トリフルオロメチルベンズアミジン(1.12g、5mmol)、ナトリウムエトキシド(1.02g、15mmol)および4,4−ジメチル−3−オキソ−ペンタン酸メチルエステル(0.80mL、5mmol)の混合物を還流にて16時間加熱した。反応物を冷却し、濃縮し、水で希釈し、そして2N塩酸で酸性にした。この溶液を酢酸エチルで抽出し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、そして濃縮した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー[SiO2、メタノール:ジクロロメタン(2:98)]による精製により、表題化合物(0.48g、32%の収率)が黄色固体として提供された;
6−tert−ブチル−6−クロロ−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン:オキシ塩化亜リン酸(1.65mL、15.9mmol)中の6−tert−ブチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オン(0.47g、1.59mmol)の溶液をトリ−n−プロピルアミン(0.61mL、3.17mmol)で処理し、そして110℃〜120℃で1時間加熱した。溶媒をエバポレーションにより除去し、次いでトルエンとともに共沸した。残渣を酢酸エチル中に溶解し、1N水酸化ナトリウム、水およびブラインで順番に洗浄し、次いで硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、そして濃縮した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー[SiO2、酢酸エチル:ヘキサン(1:9)]による精製により、表題化合物(0.33g、66%の収率)が黄色オイルとして提供された。
[6−tert−ブチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン−4−イル]−(1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イル)−アミン(I−3):4−クロロ−6−tert−ブチル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン(0.10g、0.32mmol)および1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イルアミン(0.064g、0.48mmol)の混合物を、160℃〜170℃で16時間、ニートで加熱した。得られた残渣を冷却し、N−メチル−ピロリジノン(2mL)中に溶解し、次いで水(20mL)および重炭酸ナトリウム(5mL)中に注ぎ、そして酢酸エチルで2回抽出した。合わせた有機層を水で4回洗浄し、ブラインで1回洗浄し、次いで硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、そして濃縮した。粗製生成物を分取HPLCにより精製して、表題化合物(0.007g、4%の収率)を黄色固体として提供した。
・6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オン:(1−シクロプロピル−ビニル)−ジメチルアミン:窒素下にて0℃のペンタン(600mL)中のシクロプロピルメチルケトン(19.8mL、200mmol)の溶液にジメチルアミン/テトラヒドロフラン(2M、500mL、1000mmol)を添加し、次いでペンタン(60mL)中の塩化チタン(IV)(12.1mL、110mmol)の溶液を滴下様式で添加した。反応物を0℃にて0.5時間、そして室温にて5時間攪拌した。反応物をCeliteを通して濾過し、ペンタンおよびエーテルで洗浄し、15℃〜20℃の浴温度にて減圧下で濃縮し、次いで橙色オイルとして−4℃にて一晩保存した。
4−クロロ−6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン:オキシ塩化亜リン酸(40mL、428mmol)中の6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オン(12.0g、42.8mmol)を、75℃〜80℃にて1時間加熱した。溶媒をエバポレーションにより除去し、そしてトルエンとともに3回共沸した。残渣を0℃まで冷却し、酢酸エチル中に溶解し、氷小片および水で処理した。次いで、混合物を重炭酸ナトリウム、水およびブラインで順番に洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、そして濃縮した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー[SiO2、5:95の酢酸エチル:ヘキサン(5:95)]による精製により、表題化合物(9.71g、76%の収率)が無色のオイルとして提供された。
