EP4174992B1 - Électrocatalyseur de cathode pour batteries métal-air et son procédé de production - Google Patents

Électrocatalyseur de cathode pour batteries métal-air et son procédé de production Download PDF

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EP4174992B1
EP4174992B1 EP21217717.4A EP21217717A EP4174992B1 EP 4174992 B1 EP4174992 B1 EP 4174992B1 EP 21217717 A EP21217717 A EP 21217717A EP 4174992 B1 EP4174992 B1 EP 4174992B1
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source
nitrogen
solution
metal
precursor
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EP4174992A1 (fr
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Chun-I Lee
Chun-Jern Pan
Yu-Ssu Kuo
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National Kaohsiung University Of Science And Technology
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National Kaohsiung University Of Science And Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
    • H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
    • C01B21/0615—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C01B21/0622—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium with iron, cobalt or nickel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M12/08—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/8673—Electrically conductive fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
    • H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
    • H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
    • C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process of producing a cathode electrocatalyst for metal-air batteries.
  • CN 107195878 A discloses a process for producing a manganese (II) oxide/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide composite electrode material.
  • the process includes the following steps.
  • Manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate and urea are added into water, followed by evenly mixing through stirring, so as to obtain a solution.
  • Graphene oxide is added to the solution, followed by stirring and even dispersion through ultrasonication, so as to obtain a mixture.
  • the mixture is subjected to a hydrothermal reaction, which is performed at a temperature ranging from 120°C to 180°C for 4 to 12 hours.
  • the resultant product is subjected to filtration, washing, and drying, followed by heating under an inert atmosphere to a temperature ranging from 400°C to 600°C for a heating treatment to proceed for 2 to 5 hours. Therefore, the manganese (II) oxide/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide composite electrode material is produced.
  • CN 103 480 406 A discloses a method for preparing a nitrogen-doped graphene/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube/tricobalt tetroxide composite paper.
  • CN 110 890 551 A discloses a coated catalyst, a method for preparing the coated catalyst, and a use of the coated catalyst in a fuel cell.
  • the inner layer of the coated catalyst is transition metal oxide nanoparticles
  • the outer layer of the coated catalyst is a sulfur element and nitrogen element doped carbon coating layer.
  • Benabdallah et al (2018 6th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference ) discloses a cobalt hydroxide / heteroatom doped graphene composite as an electrocatalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction.
  • CN 112 563 517 A discloses a method of preparing a rare-earth-metal-doped carbon-based oxygen reduction electrocatalyst.
  • CN 107 910 201 A discloses a method of preparing a layered composite material.
  • a first object of the present disclosure is to provide a process of producing a cathode electrocatalyst for metal-air batteries, which can alleviate at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art.
  • the invention provides a process according to claim 1, comprising:
  • a cathode electrocatalyst for metal-air batteries which can alleviate at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art is produced by the aforesaid process.
  • an electrode material produced by a process including performing only a high-temperature hydrothermal reaction and then performing a heating treatment renders the service life of metal-air batteries unsatisfactory.
  • a heating treatment as disclosed in CN 107195878 A
  • the present disclosure provides a process of producing a cathode electrocatalyst for metal-air batteries, which includes:
  • the metal source is selected from the group consisting of a cobalt source, a manganese source, an iron source, a nickel source, a chromium source, and combinations thereof.
  • the metal source is a cobalt source.
  • the carbon source suspension may be prepared by dispersing the inorganic carbon source in a dispersion medium.
  • the inorganic carbon source may have a large surface area.
  • the inorganic carbon source has a surface area of at least 50 m 2 /g, so that the cathode electrocatalyst produced can enable a metal-air battery to have more satisfactory performance.
  • the inorganic carbon source may be selected from the group consisting of conductive carbon black, graphene, activated carbon, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic carbon source is conductive carbon black.
  • the dispersion medium is not particularly limited to any type of medium. Any liquid that can disperse the inorganic carbon source can be used as the dispersion medium.
  • the dispersion medium may be an alcohol.
  • the inorganic carbon source may be present in an amount ranging from 0.20 wt% to 0.45 wt% based on a total weight (i.e. 100 wt%) of the carbon source suspension, so that the dispersibility of the inorganic carbon source in the dispersion medium can be enhanced.
  • the inorganic carbon source is present in an amount ranging from 0.25 wt% to 0.40 wt% based on the total weight of the carbon source suspension.
  • the inorganic carbon source is present in an amount ranging from 0.30 wt% to 0.35 wt% based on the total weight of the carbon source suspension.
