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Definitions

• the invention relates to novel electrolyte materials, in particular electrolyte materials as a solid electrolyte for sodium batteries, which have a high ion conductivity, in particular a high Na ion conductivity.
• the invention also relates to the preparation of the aforementioned electrolyte materials.
• solid state batteries In contrast to conventional batteries, which have a combustible, organic liquid electrolyte, so-called solid state batteries (English, all solid state batteries) have a solid electrolyte. These solid state batteries show much less risk of freezing or heating and are therefore generally applicable in a much larger temperature range. Because of their safety advantages, especially with regard to possible applications in larger arrangements, such as in battery-powered vehicles or as storage units for renewable energy sources, interest in these solid-state batteries has increased in recent years. Although the developments are not comparable to those of lithium batteries, all sodium solid electrolyte batteries could still be a realistic alternative, since sodium, unlike lithium, is available as a raw material in larger quantities and is significantly cheaper. However, this is of great interest for the storage of renewable energy, such as solar or wind energy, because of the huge demand for this.
• Candidates for sodium ion-conducting solid electrolytes include the ⁇ / ⁇ "aluminates, which are already commercially available as well-developed sodium ion conductors, but the 2-dimensional ionic conductivity and handling difficulties lead to some manufacturing and practical problems ,
• Na 3 Zr 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 (P0 4 ) ceramics are known, which are suitable as sodium ion-conducting solid electrolyte for use in solid-state sodium batteries.
• x was discovered 40 years ago. All modifications crystallize in a hexagonal rhombohedral structure (space group R3c), except in the interval of 1, 8 ⁇ x - 2.2, where at room temperature a perturbation was found in the monolithic C2 / c space group.
• NASICON Terms: Super Superonic Conductor
• x 2 to 2.5
• Compounds with a NASICON structure usually show no electronic conductivity.
• M 3+ such as Al 3+ , Sc 3+ or Y 3+ a deficit of positive charge, which is compensated by the addition of more nations, and overall often leads to a higher conductivity.
• the conductivities of polycrystalline ⁇ / ⁇ "-aluminates are in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 -3 to 2 ⁇ 10 -3 S / cm at room temperature, and thus still higher than that of Na 3 Zr 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 ( P0 4 ) based materials.
• the preparation of Na 3 Zr 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 (P0 4 ) based materials has hitherto been carried out by conventional solid state reactions.
• corresponding starting powders having a particle size of greater than 1 ⁇ m are generally used for mixing and grinding.
• the powder obtained after the solid-state reaction typically has relatively large particle sizes, for example in the range from 1 to 10 ⁇ m, and disadvantageously has some inhomogeneities and impurities.
• US 2014/0197351 A1 describes a lithium ion-conducting ceramic material in which the pulverulent precursor material is first calcined, then ground and then sintered.
• US 2015/0099188 A1 discloses a method for producing a thin film comprising a garnet material that conducts lithium ions, in which a reaction mixture of garnet precursors and optionally a lithium source is applied to a substrate as a mixture or as a slip and then sintered, the garnet precursors becoming one thin, lithium-enriched film react.
• the object of the invention is to provide alternative phase-pure materials with a NASICON structure, which at room temperature of 25 ° C have a sodium ion conductivity of at least 1 x 10 -3 S / cm.
• new materials based on Na 2 Zr2 (Si0 4) 2 (P0 4) - compounds with a very high sodium ion conductivity provided which in particular can be used as solid electrolytes for Na batteries, as sensors or in general as an electrochemical components are.
• the materials according to the invention are sodium scandium zirconium silicate phosphates (Na 3 + x Sc x Zr 2 -x (SiO 4 ) 2 (PO 4 )) with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, which regularly at room temperature of 25 ° C. have a conductivity of more than 1 ⁇ 10 -3 S / cm, advantageously even more than 3 ⁇ 10 -3 S / cm.
• the term conductivity always means the ionic conductivity.
• a simple and inexpensive and also easy to control process for the preparation of the aforementioned materials is provided.
• 3-valent scandium for the partial substitution of Na 3 Zr2 (Si0 4) 2 (P0 4) may be used, mathematically, a zirconium ion with the oxidation number + IV by a scandium with the oxidation number + III and by another sodium ion is substituted.
• M 3+ 3-valent metal cations
• a method for producing the abovementioned materials according to the invention is provided. This is a solvent-assisted, solid-state reaction process in which only inexpensive starting materials can be used and in which only simple laboratory equipment is needed.
• the production method according to the invention can be easily scaled to large production quantities. Thus, both a synthesis on a laboratory scale in the range of 10 to 1000 g as well as on a large scale to the ton scale is possible.
• an acidic, aqueous solution is made available, to which the corresponding starting chemicals having the preferred stoichiometry are added.
• starting chemicals having the preferred stoichiometry
• nitrates, acetates or carbonates of sodium, zirconium and scandium, soluble silicates or orthosilicic acid or organic silicon compounds, phosphoric acid or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or other phosphates can be used as starting materials.
• all water-soluble salts or acids of the corresponding elements scandium, sodium, zirconium, silicon and phosphorus
• the versatile selection of suitable starting materials is a further advantage of this invention.
• the addition of the phosphorus component for example in the form of phosphoric acid or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, to the aqueous system be as a final process step.