[6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン−4−イル]−(1H−インダゾール−3−イル)−アミン(I−4):4−クロロ−6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン(0.08g、0.27mmol)および1H−インダゾール−3−イルアミン(0.036g、0.41mmol)の混合物を160℃〜170℃にて6時間、ニートで加熱した。残渣を冷却し、そしてN−メチル−ピロリジノン(2mL)中で溶解し、水(30mL)および重炭酸ナトリウム(5mL)中に注ぎ、次いで濾過し、水およびエーテルで洗浄した。収集した沈澱物およびエーテル洗浄液を合わせ、そして濃縮した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー[SiO2、メタノール:ジクロロメタン(2:98)]による精製により、表題化合物(0.017g、15%の収率)が淡黄色固体として得られた。
[6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン−4−イル]−(1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イル)−アミン(I−1):N−メチルピロリジノン(50mL)中の4−クロロ−6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン(7.00g、23.4mmol、実施例8において上記の通りに調製した)および1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イルアミン(9.43g、70.3mmol)の混合物を、130℃にて12時間加熱した。残渣を冷却し、N−メチル−ピロリジノン(2mL)中に溶解し、水(500mL)および重炭酸ナトリウム(15mL)中に注ぎ、次いで濾過し、水で洗浄した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー[SiO2、酢酸エチル:ヘキサン(35:65)]による精製により、表題化合物(5.25g、57%の収率)が白色固体として提供された。
[6−シクロプロピル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン−4−イル]−(1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イル)−アミン塩酸塩:化合物I−1(8.42g、21.4mmol)を6N塩酸中に溶解して溶解することによりこのHCl塩を調製して、表題化合物(9.242g、99%)を黄色固体として提供した。
6−ブト−3−エニル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オン:6−ブト−3−エニル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン4−オンを、3−オキソ−ヘプト−6−エン酸エチルエステルを用いたこと以外は実施例1において上記の通りに調製した。この反応により、表題化合物(2.545g、49%の収率)がクリーム色の固体として提供された。
4−ブト−3−エニル−6−クロロ−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン:表題化合物を、6−ブト−3−エニル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−3H−ピリミジン−4−オンを用いたこと以外は実施例2に記載の通りに調製して、黄色オイル(0.49g、99%の収率)を提供した。
[6−ブト−3−エニル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン−4−イル]−(1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イル)−アミン(I−7):表題化合物を、4−ブト−3−エニル−6−クロロ−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジンを用いたこと以外は実施例6に記載の通りに調製して、クリーム色の固体(2.712g、62%の収率)を提供した。