  • the metal source solution may be prepared by dissolving the soluble ionic compound in a first solvent to form an ionic compound solution, and by subsequently making a pH adjustment to the ionic compound solution.
  • the cathode electrocatalyst produced using the metal source solution having a pH value ranging from 6.5 to 10.5 can enable a metal-air battery to have satisfactory performance.
  • the soluble ionic compound may be selected from the group consisting of cobalt acetate, manganese acetate, iron acetate, nickel acetate, chromium acetate, and combinations thereof.
  • the first solvent is not particularly limited to any type of solvent. Any solvent that can dissolve the soluble ionic compound can be used as the first solvent.
  • the first solvent is water.
  • a molarity of the soluble ionic compound in the ionic compound solution may range from 0.2 mol/L to 0.6 mol/L. In certain embodiments, the molarity of the soluble ionic compound in the ionic compound solution ranges from 0.35 mol/L to 0.45 mol/L. Namely, a molarity of the metal source in the metal source solution may range from 0.2 mol/L to 0.6 mol/L, and in certain embodiments, the molarity of the metal source in the metal source solution ranges from 0.35 mol/L to 0.45 mol/L.
  • the nitrogen source solution may be prepared by dissolving the nitrogen-containing organic compound in a second solvent to form the nitrogen source.
  • any nitrogen-containing organic compound which has nitrogen atoms in the structure thereof, and a nitrogen source formed from which can be decomposed to release the nitrogen atoms, is suitable for the present disclosure.
  • the nitrogen-containing organic compound may be selected from the group consisting of urea, N-methylurea, N-ethylurea, acetamide, formamide, N-methylformamide, acrylamide, and combinations thereof.
  • the nitrogen-containing organic compound is urea.
  • the second solvent is not particularly limited to any type of solvent. Any solvent that can dissolve the nitrogen-containing organic compound can be used as the second solvent.
  • the second solvent is water.
  • a molarity of the nitrogen source in the nitrogen source solution may range from 0.8 mol/L to 6.7 mol/L. In certain embodiments, the molarity of the nitrogen source in the nitrogen source solution ranges from 1.67 mol/L to 4.5 mol/L.
  • a ratio of the molarity of the metal source in the metal source solution to that of the nitrogen source in the nitrogen source solution may range from 0.06 to 0.5, so that the cathode electrocatalyst produced can enable a metal-air battery to have more satisfactory performance.
  • the molarity ratio in decimal form ranges from 0.08 to 0.24. In other embodiments, the molarity ratio in decimal form ranges from 0.096 to 0.16.
  • the time required to conduct the low-temperature hydrothermal reaction indicates that the first precursor can be formed only by performing the low-temperature hydrothermal reaction at the temperature ranging from 70°C to 85°C for at least 20 hours. Therefore, the time required to conduct the low-temperature hydrothermal reaction can be more than 20 hours.
  • the time required to conduct the high-temperature hydrothermal reaction indicates that the second precursor can be formed only by performing the high-temperature hydrothermal reaction at the temperature exactly or substantially of 180°C for at least 12 hours. Therefore, the time required to conduct the high-temperature hydrothermal reaction can be more than 12 hours.
  • the temperature substantially of 180°C for conducting the high-temperature hydrothermal reaction may be 180°C ⁇ 2°C.
  • the protective atmosphere may be selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen gas, an argon gas, a nitrogen gas, an ammonia gas, and combinations thereof.
  • the protective atmosphere is a combination of a hydrogen gas and an argon gas.
  • the time for conducting the heating treatment is not particularly limited, and may be adjusted based on the temperature of the heating treatment.
  • the present disclosure also provides a cathode electrocatalyst for metal-air batteries, which is produced by the aforesaid production process.
  • Such cathode electrocatalyst is particularly suitable for making a metal-air rechargeable battery, and can enable the metal-air rechargeable battery to have not only satisfactory performance but also a longer service life.
  • the cathode electrocatalyst may include a Co 4 N crystal phase, and may have an X-ray diffractogram obtainable through X-ray diffraction analysis.
  • the X-ray diffractogram may have a major peak exactly or substantially at 44.5° that represents the Co 4 N crystal phase.
  • conductive carbon black (Manufacturer: Cabot Corporation; Catalog No.: VXC-72R) was added into 8 mL of an alcohol, followed by conducting ultrasonic vibration for 10 minutes so that the conductive carbon black was evenly dispersed in the alcohol to obtain a carbon source suspension. Based on the total weight (i.e. 100 wt%) of the carbon source suspension, the amount of the conductive carbon black was 0.32 wt%.
  • Cobalt acetate was dissolved in deionized water to prepare an ionic compound solution containing cobalt acetate at a molarity of 0.4 mol/L.
