JP2006324672A - 光抽出効率が改善された垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子 - Google Patents

光抽出効率が改善された垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子 Download PDF

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JP2006324672A
JP2006324672A JP2006138871A JP2006138871A JP2006324672A JP 2006324672 A JP2006324672 A JP 2006324672A JP 2006138871 A JP2006138871 A JP 2006138871A JP 2006138871 A JP2006138871 A JP 2006138871A JP 2006324672 A JP2006324672 A JP 2006324672A
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nitride semiconductor
emitting device
layer
light emitting
conductive
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JP4777141B2 (ja
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Hyo Won Suh
孝 源 徐
Shinei Ko
振 榮 洪
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Samsung Electro Mechanics Co Ltd
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Samsung Electro Mechanics Co Ltd
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Abstract

【課題】光抽出効率が改善された垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子を提供する。
【解決手段】垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子、光透過性を有する伝導性基板３１上に順次に形成された第１導電型窒化物半導体層３４、活性層３５及び第２導電型窒化物半導体層３６を含む。この垂直構造窒化物発光素子は、少なくとも上記伝導性基板の下面に形成され、光透過率が７０％以上の伝導性物質からなり、その外部面に光を散乱させるための凸凹パターンが形成された伝導性光散乱層を含む。
【選択図】 図２−ａ

Description

本発明は窒化物半導体発光素子に関し、特に光抽出効率を向上させた垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子に関する。
最近、窒化物半導体発光素子は青色または緑色などの短波長光を含む広い波長帯域の光を生成することが可能な高出力光素子として、関連技術分野から非常に脚光をあびている。上記窒化物半導体発光素子はＡｌxＩｎyＧａ(1-x-y)Ｎ組成式（ここで、０≦ｘ≦１、０≦ｙ≦１、０≦ｘ＋ｙ≦１である）を有する半導体単結晶から成る。
一般的に、窒化物半導体発光素子の光効率は内部量子効率（ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌ ｑｕａｎｔｕｍ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ）と光抽出効率（ｌｉｇｈｔ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ、または外部量子効率とも称する）により決定される。特に、光抽出効率は発光素子の光学的因子、即ち各構造物の屈折率及び/または界面の平滑度（ｆｌａｔｎｅｓｓ）等によって決定される。
光抽出効率側面において窒化物半導体発光素子は根本的な制限事項を有している。即ち、半導体発光素子を構成する半導体層は外部大気や基板に比べ大きい屈折率を有するため、光の放出可能な入射角範囲を決定する臨界角が小さくなり、その結果、活性層から発生された光の相当部分は内部全反射され実質的に所望しない方向に伝播されるか、または全反射過程で損失され光抽出効率が低くなってしまう。