[6−(3−モルホリン−4−イル−プロピル)−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)ピリミジン−4−イル]−(1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イル)−アミン(1−8):−78℃のメタノール(5mL)およびテトラヒドロフラン(5mL)中の[6−ブト−3−エニル−2−(2−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−ピリミジン−4−イル]−(1H−ピラゾロ[3,4−b]ピリジン−3−イル)−アミン(0.10g、0.25mmol)の溶液を、オゾンを通して5分間発泡させた。この混合物に、モルホリン(0.05mL、0.56mmol)およびトリアセトキシ水素化ホウ素ナトリウム(0.39g、1.85mmol)を添加した。反応物を室温で24時間攪拌し、この時点でさらなるモルホリン(0.10mL、1.28mmol)およびトリアセトキシ水素化ホウ素ナトリウム(0.39g,1.85mmol)を添加し、次いで攪拌をさらに2時間続けた。反応物を重炭酸ナトリウムでクエンチし、そしてエバポレートした。フラッシュクロマトグラフィー(SiO2、1:9のメタノール:ジクロロメタンを用いて溶出した)、続いて分取HPLCによる精製により、表題化合物が山吹色の凍結乾燥物(0.068g、38%の収率)として提供された。
(GSK−3の阻害についてのKi決定)
化合物を、標準的な結合酵素系(Foxら(1998)Protein Sci.7,2249)を用いて、GSK−3(AA 1−420)活性を阻害する能力についてスクリーニングした。反応を、100mM HEPES(pH7.5)、10mM MgCl2、25mM NaCl、300μM NADH、1mM DTTおよび1.5% DMSOを含む溶液中で実施した。このアッセイにおける最終基質濃度は、20μM ATP(Sigma Chemicals,St Louis,MO)および300μMペプチド(HSSPHQS(PO3H2)EDEEE,American Peptide,Sunnyvale,CA)であった。反応を、30℃および20nM GSK−3βにおいて実施した。結合酵素系の成分の最終濃度は、2.5mMホスホエノールピルベート、300μM NADH、30μg/mlピルビン酸キナーゼおよび10μg/ml乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼであった。
(神経保護パーセントの決定)
本明細書中で用いられる場合、用語「保護パーセント」は、虚血損傷(OGD)に対して保護されたニューロン細胞の百分率を表し、そして以下の通りに算出される:
保護%=(試験−OGD)/(正常−OGD)×100。
LoG−Neurobasal[LoG−Neurobasalは、NoG−Neurobasal培地(Invitrogen Corp,特別注文)+0.5mMグルコース、0.5mM L−グルタミンおよび0.25×ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを含む]を、低酸素チャンバ中で一晩、予め平衡化した。
LoG−Neurobasal培地を低酸素チャンバから除去し、そしてこの培地に、100% N2を30分間軽く発泡させて完全に脱酸素した。
(中大脳動脈閉塞モデル(MCAO))
本研究において用いた動物は、270gと333gとの間の体重の雄性Sprague−Dawleyラット(Charles River,NC)であった。これらのラットを、12時間明/暗の日周期にて、少なくとも1週間にわたって動物施設に順応させた。これらに、食物および水を自由に摂取させた。
1.塩化2,3,5−トリフェニルテトラゾリウム(すなわち、TTC、Cat #T8877、ロット#50K1435)およびPEG400(Cat #P−3265)を、Sigma Chemical Co.,St.Louis,Missouriから購入した。
(抗鬱剤についての動物モデル)
本発明の化合物を、Porsolt,R.D.ら,1977;229:327−336:Bourin M.Fundam Clin Phannacol 1990;4:49−64によって記載された方法と実質的に類似の方法により、ラットにおける抗鬱活性についてアッセイした。
ラットを、水を満たした透明なシリンダ中に配置する。ラットが頭を水の上に保つために最小の体の動きしかしない時間として定義される、不動持続時間(=不動時間)を、手で記録する。第2試行において、4日目に、ラットを再度このシリンダ中に、今回は5分間配置する。不動時間を、試行全体を通して手で記録する。
1日目に、雄Wistarラット(RA239系統;160−180g)を、シリンダ中に15分間配置する。ラットが頭を水の上に保つために最小の体の動きしかしない時間として定義される、不動の持続時間(=不動時間)を、手で記録する。合理的な数の動物を1日に試験するために、記録を、15分間の試行のうちの以下の3つの部分期間に制限する:0分〜2.5分(すなわち、試行の開始時)、6.25分〜8.75分(正確に、この試行の中間)および12.5分〜15分(この試行のまさに終了時)。この手順は、この試行全体を通しての動物の「動作」を表すことが以前に見出されている。
4日目に、ラットを、このシリンダ中に、今回は5分間、再度配置する。不動時間を、試行全体を通して手で記録する。
(精神分裂病の動物モデル:驚愕のプレ−パルス阻害(pre−pulse Inhibition)(PPI))