• the phosphorus component With the addition of the phosphorus component, the initially homogeneous aqueous system changes periodically by the formation of complex zirconium dioxide phosphates immediately into an aqueous mixture which has colloidal precipitates.
• the production process according to the invention is therefore not a sol-gel synthesis. Unlike a sol, there is no longer any homogeneity in the system in the mixture according to the invention at this time. At the same time, however, it is not a solid-state reaction, as has hitherto been described as a production method for NASICON-like structures.
• the aqueous mixture prepared according to the invention with the colloidal precipitates is subsequently dried over a relatively long period of time, the liquid fractions of the mixture evaporating. This can be done for example in a period of 12 to 24 hours at temperatures between 60 ° C and 120 ° C.
• the remaining solid is then fired (calcined). This can be done for example over a period of 2 to 12 hours at temperatures between 700 ° C and 900 ° C, whereby a white powder is obtained.
• the calcined powder has a particle size in the range of about 0.1 ⁇ m.
• the particle size of the powder produced by the process according to the invention is well below the particle size of the powder which has hitherto been obtained by the conventional solid phase reaction method, although the latter method in particular supports homogenization during mixing and subsequent grinding.
• the amount of synthesized powder depends predominantly only on the size of the drying device and the sintering device. Even with a standard drying oven and a laboratory oven, the production of about 1 kg is not a problem. However, the production method according to the invention is thus also significantly more advantageous than the alternative sol-gel method known from the prior art.
• the powder is ground regularly.
• a ball mill is suitable for this purpose.
• milling the calcined powder in ethanol, propanol, butanol, acetone, or other organic solvent in a ball mill with zirconia balls may be carried out for a period of 24 to 96 hours.
• the now ground burned powder this can now be pressed into a high-density ceramic.
• the powder was first pressed uniaxially at room temperature with a pressure between 50 and 100 MPa and then sintered over a period of between 5 and 12 hours at temperatures between 1200 ° C and 1300 ° C sintered.
• the proposed method according to the invention is theoretically suitable for producing a multiplicity of compounds based on a Na 3 Zr 2 (SiO 4) Z (PO 4 ) 3 compound which are able to form a NASICON structure and have the following general formula:
• the Roman indices '', '', lv or v indicating the oxidation state in which the respective metal cations present in the compound.
• any ceramic compound can be made via the preparation route so far as the starting materials can be dissolved in a single solvent system.
• Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2 * , Ba 2+ , Co 2+ or Ni 2+ could be selected, and suitable trivalent metal cations (M in ' ) include: Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , Sc 3+ , La 3+ , Y 3+ , Gd 3+ , Sm 3+ , Lu 3+ , Fe 3+ or Cr 3+, as suitable pentavalent metal cations (M v ) to name: V 5+ , Nb 5+ or Ta 5+ .
• the invention focuses on the preparation of those compounds in which the zirconium is advantageously at least partially substituted by scandium and further sodium, that is to say to the preparation of compounds of the type:
• sodium ion-conducting materials based on could with 0 -S x ⁇ 2 are now provided via the inventive process (a3 + x Sc x Zr2) 2 (P04).
• these compounds have in the range of 0 £ x ⁇ 0.6 at room temperature of 25 ° C on a regular basis a conductivity of more than 1 x 10 "3 S / cm, as also shown in FIG. 1
• these materials are but preferably as a sodium ion conductor suitable for use in an electrochemical cell.
• the initial increase may be due to the fact that any substitution of a zirconium ion by a scandium ion requires an additional sodium ion to compensate for the missing positive charge generated by the exchange of zirconium with scandium.
• the increase in ionic conductivity has not yet been finally clarified. However, it can be surmised that in NASICON compounds there is an optimal range for the ratio of sodium ion-occupied vacancies between 0.4 and 0.5.
• Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 as a lithium ion conductor due to the air sensitivity and instability of this material with respect to contact with metallic lithium.
• the compounds produced in the context of this invention are of the Na 3 + x Sc x Zr 2 type .
• FIG. 1 Ion conductivity of Na 3 Sc x Zr 2 .x (Si0 4 ) 2 (PO 4 ) compounds with x in the range of
• FIG. 2 Microstructure of the invention produced
• the hitherto homogeneously present aqueous system changed to a mixture which then had colloidal precipitates on complex zirconium oxide-phosphate compounds.
• the mixture with the colloidal precipitates was then dried at 90 ° C for about 12 hours.
• the dried powder was then calcined at 800 ° C for about 3 hours. After firing, a white powder was obtained, which was then ground in a ball mill with zirconium balls and with ethanol for a further 48 hours.
• Embodiment 2 of dense white compressed tablets from Na3 4Sco i i 1 i 4Zr 6 (Si0 4) 2 produced (P0 4) were coated on both flat sides with gold.
• impedance spectra were recorded for the pressed and sintered tablets using a conventional electrochemical system (Biology VMP-300) with an AC frequency of 7 MHz to 1 Hz.
• Biology VMP-300 electrochemical system
• ion transport processes in solids can be investigated. Impedance spectroscopic measurements are relatively easy to perform, yet provide accurate conductivity results.
• the mixture with the colloidal precipitates was then dried analogously to Example 1 at 90 ° C for about 12 hours and then calcined at 800 ° C for about 3 hours. After firing, a white powder was also obtained, which was then milled in a ball mill with zirconia balls and with ethanol for a further 48 hours.

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