このような光抽出効率の問題点を改善するため、例えば特許文献１（特開２００２−３６８２６３号公報［公開日:２００２年１２月２０日、出願人：豊田合成株式会社］）では、図１−ａのように基板の下面を粗い面で形成したフリップチップ窒化物発光素子を提案している。
図１−ａは上述の従来の窒化物半導体発光素子及びフリップチップ窒化物半導体発光装置の側断面図である。図１−ａを参照すると、特許文献１に記載の窒化物半導体発光素子１０は、サファイア基板１１とそのサファイア基板１１上に順次に形成された第１導電型窒化物半導体層１４、活性層１５及び第２導電型窒化物半導体層１６を含む。また、上記サファイア基板上面に窒化物半導体層の結晶性を向上させるためのバッファ層１２が形成され、上記窒化物半導体発光素子１０は上記第１導電型窒化物半導体層１４と、上記第２導電型窒化物半導体層１６に各々接続された第１及び第２電極１９ａ、１９ｂを含む。ここで、サファイア基板１１の下面をエッチング工程で粗く形成して光散乱面として提供する。
図１−ａに図示された窒化物半導体発光素子１０は第１及び第２導電ライン２２ａ、２２ｂを有するパッケージ基板２１に搭載され、各電極１９ａ、１９ｂと上記第１及び第２導電ライン２２ａ、２２ｂをはんだ付けのような接続手段Ｓで連結させることにより、図１−ｂに示すようにフリップチップ窒化物半導体発光素子２０に製造することが可能である。
この場合に、光散乱面のサファイア基板１１の下面１１ａは光放出面として提供される。活性層１５から生成された光は直接光放出面１１ａに向うか（ａ）、または下面で反射され光放出面１１ａに向かい（ｂ）、光放出面１１ａに到達した光は上記サファイア基板１１の粗い下面で散乱されるか、または微細な凸凹パターンにより大きい臨界角が提供され効果的に光を放出させることが可能である。
特開２００２−３６８２６３号公報
しかし、一般的に窒化物成長に使用される基板は高い硬度を有するサファイア基板であり、粗い表面、即ち微細な凸凹パターンを形成する加工工程が容易ではなく、加工制御が難しいため所望の凸凹パターンを形成し難いという問題がある。
一方、上記の従来の窒化物発光素子は絶縁基板のサファイアを使用するプレーナ（ｐｌａｎａｒ；平面状）構造に限定されるもので、最近関心が集中される垂直構造窒化物発光素子では、凸凹が形成された散乱面を形成しようとする位置の光抽出面が全て電極形成領域であるため、上記の従来技術を直接適用するには困難な部分がある。
また、垂直構造窒化物発光素子では、上記の従来技術に伴う直接窒化物層またはＧａＮのような導電性基板に凸凹が形成されるべきであるが、サファイア基板と類似に硬度が高いため、通常の湿式エッチングで形成することは難しく、ＩＣＰ（Ｉｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ Ｃｏｕｐｌｅｄ Ｐｌａｓｍａ；誘導結合プラズマ）のような乾式蝕刻が使用されるため、工程が複雑であるだけではなく、所望の形態の凸凹形成が難しいという問題がある。
本発明は前記の従来技術の問題を解決するためのものであり、その目的は伝導性基板下面に光透過性を有しつつ適切な屈折率を有する導電層を形成し、上記導電層に所望の凸凹パターンを形成することにより、光抽出効率が改善された垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子を提供することにある。
上記の技術的課題を達成するため、本発明は、光透過性を有する伝導性基板上に順次に形成された第１導電型窒化物半導体層、活性層及び第２導電型窒化物半導体層を含む垂直構造窒化物発光素子において、少なくとも上記伝導性基板の下面に形成され、光透過率が７０％以上の伝導性物質からなり、その外部面に光を散乱させるための凸凹パターンが形成された伝導性光散乱層を含むことを特徴とする垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子を提供する。
好ましくは、上記伝導性光散乱層は光透過率が８０％以上、より好ましくは９０％以上の物質から成る。また、上記伝導性光散乱層はＩＴＯ（Ｉｎｄｉｕｍ Ｔｉｎ Ｏｘｉｄｅ）、ＳｎＯ2 、Ｇａ2 Ｏ3 、ＺｎＯ、ＭｇＯ及びＩｎ2 Ｏ3 で構成されたグループから選択された物質であることが可能である。
上記伝導性光散乱層に形成された凸凹パターン周期は約０．００１〜１０μｍの範囲内であることが好ましい。
本発明の特定実施形態において、上記伝導性基板は第１導電型ＧａＮ、Ｇａ2 Ｏ3 、ＬｉＧａＯ3 、ＺｎＯまたはＳｉＣであることが可能である。この場合に、上記伝導性光散乱層は１．５〜２．４の範囲内の屈折率を有する物質で形成することが光抽出効率の向上の側面から好ましい。