注意および認識の分裂に関連する感覚運動ゲーティングの障害は、精神分裂病患者の間で一般的である。プレ−パルス阻害は、大きな聴覚刺激に進行する弱い音が、驚愕反射を阻害する場合に起こる。PPIは、予測しやすく、精神分裂病の妥当性に直面し、かつこれを構築するテストであると考えられている。
(抗不安薬に対する動物モデル)
抗不安薬アッセイを、以下の様式で、Spoorenら,Anxiolytic−like effects of theprototypical metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 2−methyl−6−(phenylethynyl)pyridine in rodents.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.295:1267−1275(2000)およびLecci A,Borsini F,Voltera GおよびMeli A,Pharmacological validation of a novel animal model of anticipatory anxiety in mice.Psychophannacology 101:255−261(1990)に記載される方法と実質的に類似の方法で実行した。
ストレス誘導性過温症(SIH)を、Lecciら(1990)による原型の記載から僅かに改変して採用した。温度計(ELLAB instruments,Copenhagen,Denmark)で、0.1℃単位の最も近い温度まで、潤滑したサーミスタプローブ(2mm直径)を直腸に20mm挿入して直腸温度を測定した。測定の間、マウスを尾の基部近くを手で捕まえていた。プローブを、安定するまでその場にとどめ、読み取りを得た(15s以内)。
成体雄Sprague−Dawleyラット(=「レジデント」ラット;350〜400g)および幼若なLister Hoodedラット(=「侵入者(intruder)」ラット;100〜120g)を使用した。試験2週間前に、侵入者ラットを、一対でmacrolonケージ(42×26×15cm)に入れ、レジデントラットを個別にmacrolonケージ(42×26×15cm)に入れた。全ての動物を、同じ部屋に入れた。ハウジング設備は、温度調節および湿度調節し、人工照明を備えた(6:00 AM〜6:00 PM照明)。動物を、水および食物に、適宜接触させた。全ての動物は、実験的に未処置であった。
雄の成体Sprague−Dawleyラット(180〜220g)を、4群でmacrolonケージ(42×26×15cm)内に、実験の少なくとも3日前に入れた。ハウジング設備は、温度調節および湿度調節し、人工照明を備えた(6:00 AM〜6:00 PM照明)。動物を、水および食物に、適宜接触させた。全ての動物は、実験的に未処置であった。
(アルツハイマー病についての細胞アッセイ−ニューロン生存)
Kienlen−Campardら,J Biol Chem 277:15666(2002)に記載の方法と実質的に類似の方法で以下のアッセイを行った。海馬ニューロンの一次培養物、E18ラット胚から調製した(Parkら,J Neurochem,74:114,2000)。細胞を、6ウェルまたは96ウェル培養皿(4×105細胞/cm2)中またはスライドガラス(1. 25×105細胞/cm2)にプレート培養し、ポリ(D−リジン)で前処理し、そして6日間インビトロで2%B−27および0.5mM L−グルタミンで補充したNEUROBASALTM倍地中で培養し、その後組換えアデノウイルスを感染させた。これらの条件の下で、ニューロン培養物(ニューロンの98%まで)は、高い分化率および生存率を示す。
(βアミロイド(1−40)賛成の阻害)
アルツハイマー病は、細胞外プラークおよび脳内の細胞間神経細線維もつれによって特徴付けられる。これらのプラークの主要なタンパク質成分は、βアミロイド(「ars」)ペプチドであり、これは、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(「APP」)によって切断される。
Aβを分泌可能な安定細胞株を、ヒトH4神経膠腫症細胞において、APP695含有Swedish変異体(K595N、M596L)およびYFPを分泌マーカーとして発現するレトロウイルスベクターの導入によって構築した。APP695を発現する安定な形質導入体を、高レベルのYFPを発現する細胞の選別によって選択した。
サンプルの培養物上清におけるhAβ40のインビトロ定量測定のために、The Biosource International,Inc.Signal Select Humanβ Amyloid(hAβ40)ELISA(カタログ番号KHB3482)を使用した。NH2末端特異的なモノクローナル抗体を、マイクロタイタープレートのウェル上にコートした。サンプル(公知のhAβ成分標準を含む)をこれらのウェル内にピペット分注し、その後、hAβの1−40配列について特異的なウサギ抗体を添加した。次いで、結合ウサギ抗体を、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ標識抗ウサギ抗体の使用により検出した。過剰な抗ウサギ抗体の除去後、結合酵素により切断されて色を呈する基質溶液を加えた。この呈された色の強度は、サンプル中のhAβ(1−40)の濃度に正比例する。