  • a metal source solution having a pH value of 8.69 and containing a cobalt source at a molarity of 0.4 mol/L was prepared.
  • 2.0 g of urea was dissolved in 10 mL of deionized water to prepare a nitrogen source solution containing a nitrogen source at a molarity of 3.33 mol/L. Specifically, the nitrogen source was formed from urea.
  • the carbon source suspension and the metal source suspension were evenly mixed in a glass bottle, followed by sealing the glass bottle.
  • the glass bottle was placed in a silicone oil bath of 80°C and continuously heated for 20 hours for a low-temperature hydrothermal reaction to proceed, so that a first precursor-containing product was formed.
  • the cobalt source from the metal source solution was doped on the surface of the conductive carbon black from the carbon source suspension to form the first precursor in the first precursor-containing product.
  • the nitrogen source solution and the first precursor-containing product were mixed, followed by ultrasonic vibration for 30 minutes.
  • the resultant mixture was placed in a hydrothermal reactor.
  • the hydrothermal reactor was placed in an industrial oven and continuously heated at 180°C for 12 hours for a high-temperature hydrothermal reaction to proceed, so as to form a second precursor-containing product.
  • the nitrogen source from the nitrogen source solution was decomposed to form nitrogen atoms, which were further bonded to the cobalt source of the first precursor to form the second precursor of the second precursor-containing product.
  • the hydrothermal reactor was allowed to cool down, and the second precursor-containing product in the form of black powder was taken out from the hydrothermal reactor.
  • the second precursor-containing product and an anhydrous alcohol were mixed, followed by conducting a centrifugation process (at 4200 rpm for 5 minutes) twice.
  • the pellet thus obtained was placed in an oven having a temperature of 70°C for drying. Therefore, the second precursor in powder form was isolated.
  • the second precursor was subjected to a heating treatment at 400°C for 1 hour under a mixed atmosphere composed of a hydrogen gas (20%) and an argon gas (80%).
  • a mixed atmosphere composed of a hydrogen gas (20%) and an argon gas (80%).
  • the cathode electrocatalysts of Examples 2 to 5 were produced generally according to the procedure for producing that of Example 1, except that the amount of urea was modified for producing Examples 2 to 4, and that N-methylurea was used instead of urea for producing Example 5. The differences in detail are described as follows.
  • 0.5 g of urea was used to prepare a nitrogen source solution containing a nitrogen source at a molarity of 0.83 mol/L.
  • 1.0 g of urea was used to prepare a nitrogen source solution containing a nitrogen source at a molarity of 1.67 mol/L.
  • Example 4 For producing Example 4, 3.0 g of urea was used to prepare a nitrogen source solution containing a nitrogen source at a molarity of 5 mol/L.
  • Example 5 2.0 g of N-methylurea was used to prepare a nitrogen source solution containing a nitrogen source at a molarity of 2.7 mol/L.
  • the carbon source suspension, the metal source solution, and the nitrogen source solution for producing Comparative Example 1 were prepared according to the procedures for preparing those for producing Example 1.
  • the carbon source suspension, the metal source solution, and the nitrogen source solution were mixed under vibration for 30 minutes.
  • the resultant mixture was placed in a hydrothermal reactor.
  • the hydrothermal reactor was placed in an industrial oven and continuously heated at 180°C for 12 hours for a high-temperature hydrothermal reaction to proceed, so as to form a precursor-containing crude product.
  • the nitrogen source from the nitrogen source solution was decomposed to form nitrogen atoms, and the nitrogen atoms and the cobalt source from the metal source solution were together doped on the surface of the conductive carbon black from the carbon source suspension to form the precursor of the precursor-containing crude product.
  • the hydrothermal reactor was allowed to cool down, and the precursor-containing crude product in the form of black powder was taken out from the hydrothermal reactor.
  • the precursor-containing crude product and an anhydrous alcohol were mixed, followed by conducting a centrifugation process (at 4200 rpm for 5 minutes) twice.
  • the pellet thus obtained was placed in an oven having a temperature of 70°C for drying. Therefore, the precursor in powder form was isolated.
  • the precursor was subjected to a heating treatment at 400°C for 1 hour under a mixed atmosphere composed of a hydrogen gas (20%) and an argon gas (80%).
  • a mixed atmosphere composed of a hydrogen gas (20%) and an argon gas (80%).
  • the cathode electrocatalysts of Examples 1 and 5 and Comparative Example 1 were subjected to XRD analysis using an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, D8 Advance). The X-ray diffractograms thus obtained are shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the cathode electrocatalyst thus produced has a Co 4 N crystal phase which can prolong the service life of a metal-air battery.