好ましくは、上記伝導性光散乱層は上記窒化物発光素子側面の少なくとも一部まで延長され形成されることが可能である。また、所望しない短絡を防止するため、上記発光素子の側面まで延長された伝導性光散乱層と少なくとも上記第２導電型窒化物層及び活性層の間には絶縁層を形成することが望ましい。
垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子は上記第２導電型窒化物層上面に形成された電極をさらに含み、上記電極は反射メタル層を含む。このような反射メタル層はこれに限定はされないが、Ａｇ、Ａｌ、Ｒｈ、Ｒｕ、Ｐｔ、Ａｕ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｔｉ、Ｉｎ及びＭｏで構成されたグループから選択された少なくとも１種の金属層またはその合金層で形成することが好ましい。
本発明によると、垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子において、伝導性基板の下面に伝導性光散乱層を形成することにより光抽出効率を改善することが可能である。上記伝導性光散乱層はその形成工程が容易であるだけではなく、上下部電極の端子連結を妨害しないため、垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子に有益に採用されることが可能である。
以下、添付の図面を参照して本発明の多様な実施形態をより詳細に説明する。なお、この実施の形態によりこの発明が限定されるものではない。
図２−ａは本発明の第１実施形態に伴う窒化物半導体発光素子及びその実装形態を示す側断面図で、図２−ｂは本発明の第２実施形態に伴う窒化物半導体発光素子の実装構造を示す断面図である。
先ず、図２−ａを参照すると、本実施形態に従う窒化物半導体発光素子３０は、伝導性基板３１とその伝導性基板３１上に順次に形成された第１導電型窒化物半導体層３４、活性層３５及び第２導電型窒化物半導体層３６を含む。
一般的に垂直構造発光素子に使用される伝導性基板はシリコン（Ｓｉ）、ＧａＡｓ、シリコンカーバイド（ＳｉＣ）及び他の伝導性金属基板であることが可能であるが、本発明では高い光透過性を有する基板が要求される。このような基板としてはシリコン、ＧａＡｓ、ＧａＮ基板が使用されることが可能である。特に、窒化物成長後に分離工程と追加的な接合工程が要求されないＧａＮ、Ｇａ2 Ｏ3 、ＬｉＧａＯ3 、ＺｎＯまたはＳｉＣを使用することが好ましい。ＧａＮ基板は第１導電型不純物がドープされることが可能である。
窒化物半導体発光素子３０は第１導電型窒化物半導体層３４と第２導電型窒化物半導体層３６に各々電気的に連結された第１及び第２電極３９ａ、３９ｂを含む。
本実施形態では、伝導性基板３１の主な光抽出面に伝導性光散乱層３７が形成される。伝導性光散乱層３７は光透過率が７０％以上の伝導性物質からなり、好ましくは８０％以上の絶縁性物質からなる。
また、絶縁性光散乱層３７はその外部面に光を散乱させるための微細な凸凹パターンが形成される。微細な凸凹パターンはフォトリソグラフィー工程または金属性マスクを利用した化学的エッチング工程またはプラズマガスを利用した物理的エッチング工程を利用して形成することが可能である。このような凸凹パターンは発光波長によって様々な大きさと周期で形成することが可能であり、また、規則的または不規則的に形成することが可能である。
但し、青緑色の短波長光を放出する場合に、上記凸凹パターンは０．００１〜１０μｍの範囲内の周期を持つように形成することが好ましく、一定な周期とパターンで形成することが好ましい。
伝導性光散乱層３７は、伝導性基板３１との密着性が優れるだけではなく、光透過性が保障される伝導性物質であることが要求される。上記伝導性光散乱層３７として通常知られている透明電極物質が使用され得る。特に、光透過性酸化物層の構成物質が好ましく使用されることが可能である。これに限定はされないが、好ましい伝導性光散乱層３７としてはＩＴＯ（Ｉｎｄｉｕｍ Ｔｉｎ Ｏｘｉｄｅ）、ＺｎＯ、ＭｇＯ、Ｉｎ2 Ｏ3 またはその混合物が使用されることが可能である。
伝導性光散乱層３７は光抽出臨界角が適切な屈折率範囲を有するものが好ましい。先に説明した通り光抽出効率は屈折率差により発生される。即ち、ＧａＮとの屈折率差により全反射臨界角が低くなり、それ以上に進行していた光子は外部に放出されなくなる。例えば、図３に図示された通り、ＧａＮ基板がパッケージでエポキシ樹脂層（屈折率：１．５）と直接界面を形成する際に、全反射臨界角は３６．８°であり、ＧａＮが大気と直接接触するときには２３．６°になるため、臨界角が非常に低く、光抽出効率が低下する。
