JP2009117256A - リチウムイオン二次電池負極材料用原料炭組成物及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材料用原料炭組成物及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009117256A JP2009117256A JP2007291194A JP2007291194A JP2009117256A JP 2009117256 A JP2009117256 A JP 2009117256A JP 2007291194 A JP2007291194 A JP 2007291194A JP 2007291194 A JP2007291194 A JP 2007291194A JP 2009117256 A JP2009117256 A JP 2009117256A
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- secondary battery
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
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- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
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- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PMDCZENCAXMSOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-ethylacetamide Chemical compound CCNC(C)=O PMDCZENCAXMSOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 2
- DDTIGTPWGISMKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Mo] DDTIGTPWGISMKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUAKHGWARZSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N‐diethylformamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C=O SUAKHGWARZSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHLUUHNLEMFGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylacetamide Chemical compound CNC(C)=O OHLUUHNLEMFGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002194 amorphous carbon material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
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- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium vanadium Chemical compound [Li].[V] DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012982 microporous membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- AJFDBNQQDYLMJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethylacetamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(C)=O AJFDBNQQDYLMJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KERBAAIBDHEFDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethylformamide Chemical compound CCNC=O KERBAAIBDHEFDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011331 needle coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
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- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B57/00—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general
- C10B57/04—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general using charges of special composition
- C10B57/045—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general using charges of special composition containing mineral oils, bitumen, tar or the like or mixtures thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明に係る原料炭組成物は、リチウムイオン二次電池負極材料の原料となるものであって、不活性ガス雰囲気下、2800℃の温度で黒鉛化処理されると、X線回折によって求められる002面における結晶子サイズLc(002)と格子定数co(002)の比(Lc(002)/co(002))が180以下であり且つ110面における結晶子サイズLa(110)と格子定数ao(110)の比(La(110)/ao(110))が1500以下となることを特徴とする。
【選択図】なし
Description
(A)不活性ガス雰囲気下、2800℃の温度で原料炭組成物を黒鉛化処理したとき、X線回折によって求められる002面における結晶子サイズLc(002)と格子定数co(002)の比(Lc(002)/co(002))が180以下であり且つ110面における結晶子サイズLa(110)と格子定数ao(110)の比(La(110)/ao(110))が1500以下である。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池負極材料原料炭組成物は、2800℃での黒鉛化処理が施されると、X線回折によって求められる特性が所定の条件を満たすものである。ここで、2800℃での黒鉛化処理とは、高純度アルゴンガス雰囲気下、毎分15℃程度で昇温し、2800℃での熱処理を1分以上行うものをいう。本実施形態に係る原料炭組成物を熱処理した炭素材料は、リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極材料として優れた性能を発揮する。
L=Kλ/βOCOSθB
式中、Lは結晶子サイズサイズ(nm);Kは定数(=1.0);λは波長(=0.15406nm);θBはブラッグ角;βOは半価幅(補正値)をそれぞれ示す。
次に、原料炭組成物の製造に用いる第1の重質油及び第2の重質油について説明する。