  • the cathode electrocatalysts of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 had a Co 4 N crystal phase.
  • FWHM full width at half maximum intensity
  • Example 1 35 mg of the cathode electrocatalyst of Example 1, 20 ⁇ L of 20% PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) serving as an adhesive, and a tiny amount of an alcohol were evenly mixed to prepare a catalyst slurry.
  • the catalyst slurry was evenly coated on a surface of nickel foam having an area of 1 cm 2 .
  • the coated nickel foam was immersed in 20% PTFE, such that the catalyst slurry tightly adhered to the surface of the nickel foam.
  • NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) was evenly coated on the surface of the nickel foam having the catalyst slurry so as to prepare an air electrode.
  • LDH NiFe layered double hydroxide
  • a pure zinc metal electrode, an electrolyte (composed of a 6 M potassium hydroxide aqueous solution and a 0.2 M zinc acetate aqueous solution), and the air electrode were assembled to make a zinc-air rechargeable battery (also referred to as zinc-air secondary battery).
  • the zinc-air rechargeable battery was subjected to charge/discharge cycle testing for evaluating the performance thereof using a high-performance battery testing system (Neware, CT4008) under a respective one of the following three test conditions:
  • the cathode electrocatalysts of Examples 2 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 were used to make corresponding zinc-air rechargeable batteries according to the aforesaid procedure for making the zinc-air rechargeable battery employing the cathode electrocatalyst of Example 1.
  • the zinc-air rechargeable batteries respectively employing the cathode electrocatalysts of Examples 2 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 were subjected to charge/discharge cycle testing for evaluating the performance thereof using the aforesaid high-performance battery testing system under the test condition (1) described above.
  • the theoretical value of the voltage upon the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of a zinc-air rechargeable battery is 1.23 V. Therefore, when the actual value of the voltage upon the ORR of the zinc-air rechargeable battery is closer to 1.23 V, the zinc-air rechargeable battery has better performance.
  • the zinc-air rechargeable battery has a longer time period of stable charging and discharging, the zinc-air rechargeable battery has a longer service life. After the time period of stable charging and discharging, the voltage upon the discharging of the zinc-air rechargeable battery gradually decreases with increase in the number of charge/discharge cycles, gradually weakening the performance of the zinc-air rechargeable battery.
  • the voltage upon the ORR of the zinc-air rechargeable battery employing the cathode electrocatalyst of Example 1 was closer to the theoretical value (i.e. 1.23 V), had a longer time period of stable charging and discharging, and took a longer time to reach voltage reduction to 1.1 V upon discharging (also see FIG. 2 ).
  • the cathode electrocatalyst of Example 1 enabled the zinc-air rechargeable battery employing the same to have better performance and a longer service life.
  • the cathode electrocatalyst of the present disclosure which is produced by first conducting a low-temperature hydrothermal reaction and then conducting a high-temperature hydrothermal reaction, can enable a zinc-air rechargeable battery to have better performance and a longer service life.

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Claims (12)

  1. Un procédé de production d'un électrocatalyseur de cathode pour batteries métal-air, consistant à :
    fournir une suspension de source de carbone qui inclut une source de carbone inorganique, une solution de source de métal incluant une source de métal et ayant une valeur de pH comprise entre 6,5 et 10,5, et une solution de source d'azote incluant une source d'azote, la source de métal étant formée à partir d'un composé ionique soluble et étant sélectionnée dans le groupe constitué d'une source de cobalt, une source de manganèse, une source de fer, une source de nickel, une source de chrome, et des combinaisons de ces dernières, la source d'azote étant formée à partir d'un composé organique contenant de l'azote ;
    soumettre la suspension de source de carbone et la solution de source de métal à une réaction hydrothermique à basse température afin de former un premier produit contenant un précurseur qui inclut un premier précurseur, la source de métal de la solution de source de métal étant dopée sur une surface de la source de carbone inorganique de la suspension de source de carbone pour former le premier précurseur du premier produit contenant un précurseur, la réaction hydrothermique à basse température étant effectuée à une température comprise entre 70°C et 85°C pendant au moins 20 heures ;
    soumettre le premier produit contenant un précurseur et la solution de source d'azote à une réaction hydrothermique à haute température, de sorte que la source d'azote de la solution de source d'azote est décomposée pour former des atomes d'azote qui sont ensuite liés à la source de métal sur le premier précurseur pour former un deuxième précurseur, la réaction hydrothermique à haute température étant effectuée à une température exactement ou sensiblement de 180°C pendant au moins 12 heures ; et
    soumettre le deuxième précurseur à un traitement thermique sous une atmosphère protectrice, de sorte que le deuxième précurseur subit une transition de phase, le traitement thermique étant effectué à une température comprise entre 200°C et 900°C.