従って、臨界角より低い範囲で進行する光子の確率を高める凸凹パターンと共に屈折率を外部大気または樹脂層より高い屈折率を有する物質で伝導性光散乱層を形成することにより光抽出効果を画期的に向上させることが可能である。これを考慮した伝導性光散乱層は、屈折率が１．５以上の物質で形成することが好ましい。屈折率が大きい程ＧａＮから抽出される光量を増加させることが可能であるが、屈折率が大き過ぎる場合には伝導性光散乱層３７から外部に光を抽出することにおいて同じ問題があるため、屈折率が２．４以下の物質で形成することが好ましい。
従って、本実施形態に従う窒化物半導体発光素子では、１．５ないし２．４の屈折率を有する伝導性光散乱層３７により内部全反射される光量を減少させ、光抽出効率をより大きく向上させることが可能である。
図２−ａに図示された窒化物半導体発光素子３０は対向する両面に各々第１電極３９ａ及び第２電極３９ｂが形成される垂直構造を有する。上記第１電極３９ａは伝導性光散乱層３７上に形成することが可能である。上記第２電極３９ｂは第２導電型窒化物層３６（主に、ｐ型窒化物半導体層）上に形成され、当業者に知られている適切なオーミックコンタクト層構造であることが可能であるが、反射メタル層を追加的に含むことが可能であり、かつ好ましい。上記反射メタル層はＡｇ、Ａｌ、Ｒｈ、Ｒｕ、Ｐｔ、Ａｕ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｔｉ、Ｉｎ及びＭｏで構成されたグループから選択された少なくとも１種の金属層またはその合金層からなることが可能である。
図２−ｂには、図２−ａに図示された窒化物半導体発光素子が実装された形態が図示されている。
図２−ｂに示すように、窒化物半導体発光素子３０は、第２電極３９ｂが下に向うように第１及び第２導電ライン４２ａ、４２ｂを有するサブマウント基板４１等に実装することが可能である。この場合、光抽出方向は伝導性光散乱層３７が形成された伝導性基板３１側になる。伝導性光散乱層３７は先に説明した通り光抽出効率を大きく改善し、同時に第２電極３９ｂは反射メタル層が形成され光抽出方向に光がもっと多く向かうように反射させることが可能である。
従って、活性層３５から生成された光は、（ａ）直接光放出面に向うか、または（ｂ）下面で反射され光放出面に向かい、到達した光は伝導性基板３１に備えられた伝導性光散乱層で散乱されるか、微細な凸凹パターンにより臨界角より小さい入射角で外部に放出されることが可能である。本実施形態において、ボンディング電極として提供される第１電極３９ａは省略することが可能である。この場合に、ワイヤボンディングを通じ伝導性光散乱層上に直接連結された形態で具現することが可能である。
図４は本発明の第２実施形態に従う窒化物半導体発光素子５０の側断面図である。本実施形態は伝導性光散乱層５７を素子の側面まで延長したことを特徴とする。
図４を参照すると、本実施形態に伴う窒化物半導体発光素子５０は、伝導性基板５１と、基板５１上に順次に形成された第１導電型窒化物半導体層５４、活性層５５及び第２導電型窒化物半導体層５６を含む。また、窒化物半導体発光素子５０は第１導電型窒化物半導体層５４と第２導電型窒化物半導体層５６に各々接続された第１及び第２電極５９ａ、５９ｂを含む。
本実施形態では、伝導性光散乱層５７はその下面から素子５０の一部側面まで延長されている。伝導性基板５１の下面が主な光抽出面であるが、実質的にその側面領域から相当な光が抽出されるため、本実施形態によると、素子５０側面でも光抽出効率を改善させることが可能である。この際に、素子５０側面、特に活性層５５及び第２導電型窒化物層５６の側面領域まで形成される場合には、伝導性光散乱層５７により、所望しない短絡が発生する可能性がある。従って、伝導性散乱層５７が延長される部分が第１導電型窒化物層５４より高い場合には、伝導性光散乱層５７を形成する前に、少なくとも活性層５５及び第２導電型窒化物層５６の側面一部をエッチングして絶縁層５８を形成することが要求される。
本実施形態でも、光抽出効果の向上のため、上記第２電極５９ｂには追加で（図示しない）反射メタル層を含ませることが可能である。上記反射メタル層は９０％以上の反射率を有する金属が好ましく、Ａｇ、Ａｌ、Ｒｈ、Ｒｕ、Ｐｔ、Ａｕ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｔｉ、Ｉｎ及びＭｏで構成されたグループから選択された少なくとも１種の金属層または合金層であることが可能である。