サンプルおよび既知の濃度のhAβ(1−40)ペプチドを含む標準を、標準/サンプル希釈剤(Biosource試薬)中に希釈した。プロテアーゼインヒビターAEBSF、アプロチニン、ベスタチン、E−64、ロイペプチン、およびペプスタチンA(Calbiochem,Protease Inhibitor Cocktail SetIII,カタログ番号539134)を全てのサンプルに添加し、Aβペプチドのタンパク質溶解を防いだ。100μlのサンプルを、96ウェルELISAプレートのウェルに加え、そして室温で2時間または4℃で一晩インキュベートした。ウェルを、100μlの洗浄緩衝液(Biosource試薬)で4回洗浄し、次いで、100μlの検出抗体を加え、そしてプレートを2時間室温でインキュベートした。検出抗体は、hAβ(1−40)配列を認識する。
(アルツハイマー病(AD)についてのトランスジェニック動物アッセイ)
(I.ADトランスジェニック動物)
Lys670−−>Asn、Met671−−>Leu変異を含むヒトアルツハイマーβアミロイド(Aβ)前駆体タンパク質の形態の695アミノ酸を過剰発現するトランスジェニックマウス(Tg2576マウスは、Taconic,N.Y.から市販される)は、3月齢で空間参照および改変課題においておよび正常な学習および記憶を有したが、9〜10月齢で障害を示した。Aβ(1−40)における5倍の増加およびAβ(1−42/43)における14倍の増加が、これらの行動の欠陥の出現を達成した。Congo red色素で染色された多くのAβプラークは、マウスの皮質構造および辺縁構造において、Aβの増加した量で存在する。これらのトランスジェニックマウスにおけるアルツハイマー病を暗示する行動異常、生化学的異常、病理学的異常に相関する出現は、この疾患の病理学および神経生物学の新規の探索の機会を示唆する。Correlative memory deficits,Abeta elevation,and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice.Science 1996 Oct 4;274(5284):99−102を参照のこと。
Tg2576マウスのアルツハイマー病モデルにおけるAβと記憶との間の関係。The Journal of Neuroscience,2002年3月1日,22(5):1858−1867。
水迷路を、発明者らが記憶障害の全ての段階を検出し、識別するのを可能にする様式で、B6/SJL株バックグラウンドのTg2576マウスに調整する。このプロトコルは、生命の初期におけるわずかな変化および生命の後期におけるかなりの変化を測定するために必要な感受性、特異性および動的範囲を提供する。訓練の間のプローブの内挿は、感受性を提供する。性能の欠損に対する除外基準の採用は、特異性を提供する。訓練は、広範囲に、ダイナミックレンジを適合させる。平均プローブ点数(MPS)の値は、3回のプローブ試行の間の標的象限のマウスによって費やされた時間の平均百分率であって、分子マーカーと関連した個々のマウスの認識能力の定量化を改善し、広範なダイナミックレンジを伴なう単一の測定を提供した。他の株バックグラウンドのTg2576マウスに対するプロトコルを、学習の速度および能力欠損における株特異的差異に関して調整する必要がある場合もある。The Relationship between Aβ and Memory in the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease.The Journal of Neuroscience,2002年3月1日、22(5):1858−1867を参照のこと。
βAPP695SWE変異を発現するトランスジェニックマウス:探索活動性、不安および運動神経に対する効果を参照のこと。Brain Res 2003年7月4日;977(1):38−45。
変異体ヒトプレセニリン1およびアミロイド前駆体タンパク質を同時発現するトランスジェニックマウスにおける増進した血小板の蓄積、連合性学習障害およびα7ニコチンレセプタータンパク質の上方制御については、J Biol Chem.2002年6月21日;277(25)22768−80を参照のこと。
Claims (6)
- 請求項1に記載の化合物であって、Ryが、メチル、エチル、シクロプロピル、tert−ブチル、またはイソプロピルから選択される、化合物。
- 請求項2に記載の化合物であって、Ryが、メチル、シクロプロピル、またはtert−ブチルから選択される、化合物。
- 請求項1に記載の化合物であって、R1が、水素である、化合物。
- 請求項1に記載の化合物であって、R1が、フッ素である、化合物。
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