  2. Le procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel un rapport de molarité de la source de métal dans la solution de source de métal à celle de la source d'azote dans la solution de source d'azote sous forme décimale est compris entre 0,06 et 0,5.
  3. Le procédé selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le rapport de la molarité de la source de métal dans la solution de source de métal à celle de la source d'azote dans la solution de source d'azote sous forme décimale est compris entre 0,08 et 0,24.
  4. Le procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la suspension de source de carbone est préparée en dispersant la source de carbone inorganique dans un milieu de dispersion, la source de carbone inorganique ayant une surface d'au moins 50 m2/g et étant sélectionnée dans le groupe constitué de noir de carbone conducteur, graphène, charbon actif, fibres de carbone, nanotubes de carbone, et des combinaisons de ces derniers.
  5. Le procédé selon la revendication 4, dans lequel la source de carbone inorganique est présente dans une quantité comprise entre 0,20 % en poids et 0,45 % en poids sur la base d'un poids total de la suspension de source de carbone.
  6. Le procédé selon la revendication 5, dans lequel la source de carbone inorganique est présente dans une quantité comprise entre 0,25 % en poids et 0,40 % en poids sur la base du poids total de la suspension de source de carbone.
  7. Le procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la solution de source de métal est préparée en dissolvant le composé ionique soluble dans un premier solvant pour former une solution de composé ionique, et ensuite en faisant un ajustement de pH à la solution de composé ionique, le composé ionique soluble étant sélectionné dans le groupe constitué d'acétate de cobalt, acétate, acétate de manganèse, acétate de fer, acétate de nickel, acétate de chrome, et des combinaisons de ces derniers.
  8. Le procédé selon la revendication 7, dans lequel la molarité de la source de métal dans la solution de source de métal est comprise entre 0,2 mol/L et 0,6 mol/L.
  9. Le procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la solution de source d'azote est préparée en dissolvant le composé organique contenant de l'azote dans un deuxième solvant pour former la source d'azote, le composé organique contenant de l'azote étant sélectionné dans le groupe constitué de l'urée, N-méthylurée, N-éthylurée, acétamide, formamide de méthyle, acrylamide, formamide, et des combinaisons de ces derniers.
  10. Le procédé selon la revendication 9, dans lequel la molarité de la source d'azote dans la solution de source d'azote est comprise entre 0,8 mol/L et 6,7 mol/L.
  11. Le procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'atmosphère protectrice est sélectionnée dans le groupe constitué d'un gaz d'hydrogène, un gaz d'argon, un gaz d'azote, un gaz d'ammoniac, et des combinaisons de ces derniers.
  12. Le procédé selon la revendication 11, dans lequel l'atmosphère protectrice est une combinaison d'un gaz d'hydrogène et d'un gaz d'argon.
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JP5214202B2 (ja) * 2007-09-21 2013-06-19 パナソニック株式会社 非水電解質二次電池およびその製造方法
JP5320521B2 (ja) * 2011-08-09 2013-10-23 昭和電工株式会社 直接液体型燃料電池用触媒の製造方法ならびに該方法により製造された触媒およびその用途
CN104321276B (zh) * 2012-07-06 2016-07-06 松下知识产权经营株式会社 碳基材料、电极催化剂、电极、气体扩散电极、电化学装置、燃料电池及碳基材料的制备方法
CN102930992B (zh) * 2012-11-12 2016-02-10 上海交通大学 一种掺氮石墨烯与二氧化锰复合电极材料的制备方法
US9284195B2 (en) * 2013-01-30 2016-03-15 Research & Business Foundation Sungkyunkwan University Aggregated graphene oxide and preparing method thereof, aggregated graphene and preparing method thereof, and aggregated and nitrogen-doped graphene and preparing method thereof
CN103480406B (zh) * 2013-08-30 2015-09-09 中国科学技术大学 一种氮掺杂石墨烯/氮掺杂碳纳米管/四氧化三钴复合纸及其制备方法
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CN107195878A (zh) * 2017-05-08 2017-09-22 陕西科技大学 一种一氧化锰/氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯复合电极材料的制备方法
CN107910201B (zh) * 2017-10-24 2019-10-01 上海应用技术大学 一种层状复合材料的制备方法
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CN112563517B (zh) * 2020-12-07 2022-05-31 山西大学 一种稀土金属掺杂的碳基氧还原电催化剂的制备方法

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