本発明は上記の実施形態及び添付の図面により限定されず、添付の請求範囲により限定されるものである。従って、請求範囲に記載された本発明の技術的思想を外れない範囲内で当技術分野の通常の知識を有する者が多様な形態の置換、変形及び変更をすることが可能であり、これらもまた本発明の範囲に属するということが可能である。
以上のように、本発明にかかる垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子は、青色または緑色などの短波長光を含む広い波長帯域の光を生成することが可能な高出力光素子に有用である。
従来の窒化物半導体発光素子及びフリップチップ窒化物半導体発光装置の側断面図である。 従来の窒化物半導体発光素子及びフリップチップ窒化物半導体発光装置の側断面図である。 本発明の第１実施形態に伴う窒化物半導体発光素子及びその実装形態を示す側断面図である。 本発明の第１実施形態に伴う窒化物半導体発光素子及びその実装形態を示す側断面図である。 ＧａＮ/異種物質において異種物質の屈折率の変化に伴うＧａＮからの光抽出臨界角度の変化を示すグラフである。 本発明の第２実施形態に伴う窒化物半導体発光素子の側断面図である。
符号の説明
３１ 伝導性基板
３４ 第１導電型窒化物半導体層
３５ 活性層
３６ 第２導電型窒化物半導体層
３７ 伝導性光散乱層
３９ａ、３９ｂ 第１及び第２電極

Claims (10)

  1. 光透過性を有する伝導性基板上に順次に形成された第１導電型窒化物半導体層、活性層及び第２導電型窒化物半導体層を含む垂直構造窒化物発光素子において、
    少なくとも前記伝導性基板の下面に形成され、光透過率が７０％以上の伝導性物質からなり、その外部面に光を散乱させるための凸凹パターンが形成された伝導性光散乱層を含むことを特徴とする垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  2. 前記伝導性光散乱層は光透過率が８０％以上であることを特徴とする請求項１に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  3. 前記伝導性光散乱層はＩＴＯ（Ｉｎｄｉｕｍ Ｔｉｎ Ｏｘｉｄｅ）、ＳｎＯ2 、Ｇａ2 Ｏ3 、ＺｎＯ、ＭｇＯ及びＩｎ2 Ｏ3 で構成されたグループから選択された物質を含むことを特徴とする請求項１又は２に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  4. 前記伝導性光散乱層の凸凹パターン周期は約０．００１〜１０μｍの範囲内であることを特徴とする請求項１〜３のいずれか一項に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  5. 前記伝導性基板は第１導電型ＧａＮ、Ｇａ2 Ｏ3 、ＬｉＧａＯ3 、ＺｎＯまたはＳｉＣであることを特徴とする請求項１〜４のいずれか一項に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  6. 前記伝導性光散乱層は１．５〜２．４の範囲内の屈折率を有することを特徴とする請求項１〜５に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  7. 前記伝導性光散乱層は前記窒化物発光素子側面の少なくとも一部まで延長され形成されたことを特徴とする請求項１〜６のいずれか一項に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  8. 前記発光素子の側面まで延長された伝導性光散乱層と少なくとも前記第２導電型窒化物層及び活性層の間には絶縁層が形成されたことを特徴とする請求項７に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  9. 前記第２導電型窒化物層上面に形成された電極をさらに含み、前記電極は反射メタル層を含むことを特徴とする請求項１〜８のいずれか一項に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
  10. 前記反射メタル層はＡｇ、Ａｌ、Ｒｈ、Ｒｕ、Ｐｔ、Ａｕ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｔｉ、Ｉｎ及びＭｏで構成されたグループから選択された少なくとも１種の金属層または合金層からなることを特徴とする請求項９に記載の垂直構造窒化物半導体発光素子。
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