次に、原料炭組成物の製造方法について説明する。本実施形態に係る原料炭組成物の製造方法は、得られる原料炭組成物のX線回折によって求められる特性が上述の条件(不活性ガス雰囲気下、2800℃の温度で黒鉛化処理したとき、002面における結晶子サイズLc(002)と格子定数co(002)の比(Lc(002)/co(002))が180以下であり且つ110面における結晶子サイズLa(110)と格子定数ao(110)の比(La(110)/ao(110))が1500以下)を満たすように、水素化脱硫処理油の残渣油(第1の重質油)と、流動接触分解油の残渣油(第2の重質油)とを混合して原料油組成物を調製する工程(第1工程)と、この原料油組成物をコーキング処理する工程(第2工程)とを備える。本実施形態に係る製造方法によれば、第1の重質油と第2の重質油とが上記のように混合された原料油組成物をコーキング処理することによって、リチウムイオン二次電池負極材料として優れた特性を発揮し得る原料炭組成物を安定的に得ることができる。
次に、本発明に係る原料炭組成物から得られるリチウムイオン二次電池負極用炭素材料を用いたリチウム二次電池について説明する。
(1)負極炭素材料の作製
硫黄分4.0質量%の常圧蒸留残油を、Ni−Mo触媒の存在下、水素分圧8MPaで水素化脱硫し、硫黄分含有量0.31質量%、窒素分含有量0.22質量%、芳香族指数0.2の水素化脱硫油(第1の重質油)を得た。一方、脱硫減圧軽油(硫黄分500質量ppm、15℃における密度0.88g/cm3)を流動接触分解し、芳香族指数0.4、初留点200℃、硫黄分0.24質量%、窒素分0.11質量%の流動接触分解残油(第2の重質油)を得た。
(a)負極の作製
負極の活物質として炭素微粒子材料A(処理温度:1500℃)、導電材としてアセチレンブラック(AB)、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を80:10:10(質量比)の割合でN−メチル−2−ピロリドン中で混合し、スラリーを作製した。該スラリーを銅箔上に塗布し、ホットプレートで10分間乾燥したのち、ロールプレスでプレス成形した。
(b)評価用電池の作製
負極(30×50mm)として上記の組成物、正極(30×50mm)としてニッケル酸リチウム、電解液としてエチレンカーボネート(EC)/メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)混合液(EC/MEC質量比:3/7、溶質:LiPF6(1M体積モル濃度)、及びセパレータとしてポリエチレン微孔膜を用いた。
(c)高速充放電レート特性の評価
上記電池の高速(10C)充放電特性の測定結果を表1に示す。本実施例で作製した電池は、10Cの高速充電を行ったとき、充電容量は170mAh/gであり、高速充電特性に極めて優れていた。
負極の活物質として、炭素微粒子材料A(処理温度:1500℃)の代わりに、炭素微粒子材料Aを窒素ガス雰囲気下、2400℃で30分間熱処理して得た炭素微粒子材料B(処理温度:2400℃)を用いたことの他は、実施例1と同様にして評価用電池を作製した。実施例1と同様の操作で高速充放電特性を評価した結果を、表1に示す。本実施例で作製した電池は、10Cの高速充電を行ったとき、充電容量は260mAh/gであり、高速充電特性に極めて優れていた。
水素化脱硫油と流動接触分解残油とを併用して原料油組成物を調製する代わりに、実施例1において用いた流動接触分解残油と同様の重質油(芳香族指数0.4、初留点200℃、硫黄分0.24質量%、窒素分0.11質量%)のみを原料油組成物として用いたことの他は、実施例1と同様にして原料炭組成物(硫黄分0.31質量%、窒素分0.19質量%)を得た。次いで、当該原料炭組成物をロータリーキルンに導入して1500℃でか焼し、炭素材料を得た。得られた炭素材料を粉砕して平均粒子径25μmの炭素微粒子材料Cを得た。そして、不活性ガス雰囲気下、2800℃の温度で炭素微粒子材料Cの黒鉛化処理を更に行った。表1に2800℃における黒鉛化処理後の黒鉛化物(2800℃処理品)の特性を示す。
負極の活物質として、炭素微粒子材料C(処理温度:1500℃)の代わりに、炭素微粒子材料Cを窒素ガス雰囲気下、2400℃で30分間熱処理して得た炭素微粒子材料D(処理温度:2400℃)を用いたことの他は、比較例1と同様にして評価用電池を作製した。実施例1と同様の操作で高速充放電特性を評価した結果を、表1に示す。本比較例で作製した電池は、10Cの高速充電を行ったとき、充電容量は100mAh/gであり、実施例1,2に比較して劣っていた。
Claims (6)
- リチウムイオン二次電池の負極材料の原料となる原料炭組成物の製造方法であって、
水素化脱硫処理を経て得られ且つ硫黄分含有量0.6質量%以下、窒素分含有量0.3質量%以下、芳香族指数0.1以上である第1の重質油と、芳香族指数0.3以上、初留点150℃以上である第2の重質油とを含有する原料油組成物を調製する第1工程と、
得られる原料炭組成物が下記条件(A)を満たすように、前記原料油組成物をコーキング処理する第2工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする製造方法。
(A)不活性ガス雰囲気下、2800℃の温度で前記原料炭組成物を黒鉛化処理したとき、X線回折によって求められる002面における結晶子サイズLc(002)と格子定数co(002)の比(Lc(002)/co(002))が180以下であり且つ110面における結晶子サイズLa(110)と格子定数ao(110)の比(La(110)/ao(110))が1500以下である。 - 前記第1の重質油は、硫黄分含有量1質量%以上の重質油を、水素分圧5MPa以上の条件下で水素化脱硫処理して得られたものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 前記第2工程で得られる前記原料炭組成物は、硫黄分の含有量が0.4質量%以下であり且つ窒素分の含有量が0.3質量%以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の製造方法。
- 前記原料油組成物の全質量100質量部に対して、前記第1の重質油の含有量が10〜50質量部であり、前記第2の重質油の含有量が50〜90質量部であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- リチウムイオン二次電池負極材料の原料となる原料炭組成物であって、
不活性ガス雰囲気下、2800℃の温度で黒鉛化処理されると、X線回折によって求められる002面における結晶子サイズLc(002)と格子定数co(002)の比(Lc(002)/co(002))が180以下であり且つ110面における結晶子サイズLa(110)と格子定数ao(110)の比(La(110)/ao(110))が1500以下となることを特徴とする原料炭組成物。 - 硫黄分の含有量が0.4質量%以下であり且つ窒素分の含有量が0.3質量%以下であることを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の原料炭組成物。
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JP7106699B2 (ja) | 2020-11-19 | 2022-07-26 | 台灣中油股▲ふん▼有限公司 | 人工黒鉛の調製方法 |
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KR20100095434A (ko) | 2010-08-30 |
KR101530870B1 (ko) | 2015-06-23 |
US20100266479A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
CN101842924B (zh) | 2013-03-20 |
EP2219252A4 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
WO2009060891A1 (ja) | 2009-05-14 |
CN101842924A (zh) | 2010-09-22 |
US8697025B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 |
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JP5270906B2 (ja) | 2013-08-21 |
EP2219252A1 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
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